WO2003100507A1 - Dispositif de guides optiques induits - Google Patents

Dispositif de guides optiques induits Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2003100507A1
WO2003100507A1 PCT/IL2003/000447 IL0300447W WO03100507A1 WO 2003100507 A1 WO2003100507 A1 WO 2003100507A1 IL 0300447 W IL0300447 W IL 0300447W WO 03100507 A1 WO03100507 A1 WO 03100507A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
waveguide
control elements
section
light signal
mode
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
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PCT/IL2003/000447
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English (en)
Inventor
Yoav Berlatzky
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Optun BVI Ltd
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Optun BVI Ltd
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Priority to AU2003228087A priority Critical patent/AU2003228087A1/en
Publication of WO2003100507A1 publication Critical patent/WO2003100507A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/21—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  by interference
    • G02F1/225—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  by interference in an optical waveguide structure
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
    • G02B6/12007—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/14—Mode converters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/28—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals
    • G02B6/2804—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals forming multipart couplers without wavelength selective elements, e.g. "T" couplers, star couplers
    • G02B6/2852—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals forming multipart couplers without wavelength selective elements, e.g. "T" couplers, star couplers using tapping light guides arranged sidewardly, e.g. in a non-parallel relationship with respect to the bus light guides (light extraction or launching through cladding, with or without surface discontinuities, bent structures)
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/011—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  in optical waveguides, not otherwise provided for in this subclass
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/0147—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on thermo-optic effects
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/29—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the position or the direction of light beams, i.e. deflection
    • G02F1/31—Digital deflection, i.e. optical switching
    • G02F1/313—Digital deflection, i.e. optical switching in an optical waveguide structure
    • G02F1/3132—Digital deflection, i.e. optical switching in an optical waveguide structure of directional coupler type
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/29—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the position or the direction of light beams, i.e. deflection
    • G02F1/31—Digital deflection, i.e. optical switching
    • G02F1/313—Digital deflection, i.e. optical switching in an optical waveguide structure
    • G02F1/3137—Digital deflection, i.e. optical switching in an optical waveguide structure with intersecting or branching waveguides, e.g. X-switches and Y-junctions
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
    • G02B2006/12083—Constructional arrangements
    • G02B2006/121—Channel; buried or the like
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/264—Optical coupling means with optical elements between opposed fibre ends which perform a function other than beam splitting
    • G02B6/266—Optical coupling means with optical elements between opposed fibre ends which perform a function other than beam splitting the optical element being an attenuator
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F2201/00—Constructional arrangements not provided for in groups G02F1/00 - G02F7/00
    • G02F2201/12—Constructional arrangements not provided for in groups G02F1/00 - G02F7/00 electrode
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F2203/00—Function characteristic
    • G02F2203/48—Variable attenuator
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F2203/00—Function characteristic
    • G02F2203/58—Multi-wavelength, e.g. operation of the device at a plurality of wavelengths
    • G02F2203/585—Add/drop devices

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to the field of optical devices and, more specifically, to optically controlling at least one attribute of a light signal.
  • SM single-mode
  • MM multi-mode
  • U.S. Patent No. 5,623,566 to Hyung J. Lee, et al describes a device using thermo-optic deflection to transfer optical power between a single input waveguide and one of N output waveguides.
  • European Patent Application EP-0513919-A1 to Van Der Tol describes a passive device for mode conversion of a first guided mode into a second pre-defined mode.
  • the device is described to include a periodic geometrical structure consisting of a periodic sequence of two wave-guiding subsections within each period, wherein the lengths of the subsections and the number of periods being matched to a pre-determined conversion fraction may be designed to allow coupling of a first pre-defined guided mode to a second pre-defined guided mode.
  • Similar devices are also described in U.S. Patent No. 5,703,977 to Pedersen et al and in European Patent Application EP0645650A1 to Van Der Tol. In such passive devices, the fraction of light being converted is pre-determined by the geometry of the device and, therefore, the activation and operation of such devices cannot be selectively adjusted or controlled.
  • U.S. Patent No. 5,574,808 to Van Der Tol et al describes a mechanism for activating and de-activating a mode-conversion device.
  • the described device is activated by activating an electrode designed to disrupt the coupling between guided modes of the device, thereby to convert the coupling of a signal from a first guided mode to a second guided mode.
  • a Mach-Zehnder interferometer as is known in the art may be used in conjunction with an optical switch or an optical mode converter.
  • the MZI may split the power of a light signal between two light-guiding arms.
  • a drawback of such devices is that even a slight error in the splitting of power may result in a significant amount of cross talk.
  • a MZI as is known in the art is based on a Y-splitter and a Y-combiner, connected in parallel with a two-arm structure. The splitter splits incoming light into both arms of the structure, and the combiner re-combines the light from both arms to produce outgoing light.
  • the MZI may be connected to input and output multi-mode waveguides, each capable of supporting two modes, namely, M1 and M2, respectively. A fabrication error in the splitter may result in uneven splitting of
  • the combiner has a precise 1 :1 combining ratio, assuming there is no phase difference between both arms, the mode in the MM waveguide resulting from a light signal entering one branch of the combiners
  • the resulting mode in the MM waveguide would be the sum of contributions of both branches of the combiner
  • Embodiments of the present invention provide a dynamically controllable, multi-channel, optical apparatus to dynamically, e.g., tunably, control attributes of a signal of light, and a method of dynamically controlling attributes of light signals.
  • the device in accordance with embodiments of the invention may include a waveguide arrangement.
  • the waveguide arrangement may include a 1XN adiabatic coupler section, an N-channel dynamic section associated with the 1XN coupler section, and an NX1 adiabatic coupler section associated with the N-channel dynamic section.
  • the waveguide arrangement may include a tapered structure including a substantially narrow width at an input of the 1XN adiabatic coupler section, a maximum width at substantially a middle portion of the N-channel dynamic section, and a substantially narrow width at an output of the NX1 adiabatic coupler section.
  • the device may also include at least one control element associated with the 1XN coupler section, at least one control element associated with the N-channel dynamic section, and at least one control element associated with the NX1 coupler section.
  • the input-coupler control elements, the N-channel section control elements and/or the output-coupler control elements may be independently and/or jointly activated to change a predetermined optical property, e.g., an effective index of refraction, of at least one respective region of the waveguide arrangement, thereby to activate at least one dynamically-controlled, individually selected, channel associated with the at least one region, respectively.
  • a predetermined optical property e.g., an effective index of refraction
  • at least some of the control elements may be controllably activated to produce a predetermined, tunable, change in the predetermined optical property.
  • at least some of the control elements may include heating elements.
  • Exemplary embodiments of the present invention may be implemented in the form of a Mode Converter (MC), a Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI), a Variable Optical Attenuator (VOA), or any other optical device that may benefit from the functionalities provided by the invention.
  • MC Mode Converter
  • MZI Mach-Zehnder Interferometer
  • VOA Variable Optical Attenuator
  • Other exemplary embodiments of the invention provide a method for controlling one or more signal attributes of a light signal propagating through a waveguide.
  • the method may include controllably modifying a pre-determined optical property, e.g., a refractive index of at least one region of the waveguide to controllably activate at least one, respective, dynamically-controlled, individually selected channel, coupling at least one fraction of the light signal to the at least one channel, respectively, controllably modifying at least one channel-attribute of the at least one channel, respectively, and coupling the at least one channel to an output of the waveguide.
  • a pre-determined optical property e.g., a refractive index of at least one region of the waveguide
  • controllably activate at least one, respective, dynamically-controlled, individually selected channel coupling at least one fraction of the light signal to the at least one channel, respectively, controllably modifying at least one channel-attribute of the at least one channel, respectively, and coupling the at least one channel to an output of
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a top-view of an optical device, in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic, conceptual, illustration of a top-view cross-section of the device of Fig. 1 , in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration a front-view cross-section of the device of Fig. 1 ;
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic, conceptual, cross sectional illustration of a
  • Multi-Mode (MM) waveguide according to exemplary embodiments of the present invention
  • Fig. 5 is a schematic illustration of graph depicting temperature increase as a function of location in a cross-section of the waveguide of Fig. 4, in an active state of operation, according to exemplary embodiments of the invention
  • Fig. 6A is a schematic graph depicting effective refractive index and mode-order spectrum, respectively, as a function of horizontal location in the waveguide of Fig. 4, in an inactive state, according to exemplary embodiments of the invention
  • Fig. 6B is a schematic graph depicting effective refractive index and mode-order spectrum, respectively, as a function of horizontal location in the waveguide of Fig. 4, in an active state of operation, according to exemplary embodiments of the invention
  • Fig. 7 is a schematic, simplified plane view illustration of a
  • MZI Mach-Zehnder interferometer
  • Fig. 8A is a schematic illustration of a numerical simulation of propagation of a light signal in an inactive state of the device of Fig. 7, in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the present invention
  • Fig 8B is a schematic illustration of a numerical simulation of propagation of a light signal in the device of Fig. 7 producing a phase shift of ⁇ radians, in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the present invention
  • Fig. 9 is a schematic, simplified, plane view illustration of a Mode
  • Fig 10 is a schematic illustration of a numerical simulation of propagation of a light signal in the device of Fig. 9, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 11 is a schematic, simplified, plane view illustration of a
  • VOA Variable Optical Attenuator
  • Fig. 12 is a schematic illustration of a numerical simulation of propagation of a light signal in the device of Fig. 11 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 13 is a schematic block-diagram illustration of a method for controlling one or more attributes of a light signal in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the invention.
  • FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a top-view of an optical device 100 in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the present invention
  • Fig. 2 is a schematic, conceptual, illustration of a top-view cross-section of the device of Fig. 1 depicting a plurality of dynamically-controlled channels 202, and a central non-activated channel 204, in accordance with embodiments of the invention.
  • device 100 may include a Multi-Mode (MM) waveguide arrangement 101.
  • Waveguide arrangement 101 may include a 1XN Dynamically Induced Adiabatic Coupler (DIAC) section 104, a Dynamically Induced N Channel (DINC) MM dynamic section 106, and an NX1 DIAC section 108.
  • DIAC Dynamically Induced Adiabatic Coupler
  • device 100 may receive input signals from a Single-Mode (SM) or a MM input waveguide 102 which may be connected to a leading edge 112 of 1XN DIAC section 104.
  • a trailing edge 118 of NX1 DIAC section 108 may be connected to a SM or MM output waveguide 110.
  • coupler section 104 may be designed to provide dynamically-controlled channels 202, as well as of non-activated channel 204, as described in detail below.
  • device 100 may accommodate an active state and an inactive state.
  • a light signal received from input waveguide 102 may propagate through central non-activated channel 204 and exit via output waveguide 10, undergoing no change in mode order and without exciting other mode-orders of the light signal propagating in device 100.
  • a light signal received from input waveguide 102 may be at least partially coupled to one or more of dynamically-controlled channels 202.
  • the signal population of each one of dynamically-controlled channels 202 may be separately and tunably controlled, as explained in detail below.
  • channel-attributes of one or more of the dynamically-controlled channels 202 for example, a relative phase between the channels, may be separately controlled.
  • waveguide According to exemplary embodiments of the invention, waveguide
  • waveguide 101 may be adiabatically tapered, so as to allow substantially unhindered propagation of light signals through central non-activated channel 204 with minimal loss and without exciting other mode-orders of the light signal propagating in device 100.
  • waveguide 101 may have an input width, at leading edge 112, substantially compatible with the width of input waveguide 102, which width is significantly increased up to a maximum width at a middle portion 115 of dynamic section 106.
  • the maximum width of waveguide 101 may be determined by the number of dynamically-controlled channels 202 required by the specific application of the device, and by a minimal width required for each channel 202 to allow coupling the input signal to one or more of channels 202, as described in detail below. From middle portion 115, waveguide 101 may be adiabatically narrowed to substantially accommodate the width of output waveguide 110.
  • the adiabatic tapering of waveguide 101 may be achieved in the form of various tapered structures known in the art including but not limited to linear, polynomial, exponential, or hyperbolic tapered structures.
  • dynamically-controlled channels 202 may be activated and/or controlled by several methods known in the art for local modifying of index of refraction by an external process. These methods may include methods based on a heating effect, an electro-optic effect, an acousto-optic effect or any other suitable method of modifying the refractive index of a material.
  • a plurality of refractive index control elements may be independently and/or jointly activated to controllably modify the optical properties, e.g., effective index of refraction, of at least one respective region of waveguide 101 , thereby to controllably activate at least one dynamically-controlled channel 202 associated with the at least one region, respectively, as described below.
  • 1XN DIAC section 104 may include at least one control element 120 associated with waveguide 101.
  • a plurality of control elements 120 may be arranged, e.g., on top of waveguide 101 , to fan out from narrow input waveguide 102 into coupler section 104.
  • control elements 120 may include heating elements and/or any other suitable devices for affecting the refractive index of waveguide 101.
  • control elements 120 may be implemented in the form of electrodes, for example, strips of material having a suitable electrical resistance capable of producing a predetermined increase in temperature in response to electrical current supplied thereto.
  • the aggregated width of elements 120 at input 112 may be slightly greater than the width of input waveguide 102.
  • elements 120 may be arranged as closely as possible at input 112.
  • the device may operate with some of control elements 120 positioned at least partly outside the cross-sectional area of waveguide 101. As the width of waveguide 101 increases, waveguide 101 becomes influenced by more of control elements 120, until all elements 120 are capable of activating dynamically-controlled channels 202 in device 100, as described below.
  • control elements 120 may each have inactive and controllably active states of operation, as described herein. According to embodiments of the invention, each of control elements 120 may be activated independently to allow producing a desired coupling level between input waveguide 102 and one or more, respective, dynamically-controlled channels 202.
  • DINC MM dynamic section 106 may include a plurality of control elements 128.
  • Control elements 128 may be arranged to conform to the shape of waveguide 101.
  • a spacing between control elements 128 may be determined based on a minimal width of elements 128 that may be needed to activate and/or tune channels 202, as described below.
  • the center-to-center spacing i.e., the minimal spacing between two centers of adjacent control elements 128, may be determined by the minimal required width of channels 202, as described above, such that control elements 128 may independently activate respective channels 202, allowing substantially no interference between adjacent channels 202.
  • a center-to-center spacing of at least 25 ⁇ m, e.g., about 30 ⁇ m, may be used.
  • dynamic section 106 may include two control arrays, 122 and 124, each including a plurality of the control elements 128.
  • the number of control elements 128 and their arrangement may vary in accordance with the desired functionality of device 100, as described below.
  • control elements 128 may include heating elements or any other suitable devices for affecting the refractive index of waveguide 101.
  • control elements 128 may be implemented in the form of electrodes, for example, strips of material having a suitable electrical resistance capable of producing a predetermined increase in temperature in response to electrical current supplied thereto.
  • control elements 128 may each have inactive and controllably active states of operation, as described herein.
  • each of control elements 128 may be activated independently to control and/or modify one or more attributes of the dynamically-controlled channels 202, respectively, as described below.
  • NX1 DIAC section NX1 DIAC section
  • control element 108 may include at least one control element 126 associated with waveguide 101.
  • a plurality of N control element 126 may be arranged, e.g., on top of waveguide 101 , to merge into narrow output waveguide 110.
  • control elements 126 may include heating elements or any other suitable devices for affecting the refractive index of waveguide 101.
  • control elements 126 may be implemented in the form of electrodes, for example, strips of material having a suitable electrical resistance capable of producing a predetermined increase in temperature in response to electrical current supplied thereto.
  • the aggregated width of control elements 126 at output 118 may be slightly greater than the width of output waveguide 110.
  • control elements 126 may be arranged as closely as possible at output 118.
  • the device may operate with some of the control elements 126 positioned at least partly outside the cross-sectional area of output waveguide 110. As the width of waveguide 101 decreases, the waveguide becomes influenced by fewer control elements 126, until some of control elements 126 may not be capable of activating dynamically-controlled channels 202 in MM waveguide 101 , as described below.
  • control elements 126 may each have inactive and controllably active states of operation, as described herein. According to embodiments of the invention, each of control elements 126 may be activated independently and/or jointly to allow producing a desired coupling level between one or more of dynamically-controlled channels 202 and output waveguide 110.
  • device 100 may have a total length, L, of between 2000 ⁇ m and 40000 ⁇ m, for example, about 20000 ⁇ m; input 112 and output 118 may, respectively, have a width of between 6 ⁇ m and 30 ⁇ m, for example, about 18 ⁇ m; middle portion 115 may have a width of between 30 ⁇ m and 200 ⁇ m, for example, about 100 ⁇ m; heating elements 120, 128, and 126 may each have a width of between 5 ⁇ m and 30 ⁇ m, for example, about 10 ⁇ m; a center to center spacing between heating elements 128 may be between 30 ⁇ m and 100 ⁇ m, for example, about
  • DIAC section 104 may have a length of between 500 ⁇ m and 5000 ⁇ m, for example, about 2500 ⁇ m
  • 1XN DIAC section 104 and NX1 DIAC section 108 may, respectively, have a length of between 500 ⁇ m and 5000 ⁇ m, for example, about 2500 ⁇ m
  • dynamic section 106 may have a length of between 1000 ⁇ m and 30000 ⁇ m, for example, about 15000 ⁇ m.
  • channels 202 may be used by DIAC section 104 to controllably couple, i.e. direct, an at least one fraction of the input light signal to at least one respective region of section 104, by controlling the activation of control elements 120, as described below.
  • Channels 202 may be further used by DINC section 106 to controllably couple the at least one fraction of the light signal to at least one respective region of section 106, e.g., by controlling the activation of control elements 128, as described below.
  • Elements 128 may also be controllably activated to create a desired phase shift between two or more channels 202, thereby to control an attribute of the at least one fraction of the light signal, as described below.
  • Channels 202 may also be used by DIAC section 108 to controllably couple, i.e. direct, the at least one fraction of the light signal substantially to an output, e.g., by controlling the activation of control elements 126, as described below.
  • device 100 may be substantially insensitive to manufacturing errors and/or defects.
  • Dynamically-controlled channels 202 may be used to tune the device, as described below, in order to compensate for fabrication errors, thereby providing an increase in production yield.
  • FIG. 3 conceptually illustrates a front-view cross-section 300 of device 100, according to exemplary embodiments of the invention.
  • each one of sections 104, 106 and/or 108 may be used in conjunction with standard PLC technology, and may have a simple layer structure as conceptually depicted in Fig. 3.
  • structure according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention, structure
  • 300 may include a base substrate layer 302, a bottom-cladding layer 304 having a refractive index nbc. a core layer 310 having a refractive index n CO re. a top
  • cladding layer 308 having a refractive index nt c , and at least one refractive index
  • Control element 312 may be used to activate and/or control at least one of dynamically-controlled channels 202 (Fig. 2), as described below.
  • Control element 312 may be a thin film electrode heater or any other suitable device capable of affecting the refractive index of the core layer.
  • Base substrate 302 may be formed of any suitable material . known in the art, for example, silicon.
  • base substrate 302 may be used as a heat sink, and may be held at a substantially constant temperature, e.g., using a Thermo-Electric Cooler (TEC) or any other suitable device adapted to keep the substrate at a substantially constant temperature.
  • TEC Thermo-Electric Cooler
  • the effective refractive index of core layer 310 may be greater than the effective refractive index of top cladding layer 308, which may be similar, in turn, to the refractive index of the bottom cladding layer 304, as follows:
  • core 310 may have a height, of between 1 ⁇ m and 10 ⁇ m, for example, about 6 ⁇ m; the refractive index, n CO re. of core 310 may be, between 1.445 and1.5, for example,
  • top cladding 308 may have a height of between 6 ⁇ m and 20 ⁇ m, for example, about 14 ⁇ m, and a refractive index, ntc, of between 1.44 and 1.495, for example, about 1.45; and bottom cladding 304 may have a height of between 6 ⁇ m and 20 ⁇ m, for example, about 15 ⁇ m, and a refractive index, n D c of between
  • Fig. 4 is a schematic, conceptual, illustration of a cross-section of a MM waveguide, which may be used to activate dynamically-controlled channel 202 (Fig. 2) according to exemplary embodiments of the present invention.
  • Waveguide 400 may include a core 402 having a refractive index n-i embedded in a cladding 404, which may have a lower refractive index, no.
  • Waveguide 400 may also include a base-substrate 408 and may be associated with a refractive index control element, e.g., a heating element 406.
  • a refractive index control element e.g., a heating element 406.
  • waveguide According to exemplary embodiments of the invention, waveguide
  • control element 406 may have inactive and controllably active states of operation, as described herein.
  • Fig. 5 schematically illustrates a graph depicting temperature increase lines 502 as a function of location in a cross-section of the waveguide of Fig. 4 in an inactive state, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention.
  • heating element 406 may be activated by a power supply of between 0 Watts and 10 Watts, for example, 0-2 Watts.
  • the activation of the heating element may create an increase in temperature in its vicinity as illustrated schematically in Fig. 5, where lines 502 represent isothermal lines.
  • a maximal temperature increase of between 0°K and 400°K, for example, between 100°K and 150°K, may be obtained in a location 504 proximal to the heating element.
  • the temperature variation may exponentially decrease as distance from the heating element increases, as illustrated in Fig. 5.
  • the refractive index of silica may increase by approximately
  • an increase in refractive index, ⁇ n, in a given region of waveguide 400 may be proportional to a respective temperature increase, ⁇ T, in the given region, as illustrated in Fig. 5, wherein:
  • ⁇ n 1.15X10 "5 ⁇ T (2)
  • Fig. 6A schematically illustrates a graph depicting effective refractive index and mode-order spectrum, respectively, as a function of horizontal location in the waveguide of Fig. 4 in an inactive state, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention, and to
  • Fig. 6B which schematically illustrates a graph depicting effective refractive index versus location in the waveguide of Fig. 4 in an active state of operation, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention.
  • waveguide 400 may support several bound modes 602 having effective refractive indexes 604.
  • heating element 406 when heating element 406 (Fig. 4) is activated, it may introduce increase ⁇ n in the refractive index in its proximity, as described above.
  • the refractive index increase ⁇ n may create a protrusion 606 in the effective index of the waveguide. Since ⁇ n exponentially decreases as distance from the heating element increases, as explained above, protrusion 606 may have a generally Gaussian shape.
  • the height and/or width of protrusion 606 may be relative to the temperature increase created by heating element 406. A larger increase in temperature may provide a higher and/or wider protrusion 606. Therefore, heating element 406 (Fig. 4) may be provided with an electrical power, sufficient to create a temperature increase, e.g.
  • a width of dynamically-controlled channel 202 may be related to the temperature increase provided by heating element 406, such that a higher temperature increase may allow activating a narrower channel.
  • a temperature increase of 100°K may provide a dynamically-controlled channel having a 25 ⁇ m width.
  • Fig. 7 schematically illustrates a simplified plane view of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) in accordance with an exemplary implementation of the invention.
  • MZI Mach-Zehnder interferometer
  • a splitter e.g. a 3db splitter
  • This may be achieved by activating two control elements, 708, while maintaining a plurality of elements 710 inactive.
  • a power splitting balance of the device may be fine-tuned, e.g., by varying the activation level of activated elements 708. This may be achieved by controllably varying the electrical power supplied to each one of elements 708, which may include heating elements as described above.
  • DINC MM section 706 may be implemented, in this embodiment, in the form of a twin-arm phase-shifter, e.g., by activating at least control element 712 and at least one control element 714, while maintaining a plurality of elements 716 inactive.
  • differential activation between element 714 and element 712 may introduce a phase shift between signals propagating via two respective channels 202 (Fig. 2), which are activated in regions of the waveguide substantially near elements 712 and 714, respectively, as described above.
  • Any amount of phase shift as is known in the art, may be produced between the signals, for example, a phase shift of between 0 and ⁇ (pi) radians, or any other phase shift sufficient for a specific implementation of the MZI.
  • 1XN DIAC section 704 may be implemented in the form of a coupler, e.g. a 3db coupler, for coupling the two signals from the two dynamic channels 202 (Fig. 2) to an output waveguide 722, e.g., by activating two control elements 718 while maintaining a plurality of control elements 720 inactive.
  • a power splitting balance of the device may be fine-tuned, e.g., by varying the activation levels of activated elements 718. This may be achieved by controllably varying the electrical power supplied to active elements 718.
  • Fig. 8A schematically illustrates a numerical simulation of propagation of a light signal in an inactive state of the device of Fig. 7 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
  • device 700 in its inactive state may act as an adiabatically shaped, e.g., tapered, waveguide as shown in Fig. 8A.
  • a signal 802 of zero-order mode entering the device may propagate through non-activated channel 803, undergoing substantially no modification and exiting the device as a signal 804 of zero-order mode, which may be similar to signal 802.
  • Fig 8B schematically illustrates a numerical simulation of propagation of a light signal in the device of Fig. 7 producing a phase shift of ⁇ (pi) radians in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
  • device 700 When activated, device 700 may operate as a MZI as shown in Fig
  • a signal 806 of zero-order mode may enter the device.
  • Two fractions 808 of the signal may propagate through two dynamically-controlled channels 202 (Fig. 2), respectively, as described above.
  • Activation of the control elements, as described above, may shift the phase of signals 808, for example, by ⁇ (pi) radians.
  • Signals 808 may then be coupled, as described above, to create an output signal 810 of second-order mode.
  • FIG. 9 schematically illustrates a simplified plane view of a Mode Converter (MC) 900 for conversion from a zero-order mode to a second-order mode, in accordance with an exemplary implementation of the invention
  • MC 900 may require, in accordance with this embodiment of the invention, selectively activating three dynamically-controlled channels 202 (Fig. 2). Further embodiments of the invention, e.g., for conversion between other order modes, may require selective activation of a different number of channels 202 (Fig. 2) in accordance with the number of phase-shifts required, as described below. [0086] In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, conversion between a zero-order mode and a second-order mode may be accomplished by implementing a 1XN DIAC section 902 in the form of a coupler, e.g., a three-way input coupler, for coupling an input signal entering an input 908 to three dynamically controlled channels 202(Fig. 2), respectively.
  • a coupler e.g., a three-way input coupler
  • a DINC MM section 904 may be implemented in the form of a phase-shifter, e.g., a three-channel phase-shifter, which may be used to produce appropriate phase-shifts between the three dynamically-controlled channels, respectively, as described below.
  • a phase-shifter e.g., a three-channel phase-shifter, which may be used to produce appropriate phase-shifts between the three dynamically-controlled channels, respectively, as described below.
  • a NX1 DIAC section 906 may be implemented in the form of an output coupler, e.g., a three-way coupler, for re-coupling the three dynamically-controlled channels to an output 910.
  • an output coupler e.g., a three-way coupler
  • DIAC section 902 may be implemented in the form of a three-way input coupler by activating a set of three DIAC control elements 912 while maintaining a plurality of control elements 914 inactive, thus activating three dynamically-controlled channels 202 (Fig. 2), as described above.
  • DINC MM section 904 may be implemented in the form of a three-channel phase-shifter, e.g., by controlling the activation of central control elements 920 and outer control elements 916 to activate and/or control three dynamically-controlled channels 202 (Fig. 2), as described above.
  • a phase difference of ⁇ (pi) radian may be produced between a central channel (not shown), activated by central control elements 920, and two outer channels (not shown), activated by outer control elements 916, by differential activation of central control elements 920 and outer control elements 916, which phase difference may also depend on the difference in length between the outer and central channels.
  • NX1 DIAC section 906 may be implemented in the form of an output three-way coupler by activating three control elements 922 while maintaining a plurality of control elements 924 inactive, thus activating respective dynamically-controlled channels 202.
  • Fig. 10 schematically illustrates a numerical simulation of propagation of a light signal in the device of Fig. 9, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
  • a signal 1002 of a zero-order mode may enter the device.
  • Two fractions 1004 of the signal may propagate through two dynamically-controlled channels 202 (Fig. 2), respectively.
  • a third fraction 1006 of the signal may propagate through central non-activated channel 204 (Fig. 2).
  • Signal 1004 may undergo a phase shift, by activating refractive index control elements 916, as described above.
  • channels 202 (Fig. 2) may be coupled to an output, such that signals 1004 and 1006 may form an output signal 1008 of a second-order mode.
  • device 100 may be implemented to enable conversion between any varieties of modes, as described above. It will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, that it may be possible to use an N-channel device, in accordance with embodiments of the invention, to allow conversion of a signal of any mode-order smaller than N-1.
  • Fig. 11 schematically illustrates a top-view of a Variable Optical
  • Attenuator in accordance with an exemplary implementation of the invention.
  • Implementation of device 100 (Fig. 1) as a VOA 1100 may include, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention, implementing DINC MM section 1102 as an orthogonal projection section, wherein two opposite outer control elements, 1104 and 1106, may be activated while other control elements, 1108 and 1110, may remain inactive.
  • outer control elements 1112 and 1114 which may correspond to activated control elements 1108 and 1110, respectively, may also be activated, while control elements 1116 and 1118 may remain inactive.
  • control elements 1102 and 1104 may be used to activate a first dynamically-controlled channel (not shown) in a region of VOA 1100 substantially underneath control elements 1112 and 1104, respectively.
  • a first dynamically-controlled channel (not shown) in a region of VOA 1100 substantially underneath control elements 1112 and 1104, respectively.
  • an input light signal guided by a first mode and entering through an input 1101 of VOA 1100 may be coupled to the first dynamically-controlled channel.
  • a second dynamically controlled channel (not shown), beginning 1114 substantially at a mid section 1113 of VOA 1100, may be activated by activating control elements 1106 and.
  • a first fraction of the light signal exiting the first channel, substantially underneath an end 1111 of control element 1104, may propagate through the second channel guided by the first mode.
  • a second fraction of the light signal may propagate through other regions of VOA 1100 guided by other modes supported by the VOA.
  • an output waveguide 1107 of VOA 1100 may be adapted to support only the first mode order.
  • the first fraction of the light signal, propagating through the second control channel may exit the VOA, while the second fraction may be refracted, diffracted, scattered, diffused and/or otherwise dissipated in a cladding of output waveguide 1107.
  • the first fraction of the light signal may be tuned to a desired level.
  • an attenuation level of the light signal may be tuned by appropriately controlling the activation of the control elements.
  • Fig. 12 schematically illustrates a numerical simulation of propagation of a light signal in the device of Fig. 11 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • a light signal 1202 entering the VOA may be coupled to a first dynamically-controlled channel (not shown).
  • a second dynamically controlled channel (not shown) may be activated, such that a first fraction 1206 of the signal, guided by a first mode-order, may be coupled to the second channel, a second fraction 1208 of the signal, guided by other mode-orders, may propagate through different regions of the VOA, i.e., different from those of the second channel.
  • Fig. 13 schematically illustrates a block-diagram of a method for controlling one or more signal attributes of a light signal propagating through a waveguide, in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the invention.
  • the method may include modifying a pre-determined optical property of at least one region of the waveguide to controllably activate at least one, respective, dynamically-controlled channel, as indicated at block 1302.
  • the method may also include coupling at least one fraction of the light signal to the at least one channel, respectively, as indicated at block 1304;
  • the method may further include controllably modifying at least one channel-attribute of the at least one channel, respectively, as indicated at block 1306.
  • the method may include coupling the at least one channel to an output of the waveguide.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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  • Optical Modulation, Optical Deflection, Nonlinear Optics, Optical Demodulation, Optical Logic Elements (AREA)
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Abstract

L'invention concerne un ensemble de guides optiques pour commander une ou plusieurs propriétés d'un signal lumineux, cet ensemble comprenant les éléments suivants : une partie coupleur 1Xn dotée de n éléments de commande, n étant égal ou supérieur à un ; une partie dynamique associée à la partie coupleur 1Xn et pourvue d'au moins un élément de commande ; une partie coupleur nX1 associée à la partie dynamique et dotée de n éléments de commande. Lorsqu'ils sont activés conformément à un schéma prédéterminé, les éléments de commande peuvent produire au moins un canal à commande dynamique dans au moins une zone correspondante de l'ensemble de guides optiques par modification d'un indice de réfraction dudit ensemble de guides optiques dans ladite zone. Lorsqu'il est créé, le canal à commande dynamique peut guider au moins une fraction du signal lumineux.
PCT/IL2003/000447 2002-05-28 2003-05-28 Dispositif de guides optiques induits Ceased WO2003100507A1 (fr)

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PCT/IL2003/000446 Ceased WO2003100516A1 (fr) 2002-05-28 2003-05-28 Dispositif et procede de conversion dynamique d'un point optique
PCT/IL2003/000445 Ceased WO2003100506A1 (fr) 2002-05-28 2003-05-28 Procede et appareil de conversion de mode optique
PCT/IL2003/000447 Ceased WO2003100507A1 (fr) 2002-05-28 2003-05-28 Dispositif de guides optiques induits
PCT/IL2003/000443 Ceased WO2003100490A1 (fr) 2002-05-28 2003-05-28 Procede et dispositif de multiplexage et de demultiplexage par division de mode optique

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JP2004157506A (ja) 2004-06-03
WO2003100485A3 (fr) 2004-02-19
AU2003228087A1 (en) 2003-12-12
AU2003233163A1 (en) 2003-12-12
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WO2003100516A1 (fr) 2003-12-04
WO2003100506A1 (fr) 2003-12-04
AU2003231349A1 (en) 2003-12-12

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