WO2003106596A1 - Perfectionnements apportes ou ayant trait a des compositions de carburant - Google Patents

Perfectionnements apportes ou ayant trait a des compositions de carburant Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2003106596A1
WO2003106596A1 PCT/EP2003/006278 EP0306278W WO03106596A1 WO 2003106596 A1 WO2003106596 A1 WO 2003106596A1 EP 0306278 W EP0306278 W EP 0306278W WO 03106596 A1 WO03106596 A1 WO 03106596A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
fuel
fischer
fuel composition
engine
concentration
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/EP2003/006278
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Gautam Tavanappa Kalghatgi
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV
Original Assignee
Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV filed Critical Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV
Priority to AU2003276191A priority Critical patent/AU2003276191A1/en
Publication of WO2003106596A1 publication Critical patent/WO2003106596A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
    • C10L10/10—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the octane number
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
    • C10L1/023—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only for spark ignition
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
    • C10L1/026—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only for compression ignition
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/04—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons
    • C10L1/06—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons for spark ignition
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/04—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons
    • C10L1/08—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons for compression ignition
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
    • C10L1/1616—Hydrocarbons fractions, e.g. lubricants, solvents, naphta, bitumen, tars, terpentine
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/1811—Organic compounds containing oxygen peroxides; ozonides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
    • C10L1/23—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one nitrogen-to-oxygen bond, e.g. nitro-compounds, nitrates, nitrites
    • C10L1/231—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one nitrogen-to-oxygen bond, e.g. nitro-compounds, nitrates, nitrites nitro compounds; nitrates; nitrites
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/182—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof
    • C10L1/1822—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms
    • C10L1/1824—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms mono-hydroxy
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/185—Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Aldehydes; Ketones
    • C10L1/1852—Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Orthoesters
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B1/00—Engines characterised by fuel-air mixture compression
    • F02B1/12—Engines characterised by fuel-air mixture compression with compression ignition

Definitions

  • EP-A-879871 discloses a fuel composition comprising unleaded gasoline containing a major amount of hydrocarbons in the gasoline boiling range and from 1 to 1000 ppm of (0.001 to 0.1%v) of at least one organic nitrogen-containing compound selected from:
  • organic nitrates selected from alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl and aryl nitrates having up to 12 carbon atoms and nitrate esters of alkoxy substituted aliphatic alcohols;
  • organic nitro compounds selected from nitrotoluenes and dinitrotoluenes; and
  • mixtures thereof together with use of such compositions in a spark-ignition internal combustion engine, e.g. for improving ignition properties, for reducing misfire, for preventing partial combustion and/or for improving cycle-to-cycle variation.
  • the ester is preferably in a concentration between 0.001% and 0.1% by weight (10 to 1000 ppmw) .
  • Reduced severity of vibration is described in relation to spark-ignition engines in Ford Yale (trade mark) , Triumph Herald (trade mark) and Vauxhall Victor 101 (trade mark) motor vehicles.
  • Fischer-Tropsch synthesis or related processes and from about 5 to about 75 mass % (preferably about 40 to about 5% w) of a blending stock that improves one or more properties such as pour point temperature, viscosity, and emissions generated during combustion in a diesel engine.
  • the blending stock has an average molecular weight lower than the average molecular weight of the light syncrude, and is preferably selected from hydrocarbons, oxygenates and combinations thereof.
  • a cetane improver may be added (Col. 5 lines 1 to 44), preferably in an amount from about 0.01 to about 0.5% w (100 to 5,000 ppmw).
  • Table 1 illustrates fuels containaing 75% w syncrude and ' 25% w gasoline, and 75% w syncrude and 25% w of a 1:1 w/w mixture of ethanol/diethyl ether.
  • Other tables show fuels with other specifications, but where gasoline is present, it is either 25% w or 30% w gasoline with, respectively, 75% w or 70% light syncrude.
  • the HCCI internal combustion engine is a hybrid of the well known spark ignition (SI, petrol) and compression ignition (CI, diesel) engines.
  • SI spark ignition
  • CI compression ignition
  • a homogeneous, typically highly dilute, fuel/air mixture is created in the inlet system, as in a SI engine, but during the compression stroke the mixture auto-ignites as in a CI engine.
  • Potentially HCCI engines can offer the efficiency of a diesel engine but with cleaner operation (eg, lower emissions of particulates and nitrogen oxides) and lower cyclic variations.
  • Various working HCCI engines have been described in the literature (see editor's keynote address (page 1) in A new generation of engine combustion processes for the future?", Ed. P. Duret, Edi tions Technip, Paris, 2002, ISBN 2-7108-0812-9) . These include the ATAC (Active
  • HCCI combustion processes are also currently used in certain commercially available 2-stroke engines but 4- stroke engines exploiting the advantages of the HCCI technology do not yet appear to be feasible over a wide operating range.
  • HCCI engines One of the main problems with HCCI engines is that at low loads it can be difficult to ensure that auto- ignition always occurs.
  • Olsson, Jan-Ola et al [SAE Paper # 2001-01-1031, SAE 2001] describe blending of the easily ignited fuel n-heptane with a gasoline base fuel (iso- octane) to promote auto-ignition in a HCCI engine.
  • the n-heptane and iso-octane are metered separately into the engine under an electronic closed loop control system, so that the overall fuel formulation may be tailored in response to load conditions. This strategy may be used to extend the operating regime of a HCCI engine.
  • the present invention further provides a fuel composition, particularly a fuel composition for use in a HCCI engine, comprising a gasoline base fuel and at least one additional component selected from the group consisting of (i) a diesel fuel ignition improver in a concentration of 0.05 to 1% v/v based on the fuel composition, (ii) a Fischer-Tropsch derived gas oil in a concentration of 1 to 20% v/v based on the fuel composition and (iii) a Fischer-Tropsch derived naphtha fuel in a concentration of 1 to 20% v/v based on the fuel composition, wherein at least one of (ii) and (iii) is present in the fuel composition.
  • a diesel fuel ignition improver in a concentration of 0.05 to 1% v/v based on the fuel composition
  • a Fischer-Tropsch derived gas oil in a concentration of 1 to 20% v/v based on the fuel composition
  • iii) a Fischer-Tropsch derived naphtha fuel in
  • HCCI engine By “for use in a HCCI engine” is meant that the fuel composition is suitable for such use, whether or not it is actually intended for such use.
  • HCCI engine is intended to encompass any engine which is operating or is operable in the HCCI mode, whether or not it is also capable of operating in another mode such as spark ignition or diesel compression ignition. In engines capable of operating in more than one such mode, the present invention can extend the operating regime over which HCCI operation is possible and/or feasible (in particular without undue mis-firing) .
  • the gasoline base fuel comprises a liquid hydrocarbon fuel and would normally be suitable for use in an internal combustion engine of the spark ignition (petrol), type.
  • Gasolines typically contain mixtures of hydrocarbons boiling in the range from 25 to 230 °C (EN- ISO 3405) , the optimal ranges and distillation curves typically varying according to climate and season of the year.
  • the hydrocarbons in a gasoline fuel may conveniently be derived in known manner from straight-run gasoline, synthetically-produced aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures, thermally or catalytically cracked hydrocarbons, hydro-cracked petroleum fractions, catalytically reformed hydrocarbons or mixtures of these.
  • the research octane number (RON) of the gasoline base fuel may suitably be from 80 to 100, preferably from 90 to 100, more preferably from 94 to 100 (EN 25164).
  • Its motor octane number (MON) may suitably be from 80 to 100, preferably from 84 to 100 (EN 25163) .
  • Oxygenates may be incorporated in the gasoline base fuel; these include alcohols (such as methanol, ethanol, iso-propanol, tert-butanol and iso-butanol) and ethers (preferably ethers containing 5 or more carbon atoms per molecule, eg, methyl tert-butyl ether) .
  • alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, iso-propanol, tert-butanol and iso-butanol
  • ethers preferably ethers containing 5 or more carbon atoms per molecule, eg, methyl tert-butyl ether
  • Such ethers may be used in amounts up to 15 % v/v of the base fuel, but if methanol is used, it can generally only be in an amount up to 3 % v/v and stabilisers may be required. Stabilisers may also be needed for ethanol, which may generally be used up to 5 % v/v.
  • Particularly preferred gasoline base fuels incorporate from 0 to 10 % v/v of at least one oxygenate selected from methanol, ethanol, iso-propanol and iso- butanol.
  • a gasoline base fuel may include one or more additives such as anti-oxidants, corrosion inhibitors, ashless detergents, dehazers, dyes and synthetic or mineral oil carrier fluids.
  • additives such as anti-oxidants, corrosion inhibitors, ashless detergents, dehazers, dyes and synthetic or mineral oil carrier fluids. Examples of suitable such additives are described generally in US Patent No. 5,855,629. They can be added directly to the gasoline or can be blended before addition with one or more diluents, to form an additive concentrate.
  • the gasoline base fuel preferably comprises a major proportion (by which is meant preferably 99 % w/w or more of the overall base fuel, more preferably 99.5 % w/w or more, most preferably 99.8 % w/w or more, even up to 100 % w/w) of liquid hydrocarbon gasoline fuel (which optionally incorporates one or more oxygenates) , and a minor proportion of any additives present.
  • the (active matter) concentration of any additives present in the base fuel is thus preferably up to 1 % w/w, more preferably in the range from 5 to 1000 ppmw, advantageously from 75 to 300 ppmw, such as from 95 to 150 ppmw.
  • the diesel fuel ignition improver (i) is an ignition improving agent suitable for use in a diesel ' fuel composition. It may comprise one or more reagents selected from the group consisting of: a) organic nitrates of the general formula R ⁇ -O- NO2, or nitrites of the general formula R ⁇ -O-NO, where R ⁇ is a hydrocarbyl group such as in particular an alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl or aromatic group, or an ether containing group, preferably having from 1 to 10, more preferably from 1 to 6, carbon atoms; b) organic peroxides and hydroperoxides, of the general formula R2-O-0-R3, where R ⁇ and R3 are each independently either hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group such as in particular an alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl or aromatic group, preferably having from 1 to 10, more preferably from 1 to 6, carbon atoms; and c) organic peracids and peresters, of the general formula R 4 -C
  • Ignition improvers of this type are widely used as cetane improvers in diesel fuels, where auto-ignition can be a significant problem. They have not however been used as additives for gasoline fuels, where octane rather than cetane numbers are important.
  • Diesel fuel ignition improvers are commercially available for instance as HITECTM 4103 (ex Ethyl Corporation) .
  • component (i) may be present in a concentration of 0.05 to 1 % v/v, preferably from 0.05 to 1 % v/v, more preferably from 0.1 to 0.7 % v/v, such as from 0.2 to 0.5 % v/v.
  • the Fischer-Tropsch derived gas oil (ii) is a liquid hydrocarbon middle distillate gas oil with boiling points within the typical diesel fuel range, ie, from about 150 to 370 °C. It is a reaction product of a Fischer-Tropsch methane condensation process, such as for example the process known as Shell Middle Distillate Synthesis (van der Burgt et al, ' "The Shell Middle Distillate Synthesis Process", paper delivered at the 5 th Synfuels Worldwide Symposium, Washington DC, November 1985; see also the November 1989 publication of the same title from Shell International Petroleum Company Ltd, London, UK) .
  • Fischer-Tropsch derived gas oils are low in undesirable fuel components such as sulphur, nitrogen and aromatics and tend to lead to lower vehicle emissions. They are typically used in diesel fuel compositions, in the form of blends with other diesel base fuels such as petroleum derived gas oils, but not in gasoline fuel compositions.
  • the Fischer-Tropsch derived component (ii) should therefore be suitable for use as a diesel fuel, and its components (or the majority, for instance 95 % w/w or greater, thereof) should have boiling points within the typical diesel fuel ("gas oil”) range, ie, from about 150 to 400 "C. It will suitably have a 90 % w/w distillation temperature of from 300 to 400 °C.
  • Fischer-Tropsch derived is meant that a fuel is, or derives from, a synthesis product of a Fischer- Tropsch condensation process.
  • Typical catalysts for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of paraffinic hydrocarbons comprise, as the catalytically active component, a metal from Group VIII of the periodic table, in particular ruthenium, iron, cobalt or nickel. Suitable such catalysts are described for instance in EP- A-0 583 836 (pages 3 and 4) .
  • An example of a Fischer-Tropsch based process is the
  • SMDS Shell Middle Distillate Synthesis
  • This process produces middle distillate range products by conversion of a natural gas (primarily methane) derived synthesis gas into a heavy long-chain hydrocarbon (paraffin) wax which can then be hydroconverted and fractionated to produce liquid transport fuels such as the gas oils useable in diesel fuel compositions.
  • a version of the SMDS process utilising a fixed-bed reactor for the catalytic conversion step, is currently in use in Bintulu, Malaysia and its products have been used in petroleum derived gas oil blends in commercially available automotive fuels. Gas oils prepared by the SMDS process are commercially available for instance from the Shell Group of companies.
  • Fischer-Tropsch derived gas oils are described in EP-A-0 583 836, EP-A-1 101 813, WO-97/14768, WO-97/14769, WO-00/20534, WO- 00/20535, WO-01/11116, WO-01/11117, WO-01/83406, WO- 01/83641, WO-01/83647, WO-01/83648 and US-A-6, 204, 426.
  • the Fischer-Tropsch derived gas oil (ii) will typically consist of at least 90 % w/w, preferably at least 95 % w/w, of paraffinic .components, preferably iso- and linear paraffins.
  • the weight ratio of iso-paraffins to normal paraffins will typically be greater than 0.3 and may typically be up to 12; preferably it is from 2 to 6. The actual value for this ratio will be determined, in part, by the hydroconversion process used to prepare the gas oil from the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis product. Some cyclic paraffins may also be present.
  • the Fischer-Tropsch derived gas oil (ii) will typically have a density from 0.76 to 0.79 g/cm ⁇ at 15
  • the Fischer-Tropsch derived naphtha fuel (iii) is a liquid hydrocarbon middle distillate fuel with a final boiling point of typically up to 220 °C or preferably of 180 °C or less, and which is a reaction product of a Fischer-Tropsch methane condensation process, such as for example the Shell Middle Distillate Synthesis described above. Its initial boiling point is preferably higher than 25 °C, more preferably higher than 35 °C. Its components (or the majority, for instance 95 % w/w or greater, thereof) are typically hydrocarbons having 5 or more carbon atoms; they are usually paraffinic.
  • the naphtha fuel component (iii) preferably has a density of from 0.67 to 0.73 g/cm ⁇ at 15 °C and/or a sulphur content of 5 ppmw or less. It preferably contains 95 % w/w or greater of iso- and normal paraffins, preferably from 20 to 98 % w/w or greater of normal paraffins.
  • component (iii) preferably has a density of from 0.67 to 0.73 g/cm ⁇ at 15 °C and/or a sulphur content of 5 ppmw or less. It preferably contains 95 % w/w or greater of iso- and normal paraffins, preferably from 20 to 98 % w/w or greater of normal paraffins.
  • (iii) may be present in a concentration of 1 to 20 % v/v, preferably from 1 to 15 % v/v, more preferably from 2 to 12 % v/v, such as from 5 to 10 % v/v. It is preferably the product of a SMDS process, preferred features of which may be as described above in connection with component (ii) .
  • the total concentration of (ii) and (iii) together is preferably up to 20% v/v.
  • the concentration of the Fischer-Tropsch derived gas oil (ii) and/or the Fischer- Tropsch derived naphtha fuel (iii) . is up to 20% v/v.
  • the additional component (s) may be mixed with the base fuel on board an ' automobile, for instance from separate storage vessels such as in the manner described by Olsson et al ( supra ) - such mixing may occur on introduction of the base fuel and additional component (s) into a combustion chamber of the engine, for instance by metering separate streams of the base fuel and additional component (s) directly into the fuel inlet system or combustion chamber via separate inlets.
  • the two components may be metered into a separate mixing chamber upstream of the fuel inlet system and/or combustion chamber.
  • An engine management system may be used to control switching between- fuel supplies as loads change, for instance in response to accelerator pedal movement, allowing the engine to run on a fuel according to the invention at lower loads and thus extending its HCCI operating regime.
  • the engine management system may be used to control metering of gasoline fuel and additional component (s) , from separate tanks, into a combustion chamber of the engine or into an upstream mixing chamber, in appropriate proportions.
  • the tank(s) carrying the additional component (s) may be much smaller in capacity than that for the gasoline base fuel.
  • switching may then be between this and a conventional gasoline fuel also carried on board.
  • a further aspect of the present invention provides a method of operating a HCCI internal combustion engine, and/or an automobile or other machine which is driven by such an engine, which method involves introducing into a combustion chamber of the engine a fuel composition as defined in relation to the use according to the invention.
  • the fuel composition may be prepared, i.e. the gasoline base fuel and the additional components may be mixed, in situ, e.g. on board a machine to be driven by the engine, immediately before or on introduction of the fuel composition into a combustion chamber of the HCCI engine.
  • a HCCI internal combustion engine in combination with a source of a fuel composition as defined in relation to the use according to the invention, and/or with sources of (a) a gasoline base fuel and (b) one or more of the additional components (i) to (iii) .
  • a gasoline base fuel in particular there is provided an automobile or other machine incorporating such an engine in combination with the relevant fuel source (s).
  • HCCI internal combustion engine is intended to encompass any internal combustion engine which either is, or is capable of, operating in HCCI mode.
  • the engine and fuel source (s) are preferably provided in combination with control means by which a fuel composition in accordance with the invention may be supplied, in appropriate quantities and with appropriate proportions of gasoline base fuel and additional component (s) , to a combustion chamber of the engine, ideally at times when HCCI operation of the engine might benefit from a fuel composition according to the invention.
  • gasoline fuel composition in this context is meant a fuel composition which comprises a gasoline base fuel, typically a major proportion (eg, 80 % v/v or more, preferably 90 % v/v or more, most preferably 95 % or 98 % or 99 % or 99.5 % v/v or more) of the gasoline base fuel.
  • "Use" of the additional component (s) in a fuel composition means incorporating the component (s) into the composition, typically as a blend (ie, a physical mixture) . This may be done before the composition is introduced into an engine or, as described above, may involve some form of in situ mixing of a gasoline base fuel and the additional component (s) immediately prior to, or on, introduction of the fuel composition into a combustion chamber of the engine, for instance from separate storage vessels on board a machine to be driven by the engine.
  • An improvement in the auto-ignition properties of the fuel composition, and preferably therefore of its low load performance in a HCCI engine, should be as compared to the gasoline base fuel alone, and/or to the same composition but minus the additional component (s) (i) to (iii) . It will typically be manifested by auto-ignition occurring earlier in the engine cycle when the engine is running on the fuel composition containing the additional component (s) , at any given air: fuel ratio, compression ratio, inlet charge temperature and engine speed.
  • Such aspects of fuel and engine performance may be assessed for instance by running an engine, such as a single cylinder HCCI engine, on the fuel composition (s) in question and measuring the crank angle at which auto- ignition occurs at any given air: fuel ratio, for example as described in the examples below.
  • an engine such as a single cylinder HCCI engine
  • Improved auto-ignition may mean that for any given inlet charge temperature, the engine may be run (without mis-firing) with a lower compression ratio than if it were running on the gasoline base fuel and/or on a fuel composition which did not contain any of the components (i) to _(iii) . It _may mean that for any given compression ratio, the inlet charge temperature does not need to be so high in order to maintain HCCI combustion without mis- firing.
  • use of the additional component (s) as described above can extend the lower HCCI operating limits of an engine by allowing a leaner fuel mixture (ie, a higher air: fuel ratio) to be used to give a lower torque at any given speed.
  • a leaner fuel mixture ie, a higher air: fuel ratio
  • the operating range over which it can be run in HCCI mode can be extended by running it on a gasoline fuel composition containing the additional component (s) .
  • the present invention also provides a process for the preparation of a fuel composition of the invention, which process involves blending a gasoline base fuel with one or more of the additional components (i) to (iii) defined above. Again the blending is ideally carried out with the aim of improving the auto-ignition properties of the fuel composition in a HCCI internal combustion engine. It may be carried out in situ, ie, immediately before, or on, introducing the fuel composition into a combustion chamber of an engine.
  • the engine was run at a fixed speed of 1500 rpm, full throttle opening, and the coolant and oil temperatures were fixed at 85 °C and 100 °C respectively.
  • the engine was firstly warmed up with the base gasoline fuel A, using spark ignition, until the coolant and oil temperatures stabilised at their fixed values. The fuelling level was adjusted until ⁇ reached 1.0. Ignition was then switched off and the engine started running in HCCI mode .
  • the pressure signal was recorded using a storage oscilloscope, from which was determined the crank angle CAj_ at which auto-ignition occurred in HCCI combustion.
  • CA j _ for the base fuel A was assumed to be zero and CAj_ for the fuel blends was therefore expressed in terms of crank angles before this arbitrary zero.
  • the blends B and C also have significantly lower values of BT m j_ n and higher values of ⁇ m j_ n compared to the base fuel A.
  • the additive 2EHN appears to extend the lower HCCI operating limit by allowing a leaner fuel mixture to be run to give a lower torque at a given speed.
  • the performance of the base fuel A was compared with that of blends of fuel A with additive II, which is a Fischer-Tropsch derived gas oil made by the Shell Middle Distillate Synthesis (SMDS) as described above.
  • Fuel blend E contained 90 % v/v of the base fuel and 10 % v/v of the SMDS gas oil.
  • Blend F contained 95 % v/v of the base fuel and 5 % v/v gas oil.
  • the gas oil II had been obtained from a Fischer- Tropsch (SMDS) synthesis product via a two-stage hydroconversion process analogous to that described in EP-A-0 583 836. Its properties are listed in Table 4, and the test results in Table 5.
  • SMDS Fischer- Tropsch
  • This naphtha fuel had a density @ 15 °C of 0.690 g/cm ⁇ , an initial boiling point of 43 °C and a final boiling point of 166 °C.
  • Fuel blend G contained 90 % v/v of the base -fuel -and 1-0 % v/v of the SMDS naphtha.
  • Blend H contained 95 % v/v of the base fuel and 5 % v/v SMDS naphtha .

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Emergency Medicine (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Combined Controls Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne une composition de carburant comprenant un carburant à base d'essence et au moins un composant supplémentaire sélectionné dans le groupe constitué (1) d'un agent améliorant l'allumage de carburant diesel selon à raison de 0,05 à 1 % en volume de la composition de carburant, (2) d'un gazole obtenu par le procédé Fischer-Tropsch à raison de 1 à 20 % en volume par rapport à la composition de carburant, et (3) d'un carburant naphta obtenu par le procédé Fischer-Tropsch à raison de 1 à 20 % en volume par rapport à la composition de carburant, ladite composition permettant d'obtenir des performances d'auto-allumage améliorées dans un moteur à allumage par compression d'un mélange homogène (HCCI) ; des compositions de carburant ; et un procédé d'actionnement de moteur à combustion interne HCCI.
PCT/EP2003/006278 2002-06-13 2003-06-13 Perfectionnements apportes ou ayant trait a des compositions de carburant Ceased WO2003106596A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU2003276191A AU2003276191A1 (en) 2002-06-13 2003-06-13 Improvements in or relating to fuel compositions

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP02254129A EP1371715A1 (fr) 2002-06-13 2002-06-13 Compositions de carburant
EP02254129.6 2002-06-13

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2003106596A1 true WO2003106596A1 (fr) 2003-12-24

Family

ID=29558427

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/EP2003/006278 Ceased WO2003106596A1 (fr) 2002-06-13 2003-06-13 Perfectionnements apportes ou ayant trait a des compositions de carburant

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1371715A1 (fr)
AU (1) AU2003276191A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2003106596A1 (fr)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2007113959A1 (fr) * 2006-03-31 2007-10-11 Nippon Oil Corporation carburant pour moteur à allumage automatique et compression avec prémélange
JP2007291309A (ja) * 2006-03-31 2007-11-08 Nippon Oil Corp 予混合圧縮自己着火式エンジン用燃料
US9816467B2 (en) 2016-02-16 2017-11-14 Saudi Arabian Oil Company Adjusting a fuel on-board a vehicle
US9957903B2 (en) 2016-02-16 2018-05-01 Saudi Arabian Oil Company Adjusting a fuel on-board a vehicle

Families Citing this family (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2004074738A1 (fr) * 2003-02-19 2004-09-02 David Charles Tyrer Mecanisme de robinet de remplissage pour recipient sous pression
US20040261762A1 (en) * 2003-06-24 2004-12-30 Sloane Thompson M. Acetylene-based addition for homogeneous-charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine operation
AU2004298630B2 (en) * 2003-12-19 2010-06-03 Sasol Technology (Pty) Ltd Fuel for homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) systems and a process for production of said fuel
CN1950489B (zh) * 2004-05-14 2010-10-27 埃克森美孚研究工程公司 控制均匀负荷直接喷射压燃式发动机废气排放的方法
WO2008071628A1 (fr) * 2006-12-11 2008-06-19 Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. Améliorations des compositions d'essence ou en rapport avec les compositions d'essence
EP2227522A1 (fr) * 2007-11-28 2010-09-15 Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. Compositions d'essence
US20090188156A1 (en) * 2007-11-28 2009-07-30 Clayton Christopher William Gasoline composition
US20100326387A1 (en) * 2009-06-30 2010-12-30 Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company Expanding the operating envelope of advanced combustion engines using fuel-alcohol blends
HU231091B1 (hu) * 2009-09-30 2020-07-28 Mol Magyar Olaj- És Gázipari Nyilvánosan Működő Részvénytársaság Belső égésű motoroknál használható hajtóanyagok és hajtóanyag-adalékok, valamint eljárás ezek előállítására
US20130180164A1 (en) * 2011-07-28 2013-07-18 Butamax(Tm) Advanced Biofuels Llc Low sulfur fuel compositions having improved lubricity
MY188310A (en) * 2014-11-12 2021-11-27 Shell Int Research Use of a fuel composition
US10808195B2 (en) * 2015-09-22 2020-10-20 Shell Oil Company Fuel compositions
CN117965210B (zh) * 2024-01-26 2024-07-30 苏州道伟迩新能源发展有限公司 一种车用醚基燃料及燃料合成监制工艺

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1128222B (de) * 1958-12-12 1962-04-19 Aral Ag B V Vergasertreibstoff mit hoher Klopffestigkeit
US4111792A (en) * 1976-10-14 1978-09-05 Mobil Oil Corporation Combination process for upgrading synthol naphtha fractions
US4125566A (en) * 1976-08-17 1978-11-14 Institut Francais Du Petrole Process for upgrading effluents from syntheses of the Fischer-Tropsch type
US4159995A (en) * 1977-08-22 1979-07-03 Mobil Oil Corporation Conversion of synthesis gas to hydrocarbon mixtures utilizing dual reactors
EP0512635A2 (fr) * 1991-05-07 1992-11-11 Shell Internationale Researchmaatschappij B.V. Procédé pour la fabrication des isoparaffines
US20020026926A1 (en) * 1996-08-23 2002-03-07 Loye Axel O. Zur Premixed charge compression ignition engine with optimal combustion control

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2324779A (en) * 1940-07-25 1943-07-20 Standard Oil Dev Co Motor fuel
GB1152389A (en) * 1967-03-31 1969-05-14 Exxon Research Engineering Co Gasoline Compositions
US5782937A (en) * 1997-05-19 1998-07-21 Ethyl Corporation Gasoline compositions containing ignition improvers

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1128222B (de) * 1958-12-12 1962-04-19 Aral Ag B V Vergasertreibstoff mit hoher Klopffestigkeit
US4125566A (en) * 1976-08-17 1978-11-14 Institut Francais Du Petrole Process for upgrading effluents from syntheses of the Fischer-Tropsch type
US4111792A (en) * 1976-10-14 1978-09-05 Mobil Oil Corporation Combination process for upgrading synthol naphtha fractions
US4159995A (en) * 1977-08-22 1979-07-03 Mobil Oil Corporation Conversion of synthesis gas to hydrocarbon mixtures utilizing dual reactors
EP0512635A2 (fr) * 1991-05-07 1992-11-11 Shell Internationale Researchmaatschappij B.V. Procédé pour la fabrication des isoparaffines
US20020026926A1 (en) * 1996-08-23 2002-03-07 Loye Axel O. Zur Premixed charge compression ignition engine with optimal combustion control

Non-Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
DOWNS ET AL: "THE EFFECTS OF ADDITIVES ON THE OCTANE NUMBER AND CETANE NUMBER OF GASOLINES", JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUM, LONDON, GB, vol. 515, no. 52, 1 November 1966 (1966-11-01), pages 331 - 346, XP002075889, ISSN: 0020-3068 *
STANGLMAIER ET AL.: "HCCI Operation of a Dual-Fuel Natural Gas Engine for Improved Fuel Efficiency and Ultra-Low NOx Emissions at Low to Moderate Engine Loads", SAE TECHNICAL PAPER SERIES, SOCIETY OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERS, no. 2001-01-1897, 7 May 2001 (2001-05-07), Warrendale, PA (USA), pages 1 - 7, XP002259503, ISSN: 0148-7191 *

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2007113959A1 (fr) * 2006-03-31 2007-10-11 Nippon Oil Corporation carburant pour moteur à allumage automatique et compression avec prémélange
JP2007291309A (ja) * 2006-03-31 2007-11-08 Nippon Oil Corp 予混合圧縮自己着火式エンジン用燃料
JP2007291310A (ja) * 2006-03-31 2007-11-08 Nippon Oil Corp 予混合圧縮自己着火式エンジン用燃料
US9816467B2 (en) 2016-02-16 2017-11-14 Saudi Arabian Oil Company Adjusting a fuel on-board a vehicle
US9957903B2 (en) 2016-02-16 2018-05-01 Saudi Arabian Oil Company Adjusting a fuel on-board a vehicle
US10697380B2 (en) 2016-02-16 2020-06-30 Saudi Arabian Oil Company Adjusting a fuel on-board a vehicle
US11293386B2 (en) 2016-02-16 2022-04-05 Saudi Arabian Oil Company Adjusting a fuel on-board a vehicle

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU2003276191A1 (en) 2003-12-31
EP1371715A1 (fr) 2003-12-17

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
AU717092B2 (en) Synthetic diesel fuel with reduced particulate matter emissions
CA2307725C (fr) Melange de carburant d'allumage par compression contenant du brut synthetique leger et une base
WO2003106596A1 (fr) Perfectionnements apportes ou ayant trait a des compositions de carburant
AU2004295472B2 (en) Power increase and increase in acceleration performance of a compression ignition engine provided by the diesel fuel composition
US20040194367A1 (en) Diesel fuel compositions
CA2526526C (fr) Composition d'hydrocarbures pour moteurs a compression-allumage
CA2483200C (fr) Compositions de carburant diesel
EP1913120A1 (fr) Compositions de carburant
WO2008071628A1 (fr) Améliorations des compositions d'essence ou en rapport avec les compositions d'essence
TR201908545T4 (tr) Fischer-Tropsch türevli bir yakıtın kullanımı.
US20090165363A1 (en) Operating a four-stroke spark-ignition internal combustion engine
US20090188156A1 (en) Gasoline composition
CA2259206C (fr) Carburant diesel synthetique a emissions de particules reduites

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AK Designated states

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): AE AG AL AM AT AU AZ BA BB BG BR BY BZ CA CH CN CO CR CU CZ DE DK DM DZ EC EE ES FI GB GD GE GH GM HR HU ID IL IN IS JP KE KG KP KR KZ LC LK LR LS LT LU LV MA MD MG MK MN MW MX MZ NI NO NZ OM PH PL PT RO RU SC SD SE SG SK SL TJ TM TN TR TT TZ UA UG US UZ VC VN YU ZA ZM ZW

AL Designated countries for regional patents

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): GH GM KE LS MW MZ SD SL SZ TZ UG ZM ZW AM AZ BY KG KZ MD RU TJ TM AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IT LU MC NL PT RO SE SI SK TR BF BJ CF CG CI CM GA GN GQ GW ML MR NE SN TD TG

121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application
DFPE Request for preliminary examination filed prior to expiration of 19th month from priority date (pct application filed before 20040101)
122 Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase
NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: JP

WWW Wipo information: withdrawn in national office

Country of ref document: JP