WO2004102505A2 - Dispositif et procede d’assistance automatisee aux controleurs de la circulation aerienne - Google Patents
Dispositif et procede d’assistance automatisee aux controleurs de la circulation aerienne Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2004102505A2 WO2004102505A2 PCT/FR2004/001201 FR2004001201W WO2004102505A2 WO 2004102505 A2 WO2004102505 A2 WO 2004102505A2 FR 2004001201 W FR2004001201 W FR 2004001201W WO 2004102505 A2 WO2004102505 A2 WO 2004102505A2
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- controller
- computer
- conflicts
- planes
- aircraft
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08G—TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS
- G08G5/00—Traffic control systems for aircraft
- G08G5/80—Anti-collision systems
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08G—TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS
- G08G5/00—Traffic control systems for aircraft
- G08G5/20—Arrangements for acquiring, generating, sharing or displaying traffic information
- G08G5/26—Transmission of traffic-related information between aircraft and ground stations
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08G—TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS
- G08G5/00—Traffic control systems for aircraft
- G08G5/70—Arrangements for monitoring traffic-related situations or conditions
- G08G5/72—Arrangements for monitoring traffic-related situations or conditions for monitoring traffic
- G08G5/727—Arrangements for monitoring traffic-related situations or conditions for monitoring traffic from a ground station
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a user-friendly and scalable device for automated assistance to air traffic controllers capable of evolving towards a fully automated system. It also relates to a process implemented in this device.
- Air traffic control systems have the function of preventing collisions and ensuring the safe and efficient flow of air traffic. All decisions and responsibility for safety currently rests exclusively with air traffic controllers. Each team ensures control over a determined fraction of the airspace, called the control sector. This team is made up of a Radar controller and an assistant more specifically responsible for strategy and coordination with the adjacent sectors.
- the role of computers is currently limited to acquiring, correlating, developing and automatically presenting to controllers, in the appropriate form and at the appropriate time, information on the current position (Radar) and flight intentions (Flight plans) of each aircraft taken isolation.
- Computers do not systematically calculate the forecast of the relative positions of aircraft taken in pairs and a fortiori the probability of a collision between them, except to cause an ultimate alarm in the event of imminent collision danger (safety net) .
- the controllers' perceptual, cognitive and mnemonic capacities limit the quantity and the precision of the information that, in real time, they can effectively acquire, retain and submit to mental calculation, in particular to evaluate the current and future relative positions of planes two by two.
- controllers Because of the vagueness in which they operate, the controllers are forced to take significant margins in their assessments; they thus retain many pairs of “problem” planes and constantly monitor the evolution of the situation, consuming time and attention, in order to ensure as time goes by , that they do not constitute actual "conflicts” requiring avoidance action. They are constantly called upon to treat all traffic as a whole; to this end, they develop an overall strategy and tactics which are gradually adapted to the development of the situation and their workload. The saturation of the system capacity thus results from the partial use of fuzzy information leading to both imperfect use of the available airspace and a real time overload of controllers.
- a computer assumed to be programmed to take full advantage of the information and computing capacities available to it in order to perform the task currently assigned to them in place of the controllers, would not meet any of these limitations. He would have to develop a strategy, tactics and decisions radically different from those of a controller. This disparity in perception and appreciation of the situation and its development would constitute an irreducible source of incommunicability and incomprehension between the controllers and a computer thus programmed. Likewise, the controllers would not have the time necessary to interrogate such a computer piecemeal to enrich or refine their knowledge of the current situation and its future, to test a solution or to have it perform calculations at their request. 'optimization.
- the purpose of the present invention is to overcome all the pitfalls inherent in the current state of the art and thus to open a new field for the evolution of this system, without imposing new aircraft equipment, then to provide it with increasing efficiency as these equipments become more numerous, because of their contribution to the safety and efficiency of the system.
- a scalable automated air traffic control assistance device intended to equip a conventional air traffic control system comprising a computer comprising a program enabling it to receive information concerning the flight plans of airplanes and of the
- this automated assistance device comprises:
- the device of the invention can also advantageously include means for developing optimal solutions to the conflicts appearing in the Computer Agenda.
- optimal solutions to the conflicts appearing in the Computer Agenda.
- there are techniques for developing such optimal solutions of which one can cite as an example, those described in the document “Optimal resolution of en route conflicts” by G. Granger, N. Durand and J. AUiot, 4th Air Traffic Management R. and D. Seminar 2001.
- the device of the invention advantageously takes advantage of new equipment conforming to the specifications developed by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) (data link) as and when the planes are equipped with it. To this end, it may also include:
- the device fully respects all the responsibility and the control of the controllers' decisions and preserves the total autonomy of their strategic and tactical choices as of the organization of their work. It does not impose on them any involuntary intervention or manipulation liable to disturb the course of their cognitive or mnemonic activity.
- This device was designed on the basis of an in-depth knowledge of the nature and specificity of the controllers' work and aims to allow them to benefit from all the current and future information and calculation means on the ground and on board the aircraft.
- controllers With a range of services and tools which they can use as they wish, if and when they wish; it may in particular receive delegations of responsibility from them.
- This device will already find its effectiveness in the current state of aircraft equipment and will take advantage of any new equipment by accommodating their disparity and their mix.
- the invention will be better understood if we deepen the effective nature of what is called a "conflict" between aircraft, that is to say the recognition at a given moment of a risk of potential occurrence of a collision.
- the controller can only proceed on the Radar screen with a rough assessment of the ground speed of the planes or their rate of vertical evolution, and with approximate mental calculations of extrapolation. It is the same in the vertical plane.
- the user-friendly and scalable automated assistance system for air traffic controllers object of the present invention, provides the set of functions described below. .
- Such a control system includes a computer programmed in so that it can receive the information concerning the Flight plans of the planes and coming from the Radars, elaborate them, correlate them and present them to the controllers and assistant controllers of each control sector; these have a radiotelephone link to communicate with airplanes.
- This system can advantageously be supplemented by an already experienced system which assists the controllers in constructing and displaying on a supplementary screen a list known as a “controller agenda” of problems such that said controllers can predict them with the only information and means of analysis which they feature.
- ERATO a list known as a “controller agenda” of problems
- the first merit of this combination lies in the fact that the controllers thus have a material visualization of the problems ordered in time according to their possible moment of occurrence; this visualization constituting a material reflection of the controller's "operational memory", which is all the more relieved, and becomes a particularly effective tool for coordination within the control team.
- the device takes full advantage of the fact, hitherto untapped, that the Controller Calendar will constitute for the computer a precious source of knowledge of the representation that controllers make of the situation, taking into account the vagueness which their forecasts are affected. It also benefits from the fact that the conflicts as presented on the Controller Agenda are ordered in time and that their order, unlike that of the traditional board (called “strips") concerning each of the planes taken in isolation, has not necessary to be manipulated by the controllers without the knowledge of the computer. As a result, bilateral exchanges between computers and controllers can take as a basis the display or designation of the line concerning the problem under consideration or one of the planes concerned.
- the device makes it possible in particular to carry out all or part of the following functions: - establishment and maintenance in memory of a second list of conflicts, called "Computer Agenda" on the basis of all the information and calculation means available to the computer, this list including all conflicts even before that the planes involved enter the control sector in which the conflict is likely to occur;
- the device according to the invention also provides the following functions.
- the automatic data link to the on-board computers of the planes equipped with it, it collects additional information to refine the establishment of the Computer Agenda.
- the list of "false conflicts" can be extended in complete safety, taking into account the more precise information which can be collected automatically.
- these links will make it possible to access better knowledge of the pilot's intentions, at air speed but also, thanks in particular to GPS or other precise means of navigation, at ground speeds, and to keep knowledge of speed up to date wind which can be deduced from it by the passage of successive planes.
- the assistance device sends flight instructions, as necessary, to the computers of the planes, using these same data links, in order to modify the flight parameters of the planes.
- flight instructions as necessary, to the computers of the planes, using these same data links, in order to modify the flight parameters of the planes.
- this extended function further contributes to reducing the number of residual conflicts that will have to be dealt with by the controllers.
- Such subliminal action vis-à-vis the controller can be extended vis-à-vis the pilot.
- pilots very generally entrust the actual conduct of the flight to a computer (FMS), that is to say to an automatic pilot, to which he is content to make known his intentions (follow a flight plan introduced in the computer, follow a landing path etc.).
- the autopilot then automatically monitors these intentions and permanently corrects the attitude and trajectory of the aircraft according to the atmospheric hazards encountered.
- the flight plans deposited by the pilot before the flight with the air traffic control authorities would include for each type of aircraft a cruising speed and a standard vertical rate of evolution, - this vertical evolution being a function of the on-board load - as well as the margins around of which these parameters can be modified by the pilot or the controller without impacting flight safety.
- the device according to the invention thus achieves what could be called an “automatic air traffic control pilot” capable of automatically minimizing the number of real conflicts while leaving both the pilot and the controller free to develop or modify, after mutual agreement, their intentions or their instructions with regard to the two automations concerned on board and on the ground respectively.
- the assistance device also establishes the list of conflicts which are likely to occur in a cluster, that is to say almost simultaneously at a future time, and offers controllers timely arrangements. likely to prevent them; these provisions can be proposed at a time when an aircraft is flying over a sector upstream of that in which one of these conflicts should take place.
- the device according to the invention draws the attention of the controller currently in charge of this aircraft and specifically suggests that he implement the proposed solution even if said controller is unable to understand the reason and the utility thereof.
- This system also ensures permanent monitoring of the development of the situation and intervenes with controllers in all cases of unforeseen hazards, or even failure of controllers or pilots.
- the computer detects in particular any behavior by an aircraft contrary to the information at its disposal, and in particular any behavior resulting from a control instruction of which it has not been informed.
- the computer displays in an appropriate form (analog or digital), in accordance with residual problems, the time to run before actual conflict as well as the planned separation flights at the time of their crossing.
- the device according to the invention searches for one or more solution (s) from a set of standard maneuvers previously identified and standardized: change of speed or level or rate of vertical evolution, avoidance of conventional radar, direct routes, followed by an airplane of a dog curve aiming, with the necessary margins, a virtual airplane offset from the minimum separation of the airplane to avoid .
- the assistance device adds to this list the delegation to planes in conflict, of the mission of ensuring by their own means their separation under conditions which it defines. In the latter case, it is a progressive, piecemeal decentralization of classic centralized control.
- the device according to the invention makes known to the controllers concerned, on the screen of their Diary, that they keep at their disposal such constantly updated solutions and signals them in a one-to-one manner, for example by a specific icon, with the conflict concerned.
- the assistance device also receives, via this same screen, the possible request from the controllers aiming to know the said solution (s), and displays, in this case and on this same screen, a virtual keyboard facilitating the entry of the methods of implementation of the type of solution chosen.
- This virtual keyboard specific to each selected function, developed according to each circumstance, anticipates the probable intentions of the controller in order to allow him to enter the message through the play of a very small number of designations from the blocks of information presented.
- the assistance device takes note of the solution chosen by the controllers, which they then send by radiotelephone to the aircraft concerned. Or at the controllers' request, it sends these instructions directly to the on-board computers of the aircraft which are equipped accordingly, and then follows their execution.
- the device according to the invention keeps up to date on the Controller Calendar, according to ergonomically chosen codes (color or intensity of the display, icons, lateral sliding of the information line, etc.), the state of all the problems: (false conflicts, conflicts eliminated, conflicts delegated by the controllers to the computer then possibly by the latter to the aircraft, conflicts still to be resolved by the controller).
- this Agenda thus becomes the "dashboard" of the situation, ie both an indicator of the conflicts still to be resolved, an indicator of the delegations already carried out for the benefit of the computer and a support communication virtual keyboard adapted to the specific nature of each transaction between the controller and the computer.
- the device according to the invention elaborates on one of the screens an overall presentation of the moments of occurrence of the conflicts still to be resolved, staggered along a graduated time axis, on which the the controller can add the times at which he considers it necessary to check the state of each problem in order to intervene if necessary according to the evolution of the situation.
- the assistance device develops an image on a screen showing each pair of planes in potential conflict in the form of a point, - and its associated evolution speed vector -, of which the coordinates are respectively on the abscissa the time which separates the current moment from the moment when said planes will have a minimum longitudinal separation, and on the ordinate their separation distance at said moment.
- This figurative point of a pair of planes is associated with a label giving the necessary indications concerning said planes, as well as an indicator specifying their vertical separation at the time of their minimum horizontal separation. All these presentations are coupled together so that any designation of a problem by a controller on one of them shows the aircraft concerned on all the others.
- the assistance device provides additional security in the event of an incident affecting the centralized system, by the increasing sub-delegation of the computer to the benefit of the on-board computers as aircraft are equipped for this purpose. effect, and thus facilitates a smooth transition to an increasingly automated system.
- - Figure 2 shows an embodiment of the assistance device according to the invention
- - Figure 3 schematically shows an example of control position screens implemented in the assistance device according to the invention
- FIG. 4 is a diagram of information representation on the screen of the Controller Calendar
- FIG. 5 shows the equipment of aircraft and their connections with the outside, in an application of the assistance device according to the invention.
- FIG. 6 illustrates a second embodiment of an assistance device according to the invention, in which an image is generated on a screen showing each pair of planes in potential conflict, in the form of a point whose coordinates are respectively on the abscissa the time which separates the current moment from the moment when these planes will have a minimum longitudinal separation, and on the ordinate their separation distance at this moment.
- This device complements a now conventional air traffic control system which is composed of a computer 1 comprising software modules 2 allowing it:
- the complementary device includes an add-on software module 11 assisting the controllers to enable them to establish and display, on an additional screen 12, a time-ordered list of the problems 13, known as the "Controller Diary", so that these controllers are able to predict them with the only information and means of analysis available to them.
- This complementary device also includes software and a complementary screen 14 for managing coordination between the sectors.
- the device 15 comprises, with reference to FIG. 2: a data link 16 between the computer and the on-board computers 17 of the planes which are equipped for this purpose, with a view to collecting flight data there and sending control instructions to it,
- a software module 19 making it possible, on the basis of all the information and calculation means available to the computer, to compare the planned trajectories of the aircraft and to search for all potential conflicts in order to establish and take into account update a list of said conflicts, known as the "Computer Calendar", which includes all the conflicts even before the planes involved enter the control sector in which the conflict is likely to occur,
- a software module 21 making it possible to establish, within the list 20 of the problems of the Controller Agenda, the list of problems which arise from the lack of precision of the forecast made by the controller and which do not do not need to be taken into consideration by the controllers, - a software module 22 for selecting, from among the pairs of airplanes in the list 20, those of the conflicts likely to be resolved by a modification of the flight parameters (speed, rate of climb or descent, start of descent, lateral deviation from the nominal route %) of one or both aircraft (s) concerned which remains within the limits of normal plan tracking tolerances flight and to develop these modifications and transmit the corresponding instructions via the data link 16,
- a software module 26 making it possible to exchange messages between the computer and the controllers 6 and assistant controllers 7 by means of the screens 5, 12 and 14,
- a software module 27 for developing and displaying, as necessary, on the Controller Agendas, the different types of functions specific to the device according to the invention which are offered by the computer and relate to each of these conflicts, which types of function are associated in a one-to-one manner with the line concerning this conflict in the form of icons 28, of color, of signs or of lateral displacement of the information,
- a software module 29 to enable the designation maneuvers to be interpreted by the controller of a particular block of information as displayed on their screens by the computer
- a software module 30 making it possible to display, on the screens of the Controller Agendas 12, a keyboard 31 adapted to the message that the controller is capable of addressing to the computer following the designation by the latter of one of the types of functions 25. It should be noted that the keyboard 31 can be of the virtual type and can be reconfigured according to the situations treated.
- control system is able to take advantage of all the information available, in particular that which it can acquire via data links 16 with the planes which are equipped with it.
- the assistance device according to the invention is able to provide controllers at any time with a wide range of services according to the circumstances and their wishes, without requiring them to pay attention or carry heavy operations or those likely to interfere with the free flow of their thought and the organization of their work.
- these services there are notably, with reference to the aforementioned figures and in particular to Figure 3:
- the controller can likewise, if he wishes, choose a type of solution by designation of the characteristic signal and thus trigger the appearance of a keyboard 31 adapted to the type of solution designated and allowing him to easily express his intentions in view , according to his choice, to have them executed by the computer or to implement them himself as above indicated;
- a speed vector V is associated, while a vector VS representative of the safety separation distance is provided on the vertical axis of the safety distances.
- This screen also includes a label E giving the necessary indications and information concerning said aircraft, as well as an indicator I specifying their vertical separation at the time of their minimum horizontal separation.
- the controller thus has a dynamic vision of the situation and its evolution, and more particularly, a vector of displacement of the point representative of each conflict, making it possible to estimate to what extent he is moving towards the prohibited zone of separation of safety at the time of the effective crossing, said area being represented by the vector VS on the vertical axis starting from the origin and equal to said safety distance.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Traffic Control Systems (AREA)
- Radar Systems Or Details Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
Description
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Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US10/556,559 US8090525B2 (en) | 2003-05-14 | 2004-05-14 | Device and method for providing automatic assistance to air traffic controllers |
| EP04742749A EP1644906A2 (fr) | 2003-05-14 | 2004-05-14 | DISPOSITIF ET PROCEDE D’ASSISTANCE AUTOMATISEE AUX CONTROLEURS DE LA CIRCULATION AERIENNE |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR03/05795 | 2003-05-14 | ||
| FR0305795A FR2854977A1 (fr) | 2003-05-14 | 2003-05-14 | Dispositif et procede d'assistance automatisee aux controleurs de la circulation aerienne |
| FR0313260A FR2854978B1 (fr) | 2003-05-14 | 2003-11-12 | Dispositif et procede d'assistance automatisee aux controleurs de la circulation aerienne. |
| FR03/13260 | 2003-11-12 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2004102505A2 true WO2004102505A2 (fr) | 2004-11-25 |
| WO2004102505A3 WO2004102505A3 (fr) | 2006-02-02 |
Family
ID=33312275
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/FR2004/001201 Ceased WO2004102505A2 (fr) | 2003-05-14 | 2004-05-14 | Dispositif et procede d’assistance automatisee aux controleurs de la circulation aerienne |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US8090525B2 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP1644906A2 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2854978B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2004102505A2 (fr) |
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| CN113470439B (zh) * | 2021-06-30 | 2022-05-24 | 中国民用航空飞行学院 | 基于人工智能的中小机场管制冲突解决方法及系统 |
| US12154445B2 (en) | 2022-05-10 | 2024-11-26 | The Boeing Company | Collaborative traffic management |
| CN117558168B (zh) * | 2023-11-29 | 2025-12-09 | 华南理工大学 | 一种多架无人机近距离飞行的在线冲突消解方法及装置 |
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| US4839658A (en) * | 1986-07-28 | 1989-06-13 | Hughes Aircraft Company | Process for en route aircraft conflict alert determination and prediction |
| US5043903A (en) * | 1989-12-01 | 1991-08-27 | Thomson Csf | System for aiding the movement of moving units in group formation |
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| US5961568A (en) * | 1997-07-01 | 1999-10-05 | Farahat; Ayman | Cooperative resolution of air traffic conflicts |
| JP2937243B2 (ja) * | 1998-01-19 | 1999-08-23 | 日本電気株式会社 | 飛行状況表示方法 |
| US6134502A (en) * | 1998-11-30 | 2000-10-17 | Caterpillar Inc. | Energy-based approach for obstacle avoidance |
| US6459411B2 (en) * | 1998-12-30 | 2002-10-01 | L-3 Communications Corporation | Close/intra-formation positioning collision avoidance system and method |
| US6314362B1 (en) * | 1999-02-02 | 2001-11-06 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Method and system for an automated tool for en route traffic controllers |
| US6420993B1 (en) * | 1999-08-24 | 2002-07-16 | Raytheon Company | Air traffic control system |
| US6604044B1 (en) * | 2002-02-14 | 2003-08-05 | The Mitre Corporation | Method for generating conflict resolutions for air traffic control of free flight operations |
| FR2854978B1 (fr) * | 2003-05-14 | 2007-04-20 | Jacques Villiers | Dispositif et procede d'assistance automatisee aux controleurs de la circulation aerienne. |
| US7248949B2 (en) * | 2004-10-22 | 2007-07-24 | The Mitre Corporation | System and method for stochastic aircraft flight-path modeling |
-
2003
- 2003-11-12 FR FR0313260A patent/FR2854978B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2004
- 2004-05-14 US US10/556,559 patent/US8090525B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-05-14 WO PCT/FR2004/001201 patent/WO2004102505A2/fr not_active Ceased
- 2004-05-14 EP EP04742749A patent/EP1644906A2/fr not_active Withdrawn
Cited By (16)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RU2290763C1 (ru) * | 2005-05-13 | 2006-12-27 | Федеральное государственное унитарное предприятие "Научно-производственное предприятие "Полет" | Система определения местонахождения и слежения за удаленными подвижными объектами |
| US9245451B2 (en) | 2005-12-23 | 2016-01-26 | Nats (En Route) Plc | Air traffic control system |
| WO2007072015A2 (fr) | 2005-12-23 | 2007-06-28 | Nats (En Route) Public Limited Company | Contrôle de la circulation aérienne |
| WO2007072015A3 (fr) * | 2005-12-23 | 2007-08-16 | Nats En Route Plc | Contrôle de la circulation aérienne |
| NO339347B1 (no) * | 2005-12-23 | 2016-11-28 | Nats En Route Plc | Luftfartskontroll |
| US8255147B2 (en) | 2005-12-23 | 2012-08-28 | Nats (En Route) Public Limited Company | Air traffic control |
| US8306724B2 (en) | 2006-06-30 | 2012-11-06 | Nats (En Route) Public Limited Company | Air traffic control |
| US8401773B2 (en) | 2006-06-30 | 2013-03-19 | Nats (En Route) Public Limited Company | Air traffic control |
| FR2935181A1 (fr) * | 2008-08-19 | 2010-02-26 | Airbus France | Procede et dispositif de support pour l'aide a la preparation et a la gestion de missions dans des aeronefs |
| US8285428B2 (en) | 2008-08-19 | 2012-10-09 | Airbus Operations Sas | Support method and device for assisting in the preparation and management of missions in aircraft |
| EP2381432A1 (fr) * | 2010-04-22 | 2011-10-26 | BAE SYSTEMS plc | Procédés et systèmes de programmation des vols |
| US8918271B2 (en) | 2010-04-22 | 2014-12-23 | Bae Systems Plc | Flight planning methods and systems |
| WO2011132002A3 (fr) * | 2010-04-22 | 2011-12-15 | Bae Systems Plc | Procédés et systèmes de préparation des plans de vol |
| CN106340209A (zh) * | 2015-01-07 | 2017-01-18 | 江苏理工学院 | 基于4d航迹运行的空中交通管制系统的管制方法 |
| CN105956790A (zh) * | 2016-05-24 | 2016-09-21 | 南京航空航天大学 | 低空飞行态势安全性评估指标及其评估方法 |
| CN105956790B (zh) * | 2016-05-24 | 2021-09-17 | 南京航空航天大学 | 低空飞行态势安全性评估指标及其评估方法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2854978B1 (fr) | 2007-04-20 |
| FR2854978A1 (fr) | 2004-11-19 |
| WO2004102505A3 (fr) | 2006-02-02 |
| EP1644906A2 (fr) | 2006-04-12 |
| US8090525B2 (en) | 2012-01-03 |
| US20070032940A1 (en) | 2007-02-08 |
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