WO2005115472A2 - Compositions permettant d'ameliorer la sante des seins - Google Patents

Compositions permettant d'ameliorer la sante des seins Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2005115472A2
WO2005115472A2 PCT/US2005/014595 US2005014595W WO2005115472A2 WO 2005115472 A2 WO2005115472 A2 WO 2005115472A2 US 2005014595 W US2005014595 W US 2005014595W WO 2005115472 A2 WO2005115472 A2 WO 2005115472A2
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Prior art keywords
breast
iodine
gla
women
selenium
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PCT/US2005/014595
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WO2005115472A3 (fr
Inventor
Keith E. Rushlow
Robert A. Shalwitz
Terry B. Maser
Normanella T. Dewille
Tapas Das
Anand Seth
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Abbott Laboratories
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Abbott Laboratories
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Priority to CA2564592A priority Critical patent/CA2564592C/fr
Publication of WO2005115472A2 publication Critical patent/WO2005115472A2/fr
Publication of WO2005115472A3 publication Critical patent/WO2005115472A3/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K33/00—Medicinal preparations containing inorganic active ingredients
    • A61K33/18—Iodine; Compounds thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
    • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
    • A23L33/115—Fatty acids or derivatives thereof; Fats or oils
    • A23L33/12—Fatty acids or derivatives thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
    • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
    • A23L33/16—Inorganic salts, minerals or trace elements
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
    • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L33/40—Complete food formulations for specific consumer groups or specific purposes, e.g. infant formula
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
    • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
    • A61K31/20—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having a carboxyl group bound to a chain of seven or more carbon atoms, e.g. stearic, palmitic, arachidic acids
    • A61K31/202—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having a carboxyl group bound to a chain of seven or more carbon atoms, e.g. stearic, palmitic, arachidic acids having three or more double bonds, e.g. linolenic
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K33/00—Medicinal preparations containing inorganic active ingredients
    • A61K33/04—Sulfur, selenium or tellurium; Compounds thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P15/00—Drugs for genital or sexual disorders; Contraceptives
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/02—Nutrients, e.g. vitamins, minerals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P39/00—General protective or antinoxious agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
    • A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to compositions, containing select combinations of gamma linolenic acid (GLA), iodine, and preferably selenium, for improving breast health in women.
  • GLA gamma linolenic acid
  • iodine iodine
  • selenium selenium
  • Fibrocystic breast disease is a benign condition in pre-menopausal women characterized by the presence of lumps and fluid-filled cysts in the breasts that may be associated with cyclic or non- cyclic pain (mastalgia) and tenderness.
  • Fibrocystic breast conditions include atypical palpatory findings such as breast nodularity (diffuse or localized), breast thickening or swelling, tenderness, lumpiness, cysts, discrete masses, fibrosis, and pain, although breast pain may also occur in the absence of palpable lumps or cysts.
  • a physical exam, mammography or ultrasound, biopsy of the breast, or a fine needle aspiration of larger cysts are used principally as diagnostic strategies to rule out the possibility of breast cancer or underlying malignancy. The occurrence of fibrocystic breast disease is widespread.
  • fibrocystic breast disease which most commonly includes at least some degree of mastalgia or breast pain in many of these women.
  • Mastalgia associated with fibrocystic breast disease is often characterized as moderate to severe pain that lasts for more than about four days per month.
  • the pain and tenderness may be either cyclic or non-cyclic, with cyclic mastalgia occurring regularly during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.
  • Cyclic mastalgia associated with fibrocystic breast disease is distinguishable from the cyclic pain and tenderness associated with breast swelling as a normal aspect of the premenstrual cycle, in that cyclic mastalgia associated with fibrocystic breast disease is typically more severe and lasts longer, usually from about 5 to 14 days. It is believed that mastalgia associated with fibrocystic breast disease is caused by or somehow related to factors such as ovarian hormone changes, intake of caffeine and caffeine- containing products, excessive dietary intake of saturated fat, low intake of dietary fiber, stress, and other factors.
  • Hormonal dysfunction may involve a progesterone deficiency in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, excess production of estrogen or prolactin, or a heightened sensitivity of breast tissue to the action of normal levels of circulating estrogen or prolactin.
  • Estrogen has been found to increase fluid and sodium retention that may lead to swelling and generalized fibrocystic changes in the breasts.
  • the role of estrogen and prolactin as central mediators of the pain and changes in breast physiology associated with fibrocystic breast disease is evidenced by the efficacy of drugs such as danazol and bromocriptine that interfere with these hormonal activities.
  • Non- steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen, and others, are commonly used in this context but often provide inadequate pain relief in many women.
  • Hormone- based medications such as danazol (estrogen antagonist), bromocriptine (prolactin inhibitor), tamoxifen or raloxifene (partial estrogen antagonist) are also prescribed for women afflicted with fibrocystic breast disease but moderate to severe side effects limits its use in many women, especially when these hormone-based medications are continued over long periods of time.
  • Still other known or suggested treatments for treating fibrocystic breast disease include the use of various nutrients or supplements, some of which include vitamin E, evening primrose oil or borage oil with gamma linolenic acid (GLA), vitamin B 6 , thiamine, iodine, and vitamin A. Many of these treatments, however, have been met with only limited success.
  • Iodine for example, is often limited by its potential for dose-related toxicity, especially at those doses believed to be most therapeutic for treating fibrocystic breast disease symptoms. Due in part to toxicity concerns, iodine is less often used in fibrocystic breast disease than other nutrients such as GLA, a polyunsaturated fatty acid that has likewise shown promise in treating fibrocystic breast disease symptoms. GLA has been found to be effective in treating fibrocystic breast disease while causing few if any serious side effects.
  • GLA has been shown to be somewhat effective in treating fibrocystic breast disease, it is often limited in use by its eggy, chicken fat, sulfidy off-flavor, as well as the large number capsules often needed to provide a therapeutic daily dose.
  • many women suffer from various breast-related health issues other than or in addition to fibrocystic breast disease. These other conditions include premenstrual or cyclic breast pain and tenderness, the development of breast cancer or other estrogen-sensitive cancers, elevated or excessive mammographic breast density with or without associated fibrocystic breast disease, and even unexplained breast pain and tenderness without any clear association of an identifiable disease or condition.
  • the present invention is directed to oral compositions for treating fibrocystic breast disease or other breast-related diseases or conditions, wherein the compositions comprise from zero to about 400 ⁇ g selenium, from about 100 mg to about 6000 mg gamma linolenic acid, and from about 0.15 mg to about 5.0 mg iodine.
  • the present invention includes nutritional embodiments further comprising one or more nutrients such as protein, lipid, carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins.
  • the present invention is also directed to methods of using the oral compositions of the present invention in women afflicted with fibrocystic breast disease or other breast-related diseases or conditions, some of which are directed to 1) reduction in mammographic breast density, 2) reduction in the risk of developing breast cancer, 3) reduction in mammary tumor cell proliferation and invasion (metastasis) associated with the development, progression, and/or recurrence of breast cancer and/or the progression of fibrocystic breast disease, and/or 4) treatment or reduction of symptoms associated with this disease, including treatment of breast tenderness and pain, and combinations thereof.
  • compositions of the present invention provide effective relief from the symptoms of fibrocystic breast disease or other breast-related diseases or conditions in a larger percentage of women as compared to many other nutrient-based therapies. It is believed that the combination of key active ingredients, each of which has a different mechanism of action when used in breast- related diseases and conditions, provides for a more effective product or therapeutic treatment in a larger percentage of women.
  • the compositions of the present invention may also be better tolerated and result in improved patient compliance.
  • compositions are most typically administered as a single, undivided, serving, e.g., nutritional liquid or solid product form, which is easily taken by an individual once daily, without concern for taking many different tablets or capsules or medicated solutions containing the different actives or for measuring out potassium iodide solutions every morning.
  • certain combinations of selenium, iodine, and GLA are surprisingly more effective than individual actives when evaluated for in-vitro activity in reinforcing the function of tight junctions of endothelial cells and on mammary epithelial cells. Damage to the cell-cell adhesion and tight junction in the epithelium or endothelium by any means (e.g.
  • estrogen may result in an increase to the permeability of cell layer to fluids and micro/macro- molecules. This can then lead to edema and swelling of tissues, followed by mastalgia. In fact applicants discovered that these combinations of actives are especially effective in this regard when used on test cells in the presence of estrogen.
  • Fig. 1 is a graph of trans-endothilial resistance (ohms) over 24 hours for human endothelial cells (HECV) treated with selenium at 10 ng/ml, 100 ng/ml, and 1000 ng/ml, or untreated (control).
  • Fig. 2 is a graph of trans-endothilial resistance (ohms) over 24 hours for human endothelial cells (HECV) treated with iodine at 10 ng/ml, 100 ng/ml, and 1000 ng/ml, or untreated (control).
  • Fig. 1 is a graph of trans-endothilial resistance (ohms) over 24 hours for human endothelial cells (HECV) treated with iodine at 10 ng/ml, 100 ng/ml, and 1000 ng/ml, or untreated (control).
  • Fig. 3 is a graph of trans-endothilial resistance (ohms) over 24 hours for human endothelial cells (HECV) treated with GLA at 10 ⁇ M, 100 ⁇ M, and 200 ⁇ M, or untreated (control).
  • Fig. 4 is a graph of trans-endothilial resistance (ohms) over 24 hours for human endothelial cells (HECV) treated with combinations of selenium (100 ng/ml), iodine (10 ng/ml), and GLA (100 ⁇ M) or untreated (control); combinations tested include iodine + selenium, iodine + GLA, selenium + GLA, and selenium + iodine + GLA.
  • FIG. 5 is a graph of trans-endothilial resistance (ohms) over 24 hours for human endothelial cells (HECV) treated with estrogen (50 ⁇ M) and combinations of selenium (100 ng/ml), iodine (10 ng/ml), and GLA (100 ⁇ M) or control (estrogen treatment only); combinations include iodine+selenium, iodine + GLA, selenium + GLA, and selenium + iodine + GLA.
  • HECV human endothelial cells
  • Fig. 6 is a graph of paracellular permeability (rfu) over 24 hours for human endothelial cells (HECV) treated with selenium (100 ng/ml), iodine (lOng/ml), GLA (100 ⁇ M), or untreated (control).
  • Fig. 7 is a graph of paracellular permeability (rfu) over 24 hours for human endothelial cells (HECV) treated with combinations of selenium (100 ng/ml), iodine (lOng/ml), and GLA (100 ⁇ M), or untreated (control); combinations include iodine + selenium, iodine + GLA, selenium + GLA, and selenium + iodine + GLA.
  • Fig. 8 is a graph of paracellular permeability (rfu) over 24 hours for human endothelial cells (HECV) treated with estrogen (50 ⁇ M) and combinations of selenium (100 ng/ml), iodine (lOng/ml), and GLA (100 ⁇ M), or control (estrogen only); combinations with estrogen include iodine + selenium, iodine + GLA, selenium + GLA, and selenium + iodine + GLA.
  • HECV human endothelial cells
  • FIG. 9 is a graph of trans-epithelial resistance (ohms) over 24 hours for human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) treated with a combination of selenium (100 ng/ml), iodine (10 ng/ml), and GLA (100 ⁇ M), or untreated (control).
  • MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells
  • selenium 100 ng/ml
  • iodine 10 ng/ml
  • GLA 100 ⁇ M
  • FIG. 10 is a graph showing numbers of breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) invading endothelium after treatment with selenium (100 ng/ml), iodine (10 ng/ml), GLA (100 ⁇ M), untreated (control), or combinations thereof, including iodine + selenium, iodine + GLA, selenium + GLA, and selenium + iodine + GLA (p ⁇ 0.0001).
  • MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells
  • Fig. 11 is a graph showing percent inhibition of cell proliferation of human breast cancer cells (MCF7) and fibrocystic breast cells (MCF10A) relative to that of normal breast cells as a control (HMEC), all after treatment with GLA at 0 ⁇ M, 50 ⁇ M, 75 ⁇ M, 100 ⁇ M, and 150 ⁇ M.
  • Fig. 12 is a graph showing percent inhibition of cell proliferation of human breast cancer cells (MCF7) and fibrocystic breast cells (MCF10A) relative to that of normal breast cells as a control (HMEC), all after treatment with sodium selenate at 0 ⁇ M, 25 ⁇ M, 50 ⁇ M, and 10 ⁇ M.
  • Fig. 12 is a graph showing percent inhibition of cell proliferation of human breast cancer cells (MCF7) and fibrocystic breast cells (MCF10A) relative to that of normal breast cells as a control (HMEC), all after treatment with sodium selenate at 0 ⁇ M, 25 ⁇ M, 50 ⁇ M
  • FIG. 13 is a graph showing percent inhibition of cell proliferation of human breast cancer cells (MCF7) and fibrocystic breast cells (MCF10A) relative to that of normal breast cells as a control (HMEC), all after treatment with sodium selenate (50 ⁇ M or 1 OO ⁇ M), GLA (75 ⁇ M), or combinations of GLA and sodium selenate (GLA 75 ⁇ M with either sodium selenate at 50 ⁇ M or
  • FIG. 14 is a graph showing percent inhibition of cell proliferation of human breast cancer cells (MCF7) and fibrocystic breast cells (MCF10A) relative to that of normal breast cells as a control (HMEC), all after treatment with potassium iodide (100 ⁇ M or 150 ⁇ M), GLA (75 ⁇ M), or combinations of GLA and potassium iodide (GLA 75 ⁇ M with potassium iodide at 100 ⁇ M or 150 ⁇ M).
  • MCF7 human breast cancer cells
  • MCF10A fibrocystic breast cells
  • Figure 15 is a graph showing fatty acid profiles (% fatty acids relative to total fatty acid content in the extracted lipid from the cell) of fibrocystic breast cells (MCFOA) and human breast cancer cells (MCF7) after treatment with GLA at 0 ⁇ M, 50 ⁇ M, or lOO ⁇ M.
  • Figure 16 is a graph showing inhibition of cell proliferation of human breast cancer cells (MCF7), fibrocystic breast cells (MCF10A), and normal breast cells (HMEC) after treatment with Iodo-ARA at 0 ⁇ M, 10 ⁇ M, and 25 ⁇ M.
  • compositions and corresponding methods of the present invention are directed to nutritional and pharmaceutical products, including medical foods, containing gamma linolenic acid, iodine, and preferably selenium, for use in women afflicted with fibrocystic breast disease or other breast related disease or condition.
  • nutritional and pharmaceutical products including medical foods, containing gamma linolenic acid, iodine, and preferably selenium, for use in women afflicted with fibrocystic breast disease or other breast related disease or condition.
  • fibrocystic breast disease includes diffuse cystic mastopafhy, cystic breast, mammary dysplasia, cystic mastitis, cystic mastopathy, cyclic mastalgia, benign breast disease, lumpy breast, diffuse cyclic mastopathy, and chronic cystic mastitis, all of which are different terms often used in the literature to generally refer to the same or similar benign condition described herein as fibrocystic breast disease.
  • breast-related disease or condition includes conditions, diseases, or symptoms thereof, which may or may not occur in the presence of fibrocystic breast disease, examples of which include premenstrual breast pain or tenderness (i.e., premenstrual syndrome), cyclic or non-cyclic breast pain or tenderness, breast cancer, elevated mammographic breast density, and combinations thereof.
  • lipid as used herein, unless otherwise specified, means fats, oils, and combinations thereof, excluding the gamma linolenic acid component, which is accounted for separately in the compositions hereof.
  • nutritional product means any orally administered product containing one or more macronutrients, and having a preferred caloric content of at least about 50 kcal per daily or single serving or per individual dosage form.
  • serving and “dose” are used interchangeably herein, and unless otherwise specified, refers to the amount of a composition of the present invention to be administered to an individual at one time.
  • a serving or dose is preferably a single dosage form, although a plurality of dosage forms can also be administered as a serving or dose to an individual at one time.
  • a serving or dose is further defined by a caloric content of at least about 50 kcal, preferably from about 50 kcal to about 1000 kcal.
  • pharmaceutical composition refers to any oral composition that is not a "nutritional composition” as also defined herein.
  • a pharmaceutical composition is therefore a composition that contains little if any added macronutrient, and can be formulated into any safe and effective oral product form such as a tablet, capsule, liquid, and so forth. All selenium and iodine amounts, concentrations, or percentages as referenced herein are calculated as or based upon molecular selenium and molecular iodine, respectively, unless otherwise specified. For example, 100 g of potassium iodide provides 76.45 g of iodine (i.e., molecular iodine).
  • compositions and methods of the present invention may comprise, consist of, or consist essentially of the essential elements and limitations of the invention described herein, as well as any additional or optional ingredients, components, or limitations described herein or otherwise useful in a nutritional or pharmaceutical application.
  • compositions of the present invention are directed to any known or otherwise suitable product form for oral administration.
  • Any solid, liquid, or powder form, including combinations or variations thereof, are suitable for use herein, provided that such forms allow for safe and effective oral delivery of the essential and other selected ingredients in the targeted product form.
  • solid nutritional product forms suitable for use herein include snack and meal replacement products, including those formulated as bars, sticks, cookies or breads or cakes or other baked goods, frozen liquids, candy, breakfast cereals, powders or granulated solids or other particulates, snack chips or bites, and so forth.
  • Non-limiting examples of liquid nutritional product forms suitable for use herein include snack and meal replacement products such as those formulated as juices or other acidified beverages, milk or soy-based beverages, shakes, coffees, teas, carbonated beverages, non- carbonated beverages, enteral feeding compositions, and so forth. These liquid compositions are most typically formulated as suspensions or emulsions, but can also be formulated in any other suitable form such as solutions, liquid gels, and so forth.
  • Other non-limiting examples of suitable product forms for use herein include semi-solid or semi-liquid compositions such as puddings, gels, and so forth.
  • the selected product form may be packaged in any known or otherwise suitable single or multi-dose package or container.
  • the product form be packaged as a single serving unit that is then taken daily or as otherwise directed by the individual's physician.
  • a single serving of the nutritional product of the present invention comprises or provides at least about 50 kcal, preferably from about 50 kcal to about 1000 kcal, of energy per serving.
  • the pharmaceutical embodiments of the present invention can likewise be formulated into any known or otherwise suitable oral dosage or product form that is compatible with the selected ingredients for use in the composition and is safe for oral administration.
  • Non-limiting examples of such oral product forms include capsules, tablets, caplets, liquids (e.g., suspensions, solutions, emulsions), powders or other particulates, and so forth.
  • the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may comprise a plurality of dosage forms, but preferably comprises a single dosage form containing all of the ingredients from the recited composition.
  • a plurality of oral dosage forms is used to contain the composition, then it is highly preferred that the plurality of dosage forms, typically that which represents a single or daily therapeutic dose, is contained, combined, or otherwise associated in a single package or dosing kit.
  • compositions of the present invention preferably comprise selenium or a suitable source of selenium, which provides the composition with from zero to about 400 ⁇ g, preferably from about 25 ⁇ g to about 400 ⁇ g of selenium, per serving or dose.
  • the source of selenium can be any known or otherwise suitable source that is safe and effective for oral administration and is compatible with the essential and other ingredients in the selected product form.
  • Selenium is a trace element essential for human and animal life. It is well known that selenium influences oxidative processes in the body as well as thyroxin metabolism. In humans, selenium is predominantly taken in by dietary consumption of plants or vegetables, egg yolk, fish and meat, in particular chicken and pork, as well as by nutritional or other processed food supplements.
  • the minimum selenium supply required for humans depends upon the chemical form of the consumed element and on the composition of the diet in which it is present.
  • the recommended U.S. dietary allowance (RDA) for most adults is about 55 ⁇ g.
  • the RDA for women during pregnancy and lactation is about 60 ⁇ g and 70 ⁇ g, respectively.
  • compositions of the present invention in order to provide the requisite therapeutic breast-health benefits from selenium while also minimizing dose-dependent toxicity, comprise a selenium source that preferably provides from about 25 ⁇ g to about 250 ⁇ g, including from about 50 ⁇ g about 250 ⁇ g, also including from about 70 ⁇ g to about 150 ⁇ g, of selenium per serving.
  • the selenium source for use herein may include organic or inorganic forms of selenium, which can be provided as in isolated or pure selenium source or as part of other added ingredients such as multi-vitamins, trace mineral premixes, or other added macronutrients or ingredients, many different commercially available sources of which are well known in the various arts.
  • suitable selenium sources, organic or inorganic include selenium oxide, selenium amino acid complex, sodium selenate, sodium selenite, L- selenomethionine, selenocysteine, selenium-rich yeast, L-Se-methylselenocysteine, and the selenium sources and premixes described in U.S.
  • compositions of the present invention preferably contain at least about 50%, including from about 75% to 100%, by weight of the selenium as selected from the group consisting of sodium selenate, sodium selenite, selenium oxide, selenium amino acid complex, L-selenomethionine, selenium-rich yeast, and combinations thereof.
  • GLA Gamma linolenic acid
  • the compositions of the present invention comprise GLA or a suitable source of GLA, which ultimately provides the compositions with from about 100 mg to about 6000 mg of GLA, per serving or dose.
  • the source of GLA may be any known or otherwise suitable source that is safe and effective for oral administration and is compatible with the essential and other ingredients in the selected product form.
  • GLA is an n-6 (omega-6) polyunsaturated fatty acid (18:3 n-6; 6,9,12-octadecatrienoic acid; (Z, Z, Z)- 6,9,12-octadecatrienoic acid; cis-6, cis-9, cis-12-octadecatrienoic acid; gamolenic acid; gamma linolenic acid) well known for use in treating various skin diseases, premenstrual syndrome, diabetes, inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, cancer, fibrocystic breast disease, and so forth.
  • the GLA source for use in the nutritional compositions of the present invention preferably provides from about 250 mg to about 3000 mg, including from about 500 mg to about 2000 mg, also including from about 750 mg to about 1200mg, of GLA per serving or dose.
  • the GLA for use in the nutritional compositions may be provided as a separate, isolated or pure source of GLA or as part of other added ingredients.
  • Sources of GLA include evening primrose oil (typically 8- 14% GLA), borage oil (typically 17-25% GLA), blackcurrant seed oil (14-20% GLA), transgenic GLA sources, purified GLA (typically 26-99% GLA), fungal oils (e.g., Mucor javanicus), and so forth.
  • Borage oil is preferred as a GLA source for use in the nutritional compositions of the present invention.
  • Borage oil has a relatively high GLA content and its specific GLA component has an advantageous stereo specificity (as attached therein to a triglyceride backbone), wherein the GLA is esterified primarily in an Sn-2 position.
  • Other oils such as evening primrose oil and black currant oil have a GLA component esterified mainly at an Sn-3 position, and fungal oils have a GLA component esterified at both Sn-2 and Sn-3 positions.
  • borage oil with its unique stereo-specific makeup and high GLA content, is more effective than other GLA- containing oils at elevating the levels of key metabolites (DGLA and 15-HETrE) that are associated with anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties, both of which are helpful in treating fibrocystic breast disease and most any breast-related disease or condition.
  • DGLA and 15-HETrE key metabolites
  • compositions of the present invention also preferably contain at least about 50%, including from about 75% to 100%, by weight of the gamma linolenic acid as GLA provided by an oil selected from the group consisting of borage oil, black currant seed oil, evening primrose oil, transgenic (genetically modified) vegetable oil containing at least about 20% by weight of GLA, and combinations thereof, preferably borage oil.
  • GLA is rendered more effective when administered in a nutritional or pharmaceutical composition as described herein, wherein the composition contains a combination of iodine and optional selenium at the serving concentration ranges described herein.
  • the nutritional embodiments of the present invention are particularly useful in providing high dose administration of therapeutic GLA levels from a well-tolerated product form.
  • the nutritional compositions of the present invention also comprise iodine or a suitable source of iodine, which ultimately provides the composition with from about 0.15 mg to about 5 mg of iodine, per serving or dose.
  • the source of iodine may be any known or otherwise suitable source that is safe and effective for oral administration and is compatible with the essential and other ingredients in the selected product form.
  • the iodine source preferably provides from about 0.2 mg to about 3.0 mg, including from about 0.25 mg to about 2.0 mg, also including from about 0.3 mg to about 1.1 mg, also including from about 0.4 mg to about 0.9 mg, and also including from about 0.5 mg to about 0.75 mg, of iodine per serving or dose.
  • Such iodine sources may be provided as separate sources of iodine or as part of other added ingredients such as multi-vitamin or mineral premixes, many different commercially available sources of which are well known in the various arts.
  • Non-limiting examples of other specific iodine sources include potassium iodide, sodium iodide, iodinated proteins such as iodinated casein, iodinated lipids or other iodinated materials, calcium iodate, molecular or diatomic iodine (I 2 ), and combinations thereof.
  • Inorganic forms of iodine such as potassium iodide are less preferred than protein-bound (i.e. iodinated casein) or diatomic forms (I 2 ).
  • compositions in which at least about 50%, including from about 75% to 100%, by weight of the iodine is selected from the group consisting of potassium iodide, sodium iodide, iodinated proteins, iodinated lipids, calcium iodate, molecular iodine, and combinations thereof.
  • Iodine is well known for use in treating individuals with fibrocystic breast disease, the clinical benefits of which include a reduction of breast pain and tenderness as well as some resolution of breast tissue nodularity.
  • the extent of such benefits varies depending upon factors such as the specific form and dose of iodine used in the formulation. Due to the potential toxicity associated with excessive iodine consumption, it is essential that the iodine be formulated into the nutritional compositions of the present invention in the serving ranges described herein. It is now believed that this balance between therapeutic benefits and iodine toxicity is best achieved when the formulation includes selenium as an optional active ingredient, which combines with the GLA and iodine components in the formulation to provide a highly effective nutritional product for use in fibrocystic breast disease and other breast-related disease or condition with improved safety from dose-related or inadvertent dosing toxicities associated with iodine supplements.
  • the nutritional embodiments of the present invention comprise one or more macronutrients in addition to the essential ingredients described hereinbefore.
  • the macronutrients include proteins, lipids in addition to the GLA component described herein, carbohydrates, and combinations thereof.
  • the nutritional compositions preferably contain all three macronutrients.
  • the macronutrients in combination with the other essential or added ingredients provide the nutritional composition with at least about 50 kcal, preferably from about 50 kcal to about 1000 kcal of energy per serving or dose.
  • These macronutrients and other ingredients preferably provide the nutritional composition with from about 50 kcal to about 900 kcal, more preferably from about 75 kcal to about 700 kcal, including from about 100 kcal to about 500 kcal, also including from about 150 kcal to about 400 kcal, and also including from about 200 kcal to about 300 kcal, per serving or dose.
  • Many different sources and types of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates are known and can be used in the various nutritional embodiments described herein, provided that the selected nutrients are safe and effective for oral administration and are compatible with the essential and other added ingredients.
  • Carbohydrates suitable for use in the nutritional embodiments may be simple, complex, or variations or combinations thereof.
  • Non-limiting examples of suitable carbohydrates include hydrolyzed or modified starch or cornstarch, maltodextrin, glucose polymers, sucrose, corn syrup, corn syrup solids, rice-derived carbohydrate, glucose, fructose, lactose, high fructose corn syrup, indigestible oligosaccharides (e.g., fructooligosaccharides), honey, sugar alcohols (e.g., maltitol, erythritol, sorbitol), and combinations thereof.
  • suitable carbohydrates include hydrolyzed or modified starch or cornstarch, maltodextrin, glucose polymers, sucrose, corn syrup, corn syrup solids, rice-derived carbohydrate, glucose, fructose, lactose, high fructose corn syrup, indigestible oligosaccharides (e.g., fructooligosaccharides), honey, sugar alcohols (e.g., maltitol, erythritol, sorbitol
  • Carbohydrates suitable for use herein also include soluble dietary fiber, non-limiting examples of which include gum arabic, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, guar gum, citrus pectin, low and high methoxy pectin, oat and barley glucans, carrageenan, psyllium and combinations thereof.
  • Soluble dietary fiber is also suitable as a carbohydrate source herein, non-limiting examples of which include oat hull fiber, pea hull fiber, soy hull fiber, soy cotyledon fiber, sugar beet fiber, cellulose, corn bran, and combinations thereof.
  • Proteins suitable for use in the nutritional embodiments include hydrolyzed, partially hydrolyzed or non-hydrolyzed proteins or protein sources, and can be derived from any known or otherwise suitable source such as milk (e.g., casein, whey), animal (e.g., meat, fish), cereal (e.g., rice, corn), vegetable (e.g., soy), or combinations thereof.
  • the proteins for use herein can also include, or be entirely or partially replaced by, free amino acids known for use in nutritional products, non-limiting examples of which include tryptophan, glutamine, tyrosine, methionine, cysteine, arginine, and combinations thereof.
  • Lipids suitable for use in the nutritional embodiments include coconut oil, fractionated coconut oil, soy oil, corn oil, olive oil, safflower oil, high oleic safflower oil, MCT oil (medium chain triglycerides), sunflower oil, high oleic sunflower oil, palm and palm kernel oils, palm olein, canola oil, marine oils, cottonseed oils, and combinations thereof. These lipid nutrients may be used in addition to the GLA component as described hereinbefore.
  • the concentration or amount of carbohydrate, protein, and carbohydrate in the nutritional embodiments can vary considerably depending upon the particular product form and the various other formulations and targeted dietary needs.
  • These macronutrients are most typically formulated within any of the ranges (embodiments A, B, or C) described in the following table.
  • compositions of the present invention may further comprise any of a variety of other vitamins or related nutrients, non-limiting examples of which include vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, vitamin B 12 , carotenoids (e.g., beta- carotene, zeaxanthin, lutein, lycopene), niacin, folic acid, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin C, choline, inositol, salts and derivatives thereof, and combinations thereof.
  • carotenoids e.g., beta- carotene, zeaxanthin, lutein, lycopene
  • niacin folic acid
  • pantothenic acid biotin
  • biotin vitamin C
  • choline inositol
  • salts and derivatives thereof salts and derivatives thereof
  • compositions may further comprise any of a variety of other additional minerals, non- limiting examples of which include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, copper, sodium, potassium, molybdenum, chromium, chloride, and combinations thereof.
  • the nutritional embodiments of the present invention include liquid product forms comprising the requisite amounts of GLA, iodine, and optional selenium as described herein, as well as the requisite caloric content as also described herein.
  • These liquid nutritional embodiments include emulsions, suspensions, solutions, and even liquid crystalline gels, but are most typically and practically formulated as emulsions or suspensions.
  • the liquid nutritional embodiments of the present invention are further defined by a volume of at least about 25 ml, preferably from about 50 ml to about 500 ml, including from about 75 ml to about 250ml, and also including from about 80 ml to about 250 ml, and also including from about 80 ml to about 150ml, per serving or dose, wherein each serving or dose provides the requisite caloric content as described herein, i.e., at least about 50 kcal, including from about 50 kcal to about 1000 kcal, per serving or dose.
  • the liquid nutritional embodiments of the present invention include those formulations as described in the following table. Liquid Embodiments
  • compositions of the present invention may further comprise other optional components that may modify the physical, chemical, aesthetic or processing characteristics of the products or serve as pharmaceutical or additional nutritional components when used in the targeted population.
  • optional ingredients are known or otherwise suitable for use in medical food or other nutritional products or pharmaceutical dosage forms and may also be used in the compositions herein, provided that such optional ingredients are safe for oral administration and are compatible with the essential and other ingredients in the selected product form.
  • Non-limiting examples of such optional ingredients include preservatives, anti-oxidants, emulsifying agents, buffers, additional pharmaceutical actives, additional nutrients as described herein, sweeteners including artificial sweeteners (e.g., saccharine, aspartame, acesulfame K, sucralose) colorants, flavors, thickening agents and stabilizers, emulsifying agents, lubricants, and so forth.
  • sweeteners including artificial sweeteners (e.g., saccharine, aspartame, acesulfame K, sucralose) colorants, flavors, thickening agents and stabilizers, emulsifying agents, lubricants, and so forth.
  • Still other optional ingredients for use in the compositions of the present invention include fish oils or flax seed oil or other n-3 fatty acid-containing oils, wherein such optional oils are used in addition to the GLA-containing oils or materials described herein.
  • the methods of the present invention are directed to the administration of the compositions of the present invention to improve breast health in women, wherein a serving or dose of the composition is preferably administered daily as a single, undivided dose, although the serving may also be divided into two or more partial or divided servings or doses to be taken at two or more times during the day.
  • the methods of the present invention include continuous daily administration as well as periodic or limited administration, e.g., one dose every other day, two doses every third day, and so forth, although daily administration is preferred.
  • the compositions may be used over prolonged (e.g., greater than about 12 months) or shorter periods (e.g. from 3-12 months), but are preferably administered on a continuous, daily basis over prolonged periods.
  • the methods of the present invention include those embodiments directed to the administration of the compositions of the present invention to treat fibrocystic breast disease or other breast related disease or condition, including the reduction of breast pain and tenderness associated with the disease. These methods include the oral administration of the compositions to individuals afflicted with fibrocystic breast disease or other breast-related disease or condition in accordance with the above-described oral administration method.
  • the methods of the present invention also include those embodiments directed to the use of the compositions of the present invention to reduce mammographic breast density, including a reduction of mammographic breast density in individuals afflicted with fibrocystic breast disease or other breast-related disease or condition. These methods include the oral administration of the compositions to such individuals in accordance with the above-described oral administration method.
  • the methods of the present invention also include those embodiments directed to the use of the compositions of the present invention to reduce the need for frequent or repeat mammograms in women afflicted with fibrocystic breast disease or other breast-related disease or condition that is otherwise associated with a relatively high mammographic breast density.
  • These methods include the oral administration of the compositions to such individuals in accordance with the above- described oral administration method. Such methods may also result in a reduction in the need for subsequent breast tissue biopsies, which might otherwise have been needed if an elevated mammographic breast density had obscured an accurate reading of the mammogram.
  • the methods of the present invention also include those embodiments directed to the use of the compositions of the present invention to treat or reduce the risk of developing breast cancer in individuals afflicted with fibrocystic breast disease or other breast-related disease or condition.
  • These methods include the oral administration of the compositions of the present invention to such afflicted individuals in accordance with the above-described oral administration method.
  • the methods of the present invention also include those embodiments directed to the use of the compositions of the present invention to reduce the progression and spread of breast cancer in women afflicted with breast cancer. These embodiments include the oral administration of the compositions of the present invention to such afflicted individuals in accordance with the above- described oral administration method.
  • the methods of the present invention also include those embodiments directed to the use of the compositions of the present invention to reduce the risk of recurrence of breast cancer in those women once afflicted with breast cancer. These embodiments include the oral administration of the compositions of the present invention to such women in accordance with the above- described oral administration method.
  • the methods of the present invention also include those embodiments directed to the use of the compositions of the present invention to treat or reduce breast pain and tenderness associated with fibrocystic breast disease or other breast-related disease or condition, wherein the disease or condition is characterized by moderate to severe cyclic on non-cyclic breast pain and tenderness, continuous or random, and lasting for more than about 4 days, most typically from about 5 to about 14 days, per month, although it is understood that many women suffer from such symptoms on a continuous daily basis.
  • the methods of the present invention include those embodiments directed to the use of the compositions of the present invention to treat or reduce breast nodules in individuals afflicted with or prone to the development of fibrocystic breast disease.
  • compositions of the present invention include the administration of the compositions of the present invention to individuals afflicted with or prone to the development of fibrocystic breast disease in accordance with the above-described oral administration method.
  • the methods of the present invention also include those embodiments directed to the use of the compositions of the present invention in women afflicted with fibrocystic breast disease or other breast-related disease or condition, or to women who otherwise manifest a historically high mammographic breast density, to improve their ability to more accurately perform self-breast exams.
  • the methods of the present invention also include those embodiments directed to the use of the compositions of the present invention to reduce the need for hormones (e.g., danazol, bromocriptine, tamoxifen, raloxifene) or analgesics (e.g., non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, opiates) or anti-inflammatory steroids (e.g., predisone, hydrocortisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, etc.) for treatment of breast pain and tenderness, including that associated with fibrocystic breast disease or other breast-related disease or condition.
  • hormones e.g., danazol, bromocriptine, tamoxifen, raloxifene
  • analgesics e.g., non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, opiates
  • anti-inflammatory steroids e.g., predisone, hydrocortisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone
  • compositions include the administration of the compositions to individuals afflicted with fibrocystic breast disease or other breast-related disease or condition, or who otherwise manifest with unexplained breast pain and tenderness, in accordance with the above-described oral administration method.
  • the methods of the present invention also include those methods directed to the use of the compositions of the present invention to provide any one or more of the benefits listed below, wherein the method includes the administration of the compositions of the present invention to individuals afflicted with or otherwise prone to develop fibrocystic breast disease or other breast- related disease or condition in accordance with the above-described oral administration method.
  • each of these embodiments of the methods of the present invention are directed include: • reduction of pain/tenderness as it interferes with a women's ability to 1) sleep, 2) exercise, 3) lift or carry heavy objects close to chest, 4) ability to have physical contact with others, 5) ability to work/perform effectively at work and/or 6) engage in sexual activity, • reduction in need for lifestyle adjustments in order to accommodate the pain. • reduction in use of dietary supplements and/or alternative therapy use for the management of pain, • works naturally with a women's body to reduce or eliminate breast pain and tenderness, • weight reduction for some women with daily product administration, and • perception of improved skin condition in some women upon daily product administration.
  • the methods of the present invention as described herein are intended to include the use of such methods in individuals unaffected by or not otherwise afflicted with fibrocystic breast diseases or other breast-related disease or condition, for the purpose of preventing, minimizing, or delaying the development of such diseases or conditions over time.
  • the methods of the present invention preferably include continuous, daily administration of the compositions as described herein.
  • the methods of the present invention are particularly useful in avoiding hormone-based therapies such as danazol, bromocriptine, tamoxifen, and others, especially in women who previously have taken such therapies and are now attempting to maintain or improve their current breast health to thus avoid returning to or reducing the need for such therapies.
  • the nutritional embodiments of the present invention may be prepared by any known or otherwise effective manufacturing technique for preparing the selected product form. Many such techniques are known for any given product form such as nutritional liquids or nutritional bars and can easily be applied by one of ordinary skill in the art to the nutritional products described herein.
  • the pharmaceutical embodiments of the present invention can likewise be prepared by any known or otherwise effective manufacturing technique for preparing the selected pharmaceutical product form.
  • Liquid, milk or soy-based nutritional liquids may be prepared by first forming an oil and fiber blend containing all formulation oils, any emulsifier, fiber and fat-soluble vitamins. Additional slurries (typically a carbohydrate and two protein slurries) are prepared separately by mixing the carbohydrate and minerals together and the protein in water. The slurries are then mixed together with the oil blend.
  • the resulting mixture is homogenized, heat processed, standardized with any water-soluble vitamins, flavored and the liquid terminally sterilized or aseptically filled or dried to produce a powder.
  • Other product forms such nutritional bars may be manufactured, for example, using cold extrusion technology as is known and commonly described in the bar manufacturing art.
  • To prepare such compositions typically all of the powdered components are dry blended together, which typically includes any proteins, vitamin premixes, certain carbohydrates, and so forth.
  • the fat-soluble components are then blended together and mixed with any powdered premixes. Finally any liquid components are then mixed into the composition, forming a plastic like composition or dough.
  • the resulting plastic mass can then be shaped, without further physical or chemical changes occurring, by cold forming or extrusion, wherein the plastic mass is forced at relatively low pressure through a die, which confers the desired shape.
  • the resultant exudate is then cut off at an appropriate position to give products of the desired weight.
  • the solid product is then coated, to enhance palatability, and packaged for distribution.
  • Solid nutritional embodiments of the present invention may also be manufactured through a baked application or heated extrusion to produce solid product forms such as cereals, cookies, crackers, and similar other product forms.
  • One knowledgeable in the nutrition manufacturing arts is able to select one of the many known or otherwise available manufacturing processes to produce the desired final product.
  • compositions of the present invention may, of course, be manufactured by other known or otherwise suitable techniques not specifically described herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
  • the present embodiments are, therefore, to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive and that all changes and equivalents also come within the description of the present invention.
  • the following non-limiting examples will further illustrate the compositions and methods of the present invention.
  • EXAMPLES The following examples illustrate specific embodiments of the compositions and methods of the present invention, including some suitable techniques to prepare the compositions.
  • Each exemplified composition may also be formulated by conventional methods as a pharmaceutical composition containing the requisite amounts of GLA, iodine, and optional selenium, and used in accordance with the methods of the present invention.
  • Examples 1-20 illustrate nutritional liquid embodiments of the present invention. Also included are corresponding methods of using the compositions in accordance with the methods of the present invention. The ingredients for each exemplified composition are described in the following table. All ingredient amounts are listed as kg per 1000 kg batch of product, unless otherwise specified.
  • liquid nutritional embodiments of the present invention including each of the exemplified formulas described above, may be prepared by forming at least three separate slurries, which are then blended together, heat-treated, standardized and aseptically packaged into 32oz. plastic bottles.
  • a carbohydrate-mineral slurry is initially prepared by dissolving potassium citrate and sodium citrate in water heated to 60-65 °C.
  • Carrageenan is dry blended with equal amounts of sucrose and added to the slurry with agitation.
  • Avicel TM is slowly added to the slurry with agitation, followed by potassium iodide (or other iodine source), sodium chloride, tricalcium phosphate, and magnesium phosphate.
  • the remaining sucrose is added to the slurry and agitated for at least 10 minutes.
  • the temperature of the slurry is maintained at about 68 °C with agitation for a maximum of 8 hours until it is blended with the other slurries described hereinafter.
  • An oil slurry is prepared by placing the required amount of borage oil (or other GLA source) into a kettle and gently heating it to 23-32 °C with agitation. Lecithin is then mixed into the heated oil, followed by ascorbyl palmitate, mixed tocopherols, vitamin D and vitamin , all with agitation. The resulting oil slurry is held under low agitation with the heat turned off for no longer than 2 hours until it is blended with the other slurries as described hereinafter.
  • borage oil or other GLA source
  • a protein-water slurry is prepared by dissolving potassium citrate in water at 65-76 °C, at which point the resulting solution is held for about 1 minute before slowly adding acid casein under rapid agitation, and held thereafter for another minute before adding a 20% sodium hydroxide solution to bring the protein-solution pH to within a range of 6.4 to 7.1.
  • Milk protein isolate and whey protein concentrate are then blended into the pH-adjusted slurry using a mixing apparatus. The temperature of the slurry is lowered to about 57-60 °C before adding with agitation a 75% whey protein concentrate.
  • the resulting protein-water slurry is held under agitation at 62-68 °C for not longer than 2.5 hours before being blended with the other slurries as described hereinafter.
  • the protein-water slurry, the oil slurry, and the carbohydrate-mineral slurry are blended together with agitation.
  • the blended slurry is maintained at 48-60 °C for at least 15 minutes, after which the pH measured and adjusted if necessary with dilute potassium hydroxide to a pH of from 6.55 to 6.8.
  • the blended slurry After waiting a period of not less than 15 minutes nor greater than two hours the blended slurry is subjected to HTST treatment, and homogenization as described as follows: heat the blended slurry to a temperature in the range of about 68-74 °C; emulsify the blended slurry at 900- 1,100 psig; homogenize in a range between 3,900-4,100/400-600 psig; pass the mix through a holding tube to assure the mix receives a heat treatment between 73-85°C for 16 seconds; reduce the temperature to 1-7°C. Store the blended slurry at 1-7 °C, preferably with agitation. Preferably at this time appropriate analytical testing for quality control is conducted.
  • dilution water (10-38 °C) may be added to the blended slurry with agitation.
  • a vitamin solution, a flavor and a color solution are prepared separately and then added to the blended slurry.
  • the vitamin solution is prepared by heating water to 43-66 °C with agitation, and thereafter adding folic acid, vitamin B )2 , sodium selenate (if any) and then pyridoxine.
  • the vitamin solution is then added to the blended slurry with agitation.
  • the flavor solution is prepared by adding the required amount of liquid sucralose and Ace sweeteners to water with agitation. The required amount of artificial flavor is then added.
  • the flavor solution is then added to the blended slurry with agitation.
  • diluted potassium hydroxide is added to the blended slurry such that the product will have a pH in the range of 6.4 to 7.0 after sterilization.
  • the completed product is then placed in suitable containers and subjected to sterilization.
  • aseptic processing could be employed.
  • Each of the exemplified nutritional liquids is provided to women afflicted with fibrocystic breast disease or other breast-related disease or condition, including women suffering from moderate to severe cyclic breast pain lasting for more than about 4 days prior to treatment with the nutritional product. Each woman takes 118ml (approximately 100 kcal) as a single, undivided dose once a day.
  • Women continue taking the daily formula continuously for at least 2-3 months, and in most cases indefinitely as a daily dietary or other supplement. Each woman therefore consumes the nutritional product in accordance with the methods of the present invention, which results in at least some of the women manifesting the following benefits: I . Amelioration of symptoms associated with fibrocystic breast disease or other breast- related disease or condition, including a reduction in breast tenderness and pain, 2. Reduction in mammographic breast density, 3. Reduction in the risk of developing, progression, and recurrence of breast cancer, 4. Reduction in the need for repeated mammographic x-rays, 5.
  • Amelioration of breast pain and tenderness otherwise associated with moderate to severe cyclic breast pain lasting for more than about 4 days prior to continued daily administration of the nutritional product 6.
  • Amelioration of breast nodule size and occurrence 7.
  • Improved ability, including improved accuracy, to perform self-breast exams 8.
  • Reduction in the need for added analgesics to control breast pain and tenderness 9.
  • Each of the exemplified nutritional compositions is also formulated in a corresponding pharmaceutical dosage form containing the same GLA, iodine, and optional selenium content as the corresponding nutritional liquid, in single serving or dose, or as multiple dosage forms, but without the other added macronutrients and other ingredients specifically designed for a nutritional product form.
  • the exemplified pharmaceutical dosage forms include capsules and liquids.
  • Each pharmaceutical composition is used in accordance with the methods of the present invention, including those described in association with nutritional liquid embodiments described in Examples 1-20, wherein one or more of the pharmaceutical dosage forms is administered per serving or per day to provide the requisite benefit.
  • EXPERIMENT I An in-vitro study is conducted to determine the potential effects, if any, that selenium, GLA, iodine, and combinations thereof, might have as important roles in the regulation of tight junctions for cell-cell attachment in endothelial cells and on mammary epithelial cells. In the event such effects are realized, it is also a purpose of the study to determine the molecular cellular mechanism by which the various actives or combinations of actives delivers the effects.
  • the tight junctions referenced in the study are the apical most structures in epithelial and endothelial cells. The junctions create a physiological barrier by forming a paracellular fence, which helps to maintain distinct tissue spaces and to separate the apical from the lateral plasma membranes.
  • the tight junctions have charge and size selectivity to any trespassing molecules.
  • the tightness of the cellular structure is dependent upon the cell and tissue types. Damage to the cell-cell adhesion and tight junction in the epithelium or endothelium may result in an increase to the permeability of cell layer to fluids and micro/macro-molecules. This may lead to edema and swelling of tissues followed by mastalgia.
  • the data from the study show that compositions containing any one of selenium, iodine, or
  • GLA have a beneficial effect on reinforcing the function of tight junctions of endothelial cells and on mammary epithelial cells.
  • the data also shows that certain combinations of these actives are especially effective in this regard, especially when used on test cells in the presence of estrogen.
  • This data suggest that the various combinations of these actives are especially effective and useful in nutritional or other formulations to help treat fibrocystic breast disease or other breast-related disease or condition, including breast pain or mastalgia, and are even more effective when the breast-related disease or other condition is estrogen sensitive.
  • the study assesses the effect of selenium, iodine, GLA, and various combinations thereof on tight junction function (trans-endothelial/epithelial resistance and paracellular permeability) as carried out on the following human cells: HECV endothelial cells and MDA-MB-231 , a highly invasive mammary tumor epithelial cells.
  • TER and PCP Measurement Transendothelial (or Transepithelial) Resistance is measured with an EVOM volt- ohmmeter, equipped with a pair of STX-2 chopstick electrodes. Briefly, MDA-MB-231 or HECV cells are seeded into the 0.4 ⁇ m pore size insert (upper chamber) and allowed to reach full confluence, after which fresh medium is replaced for further experiments. Inserts with cells treated with selenium, iodine, GLA, or combinations thereof, are tested for a period of 0-24 hours. In selected experiments, 17- ⁇ -estradial is also included. Electrodes are placed at the upper and lower chambers and resistance measured with the volt-ohmmeter.
  • TER (TERt - TERtO)
  • PCP Paracellular permeability
  • FITC- Dextran 40 molecular weight 40 kDa
  • Medium from the lower chamber is collected for intervals up to 4 hours after treatment of cells with selenium, iodine, GLA, or combinations thereof.
  • the relative fluorescence from these collections is read on a multichannel fluorescence reader.
  • PCR fluorescent unit PCTt - PCPtO.
  • Cell Invasion assay The escape of a tumor mass from confinement by the surrounding capsule or basement membrane signals its progression from a benign to an actively malignant growth state.
  • This escape begins with dissolution of the basement membrane that normally underlies the epithelium.
  • the process involves cell adhesion, motility, and the secretion of different classes of proteases.
  • Reconstituted basement membrane matrix has been used for the in vitro assessment of cell invasion.
  • This Cell Invasion Assay utilizes an invasion chamber consisting of a 24-well tissue culture plate with 12 cell culture inserts and an 8 ⁇ m pore size polycarbonate membrane. The upper surface of the insert membrane is coated with a uniform layer of dried basement membrane matrix (BMM) solution. The layer of basement membrane solution forms an effective extracellular matrix protein barrier that prevents non-invasive cells from going through the 8 ⁇ m pores.
  • BMM basement membrane matrix
  • Invasive cells are able to degrade the matrix proteins that occlude the pores and allow them to pass through. Invaded cells cling to the bottom of the polycarbonate membrane that is tissue culture treated to enhance cell attachment. Labeling and dissociation of the invaded cells from the underside of the membrane are performed in one step. After transfer to a 96-well plate, samples can be measured in a microtiter plate fluorescence reader. Briefly, the invasion chamber is brought to room temperature in a tissue culture hood. 300- 400 ⁇ l of warm serum-free media are added to the upper compartment of the cell culture inserts to rehydrate the BMM extract layer for 30-60 minutes at room temperature.
  • a cell suspension of MDA-MB-231 breast tumor cells containing 0.5-1.0 x 106 cells/ml in serum free media is prepared.
  • the pharmacological agents (GLA, iodine or selenium) are added directly to the cell suspension.
  • the rehydration solution is carefully removed without disturbing the matrix-coated membrane followed by addition of 500 ⁇ l of media containing 10% fetal bovine serum to the lower chamber.
  • 300-350 ⁇ l of the cell suspension solution with or without agents is added to the upper chamber and incubated for 24-48 hours in a C02 tissue culture incubator.
  • a 500 ⁇ l of the cell staining solution is added to the free wells of the plate. Inserts from the chambers are removed gently by using a forceps without touching the underside of the inserts.
  • the cell suspension solution is discarded and the inserts placed in the wells containing the cell stain/dissociation solution.
  • the attached cells from the underside are dislodged by gently tapping the insert (use a forceps) against the bottom of the 24-well plate two or three times followed by incubate for 30 minutes in a C02 tissue culture incubator. After incubation, the insert is removed with a forceps and incubated the 24-well plate with the dislodged cells an additional 30 minutes in a C02 tissue culture incubator.
  • a 200 ⁇ l of the solution containing the dislodged cells is transferred to a 96-well plate in duplicate and measured the fluorescence at excitation 485 ⁇ 10 nm and emission 520 ⁇ 10 nm.
  • the results given in relative fluorescence units (RFU) are converted to cell numbers by running a cell standard curve.
  • Fig. 10 shows that various combinations of selenium, iodine, and GLA inhibit invasion by highly aggressive breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231), thus reducing the potential risk of cancer metastasis, especially in those individuals at risk of recurrence of highly invasive cancer types.
  • MDA-MB-231 highly aggressive breast cancer cells
  • the data shows that the combination of selenium, iodine, and GLA is most effective in showing a dramatic result relative to the control.
  • EXPERIMENT H An in-vitro study is conducted to determine the effects of selenium, GLA, iodine, and combinations thereof on cell proliferation of fibrocystic breast cells, breast cancer cells, and normal breast cells. The purpose of the study is to determine if any of these ingredients would be of benefit in treating individuals afflicted with or at risk of developing breast cell proliferative conditions such as fibrocystic breast disease, breast cancer, or increased breast density, the latter being directly linked to an increased risk of breast cancer.
  • GLA-ME Methyl ⁇ linolenate
  • KI potassium iodide
  • Dnase Rnase free water ViaLight Plus Cell Proliferation and Cytotoxicity BioAssay Kit are purchased from Cambrex Biosciences, East Rutherford, New Jersey, USA.
  • MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma cells are maintained in Eagle's Minimal Essential Medium supplemented with 10% FBS (Gibco-BRL), 1% Penicillin-Streptomycin- Glutamine and lOnM 17 ⁇ Estradiol, (Sigma).
  • MCF-IOA cells, human fibrocystic mammary gland epithelial cells (ATCC) and HMEC, human mammary gland epithelial cells (Cambrex) are maintained in mammary epithelial complete growth medium (MEGM) containing the Bullet Kit (Cambrex Bio Sciences).
  • Cell Proliferation Assays Cells are seeded on 24-well plates at 20-25 x 10 3 cells/well in 0.4-0.5 ml of their respective media. After overnight incubation at 37°C, the cells are then treated with different concentrations of GLA, Se, and KI, either alone or in combinations. Cells with no treatment are the controls. Plates are incubated at 37°C for 72 hours. Cell proliferation is measured using ViaLight Plus Cell Proliferation and Cytotoxicity BioAssay Kit by quantifying the amount of ATP released from the cells according to manufacture's protocol. Cell culture plates are warmed up to room temperature for 5 minutes and 200 ⁇ l of cell lysis reagent is added to each well.
  • the cells are trypsinized from the flask and the cell suspensions are pooled and collected in 50 ml tubes. Each cell type and each treatment is done in duplicate. Cell suspensions are then centriftiged at 1000 ⁇ m for 10 minutes each. Supematants are discarded and the pellets suspended in phosphate buffered saline. The cells are washed twice with 10 ml of PBS (Phosphate buffer saline) at each step and centriftiged. The pellets are re-suspended in 10 ml of PBS and counted and the cell numbers are normalized for the experiment. The cell suspension is centriftiged again and the pellets stored at -80°C until lipid extraction is performed.
  • PBS Phosphate buffer saline
  • Lipids are extracted from the cell pellets according to the laboratory protocol. Briefly, each cell pellet from a 50 ml culture is vortexed with 6 ml of methanol, followed by the addition of 12 ml of chloroform and 100 ⁇ g of tridecanoin (as internal standard). The mixture is incubated at 4°C overnight. The chloroform layer is extracted and filtered through a Whatman filter with one gram of anhydrous sodium sulfate to remove particulates and residual water. Organic solvents are evaporated to dryness at 40°C under a stream of nitrogen. The extracted lipids are derivatized to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) for gas chromatography (GC) analysis.
  • FAME fatty acid methyl esters
  • GC gas chromatography
  • iodo-arachidonate In vitro synthesis of iodo-arachidonate The synthesis of iodo-arachidonate is performed as follows. Briefly, for a 500 ml batch preparation, 2 mmole of KI, 0.75 mmole of arachidonic acid, 0.88 mmole of hydrogen peroxide, and 1205 units of lactoperoxidase are stirred in a phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH 7.4) for 60 minutes at room temperature. The reaction mixture is then extracted with two volumes of ethyl acetate. After drying on sodium sulfate, the organic phase is evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure.
  • a phosphate buffer 0.1 M, pH 7.4
  • the 6-iodo-5-hydroxy-eicosatrienoic acid-delta-lactone (iodolactone) is converted from arachidonic acid by lactoperoxidase. After the synthesis reaction has stopped, the unreacted arachidonic acid and other impurities are removed by HPLC.
  • a semi-prep silica column (25 cm x 10 mm, 5 ⁇ m particle size) and a mobile phase of hexane/2-propanol/ethyl acetate/ 10% formic acid in 2-propanol (80/10/10/1) at 2 ml/minute are used. Column temperature is maintained at 40°C.
  • HPLC fraction containing the iodolactone is then collected and concentrated prior to analysis by gas chromatography-mass selective detector (GC-MSD) which is used to characterize the purified iodo-arachidonate or iodolactone.
  • GC-MSD gas chromatography-mass selective detector
  • GLA and selenium have a growth inhibitory effect specifically on fibrocystic and breast cancer cells without affecting the growth of normal breast cells.
  • Combinations of GLA and selenium have an enhanced effect on the anti-proliferative activity on MCF10A cell growth (25-35% increase in inhibition by combination of GLA and selenium) (Fig. 13). Iodine, however, when used alone or in combination with GLA, does not show any anti- proliferative effect on fibrocystic or breast cancer cells (Fig.
  • iodine inhibits proliferation of thyroid follicular cells (e.g., controls goiter development).
  • the anti- proliferative effect of iodine on thyroid cells appears to be mediated by a lipid conjugate of iodine, iodo-arachidonate, an iodolipid formed in thyroid cells by the action of thyroperoxidase on iodine and arachidonic acid.
  • lactoperoxidase that is expressed specifically in mammary gland and saliva is also able to synthesize the same iodolipid conjugate in-vitro when arachidonic acid is incubated with KI in the presence of purified lactoperoxidase. It is believed that the arachidonic acid produced in breast tissue can be converted to iodo-arachidonate conjugate by the action of lactoperoxidase enzyme. It has been shown that over-production of arachidonic acid in cells leads to the production of more PGE2 prostaglandin that plays a key role in promoting inflammation as well as cell proliferation or differentiation.
  • MCF10A or MCF7 the treatment of MCF10A or MCF7 with GLA in the present study leads to an increased production of arachidonic acid due to a high delta-5 desaturase activity in both MCF10A and MCF7 cells (Fig. 15). Since iodine is unable to possess anti-proliferative activity on MCF10A or MCF7 cells, it is possible that in-vitro cultured cells (MCF10A or MCF7) are unable to express lactoperoxidase enzyme for the conversion of ARA to iodo-lipid. To address this point, we made iodo-arachidonate in vitro and test its ability on the proliferation of breast epithelial cells.
  • GLA, selenium, and iodine may be useful in treating individuals with fibrocystic breast disease or other breast related affliction including benign and malignant breast cancer.
  • the use of these compounds for treating such individuals is based at least in part on in vitro data from the experiments (Experiments I and II) which support the following observations: 1. Defined combinations of GLA, selenium, and/or iodine improve cell-cell attachment in endothelial or breast epithelial cells. 2. Defined combinations of GLA, selenium, and/or iodine can reverse the effect of estrogen in breast endothelial and epithelial cells.
  • GLA GLA, selenium, and/or iodine
  • GLA GLA, selenium, and/or iodine
  • Iodine can make iodo-ARA by the action of lactoperoxidase enzyme expressed in breast tissue and iodo-ARA is shown to have anti-proliferative effects on breast cancer cells.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne des compositions et des procédés correspondants permettant de traiter la fibrose kystique du sein ou d'autres maladies ou états associés au sein. Ces compositions comprennent, par portion ou dose, entre 0 et environ 400 µg de sélénium ; entre environ 100 mg et environ 6000 mg d'acide linoléique gamma ; et entre environ 0,15 mg et environ 5 mg d'iode. Dans des modes de réalisation concernant un aspect nutritionnel, lesdites compositions comprennent un ou plusieurs des éléments suivants : protéines, graisses, glucides, vitamines, et minéraux ; et fournissent entre environ 50 et environ 1000 kcal d'énergie par portion ou dose. L'invention concerne également des études in vitro qui montrent que certaines combinaisons d'acide linoléique gamma, d'iode et/ou de sélénium peuvent : 1) inhiber le cancer du sein ou la prolifération de cellules fibrokystiques ; 2) renforcer la fonction de jonctions serrées de cellules endothéliales et de cellules épithéliales mammaires dans des états sensibles aux oestrogènes ; et 3) réduire le risque d'invasion vasculaire par des cellules de cancer du sein.
PCT/US2005/014595 2004-04-29 2005-04-28 Compositions permettant d'ameliorer la sante des seins Ceased WO2005115472A2 (fr)

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Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2007108827A1 (fr) * 2006-03-23 2007-09-27 Nestec S.A. Compléments nutritionnels à haute teneur calorique
WO2007109853A1 (fr) * 2006-03-29 2007-10-04 Velacor Therapeutics Pty Ltd Sélénium inorganique utilisé pour traiter des tumeurs bénines
EP1796691A4 (fr) * 2004-09-21 2009-12-09 Velacor Therapeutics Pty Ltd Sélénium inorganique pour le traitement du cancer
GB2470001A (en) * 2009-05-05 2010-11-10 Alaa Hussein Al-Darraji Use of gamma linolenic acid in the treatment and diagnosis of cancer
US8663679B2 (en) 2004-04-29 2014-03-04 Abbott Laboratories Compositions for improving breast health in women
US10034899B2 (en) 2013-11-27 2018-07-31 BioPharmX, Inc. Solid oral dosage form for breast symptoms
WO2021105345A1 (fr) * 2019-11-29 2021-06-03 Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. Compositions et procédés pour le traitement de la mastite

Family Cites Families (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB8302708D0 (en) * 1983-02-01 1983-03-02 Efamol Ltd Pharmaceutical and dietary composition
US6019970A (en) * 1985-07-31 2000-02-01 Ghent William R. Treatment of iodine deficiency diseases
EP0707850A1 (fr) * 1994-09-21 1996-04-24 Scotia Holdings Plc Utilisation d'acides gras polyinsaturés pour la fabrication d'un médicament pour le traitement des douleurs des seins
AT405477B (de) * 1996-04-03 1999-08-25 Norbert Mag Fuchs Kombinationspräparat
US5895652A (en) * 1996-07-29 1999-04-20 Longevity Institute International Method of metabolic adjuvanation and cellular repair
WO2002094035A1 (fr) * 2001-05-23 2002-11-28 Nutricopia, Inc. Dessert glace nutritif et procedes pour le produire

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8663679B2 (en) 2004-04-29 2014-03-04 Abbott Laboratories Compositions for improving breast health in women
EP1796691A4 (fr) * 2004-09-21 2009-12-09 Velacor Therapeutics Pty Ltd Sélénium inorganique pour le traitement du cancer
WO2007108827A1 (fr) * 2006-03-23 2007-09-27 Nestec S.A. Compléments nutritionnels à haute teneur calorique
JP2009529914A (ja) * 2006-03-23 2009-08-27 ネステク ソシエテ アノニム 高カロリーの栄養補助食品
EP2363028A1 (fr) * 2006-03-23 2011-09-07 Nestec S.A. Compléments nutritionnels à haute teneur calorique
AU2006340316B2 (en) * 2006-03-23 2013-03-28 Nestec S.A. High-calorie nutritional supplement
WO2007109853A1 (fr) * 2006-03-29 2007-10-04 Velacor Therapeutics Pty Ltd Sélénium inorganique utilisé pour traiter des tumeurs bénines
GB2470001A (en) * 2009-05-05 2010-11-10 Alaa Hussein Al-Darraji Use of gamma linolenic acid in the treatment and diagnosis of cancer
US10034899B2 (en) 2013-11-27 2018-07-31 BioPharmX, Inc. Solid oral dosage form for breast symptoms
WO2021105345A1 (fr) * 2019-11-29 2021-06-03 Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. Compositions et procédés pour le traitement de la mastite
CN114745971A (zh) * 2019-11-29 2022-07-12 雀巢产品有限公司 用于治疗乳腺炎的组合物和方法

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CA2564592C (fr) 2013-05-28
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