WO2003011346A1 - Procede et machine de sterilisation par plasma - Google Patents
Procede et machine de sterilisation par plasma Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2003011346A1 WO2003011346A1 PCT/FR2002/002703 FR0202703W WO03011346A1 WO 2003011346 A1 WO2003011346 A1 WO 2003011346A1 FR 0202703 W FR0202703 W FR 0202703W WO 03011346 A1 WO03011346 A1 WO 03011346A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- plasma
- treated
- liquid
- liquid film
- enclosure
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L2/00—Disinfection or sterilisation of materials or objects, in general; Accessories therefor
- A61L2/02—Disinfection or sterilisation of materials or objects, in general; Accessories therefor using physical processes
- A61L2/14—Plasma, i.e. ionised gases
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a process and a machine for plasma sterilization of an object subjected substantially to atmospheric pressure. It finds a particularly interesting, but not exclusive, application in the medical sector for which it is desired, for example, to sterilize the instrumentation in order to eliminate any microbial germ. Sterilization aims to obtain a state of asepsis essential for the correct performance of surgical procedures, for example.
- the present invention is of a broader scope since it can be applied for example in air conditioning, deodorization or purification of atmospheres, or in pharmacies for the sterilization of packaging, in the preservation industry. environment for drinking water treatment and waste water cleaning, as well as in the food industry, for sterilization / disinfection of instruments in contact with food or for sterilization of the food itself.
- One of the problems in sterilization of the instrumentation used in the medical environment is to rid contaminated surfaces of materials, possibly thermosensitive, of all microorganisms and in particular of the spores of bacilli present.
- thermo-sensitive materials endoscopic and arthroscopic equipment for example
- disinfection does not provide the same level of security as sterilization since disinfection, according to the AFNOR standard, aims to reduce a population of microorganisms, but not necessarily to suppress it entirely.
- a material is defined as critical material, that is to say with penetration in a sterile cavity or in the bloodstream
- the highest level of disinfection is imposed, with the same targets as for a sterilization process (bacteria, viruses, fungi and spores).
- obtaining a sporicidal effect by disinfection in a liquid medium requires soaking times greater than one hour and can pose problems of residual toxicity due to the adsorption of the products.
- a sterile object is an object on which there is a 10 "6 probability of finding a living microorganism from a contamination of 10 6 microorganisms, which implies a reduction of 12 decades.
- the main sterilization process used in hospitals is sterilization by moist heat using an autoclave.
- the action is based on bringing the surfaces to be treated into contact with liquid water at a temperature of 121 - 134 ° C depending on the cycle, which imposes a pressure higher than atmospheric pressure.
- the use of the autoclave is impossible for the sterilization of heat-sensitive materials, since, for this type of material, the temperature in the treatment enclosure must not exceed 80 ° C.
- thermosensitive materials Other processes in use allow the sterilization of thermosensitive materials, but most of them use the action of biocidal gases at atmospheric pressure such as ethylene oxide, formaldehyde or hydrogen peroxide .
- biocidal gases such as ethylene oxide, formaldehyde or hydrogen peroxide .
- these gases are toxic and / or corrosive, which requires completing the sterilization phase with a desorption phase and, consequently, the treatment times can reach several hours.
- the document O0054819 discloses a process in which a mixture of non-biocidal gases (02, N2, water vapor) is used as plasma gas for a plasma of the corona discharge type at atmospheric pressure. Objects to be sterilized are placed outside the discharge area. The plasma effluents are transferred from the discharge zone to the object treatment zone.
- This process is characterized by the fact that, when it is put into service, it contains moisture, that is to say water vapor, this water vapor being introduced either at the level of the discharge, therefore in plasma gas, ie in the vicinity of the objects to be treated.
- This document mentions in particular the use of a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen as plasma gas.
- undesirable and toxic compounds of the nitrogen oxide and ozone type are formed in the enclosure and phenomena of corrosion of the metal surfaces and of partial oxidation of the polymer surfaces have been observed.
- the present invention aims to remedy the aforementioned drawbacks by proposing a method which limits the formation of toxic compounds.
- the present invention also aims to improve the reproducibility and the quality of existing plasma sterilization processes.
- the present invention also aims in some of these operating modes to be able to simplify those of existing plasma sterilization systems.
- the above objectives are achieved with a plasma sterilization process, according to the invention, of an object in an enclosure subjected substantially to atmospheric pressure from a non-biocidal plasma gas.
- This method comprises a first phase in which a liquid film is applied to the object to be treated and a second phase in which a gaseous mixture comprising plasma effluents is applied to the object thus covered with a liquid film; reactivity in the liquid phase is thus formed.
- the non-biocidal plasma gas may include an oxidizing gaseous compound.
- an oxidizing gaseous compound can be introduced into the gas mixture downstream of the electrical discharge generating the plasma.
- the oxidizing gas can be dry and it is also advantageous to use a dry plasma gas, such as dry air.
- the deposition of the liquid film on the surface of the object to be treated clearly improves the reproducibility of the treatment compared to existing plasma sterilization methods.
- this allows the use of a dry plasma gas, which limits the degradation of the electrodes of the treatment system and therefore increases their lifespan.
- the process had to be carried out at a high humidity level either in the plasma gas or in the treatment zone in order to obtain reactivity in the gas phase; if moisture was introduced into the plasma gas, it could result in accelerated deterioration of the electrodes.
- the invention can take advantage of this preliminary cleaning treatment in order to simplify the first phase of the treatment process according to the invention.
- one can obtain the liquid film on the object to be treated during one of the stages of this preliminary cleaning treatment and one can go directly to the second phase following this stage.
- the hospital service can continue to practice the final rinsing of the preliminary cleaning treatment, the transfer of the object thus wetted to the second phase having to be done fairly quickly so as to avoid drying.
- the liquid to be applied can therefore be water used during the pre-cleaning step or preferably during the final rinsing step of the preliminary cleaning treatment.
- the plasma gas used during the second phase of the invention is preferably acidifying, that is to say capable of giving the water film acid properties under the action of plasma and have oxidizing properties.
- ambient air N 2 + 0 2 + H 2 0 + C0 2
- dry synthetic air or any other gas or gas mixture having these characteristics can be used.
- a liquid film with acid properties is directly applied.
- this acid has a pH substantially less than two.
- the acid can be introduced during the preliminary cleaning treatment at the time of the washing step.
- the detergent solution used during the washing step can be optimized to meet the properties both desired for washing and for applying an acidic liquid film.
- the acid can be introduced at the time of the final rinsing of the preliminary cleaning treatment. Therefore, the second phase according to the invention can therefore be undertaken after the washing or rinsing steps.
- the liquid used to form the liquid film is acidic, it is preferably subjected during the second phase to a non-biocidal oxidizing gas and to the effluents of a plasma.
- the oxidizing gas is either contained in the plasma gas consisting of argon or nitrogen for example, or brought downstream of the plasma gas, in the vicinity of the object to be treated.
- the second phase consists in exposing the liquid film covering the object to reactive chemical species, that is to say to the reactive products of plasma effluents supplemented by those of the oxidizing gas when the latter is injected post- dump.
- Sterilization can advantageously be carried out in an enclosure, preferably closed.
- This enclosure can include two zones, a discharge zone in which the plasma is produced from the plasma gas, and a treatment zone in which the object to be treated is placed and in which the plasma effluents are transferred to this object.
- the application of the liquid film can be carried out outside or inside the enclosure.
- the oxidizing gas which may be ambient air, can be introduced either into the discharge zone or into the treatment zone.
- Sterilization can also be carried out in an enclosure comprising a single zone, that is to say a discharge zone.
- the object to be treated is placed in this discharge zone.
- the invention is particularly remarkable in that the use of a liquid film comprising acid and a plasma gas comprising a rare gas such as argon allows:
- the oxidizing gas when it is introduced into the discharge zone, it will advantageously consist of pure oxygen, and when it is introduced into the treatment zone, it will advantageously consist of dry or humid air, both cases allowing to obtain an oxygen concentration in the gas mixture of less than 20%.
- the oxidizing gas can be chlorine or fluorine.
- the plasma gas can be composed of nitrogen or any other gas which, under the action of the discharge, can impart acidic properties to the liquid film.
- the liquid film can be applied by soaking the object in a predetermined liquid. This liquid film can also be applied by spraying the predetermined liquid on the object to be treated.
- one can, by any suitable method, seek to promote the condensation effects of the predetermined liquid on the object to be treated.
- to apply the liquid film there is also a container containing a liquid in the space between two electrodes of the enclosure, and - a discharge is carried out in the enclosure so as to spray the liquid on the object to be treated.
- this discharge is carried out in the plasma gas which feeds the enclosure continuously.
- a "batch" type operation during the phase of application of the liquid film, that is to say a closed enclosure without circulation of the plasma gas, the wall containing or not already containing the plasma gas.
- the acidic liquid film is obtained from a slightly corrosive liquid, for example acetic acid.
- an additive such as hydrogen peroxide H 2 0 2 and / or a wetting additive such as a surfactant can be added to the liquid film.
- a machine for plasma sterilization of an object from a non-biocidal plasma gas implements any of the aforementioned methods and comprises an enclosure subjected substantially to atmospheric pressure. According to the invention, it further comprises: means for applying a liquid film to the object to be treated, and means for applying to this object thus covered with a liquid film, a gaseous mixture comprising plasma effluents.
- the machine comprises means for applying a liquid film with acidic properties to the object to be treated.
- FIG. 1 is a flowchart illustrating different steps that can occur in phase 1 of the method according to the invention, these steps showing five embodiments;
- FIG. 2 is a flowchart illustrating in particular the second phase of the method according to the invention.
- FIG. 3 is a flowchart generally illustrating the main steps of the method according to the invention.
- FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating the sporicidal efficiency for a film of water and a plasma gas consisting dry air (N 2 + 0 2 ), this graph comprising experimental values and a curve of the average values;
- FIG. 5 is a graph comprising three curves making it possible to assess the need for the presence of an oxidizing gas, here associated with argon, in the plasma gas, this graph also comprising experimental values linked to each curve;
- FIG. 6 is a graph illustrating the sporicidal efficiency for a liquid film consisting of an acetic acid solution and a plasma gas consisting of argon and oxygen, this graph comprising experimental values and a curve of average values ;
- Steps 1 to 4 are an integral part of a preliminary treatment for cleaning an object after use. This preliminary treatment is currently carried out in a hospital environment.
- the present invention can be directly based on one of these preliminary treatment steps according to modes 1, 2 and 3 to carry out the first phase (application of a liquid film).
- the first phase according to the invention can be obtained following the preliminary treatment or independently by means of a spraying step according to mode 4 or a soaking step according to mode 5.
- the present invention requires for its first phase a liquid component which can be water 8 or an acid solution 9.
- the preliminary cleaning treatment begins with a pre-cleaning step in which the object to be treated is wiped and rinsed with water.
- this pre-cleaning step can be used to apply a film of water to the object to be treated and then go directly to the second phase relating to the application of the plasma.
- Mode 2 consists in carrying out step 1 of pre-cleaning, then step 2 of washing, then phase 2 of the invention.
- Washing step 2 comprising in particular the soaking of the object in a detergent solution and a manual washing, can be carried out by means of the acid solution 9.
- Mode 3 includes rinsing step 3 which can be carried out either with water 8 or with the acid solution 9.
- the liquid film by soaking 6 the object in a liquid which may be water 8 or the acid solution 9 or any other optimized product allowing thereafter to obtain effective liquid phase reactivity.
- the soaking 6 and the spraying 5 can be carried out independently of the preliminary cleaning treatment, and before the exposure to the plasma during phase 2.
- the liquid film can also be obtained during step 5 by spraying the liquid (water 8, acid solution 9, or any other optimized liquid) using a spray, a humidifier or any other device allowing good adhesion of droplets of the liquid on the surface of the object to be treated.
- the wetting of the surface can be improved by forcing on it the effects of condensation, either by cooling the object to be treated, or by a slight heating of the gas surrounding the object to be treated before its exposure to the reactive products of the plasma, or by pre-exposure to plasma which improves the wettability of the object to be treated.
- the present invention preferably uses on the one hand the effluents of a plasma obtained from a plasma gas, which can be an acidifying gas, for example ambient air, reconstituted air , nitrogen or a rare gas, such as argon; and on the other hand an oxidizing gas, for example oxygen, either contained in the plasma gas, or introduced downstream of the discharge forming the plasma.
- a plasma gas which can be an acidifying gas, for example ambient air, reconstituted air , nitrogen or a rare gas, such as argon; and on the other hand an oxidizing gas, for example oxygen, either contained in the plasma gas, or introduced downstream of the discharge forming the plasma.
- the second phase 7 of the method according to the invention consists in exposing the liquid film, obtained by one of modes 1 to 5 and covering the object to be treated, to the reactive chemical species coming directly from the plasma effluent, substantially to atmospheric pressure, in the case where the oxidizing gas is included in the plasma gas, or resulting from contact between the plasma effluent and the oxidizing gas when the latter is introduced downstream of the plasma.
- Sterilization can be carried out in an enclosure comprising a discharge zone and a treatment zone.
- the discharge zone makes it possible to obtain a plasma of the crown discharge type for example.
- the plasma is then produced between two electrodes, for example one of multipoint geometry (high voltage electrode) and the other of plane geometry (ground electrode), one or both of which can advantageously be covered with a dielectric material.
- the high voltage applied is continuous, of positive or negative polarity but preferably positive, alternative or pulsed.
- the object to be sterilized can be placed in the discharge zone, but is preferably placed in the treatment zone so as to protect it from direct attack by the plasma.
- the effluents produced by the discharge can be brought to the surface of the object to be sterilized naturally by the flow of plasma gas or by forced creation of a flow.
- the reactive species produced in the plasma react with the liquid film and chemical species are formed which act on the microorganisms until their destruction.
- Figure 2 is a diagram illustrating two methods according to the invention, implemented with on the one hand a non-acidifying gas, argon, and on the other hand an acidifying gas, 1 nitrogen.
- the first method in FIG. 2 involves argon 10 as the plasma gas for the creation of a plasma in step 11.
- the oxygen 17 can be introduced either at the time of the creation of the plasma or a little before, or when the plasma effluents are applied to the object 15 to be treated in step 12.
- the object 15 has undergone the first phase 14 (application of a liquid film) according to one of the modes described in Figure 1.
- the liquid film of the first phase 14 is an acid solution to which is added in step 13 an additive such as hydrogen peroxide H 2 0 2 and / or a wetting additive such than a surfactant.
- the plasma effluents act on an acidic liquid film formed on the object; a reaction 16 is obtained in the liquid phase.
- the second process in Figure 2 involves nitrogen, an acidifying gas.
- a plasma is created in step 19 and the effluents of this plasma are applied in step 20.
- the object 23 on which this plasma is applied is covered with an acidic liquid film or not.
- nitrogen is an acidifying gas
- the liquid film applied during the first phase 22 can only be water.
- an additive such as hydrogen peroxide H 2 0 2 and / or a wetting additive such as a surfactant can be added in step 21.
- the reaction is carried out in the liquid phase in step 24.
- Step 25 consists in introducing into a chamber a plasma gas which can be nitrogen or argon. Then, in step 26, a plasma is created as described above. In parallel, in step 28, a liquid film is applied to the object to be treated outside the enclosure. This liquid film can comprise water or preferably acid.
- the object is introduced into the enclosure and the plasma effluents are applied to the object covered with a liquid film and in the presence of an oxidizing gas.
- This oxidizing gas can be introduced during step 29 either into the discharge zone at the same time as step 25, or into the treatment zone at the same time as step 27.
- the sterilization proper is carried out at during step 30 by a reactivity in the liquid phase of a few minutes.
- the liquid film instead of applying the liquid film to the outside of the enclosure, it can be applied to the interior of said enclosure.
- the first example consists in making the liquid film from water and considering a plasma gas comprising nitrogen.
- the oxidizing gas is oxygen introduced either into the discharge zone or into the treatment zone.
- the percentage of oxygen is preferably less than 20%.
- the plasma gas can be ambient air (20% oxygen and 80% nitrogen with water vapor).
- this sterilization process is validated using various types of microorganisms such as spores of Bacillus stearothermophilus and spores of Bacillus subtilis, considered to be the most resistant, while being non-pathogenic.
- FIG. 4 makes it possible to see the sporicidal efficiency originating from the interaction between the bacterial spores (bacillus stearothermophilus) suspended in water and the chemical species formed in the interelectrode interval or in post-discharge of a plasma of corona discharge established in a gas mixture composed of oxygen and nitrogen.
- the number of living spores goes from 10 4 to about ten units in 10 minutes of treatment. Under these conditions, a good sporicidal efficiency is therefore obtained.
- FIG. 5 is a graph comprising three curves representative of three treatments in which the liquid film comprises nitric acid at a pH of 1.7 and the plasma gas is formed respectively from pure argon, pure oxygen and an argon-oxygen mixture. It is seen that for the treatments characterized by the presence in the plasma gas either of argon alone or of oxygen alone, the number of living spores decreases only slightly during the treatment. On the other hand, the joint presence of oxygen and argon in the plasma gas makes it possible to obtain good sporicidal efficiency since in 15 minutes of treatment the number of living spores decreases by more than three decades. This graph clearly shows the usefulness of the joint presence in the plasma gas of a non-acidifying gas (argon) and an oxidizing gas.
- argon non-acidifying gas
- argon has the advantage of avoiding the formation of toxic compounds.
- Figure 6 a treatment in which the liquid film consists of an acetic acid solution whose pH is equal to two, the plasma gas consisting of oxygen and argon. Under these conditions, the number of living spores decreases by 3 decades in approximately 11 minutes of treatment.
- the advantage of using acetic acid is that it has a less corrosive nature compared to nitric acid, which makes it possible to preserve more the object to be treated and the internal materials of the enclosure.
- the pH of the acid used will preferably be less than or equal to two.
- the liquid film can be deposited on the surfaces to be treated in accordance with FIG. 7: a container 31 made of dielectric material, for example Pyrex®, is introduced into the space 35 -electrodes, resting on the flat earth electrode 32 for example, opposite the electrode 33 connected to the high voltage.
- This last electrode 33 can adopt various geometries, plane, point, wire, toothed blade, wire with points, plane with points. None, one or both of the metal electrodes may be covered with a dielectric material.
- the liquid 34 intended to be deposited in the form of a film on the objects to be disinfected / sterilized is contained in the container.
- a heterogeneous phase is then produced in the atmosphere 36 of the treatment enclosure, consisting of vapors and droplets of the liquid until the volume of liquid is used up; a deposit / condensation of these droplets / vapors therefore occurs continuously on the objects 37, 38 to be disinfected / sterilized.
- the electrical discharge is maintained, continuing to produce in the gas phase the species responsible for the disinfection / sterilization effect.
- Arrows 39 and 40 represent the continuous supply of plasma gas to the enclosure.
- the plasma source is used for the suspension / vaporization of the liquid to be deposited, thus replacing any additional device,
- the efficiency of the process is based on gas phase / liquid phase exchanges; this method of dispersing the liquid facilitates these exchanges. Indeed, the dissolution of gaseous species from the plasma in the liquid can take place in the micro-droplets suspended in the treatment atmosphere, thus benefiting from an increased contact surface, before deposition on the surfaces.
- a main plasma source can be envisaged, located in the same enclosure or in a different, but communicating enclosure.
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Apparatus For Disinfection Or Sterilisation (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0110061 | 2001-07-27 | ||
| FR0110061A FR2827777B1 (fr) | 2001-07-27 | 2001-07-27 | Procede et machine de sterilisation par plasma |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2003011346A1 true WO2003011346A1 (fr) | 2003-02-13 |
Family
ID=8865988
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/FR2002/002703 Ceased WO2003011346A1 (fr) | 2001-07-27 | 2002-07-26 | Procede et machine de sterilisation par plasma |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| FR (1) | FR2827777B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2003011346A1 (fr) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2008057950A3 (fr) * | 2006-11-01 | 2008-07-24 | Stryker Corp | Système et procédé pour stériliser un dispositif avec des espèces actives générées par plasma, lesdites espèces étant partiellement formées à partir d'un additif à l'état liquide |
| EP2206521A4 (fr) * | 2007-09-27 | 2010-09-29 | Satoshi Ikawa | Procédé et appareil de pasteurisation |
| CN103533876A (zh) * | 2011-02-08 | 2014-01-22 | 迈科工程有限责任两合公司 | 用于净化净化物的净化装置 |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB0501460D0 (en) * | 2005-01-25 | 2005-03-02 | Univ Edinburgh | Improved plasma cleaning method |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5770739A (en) * | 1994-04-28 | 1998-06-23 | Johnson & Johnson Medical, Inc. | Non-aqueous hydrogen peroxide complex |
| FR2759590A1 (fr) * | 1997-02-14 | 1998-08-21 | Microondes Syst Sa | Procede de sterilisation d'un echantillon |
| FR2790962A1 (fr) * | 1999-03-16 | 2000-09-22 | Absys | Procede et dispositifs de sterilisation par plasma |
-
2001
- 2001-07-27 FR FR0110061A patent/FR2827777B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2002
- 2002-07-26 WO PCT/FR2002/002703 patent/WO2003011346A1/fr not_active Ceased
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5770739A (en) * | 1994-04-28 | 1998-06-23 | Johnson & Johnson Medical, Inc. | Non-aqueous hydrogen peroxide complex |
| US5876666A (en) * | 1994-04-28 | 1999-03-02 | Johnson & Johnson Medical, Inc. | Method of hydrogen peroxide plasma sterilization |
| FR2759590A1 (fr) * | 1997-02-14 | 1998-08-21 | Microondes Syst Sa | Procede de sterilisation d'un echantillon |
| FR2790962A1 (fr) * | 1999-03-16 | 2000-09-22 | Absys | Procede et dispositifs de sterilisation par plasma |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2008057950A3 (fr) * | 2006-11-01 | 2008-07-24 | Stryker Corp | Système et procédé pour stériliser un dispositif avec des espèces actives générées par plasma, lesdites espèces étant partiellement formées à partir d'un additif à l'état liquide |
| EP2206521A4 (fr) * | 2007-09-27 | 2010-09-29 | Satoshi Ikawa | Procédé et appareil de pasteurisation |
| US8871146B2 (en) | 2007-09-27 | 2014-10-28 | Satoshi Ikawa | Sterilization method and apparatus |
| CN103533876A (zh) * | 2011-02-08 | 2014-01-22 | 迈科工程有限责任两合公司 | 用于净化净化物的净化装置 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2827777B1 (fr) | 2005-09-02 |
| FR2827777A1 (fr) | 2003-01-31 |
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