WO2004102482A1 - Procede et systeme servant a simuler des images radiologiques - Google Patents

Procede et systeme servant a simuler des images radiologiques Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2004102482A1
WO2004102482A1 PCT/DK2003/000311 DK0300311W WO2004102482A1 WO 2004102482 A1 WO2004102482 A1 WO 2004102482A1 DK 0300311 W DK0300311 W DK 0300311W WO 2004102482 A1 WO2004102482 A1 WO 2004102482A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
data
simulated
ray
image
patient
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PCT/DK2003/000311
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English (en)
Inventor
Andrew Bruno Dobbs
Niels Husted Kjaer
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Canon Medical Informatics AS
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Medical Insight AS
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Priority to CA002566635A priority Critical patent/CA2566635A1/fr
Priority to AU2003229531A priority patent/AU2003229531A1/en
Priority to PCT/DK2003/000311 priority patent/WO2004102482A1/fr
Publication of WO2004102482A1 publication Critical patent/WO2004102482A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
    • G06T15/00—Three-dimensional [3D] image rendering
    • G06T15/08—Volume rendering
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
    • A61B6/46—Arrangements for interfacing with the operator or the patient
    • A61B6/461—Displaying means of special interest
    • A61B6/466—Displaying means of special interest adapted to display 3D data
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
    • A61B6/50—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment specially adapted for specific body parts; specially adapted for specific clinical applications
    • A61B6/501—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment specially adapted for specific body parts; specially adapted for specific clinical applications for diagnosis of the head, e.g. neuroimaging or craniography
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
    • A61B6/52—Devices using data or image processing specially adapted for radiation diagnosis
    • A61B6/5211—Devices using data or image processing specially adapted for radiation diagnosis involving processing of medical diagnostic data
    • A61B6/5223—Devices using data or image processing specially adapted for radiation diagnosis involving processing of medical diagnostic data generating planar views from image data, e.g. extracting a coronal view from a 3D image
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
    • G06T12/00—Tomographic reconstruction from projections
    • G06T12/20—Inverse problem, i.e. transformations from projection space into object space
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
    • G16H—HEALTHCARE INFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE HANDLING OR PROCESSING OF MEDICAL OR HEALTHCARE DATA
    • G16H30/00—ICT specially adapted for the handling or processing of medical images
    • G16H30/40—ICT specially adapted for the handling or processing of medical images for processing medical images, e.g. editing
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
    • G16H—HEALTHCARE INFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE HANDLING OR PROCESSING OF MEDICAL OR HEALTHCARE DATA
    • G16H50/00—ICT specially adapted for medical diagnosis, medical simulation or medical data mining; ICT specially adapted for detecting, monitoring or modelling epidemics or pandemics
    • G16H50/50—ICT specially adapted for medical diagnosis, medical simulation or medical data mining; ICT specially adapted for detecting, monitoring or modelling epidemics or pandemics for simulation or modelling of medical disorders
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
    • A61B6/50—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment specially adapted for specific body parts; specially adapted for specific clinical applications
    • A61B6/51—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment specially adapted for specific body parts; specially adapted for specific clinical applications for dentistry
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2223/00—Investigating materials by wave or particle radiation
    • G01N2223/40—Imaging
    • G01N2223/419—Imaging computed tomograph
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2223/00—Investigating materials by wave or particle radiation
    • G01N2223/60—Specific applications or type of materials
    • G01N2223/612—Specific applications or type of materials biological material
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
    • G06T2210/00—Indexing scheme for image generation or computer graphics
    • G06T2210/41—Medical

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to transforming 3D image data to 2D image data and in particular to simulating 2D X-ray images from CT data.
  • Computed Tomography (CT) scanning of patient anatomy is used by radiologists for medical diagnosis.
  • CT scanning of a patient a 3D (or volume) image is generated by means of an X-ray source which is rapidly rotated around the patient.
  • a large quantity of images is obtained resulting in slices of the scanned area, which is electronically reassembled to constitute a 3D image of the scanned area.
  • the CT scanning is a measurement of the amount of X-rays absorbed in the specific volume elements constituting the 3D image, and each volume element represents the density of the tissue comprised in the volume element.
  • the CT image is a 3D counterpart to the traditional 2D X-ray image.
  • an X-ray source is mounted in a fixed position, and a patient is located and oriented in-between the X-ray source and a detecting screen.
  • a projection of the tissue density along the ray path is acquired.
  • the original CT data of interest is printed to film, in the form of cross-sectional slices through the patient anatomy and these films are provided to the surgeon.
  • the patient is sent to an X-ray facility for acquiring 2D X-ray images in addition to the CT images.
  • the request for X-ray images is accompanied with a precisely specified patient position for the X-ray imaging procedure.
  • Such 2D X-ray projection images are often requested by the surgeons because the slice images from CT data are frequently considered as not providing sufficient information, or the number of slice images is too large for use in an operation situation.
  • Sending a patient to an X-ray facility for obtaining X-ray images is expensive, it takes time and it exposes the patient to additional X-ray radiation.
  • the positioning of a patient in an X-ray apparatus to obtain an optimal X-ray image is a skill that technicians must learn. Training is often done on-the-job, which sometimes requires re-acquiring X-ray images when the original images do not show the anatomy of interest in the correct way. Obtaining optimal X-ray images may be difficult due to organs shadowing the area of interest as well as a proper and precise positioning of the X-ray source and the detector plate.
  • the virtual training system comprises a tooth model acquired from a CT scanning.
  • An X-ray image plate may be positioned and the virtual model may be oriented, and an X-ray image of the teeth is simulated.
  • a patient is CT scanned and the data is stored in a data repository.
  • the repository of patient CT data may be accessible to a user through a computer network.
  • the CT data may be stored on a computer-based system, such as a client-server computer network system.
  • the server may be a central computer, or a central cluster of computers, and the CT data may be stored on the server or on a computer to which the server is connected.
  • the client may be any type of client, e.g. a thin client, a PC, a tablet PC, a workstation, a laptop computer, a mobile hand held device, such as a digital personal assistant (PDA) or a mobile phone, or any other type of client.
  • PDA digital personal assistant
  • the user may be a medically trained person such as a clinician or a surgeon.
  • the present invention is, however, not limited to implementation on a client-server type system. It may be implemented on any type of system, including a workstation or a PC, or as a program implemented in connection with the Internet.
  • the patient is scanned at a first time instance.
  • the CT data may after this time instance be retrieved at a second time instance.
  • the second time instance may be any time instance after the first time instance, e.g. it may be during the preparations of an operation, or it may be during an operation.
  • actual X-ray images may be produced before the operation, it is impossible to obtain actual X-ray images during an operation. It is an advantage of the present invention that a simulated X-ray image may be obtained at any time instance after a patient has undergone CT scanning, including a time instance during an operation.
  • the CT image of a patient is acquired from a repository of patient CT data, for example by using a software application adapted to visualize CT data, i.e. adapted to generate a 3D image from the CT data.
  • the software application is capable of orienting the 3D image with respect to a viewpoint and a virtual image plane, i.e. rotating the CT image.
  • the application may, however, also be capable of other types of manipulation, such as zooming, cutting an area, etc.
  • Positioning the virtual X-ray source relative to a virtual image plane corresponds to the positioning of the actual X-ray source in an X-ray facility.
  • the position of the virtual image plane corresponds to the position of the detector plane in an X-ray facility, and the virtual image plane may be viewed upon as a virtual X- ray detector.
  • the simulated X-ray image may be generated from a variable and unrestricted viewpoint. That is, the virtual X-ray source may be positioned independently with respect to the CT object. X-ray images may even be generated from a viewpoint, which is not possible in a real X-apparatus. In a real X-ray apparatus a number of viewpoints are not possible, because it is not possible to orient the patient in the required way.
  • a 2D X-ray image may be generated in any given orientation of the 3D CT image with respect to the virtual image plane.
  • the simulated X-ray images can be generated for any patient who has undergone CT scanning. After the patient has been scanned, the data may be made available by storing the data on a computer system that may be accessed by a user. For example, the user may be a surgeon who makes a diagnosis, plans a surgical operation, or a surgeon who needs further insight during an operation.
  • the simulated X-ray image may be simulated using parallel propagating X-rays, so that the X-ray image is simulated free of parallax distortion, i.e. an ideal X-ray image may be simulated.
  • the simulated X-ray image may be simulated using divergent X- rays, so that the X-ray image is simulated with parallax distortion as in actual X-ray images.
  • the CT data of patient anatomy may preferentially be based on data that conforms to the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine standard (DICOM standard) implemented on Picture Archiving and Communications Systems (PACS systems).
  • DICOM standard Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine standard
  • PES systems Picture Archiving and Communications Systems
  • the simulation algorithms may be texture based and adapted with special accumulation, color, and opacity buffers in a manner that Beer's law is approximated regarding the transmission and scattering of photons through physical media.
  • the disclosed method may be used for training of X-ray technicians via a computer system that allows the positioning of virtual patient anatomies based on CT data sets, and produces virtual X-ray images corresponding to the anatomy position and other imaging parameters.
  • a computer system that allows the positioning of virtual patient anatomies based on CT data sets, and produces virtual X-ray images corresponding to the anatomy position and other imaging parameters.
  • a system for generating a simulated 2D X- ray image from CT data of a patient's anatomy comprising:
  • first device and a at least second device, where the first device and at least second device are interconnected in a computer network, where the first device stores CT data of the patient's anatomy, and where the at least second device comprises visualization means as well as inputting means capable of accepting request actions,
  • the patient CT data can be accessed from the at least second device, so that a 3D CT image of a patient, and subsequently the simulated 2D X-ray image can be visualized on the visualization means comprised in the at least second device.
  • the first device may be a server and the at least second device a client, interconnected in a client-server computer network system.
  • the CT data may be stored on the first device, or on a device to which the server is connected by means of a computer network connection.
  • the at least second device comprises visualization means, such as a screen on which data may be visualized both as 3D visualization and 2D visualization.
  • the at least second device also comprises inputting means, such as a keyboard and a computer mouse, so that request actions, such as keystrokes, mouse movement, mouse clicking, etc. may be registered by the at least second device.
  • Fig. 1 illustrates the relationship between the 3D CT image and the simulated X-ray image
  • Fig. 2 illustrates the orientation of the 3D CT image relative to a viewpoint and a virtual image plane
  • Fig. 3 shows a screenshot of a CT object and the corresponding simulated X-ray image obtained in connection with a preferred embodiment
  • Fig. 4 shows another screenshot
  • Fig. 5 illustrates the difference between simulating an ideal X-ray image versus simulating an actual X-ray image.
  • the present invention provides a method and system for simulating a 2D X-ray image from CT data of a patient's anatomy
  • a block diagram is showing how a CT data may be used either for 3D reconstruction of the CT data, or for simulating X-ray images.
  • a patient is first CT scanned 1, after which the data is made accessible, via e.g. a computer network, by storing the CT data in a data repository 2.
  • the data repository may be a hard disk or any other type of storage medium to which there may be gained access, e.g. via a computer network.
  • the CT data may be retrieved 3 from the repository at any time instance after the data has been stored in the repository 2.
  • a 3D CT image 4 can be generated from the CT data by using a data application such as a program adapted to generate 3D images.
  • a screenshot 5 showing a 3D CT image is presented.
  • the screenshot 5 shows a foot in a specific orientation as well a plate on which the foot was supported during the CT scanning.
  • a 2D X-ray image is simulated 6 from the CT data.
  • a screenshot 7 of the simulated X-ray image is presented, the support plate is naturally also present in the simulated image.
  • the simulated X-ray image is generated in the plane coincident with the image plane of the screenshot.
  • the 2D simulated X-ray image is generated as an alternative to an actual X- ray image.
  • Obtaining an actual X-ray image requires sending the patient to an X-ray facility.
  • the 3D CT image may be orientated with respect to a position of the virtual X-ray source, i.e. a viewpoint, and a virtual image plane, this is illustrated in Fig.
  • the 3D CT image 20 may be rotated until a desired orientation is obtained, here exemplified by a schematic head viewed in a cross-sectional view 200.
  • the orientation of the CT image 20 is relative to a virtual X-ray source 24, i.e. the X-ray source used in the simulation of the 2D X-ray image.
  • the virtual X-ray source 24 is in a preferred embodiment positioned on a surface normal 25 to the virtual image plane 23. But the virtual X-ray source may be positioned irrespective of the virtual image plane.
  • the present invention allows the surgeon, on the background of the CT scanning, to generate a series of simulated X-ray images and immediately choose the image that is obtained from the optimal viewpoint. This is fast and does not expose the patient to additional radiation.
  • the X-ray images are simulated from Computed Tomography by simulation algorithms that are texture based and adapted with special accumulation, color, and opacity buffers in a manner that Beer's law is approximated regarding the transmission and scattering of photons through physical media.
  • Ii nt i a i is the initial intensity of the X-ray
  • m is the materials linear attenuation coefficient
  • L is the thickness of the material.
  • m(x) is a function that maps a position, x, along the ray to the linear attenuation coefficient of the material at the point x of the ray.
  • the function m(x) is integrated from a start position at the point source to an end position at the virtual image plane
  • the result of a CT scan is a discrete 3D function that maps spatial locations to Hounsfield units.
  • Houndsfield units are a standardized and accepted unit for reporting and displaying reconstructed X-ray CT values.
  • a change of one Hounsfield unit corresponds to 0.1% of the attenuation coefficient difference between water and air, or approximately 0.1% of the attenuation coefficient of water since the attenuation coefficient of air is nearly zero.
  • the use of this standardized scale facilitates the intercomparison of CT values obtained from different CT scanners and with different X- ray beam energy spectra, although the Houndsfield value of materials whose atomic composition is very different from that of water will be energy dependent.
  • the 3D function may now be used to simulate X-ray images of the same object in the following way: First the scanned 3D volume is mapped from Hounsfield units back to linear attenuation coefficients. A simulated X-ray image may consequently be generated by casting rays through the scanned 3D volume, and integrating (ii) along the path of each casted ray to calculate the intensity of the X-ray according to Beer's law.
  • the 2D X-ray image may be simulated from any viewpoint.
  • Two screenshots are presented in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4.
  • a 3D reconstruction of a patient's head is shown in the left half 31, and in the right half 32 is the corresponding simulated X-ray image shown.
  • the X-ray image is simulated with respect to an image plane coincident with the image plane of the screenshot. It is possible to generate images from a viewpoint from which it is not possible to generate an actual X-ray image since the CT image may be orientated in any orientation (not shown) with respect to the virtual image plane. Many viewpoints exist which are not accessible in an actual X-ray apparatus.
  • the viewpoint may even be moved within the CT object, so that only the tissue between the viewpoint and the virtual image plane contributes to the resulting simulated X-ray image.
  • This may be 5 advantageous, e.g. in the case where an image of a feature may not be obtained because another feature is shadowing and thereby blocking for the imaging of the feature of interest.
  • a part of the CT image be removed, in this way the removed part will not contribute in the simulation of the X-ray image.
  • Fig. 4 is a screenshot 40 identical to the screenshot 30 in Fig. 3, except that a 10 certain part of the CT object has been removed in the left half 41, and that this part does not appear in the simulated X-ray image in the right half 42 of the screenshot.
  • FIG. 5 the simulation of an ideal X-ray image versus simulating an actual X-ray image is illustrated.
  • a CT object 50 is positioned relative to a virtual X-ray source 51 and a virtual
  • the X-ray image is simulated either by using divergent X-rays 53, or by using parallel propagating X-rays 54.
  • the CT object contains a multitude of features 55, 56, features that will be visible in the simulated image.
  • the features are, in this example, identical except that one of the features 55 is positioned further away from the virtual image plane 52, than the other feature 56.
  • the simulated X-ray image is not distorted due to parallax.
  • feature one 55 is imaged with a width b 3 59 equal to the width b 4 30 60.

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Abstract

La présente invention relève de la simulation d'images radiologiques bidimensionnelles à partir de données de tomographie par ordinateur tridimensionnelles. Selon cette invention, un utilisateur peut accéder à un référentiel de données de tomographie par ordinateur relatives à l'anatomie (2) d'un patient à l'aide d'un système de réseau informatique. Ces données de tomographie par ordinateur ont été obtenues par un balayage de tomographie par ordinateur du patient (1). En premier lieu, l'utilisateur récupère les données images de tomographie par ordinateur (3), ce qui permet de générer (4) une image tridimensionnelle. En deuxième lieu, l'utilisateur peut orienter l'image de tomographie par ordinateur dans n'importe quelle direction souhaitable par rapport à une source de rayons X virtuelle et un plan image virtuel. En troisième lieu, une image radiologique bidimensionnelle est simulée (6) à partir du point de vue choisi et présentée à l'utilisateur.
PCT/DK2003/000311 2003-05-13 2003-05-13 Procede et systeme servant a simuler des images radiologiques Ceased WO2004102482A1 (fr)

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CA002566635A CA2566635A1 (fr) 2003-05-13 2003-05-13 Procede et systeme servant a simuler des images radiologiques
AU2003229531A AU2003229531A1 (en) 2003-05-13 2003-05-13 Method and system for simulating x-ray images
PCT/DK2003/000311 WO2004102482A1 (fr) 2003-05-13 2003-05-13 Procede et systeme servant a simuler des images radiologiques

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WO2020010339A1 (fr) * 2018-07-05 2020-01-09 The Regents Of The University Of California Simulations informatiques de structures anatomiques et positionnement d'électrode de surface corporelle
US10896503B2 (en) 2018-03-23 2021-01-19 International Business Machines Corporation Identification of areas of interest in imaging applications
US11189092B2 (en) 2015-12-22 2021-11-30 The Regents Of The University Of California Computational localization of fibrillation sources
US12042250B2 (en) 2013-11-15 2024-07-23 The Regents Of The University Of California Compositions, devices and methods for diagnosing heart failure and for patient-specific modeling to predict outcomes of cardiac resynchronization therapy
US12064215B2 (en) 2018-04-26 2024-08-20 Vektor Medical, Inc. Classification relating to atrial fibrillation based on electrocardiogram and non-electrocardiogram features
US12558015B2 (en) 2018-12-31 2026-02-24 The Vektor Group, Inc. Enhanced computational heart simulations

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Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US12042250B2 (en) 2013-11-15 2024-07-23 The Regents Of The University Of California Compositions, devices and methods for diagnosing heart failure and for patient-specific modeling to predict outcomes of cardiac resynchronization therapy
US11676340B2 (en) 2015-12-22 2023-06-13 The Regents Of The University Of California Computational localization of fibrillation sources
US11189092B2 (en) 2015-12-22 2021-11-30 The Regents Of The University Of California Computational localization of fibrillation sources
US11380055B2 (en) 2015-12-22 2022-07-05 The Regents Of The University Of California Computational localization of fibrillation sources
US12131424B2 (en) 2015-12-22 2024-10-29 The Regents Of The University Of California Computational localization of fibrillation sources
US12322044B2 (en) 2015-12-22 2025-06-03 The Regents Of The University Of California Computational localization of fibrillation sources
US10896503B2 (en) 2018-03-23 2021-01-19 International Business Machines Corporation Identification of areas of interest in imaging applications
US12064215B2 (en) 2018-04-26 2024-08-20 Vektor Medical, Inc. Classification relating to atrial fibrillation based on electrocardiogram and non-electrocardiogram features
US11475570B2 (en) 2018-07-05 2022-10-18 The Regents Of The University Of California Computational simulations of anatomical structures and body surface electrode positioning
WO2020010339A1 (fr) * 2018-07-05 2020-01-09 The Regents Of The University Of California Simulations informatiques de structures anatomiques et positionnement d'électrode de surface corporelle
US10713791B2 (en) 2018-07-05 2020-07-14 The Regents Of The University Of California Computational simulations of anatomical structures and body surface electrode positioning
US12456198B2 (en) 2018-07-05 2025-10-28 The Regents Of The University Of California Computational simulations of anatomical structures and body surface electrode positioning
US12558015B2 (en) 2018-12-31 2026-02-24 The Vektor Group, Inc. Enhanced computational heart simulations

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CA2566635A1 (fr) 2004-11-25
AU2003229531A1 (en) 2004-12-03

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