WO2005017560A2 - Controle d'ondes tubulaires dans des reservoirs fluidiques souterrains - Google Patents

Controle d'ondes tubulaires dans des reservoirs fluidiques souterrains Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2005017560A2
WO2005017560A2 PCT/US2004/026356 US2004026356W WO2005017560A2 WO 2005017560 A2 WO2005017560 A2 WO 2005017560A2 US 2004026356 W US2004026356 W US 2004026356W WO 2005017560 A2 WO2005017560 A2 WO 2005017560A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
tube
wave
well
receiver
waves
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/US2004/026356
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
WO2005017560A3 (fr
Inventor
Valeri Korneev
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
University of California Berkeley
University of California San Diego UCSD
Original Assignee
University of California Berkeley
University of California San Diego UCSD
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by University of California Berkeley, University of California San Diego UCSD filed Critical University of California Berkeley
Priority to US11/058,985 priority Critical patent/US7529151B2/en
Publication of WO2005017560A2 publication Critical patent/WO2005017560A2/fr
Publication of WO2005017560A3 publication Critical patent/WO2005017560A3/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Priority to US11/978,573 priority patent/US7602669B2/en
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
    • G01V1/40—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting specially adapted for well-logging
    • G01V1/42—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting specially adapted for well-logging using generators in one well and receivers elsewhere or vice versa

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to seismic imaging, and more particularly to seismic imaging with tube-wave excitation and detection.
  • US patent 6,591,193, entitled “Method and apparatus for acquiring offset checkshot survey data using tube- wave conversion”, incorporated herein by reference, discloses a method for acquiring offset checkshot survey data for the subsurface region in the vicinity of a fluid-filled well, said method comprising the steps of: deploying an acoustic receiver at a known depth in said well; determining the tube-wave traveltime from said acoustic receiver to a tube-wave conversion point located in said well; generating a seismic signal at a source location that is laterally offset from said well; measuring the total traveltime of said seismic signal along a ray path from said source location to said tube-wave conversion point and then through said fluid to said acoustic receiver; and subtracting said tube-wave traveltime from said total traveltime to determine the seismic signal traveltime from said source location.
  • Tube- waves have traditionally been regarded as a source of high amplitude noise in borehole seismic data, and great effort typically goes into their suppression and elimination from recordings. Tube-waves have very large amplitudes and can propagate long distances without substantial decay.
  • a tube-wave is an interface wave for a cylindrical interface between two media, typically a borehole fluid and surrounding elastic rock. Borehole waves were described by Lamb and were observed in the early twentieth century, as summarized by White. Using trapped (or guided) mode analysis, the classic tube-wave can be seen as the lowest order trapped mode. Higher order modes may be generated depending on wave propagation material properties and source frequency. The fundamental mode is usually referred to as a Stoneley wave.
  • This invention provides for a method for seismic imaging using tubewaves, the method comprising the steps of: a) transmitting an input tube-wave waveform down a transmitter borehole; b) receiving a signal tube-wave waveform from a receiver borehole; and c) digitally processing said signal tube- wave waveform to produce a seismic image of a geological mass disposed between said transmitter and receiver boreholes.
  • the method above may further comprise the step of coupling either or both of said borehole tubewaves to said geological mass.
  • the methods above may preferably be used wherein said receiving step signal tube- wave waveform occurs at least 3 times later than the arrival of an initial P wave through said geological mass in traditional seismic imaging.
  • the method tube- wave analysis and seismic image generation steps above may further comprise the step of controlling an oil or gas field disposed in said geological mass based on said seismic image.
  • An apparatus for seismic imaging using tubewaves may be constructed that implements the methods described above.
  • an apparatus for seismic imaging using tubewaves as described above comprising: a) a transmitter borehole for transmitting an input tube-wave waveform; b) a receiver borehole for receiving a signal tube- wave waveform; and c) a seismic image of a geological mass disposed between said transmitter and receiver boreholes produced by digitally processing said signal tube-wave waveform.
  • the apparatus above may further comprise: a) a transmitter tube-wave converter, b) wherein said transmitter tube-wave converter converts said input tube-wave waveform and couples said input tube-wave waveform to said geological mass disposed between said transmitter and receiver boreholes.
  • the apparatus above may still further comprise: a) a receiver tube-wave converter, b) wherein said receiver tube-wave converter converts: i) a wave in said geological mass disposed between said transmitter and receiver boreholes, ii) wherein said wave has originated from said input tube-wave waveform coupled to said geological mass disposed between said transmitter and receiver boreholes.
  • Figure 1 depicts the data acquisition scheme used for the Stratton cross well experiment, where: sources and receivers were placed at the upper low-velocity layers
  • V2, V5 and V12 the reservoir layers are below the depth of 5100 ft; and all the wells had packers.
  • Figures 2A-C are single shot gathers in 50-100 Hz frequency band for the receiver well Ward 145, respectively showing that trace sets recorded in V2, V5 and N12 contain high amplitude slower arrivals (wavetrains) W1-W6.
  • Figures 3A-C are respectively the same input data as was used for Figures
  • Figures 4A-C are stacked frequency spectra, as functions of time, for the traces respectively recorded in V2, N5 and N12 layers.
  • Figures 5 A-C are stacked cross-correlations of traces with WI waveform, where low band pass filtered (50-100 Hz, upper curves) and high band pass filtered (100-
  • Figures 6A-B show a comparison between depth migrated amplitude of WI wavetrain compared with porosity and saturation log data for Ward 145, indicating that the peak positions correlate somewhat well.
  • Figure 7 show a logarithmic plot of determinants as function of velocity V t w at a frequency of 90 Hz frequency, where: notches indicate tube-wave propagation velocities, and vertical lines indicate the wave train velocities of W1-W6 measured in the field experiment.
  • the analysis of crosswell seismic data for a gas reservoir in Texas revealed two newly detected seismic wave effects, recorded 2000 feet above the reservoir.
  • the first seismic effect is that the dominant late phases on the records are the tube-waves generated in the source well and later converted into laterally propagating waves through the reservoir in gas/water saturated layers, which convert back to tube-waves in the receiver well.
  • the tube-waves in the receiver well may be detected using traditional seismic equipment.
  • the tube-wave train showed good correlation with multilayered reservoir zone structure, suggesting that the recorded wave field has strong dependence on the reservoir parameters.
  • the second seismic effect is that the recorded field is composed of multiple, relatively low- velocity, tube-waves. The modeling results suggest that imperfect cementation is the likely cause of this phenomenon.
  • Tube-waves are traditionally regarded as a source of high amplitude noise in borehole seismic data. Substantial effort typically goes into tube- wave suppression and elimination from recordings. Tube-waves have very large amplitudes and can propagate long distances without substantial decay.
  • a tube-wave is an interface wave for a cylindrical interface between two media, typically a borehole fluid and surrounding elastic rock. Borehole waves were described by Lamb and were observed in the early twentieth century, as summarized by White. Using trapped (or guided) mode analysis, the classic tube-wave can be seen as the lowest order trapped mode. Higher order modes may also be generated depending on material properties and source frequency. The fundamental mode is typically called a Stoneley wave in geophysical parlance. Limited work has been done to analyze tube-wave attributes in order to evaluate rock properties. The conversion of tube- waves into a coal seam trapped modes was reported by Albright and Johnson. Stratton field experiment
  • the Stratton field experiment was designed in order to experimentally demonstrate the transmission and detection of guided waves in low-velocity sedimentary layers.
  • the details of data acquisition, processing and low-velocity bed continuity study results can be found in readily available literature.
  • the objective of the Stratton field project was to establish the feasibility and benefit of using interwell guided seismic waves for the characterization of Gulf Coast gas reservoirs. Target zones were selected based on geological markers, seismic reflectors, and well logs from the upper Frio Formation at the Stratton gas field. It was selected because it is one of the most extensively studied and well-documented producing oil and gas fields on the Gulf Coast.
  • the Stratton field consists mainly of sandstones and shales of the Frio Formation with velocity contrasts on the order of 10% to 20%. Three low-velocity intervals were identified, from top (closest to the surface) to bottom (deepest), as the N2, V5, and N12 shale zones, and were recognizable in all the wells. [0027] Referring now to Figure 1, three wells are diagrammatically indicated 100, which are the wells used to conduct the interwell logging experiments and are located in almost the same vertical plane.
  • the data were collected in the receiver wells Wardl59 (130) and Wardl45 (120), while sources were placed in the well Wardl45 (110) between the receiver wells at three positions, corresponding to the centers of target layers N2 (111) at 3816 ft (forming data set A145), N5 (112) at 4133 ft (forming data set B145) and V12 (113) at 4570 ft (forming data set C145).
  • the source was Texaco's multiple air gun system, a tool comprised of three air guns spaced 27 inches apart, which are fired simultaneously with each shot.
  • Receivers were also clustered about the N2 (131), N5 (132), and N12 (133) locations in Wardl59 with sensors at separations described further below.
  • a tube-wave (150) is initiated in a source well (110) by a source (111), travels in the source well (110), is coupled to a geological feature (140), propagates (151) through the geological feature (140), is coupled back to a tube-wave (152) at a receiver well (120), and is and received by receiver(s) (121) in either the same (110) or a different receiving well (120).
  • the guided-wave signatures were related to targets arriving in the 0.6 - 0.8 s time interval. The observed seismic data indicate the presence of trapped energy in low velocity shale markers between wells 145 and 151.
  • the three data sets A145, B 145 and C145 consist of 46 records each from the receivers positioned across the target layers.
  • the upper 7 receivers had a 10 ft spacing interval, while the next 33 receivers had 2 ft spacing and the lower 6 receivers again had 10 ft spacing interval.
  • the whole length of the receiver line for the well Wardl45 (120) was 170 ft and had the best data quality compared to the data sets A159, B159 and C159 obtained in the well Wardl59, where 3-component geophones were used.
  • the recorded signal frequency was up to 300 Hz in the well Wardl45 and up to 100 Hz in the far well Wardl59.
  • the Wardl59 data sets had 22 receiver positions with 5 ft spacing covering 115 ft of depth around each target layer.
  • Figures 4A-C respectively show stacked amplitude spectra of traces computed with a moving 0.3 s time window for three (A145, B145, and C145) sets.
  • the spectra show the existence of two dominant frequency ranges in the late arriving phases with central values of 60 and 110 Hz.
  • the main features of the panels are the high amplitude wave trains in the 40-100 Hz interval.
  • the late wave trains with highly similar waveforms are clearly seen from this data.
  • the traces were cross-correlated with the corresponding first arriving wavetrain interval, which allowed the measurement of the main peak travel times with better than 0.01 s accuracy.
  • This interval was 0.7 - 1.3 s for A145, 0.7 - 1.3 s for A145, and 0.7 - 1.3 s for A145 datasets.
  • the high (90-100-200-220 Hz) and low (30-40-80-90 Hz) band-pass filtered data reveal practically the same results (Figure 5), which suggests negligibly low dispersion in the frequency band under consideration.
  • the measured travel times for the strongest central peaks are given below in Table 1 and represent upward propagating waves of varying velocities.
  • ⁇ k are the recorded travel times for a wave k at a target layer/
  • the almost perfect lateral homogeneity of the formation permits the interpretation of the wave propagation of late arrivals as consisting of three-leg paths.
  • the wave propagates downward as a regular tube-wave, then converts into a horizontally propagating wave along some seismically conductive layer and after reaching the receiver well it propagates upwards, splitting into a set of at least six waves of different velocities at packer depth.
  • the root search interval is bounded below 1500 m/s, the propagation velocity of compressional waves in water.
  • the primary purpose of the modeling is the explanation of the six different tube-wave propagation velocities found in the Stratton experiment data.
  • the diameter of the drill bit for this well was 25 cm and the diameter of the steel casing was 5 mm.
  • Model 4 provides a good fit for all velocities observed in the experiment.
  • This model has sliding contact between casing and the gauge and 7 mm thick liquid skin layer separating the gauge from the host rock formation. All gauge-containing models show the fastest tube-wave velocity to be about 6% lower than in the cemented case (Model 1). Sliding-welded and welded- sliding contact models revealed just the main root for the fastest velocity. The sliding- sliding pair gave just two roots for W 5 dW 6 , but these two roots were absent for the liquid skin containing models.
  • the low values of the velocities chosen for gauge can be justified by the presence of trapped gas, as there were gas bearing layers above the packers. Even a small amount of gas present in the fluid saturated rock can dramatically decrease wave propagation velocities. It is also likely that the gauge was unconsolidated or poorly consolidated, which also contributed in lowering of wave propagation velocities within it.
  • the recorded travel times of the tube- waves consistently indicate that the well packer was the source of slow tube-wave generation.
  • the first phenomenon is that the dominant late phases on the records are composed of tube-waves that are generated in the source wells and subsequently converted into waves propagating horizontally along the reservoir in gas/water saturated layers.
  • the second phenomenon is that in a poorly bonded receiver well a phenomenon of tube- wave mode splitting was found, when six kinds of tube- waves were detected, each having a different velocity. As previously shown, the existence of these waves can be explained by the contact conditions of the borehole casing with the formation.
  • reservoir waves should be affected by reservoir properties (i.e. porosity, permeability, fracture density and orientation), monitoring based on use of these waves should allow the detection and interpretation of reservoir property changes near production boreholes. These effects can be used for the development of new and promising technology for the imaging and monitoring of underground gas, oil and water reservoirs.
  • tube-wave signal propagation does not necessarily travel in a straight line between source-receiver well. If propagating reservoir is a curved channel, then guided wave also bends and follows the channel geometry in transit to the receiver well. In this sense, the propagating reservoir appears to act as a waveguide. [0050] Due to the potential of long distance propagation of tube-wave signals in geophysical structures, it is anticipated that yet another application of tube- waves is to determine whether the source and receiver well are connected through the same reservoir compartment or channel (hence there would be a waveguide connection for the tube- waves to traverse).
  • One or the other or both can potentially be used as a tube-wave propagator depending on the well design.
  • annulus or tubing propagation paths may be the preferred signal path.
  • tube- wave technology does not immediately appear applicable to fields where gas is present in free form inside the tubing or annulus unless the tube-wave source is close to the perforated section.
  • a tube-wave is a pressure wave transiting the fluid of a well bore, so a perforation in the well bore allows for direct hydraulic connection between the tube-wave and the medium with which to be coupled.
  • the direct hydraulic connection may also be interpreted as a new signal source at the location(s) of the perforation(s).
  • a single-well reflection sounding with tube-waves is a way to assess change in permeability and/or skin around the well during production, stimulation etc.
  • t p (u m ) ih ⁇ (b m (Z m+l + Z m 'a 2 lh 2 ) + c m (Z m _. - Z m ' 2 1 b 2 )) ⁇ °
  • the elastic wave field can be expressed through equations (A17), (A18), where the radial functions depend on the parameters of each particular layer.
  • any two independent solutions for the radial functions Z k (x) must be used, thereby doubling the number of coefficients a m ,b m ,c m for that layer.
  • the arguments of the Bessel functions can be either real or imaginary, depending on the value of the vertical wave number h .

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Geophysics (AREA)
  • Geophysics And Detection Of Objects (AREA)

Abstract

L'analyse détaillée de données sismiques transversalement au puits dans un réservoir de gaz au Texas a révélé les effets d'ondes sismiques nouvellement découverts, enregistrés à environ 2000 pieds sous le réservoir. Une onde tubulaire (150) est créée dans un puits source (110) par une source (111), se déplace dans le puits source (110), est couplée à un élément géologique (140), se propage (151) dans l'élément géologique (140), est couplée en retour à une onde tubulaire (152) dans un puits récepteur (120), et est reçue par des récepteurs (121) dans le même puits récepteur (110) ou un puits récepteur différent (120). L'onde tubulaire s'est révélée être extrêmement sensible à des variations de caractéristiques du réservoir. Les ondes tubulaires se couplent mieux à des réservoirs dans lesquels le tubage du puits est perforé de manière à permettre un contact fluidique direct entre l'intérieur du tubage du puits et le réservoir.
PCT/US2004/026356 2003-08-15 2004-08-13 Controle d'ondes tubulaires dans des reservoirs fluidiques souterrains Ceased WO2005017560A2 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US11/058,985 US7529151B2 (en) 2004-08-13 2005-02-15 Tube-wave seismic imaging
US11/978,573 US7602669B2 (en) 2004-08-13 2007-10-30 Tube-wave seismic imaging

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US49558603P 2003-08-15 2003-08-15
US60/495,586 2003-08-15

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2005017560A2 true WO2005017560A2 (fr) 2005-02-24
WO2005017560A3 WO2005017560A3 (fr) 2005-08-18

Family

ID=34193327

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US2004/026356 Ceased WO2005017560A2 (fr) 2003-08-15 2004-08-13 Controle d'ondes tubulaires dans des reservoirs fluidiques souterrains

Country Status (1)

Country Link
WO (1) WO2005017560A2 (fr)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7529151B2 (en) 2004-08-13 2009-05-05 The Regents Of The University Of California Tube-wave seismic imaging
CN105929450A (zh) * 2016-06-29 2016-09-07 深圳市勘察测绘院有限公司 一种海上软土波速测试方法

Family Cites Families (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2616919B1 (fr) * 1987-06-19 1989-10-20 Elf Aquitaine Procede et dispositif pour la prospection sismique d'un milieu, a partir d'ondes induites creees artificiellement dans un puits
US4993001A (en) * 1988-03-04 1991-02-12 Exxon Production Research Company Method and apparatus for converting tube waves to body waves for seismic exploration
EP0526554B1 (fr) * 1990-04-20 1996-03-13 Services Petroliers Schlumberger Procede et appareil de diagraphie de trous de sondage utilisant des ondes en "tube" a des frequences discretes
US5042611A (en) * 1990-05-18 1991-08-27 Texaco Inc. Method and apparatus for cross-well seismic surveying
US5740124A (en) * 1996-11-19 1998-04-14 Western Atlas International, Inc. Method for determining acoustic velocity of earth formations by simulating receiver waveforms for an acoustic array well logging instrument
US6327538B1 (en) * 1998-02-17 2001-12-04 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc Method and apparatus for evaluating stoneley waves, and for determining formation parameters in response thereto
US6456566B1 (en) * 2000-07-21 2002-09-24 Baker Hughes Incorporated Use of minor borehole obstructions as seismic sources
US6591193B2 (en) * 2000-10-12 2003-07-08 Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company Method and apparatus for acquiring offset checkshot survey data using tube-wave conversion
US6795373B1 (en) * 2003-02-14 2004-09-21 Baker Hughes Incorporated Permanent downhole resonant source
US6842400B2 (en) * 2001-12-18 2005-01-11 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Acoustic logging apparatus and method

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7529151B2 (en) 2004-08-13 2009-05-05 The Regents Of The University Of California Tube-wave seismic imaging
US7602669B2 (en) 2004-08-13 2009-10-13 The Regents Of The University Of California Tube-wave seismic imaging
CN105929450A (zh) * 2016-06-29 2016-09-07 深圳市勘察测绘院有限公司 一种海上软土波速测试方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2005017560A3 (fr) 2005-08-18

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US7602669B2 (en) Tube-wave seismic imaging
US6374185B1 (en) Method for generating an estimate of lithological characteristics of a region of the earth's subsurface
Tang et al. Fast inversion of formation permeability from Stoneley wave logs using a simplified Biot-Rosenbaum model
Franco et al. Sonic investigations in and around the borehole
US5616840A (en) Method for estimating the hydraulic conductivity of a borehole sidewall fracture
Close et al. The sound of sonic: A historical perspective and introduction to acoustic logging
Majer et al. Fracture detection using crosswell and single well surveys
WO2014164322A1 (fr) Réunions de profilage sismique vertical-point milieu commun (psv-pmc) par extrapolation de champ d'ondes
Cheng et al. Acoustic waveform logging-advances in theory and application
US6147929A (en) Method for predicting continuous and discontinuous waveguide targets using interwell seismic signature characteristics
Huang et al. Fast-forward modeling of compressional arrival slowness logs in high-angle and horizontal wells
Li et al. Wavefield characterization of perforation shot signals in a shale gas reservoir
Albright et al. CROSS‐BOREHOLE OBSERVATION OF MODE CONVERSION FROM BOREHOLE STONELEY WAVES TO CHANNEL WAVES AT A COAL LAYER 1
Lei et al. The application of ambient noise and reflection seismic exploration in an urban active fault survey
WO2005017560A2 (fr) Controle d'ondes tubulaires dans des reservoirs fluidiques souterrains
Parra et al. Interwell seismic logging for formation continuity at the Gypsy test site, Oklahoma
Bradley et al. Applying a through-casing acoustic imaging technique to identify gas migration paths in a salt body
Yilmaz et al. Offshore high-resolution seismic survey for a subsea tunnel across the Bosphorus Waterway, Istanbul, Turkey
Mari et al. Acoustic logging
Cheng et al. Estimations of formation velocity, permeability, and shear-wave anisotropy using acoustic logs
Korneev et al. Tube-wave effects in cross-well seismic data at Stratton Field
Mari et al. Detection of porous and permeable formations: from laboratory measurements to seismic measurements
Parra A feasibility study of high-resolution reverse VSP and interwell seismic methods for hydrocarbon reservoir characterization
Van Renterghem et al. A case study revealing the expressions of perforation shots in a shale gas stimulation operation
Li et al. A review of seismic-while-drilling technique: from 1986 to 2020

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 11058985

Country of ref document: US

AK Designated states

Kind code of ref document: A2

Designated state(s): AE AG AL AM AT AU AZ BA BB BG BR BW BY BZ CA CH CN CO CR CU CZ DE DK DM DZ EC EE EG ES FI GB GD GE GH GM HR HU ID IL IN IS JP KE KG KP KR KZ LC LK LR LS LT LU LV MA MD MG MK MN MW MX MZ NA NI NO NZ OM PG PH PL PT RO RU SC SD SE SG SK SL SY TJ TM TN TR TT TZ UA UG US UZ VC VN YU ZA ZM ZW

AL Designated countries for regional patents

Kind code of ref document: A2

Designated state(s): BW GH GM KE LS MW MZ NA SD SL SZ TZ UG ZM ZW AM AZ BY KG KZ MD RU TJ TM AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IT LU MC NL PL PT RO SE SI SK TR BF BJ CF CG CI CM GA GN GQ GW ML MR NE SN TD TG

121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application
122 Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase