WO2006024661A1 - Detection a base de diamant synthetique - Google Patents
Detection a base de diamant synthetique Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2006024661A1 WO2006024661A1 PCT/EP2005/054318 EP2005054318W WO2006024661A1 WO 2006024661 A1 WO2006024661 A1 WO 2006024661A1 EP 2005054318 W EP2005054318 W EP 2005054318W WO 2006024661 A1 WO2006024661 A1 WO 2006024661A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- plate
- detector
- heating
- diamond
- carbon
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
- G01T1/16—Measuring radiation intensity
- G01T1/26—Measuring radiation intensity with resistance detectors
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49826—Assembling or joining
Definitions
- the present invention relates to detection based on synthetic diamond. More precisely, it relates to detectors of radiation and particles, in particular of type X, gamma, electrons, protons.
- the detectors according to the invention can be used for the metrology and the control of radiation sources, such as particle accelerators used in the medical field (radiotherapy, radiology, etc.) and / or synchrotron-type radiation sources for applications such as measurement of radiation doses, radiation dose rate, detection of the position, intensity and profile of a beam.
- radiation sources such as particle accelerators used in the medical field (radiotherapy, radiology, etc.) and / or synchrotron-type radiation sources for applications such as measurement of radiation doses, radiation dose rate, detection of the position, intensity and profile of a beam.
- the invention also relates to the manufacture of such detectors.
- Natural diamond has many interests in the production of radiation detectors that meet specific conditions of use, such as the detection of radiation in a hostile environment or the X-ray metrology. It is indeed a radiation-resistant material, acid solutions and high temperatures ( ⁇ 600 ° C).
- tissue material is a material in which the deposited radiation dose is close to that deposited in the human body.
- Metrology radiation dose, beam profile
- radiation dose and sub-beam dose rate need to be measured with tissue equivalent material.
- the potentialities of diamond evaluated in this area show the possibility of producing miniature dosimeters that can allow for example the measurement of the mapping, as well as the point measurement of dose.
- Diamond has a high mechanical strength and is also resistant to corrosive environments and very high doses of radiation.
- Diamond composed of carbon atoms, is a material that is not harmful to the human body, and may have biocompatibility and resistance to biomedical environments.
- Diamond can therefore be used in 'online' metrology.
- a low Z material will subsequently be defined when its atomic number is less than or equal to 8.
- the atomic number of the diamond is close to the equivalent atomic number of the human tissues (7.42 for the muscles, 5.94 for the fat, ie about 7 on average) and the dose in radiotherapy measured by a diamond detector can to be easily related to that received by a patient: the diamond is a tissue equivalent material.
- the detectors of the prior art are small which is an advantage for new treatments in radiotherapy (IMRT).
- the performances of the natural diamond devices are often guaranteed only if pretreatment of the detectors (for example by daily pre-irradiation). This step imposes an additional cost due to the duration of irradiation, as well as the unavailability of the equipment during the pretreatment period.
- the invention proposes to overcome these disadvantages without affecting the advantages of synthetic diamond.
- An object of the invention is to provide a detector that does not exhibit transient destacking of the shallow levels in the synthetic diamond.
- One of the other objects of the invention is to propose a detector which allows a neutralization of defects of the polycrystalline layer, for a stabilization of the response of the polycrystalline diamond detector.
- One of the aims of the invention is to propose a detector comprising synthetic diamond which can be manufactured industrially and thus have a low cost.
- Another object of the invention is to provide a detector that can be of large area, or mosaic.
- Another object of the invention is to provide a built-in detector of small size.
- One of the other objects of the invention is to propose a detector that generates only a very small radiation disturbance.
- the invention proposes a detector comprising a detector plate formed of a synthetic diamond thin plate, characterized in that it comprises means for heating the detector plate, said heating means comprising a thin heating plate. compatible with the intended detection application, ie whose material has the same tissue equivalence properties as the detector plate for medical applications, or the same transparency properties (low Z) as the detector plate for beam metrology applications.
- the thin heating plate is advantageously made of a material essentially based on carbon atoms.
- the detector plate consists of polycrystalline diamond, doped or not;
- the material of the heating plate is a tissue equivalent material for medical applications; the heating plate material has a low atomic number for beam metrology applications;
- the heating plate consists either of synthetic diamond, of doped or non-doped polycrystalline type, or of a carbon-bonded material, of the type carbon in the form of amorphous diamond, nanocrystalline diamond or carbon in the form of amorphous polymer, or graphite;
- the detector plate and the heating plate are in contact with each other; the heating plate is separated from the detector plate by an electrically insulating intermediate plate and the material of which has an atomic number at least close to the atomic number of the material of the detector plate;
- the material of the intermediate plate is a tissue equivalent material for medical applications
- the material of the intermediate plate has a low atomic number for beam metrology applications
- the intermediate plate consists either of synthetic diamond, of polycrystalline doped or non-doped type, or of a carbon-bonded material, of carbon type in the form of amorphous diamond, nanocrystalline diamond or carbon in the form of amorphous polymer, or of graphite;
- the heating plate extends substantially to the right of the entire surface of the sensor plate
- the detector plate and / or the heating plate are doped;
- the doping element is boron and / or phosphorus and / or nitrogen;
- the detector comprises at least one measurement electrode in contact with the detector plate
- the invention comprises electrodes for the passage of a current in the heating plate; the electrodes are based on either synthetic diamond, of doped or unpoped polycrystalline type, or of a material based on carbon bonds, of the amorphous diamond carbon type, nanocrystalline diamond, carbon in the form of amorphous polymer, graphite, is still based on a metal or a metal alloy.
- the invention also relates to a measuring device comprising such a detector.
- the invention also relates to a measurement method using such a detector and a method of manufacturing such a detector.
- FIGS. 1A to 1D show schematically in longitudinal section a first method of manufacturing a detector according to the invention
- FIG. 2A to 2D schematically show in longitudinal section a second method of manufacturing a detector according to the invention
- FIGS. 3A to 3C show different possible positions of the electrodes on the detector plate
- FIG. 4 shows schematically a heating device of the heating plate
- one solution is to use the detector at a temperature to maintain a "stable" state of populations trapped in the material.
- a method according to the invention consists on the contrary in heating the detector to a few tens of degrees (for example). example between 50 ° C. and
- the method according to the invention thus avoids the use of an installation of cryogenic equipment.
- the detector is interposed on the beam, but must not screen or disrupt it. It is therefore not only the detector layer, but also the entire detector which must not be disturbing with respect to the radiation.
- the invention thus proposes a detector comprising a detector plate formed of a synthetic diamond thin plate and means for heating the detector plate.
- the heating means comprise a thin heating plate whose material is a tissue equivalent material for medical applications, or has a low atomic number for beam metrology applications.
- the material of the thin heating plate consists essentially of carbon atoms.
- the term "material consisting essentially of carbon atoms” means a material whose chemical composition, regardless of its crystalline or amorphous structure, comprises almost exclusively carbon atoms. If other chemical components are present in the material, then they are residues or dopants. The material then approaches a "diamond” material. There is then a material both thermal conductor and transparent to the radiation to be detected. The absence of "non-diamond" materials in the vicinity of the detector makes it possible not to disturb the measurement of the beam with foreign elements, whether for a dose measurement or otherwise.
- the material of the heating plate may be diamond, preferably synthetic, or a carbon-bonded material, such as, for example, amorphous diamond-shaped carbon or "Diamond Like Carbon” (DLC), nanocrystalline diamond, carbon in the form of amorphous polymer or "Polymer Like Carbon", etc.
- amorphous diamond-shaped carbon or "Diamond Like Carbon” (DLC) diamond-shaped carbon or "Diamond Like Carbon” (DLC)
- nanocrystalline diamond carbon in the form of amorphous polymer or "Polymer Like Carbon", etc.
- the material of the heating plate used is of low resistivity, and the injection of an electric current allows its heating by Joule effect.
- the heating plate comprises a thin layer of diamond doped with boron or phosphorus or nitrogen, for example.
- Such doping makes it possible to give the heating plate a reduced resistivity with respect to the intrinsic material. It then becomes possible to circulate an electric current in the heating plate thus allowing its temperature rise.
- the heating plate may be any layer of diamond or carbon-bonded material whose resistivity would have been reduced after a particular treatment.
- a first possible method of manufacture is to integrate in the detector having a first diamond detection plate a second plate whose role is to allow the heating of the detector.
- the coupling of this heating plate of low resistivity to the detector diamond is ideally made by stacking two layers of different resistivity during their synthesis. For example, a doped layer of a few tens of microns may be directly deposited on the intrinsic diamond layer used for the detection of incident particles or photons.
- a second possible method of manufacture consists of using two distinct layers, one of low resistivity for heating and the other of high resistivity for detection, and putting them in contact mechanically.
- the intermediate layer is also made of a tissue equivalent material for medical applications, or has a number atomic weak for beam metrology applications, to be non-perturbative.
- Fig. 1A shows that in a first step, the synthetic diamond material 2 is grown on a substrate 1 for the detection of radiation.
- the diamond is synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), possibly assisted by a plasma (“Plasma Enhanced CVD” (PECVD)), for example of the microwaves type.
- CVD chemical vapor deposition
- PECVD plasma Enhanced CVD
- the technique for synthesizing the diamond layer 2 is known to those skilled in the art and makes it possible to obtain a polycrystalline diamond sample 2 if the synthesis takes place on a substrate 1 different from diamond (heteroepitaxy) and a single crystal sample 2 in the case of homoepitaxy.
- the deposition conditions for obtaining a diamond detection material are referenced in the literature. They are specific to each reactor and optimized to obtain an electronic quality material.
- these conditions typically vary between 1.5kW and 5kW microwave power, 70 torr at 125 torr pressure in the deposition chamber, 750 to 950 ° C for the deposition temperature .
- Microwave plasma is obtained by dissociation of a gaseous mixture of hydrogen and methane with possible addition of oxygen.
- the thickness of the layer 2 forming the detection plate obtained varies between 20 and 500 microns depending on the intended applications (detection of alpha particles, X-radiation, etc.) on 1 to 2-inch whole substrates or pre-cut samples.
- the sample can be taken out of the first growth reactor to be transferred into a reactor allowing the doping of the material of the plate 2.
- the plate 2 is doped with boron or phosphorus or nitrogen for example.
- the doping step of the detector plate 2 is optional.
- the synthesis of an intermediate plate 3 in the form of a thin layer superimposed on the plate 2 takes place in a second step, in the doping reactor and without intentional incorporation of impurities.
- the thickness of layer 3 is typically a few microns.
- the material of the intermediate plate 3 obtained is intrinsic with residual impurities of dopants.
- the synthesis of the heating plate 4 in the form of a thin layer takes place by CVD with voluntary incorporation of impurities by resumption of growth on the intermediate layer 3.
- the thickness of layer 4 is typically about 10 microns.
- the impurities may be, for example boron atoms in variable concentration, from October 15 to October 21 at / cm 3 for example. This doping technique listed in the literature makes it possible to obtain layers of variable resistivities according to the incorporated dopant concentration.
- the material of the plate 4 is preferably doped, but may also be undoped.
- the plate 3 serves as an insulator between the sensor plate 2 and the heating plate 4.
- the resistivity of the plate 3 is greater than that of the plate
- the silicon substrate 1 having served as growth support in the first step is removed.
- the substrate 1 can be removed by chemical etching using a HF mixture: HNO 3 .
- the chemical composition of the mixture makes it possible to selectively etch the growth substrate 1 leaving the layers 2, 3 and 4 obtained in the first three steps described above intact.
- FIG. 1C shows that electrodes 10 and 20 allowing the polarization of the plate 2 and the measurement of a signal can be deposited during a fifth step by evaporation on the material of the plate 2.
- FIG. 1D shows that contacts 30 and 40 are also made during a sixth step on an upper face of the doped plate 4.
- the contacts 30 and 40 serve to supply the heating.
- the geometry, the thickness of the contacts 10, 20, 30 and 40, as well as the material used for the contacts 10, 20, 30 and 40 are adapted according to the intended applications.
- the contacts 10, 20, 30 and 40 will be carbon, carbon-bonded material or tissue equivalent material, so as not to lose the advantages of diamond detector plate 2.
- the electrodes 10 , 20, 30 and 40 are for example based on synthetic diamond, doped polycrystalline type or not, or a material based on carbon bonds, such as carbon in the form of amorphous diamond or "Diamond Like Carbon” (DLC ), nanocrystalline diamond, carbon in the form of amorphous polymer or "Polymer Like Carbon", or graphite.
- metals or metal alloys whose contact with the diamond plate 4 and plate 2 is ohmic, adapting the thickness evaporated as needed.
- the metals that can be used are, for example, gold or a Ti / Pt / Au alloy.
- a gold evaporation of 20 nm to obtain a semi-transparent layer For example, a gold evaporation of 20 nm to obtain a semi-transparent layer.
- FIGS. 1C and 1D show a possible configuration of the contacts 10, 20, 30 and 40, other polarization and heating configurations are described in more detail below.
- Fig. 2A shows that in a first step, the synthetic diamond material 2 is grown on a substrate 1 for the detection of radiation. This step is completely identical to the first step described above.
- a second optional step it is possible to carry out the growth of an intermediate layer 3 on the plate 2.
- This layer 3 has the same role as that described in the previous second step, and can be obtained under the same conditions.
- Layer 3 can also be obtained in the intrinsic growth reactor.
- the sample is taken out of the growth reactor in order to assemble the device.
- the heating plate 4 is assembled.
- the plate 4 allowing the temperature rise of the plate 2 may be more generally a diamond material having undergone a treatment to reduce its resistivity, a material with carbon bonds, (diamond obtained by other growth techniques, DLC, diamond nanocrystalline, polymer like carbon, etc.) or a material of low resistivity and tissue equivalent for medical applications, or low Z for radiation beam metrology applications. .
- the plate 4 can be mechanically assembled on the layers 2 and 3 above. It can be a simple contact, a bonding, a molecular adhesion, etc.
- the achievement of a mechanical coupling between the detector and heating plates 2 - possibly via the intermediate plate 3 - has the advantage of allowing the combination of materials whose direct growth of a layer on the other is not possible.
- the range of choices for the materials of the various plates 2, 3 and 4 is then much wider and can thus be adapted to the intended applications.
- a mechanical assembly may have a heating homogeneity lower than that of a detector made by direct growth of layers.
- the deposition of the contacts 10, 20, 30 and 40 shown in FIG. 2D is identical to that performed in the first embodiment and described in FIGS. 1C and 1D.
- FIG. 3A shows that the ionizing radiation 5 interacts with the diamond material of the plate 2 and creates free carriers of the electron-type 6 and holes 7 which, under the action of an electric field 8 applied to the sample, are collected at the electrodes 10 and 20 giving rise to a measurable electrical signal.
- Diamond allows this mode of operation because of the width of its bandgap at room temperature (5.5 eV).
- FIG. 3A shows that the electrodes 10 and 20 can be evaporated on each face of the diamond plate 2.
- FIGS. 1C, 1D, 2D and 3C show that the electrodes 10 and 20 may be on the same face of the diamond plate 2.
- FIG. 5A shows that the electrodes 10 and 20 may be in coplanar contact configuration on the same face of the diamond plate 2
- FIG. 5B shows that the electrodes 10 and 20 may be interdigitated on the same face of the plate 2 diamond.
- the intermediate layer 3 can serve as a rear contact.
- FIG. 3B thus shows that a conductive deposit 10 is evaporated on the layer 3 to allow the application of a voltage to the plate 2 by means 9, forming for example a voltage source. The signal created by the radiation is then recorded thanks to the electrode 20 on the front face of the plate 2.
- Figure 4 shows a device for heating the plate 2 with the thin plate 4 of low resistivity.
- Means 11, for example forming a current source, make it possible to produce a current (from 1 mA to 10 mA) and to pass it through the layer 4, between the electrodes 30 and 40 at the surface of the layer 4.
- the passage of current increases the temperature of the layer 4.
- the heating due to the circulation of the electric carriers is sensitive and can be easily controlled by the regulation of the current density.
- the operating temperature of the detector plate 2 is between 50 ° C. and 150 ° C.
- a calibration as a function of the doping level of the layer 4, the thickness and the geometry of the detector makes it possible to know the current values. necessary to the desired elevation of the temperature.
- the calibration can also make it possible to measure the residual voltage by means 12 forming a voltmeter and connected between the electrodes 30 and 40 during the current measurement, in order to know the instantaneous resistivity of the heating plate 4, and so allow to know its temperature.
- the intermediate layer 3 of diamond described in the preceding devices is used.
- the intermediate layer 3 separates the heating current and the detection current.
- the electrodes 30 and 40 may be on the same face of the heating plate 4. As for the electrodes 10 and 20, the electrodes 30 and 40 may be in the configuration of coplanar or interdigitated contacts on the same face of the heating plate 4.
- the operation of the detector in the radiation detection mode requires prior calibrations. Before use, the detector plate 2 is characterized under radiation. The response of the detector is analyzed according to the measurement temperature as well as the irradiation history. It is thus possible to study the behavior of the detection device according to the population of the trap levels. The optimum operating temperature of the detector, namely that in which the measurement temperature does not influence the stability, is thus determined.
- the heating plate 4 is also characterized before use of the device, by controlling the current level in the heating material, in order to obtain the set temperature defined according to the previous characterizations.
- a reset of the detector can be achieved simply by brief heating of the detector at high temperature (greater than 200 0 C and up to typically 400 0 C). Then, before the first use, a preliminary irradiation of the detector is carried out so as to always be in the same state of filling of the levels of traps. The radiation dose required for the balance of the detector is determined by prior characterization.
- a calibration sheet and instructions for use comprising: the dose necessary for pre-irradiation;
- the level of current to be applied in the heating layer 4 to obtain the set temperature the temperature necessary for resetting the device (emptying trap levels), also called “cleaning temperature”; the level of current to be applied in the heating layer 4 in order to obtain the cleaning temperature.
- the invention is advantageously used for radiation detection for radiotherapy and beam dose measurement, in X-beam monitors and positioners.
- the device allows the measurement of dose and dose rate of the beam before irradiation of the patient, at a heating temperature that is not dangerous for the patient.
- the device being designed entirely in material at least close to a tissue equivalent, correction factors usually employed are not necessary, thus simplification and accuracy of the measurement are increased.
- the device may include means for forming a four quadrant detector.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Measurement Of Radiation (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Electric Means (AREA)
- Crystals, And After-Treatments Of Crystals (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US11/661,950 US20080061235A1 (en) | 2004-09-03 | 2005-09-01 | Detecting Device Based on a Synthetic Diamond |
| JP2007529359A JP2008511826A (ja) | 2004-09-03 | 2005-09-01 | 人造ダイヤモンドに基づく検出装置 |
| CA002577186A CA2577186A1 (fr) | 2004-09-03 | 2005-09-01 | Detection a base de diamant synthetique |
| EP05792199A EP1789818A1 (fr) | 2004-09-03 | 2005-09-01 | Detection a base de diamant synthetique |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0409335 | 2004-09-03 | ||
| FR0409335A FR2875014B1 (fr) | 2004-09-03 | 2004-09-03 | Detection a base de diamant synthetique |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2006024661A1 true WO2006024661A1 (fr) | 2006-03-09 |
Family
ID=34947779
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2005/054318 Ceased WO2006024661A1 (fr) | 2004-09-03 | 2005-09-01 | Detection a base de diamant synthetique |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20080061235A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP1789818A1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP2008511826A (fr) |
| CA (1) | CA2577186A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2875014B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2006024661A1 (fr) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2007253410A (ja) * | 2006-03-22 | 2007-10-04 | Toppan Printing Co Ltd | インプリント用モールド及びその製造方法 |
| JP2016519304A (ja) * | 2013-04-24 | 2016-06-30 | コミッサリア ア レネルジ アトミック エ オー エネルジ アルターネイティブスCommissariat A L’Energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives | 新規な単結晶ダイヤモンド線量計およびその使用 |
Families Citing this family (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102010013419A1 (de) * | 2010-03-30 | 2011-10-06 | Gsi Helmholtzzentrum Für Schwerionenforschung Gmbh | Detektor für ionisierende Strahlung und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung |
| FR2965936B1 (fr) * | 2010-10-07 | 2013-06-14 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Detecteur alpha electrochimiquement assiste pour la mesure nucleaire en milieu liquide |
| US9529098B2 (en) * | 2013-09-30 | 2016-12-27 | Uchicago Argonne, Llc | X-ray monitoring optical elements |
| CN106772546B (zh) * | 2016-12-29 | 2018-03-06 | 中科超精(安徽)科技有限公司 | 一种考虑介质旁向非均匀性的带电粒子等效深度获取方法 |
| RU2744317C1 (ru) * | 2020-07-22 | 2021-03-05 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью «Производственно-технологический центр «УралАлмазИнвест» | Алмазный детектор ионизирующих излучений |
| JP2024031364A (ja) * | 2022-08-26 | 2024-03-07 | Orbray株式会社 | ダイヤモンド放射線検出器 |
Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2760078A (en) * | 1952-05-27 | 1956-08-21 | Well Surveys Inc | Conduction counter for radioactivity well logging |
| US3569704A (en) * | 1968-08-15 | 1971-03-09 | Atomic Energy Commission | Radiation dosimeter |
| US3665193A (en) * | 1967-03-29 | 1972-05-23 | Fizichesky I Im P N Lebedeva L | Diamond nuclear radiation detector |
| US4465932A (en) * | 1980-11-19 | 1984-08-14 | N.V. Optische Industrie "De Oude Delft" | Method and apparatus for the detection of ionizing radiation |
| EP0239239A1 (fr) * | 1986-02-24 | 1987-09-30 | De Beers Industrial Diamond Division (Proprietary) Limited | Détecteur de rayonnement à diamant et procédé de détection |
| US5248885A (en) * | 1990-08-30 | 1993-09-28 | Shimadzu Corporation | Radiation detector having means for exciting trapped carriers |
Family Cites Families (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3586830A (en) * | 1968-11-29 | 1971-06-22 | Coltron Ind | Logical control for discretely metering energy to thermal systems incorporating apparatus and methods for simulating time related temperatures |
| US3576425A (en) * | 1969-12-03 | 1971-04-27 | Monsanto Co | Apparatus and method for detecting splices |
| US4925701A (en) * | 1988-05-27 | 1990-05-15 | Xerox Corporation | Processes for the preparation of polycrystalline diamond films |
| GB9021689D0 (en) * | 1990-10-05 | 1990-11-21 | De Beers Ind Diamond | Diamond neutron detector |
| TW250618B (fr) * | 1993-01-27 | 1995-07-01 | Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals | |
| DE69424812T2 (de) * | 1993-03-02 | 2000-12-07 | De Beers Industrial Diamond Division (Proprietary) Ltd., Johannesburg | Phosphoreszenter Diamant Strahlungsdetektor |
| US5488350A (en) * | 1994-01-07 | 1996-01-30 | Michigan State University | Diamond film structures and methods related to same |
| JP3501552B2 (ja) * | 1995-06-29 | 2004-03-02 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | ダイヤモンド電極 |
| US6124573A (en) * | 1999-12-28 | 2000-09-26 | Hall; David R. | Metallized graphite heater for a high-pressure high-temperature reaction vessel |
-
2004
- 2004-09-03 FR FR0409335A patent/FR2875014B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2005
- 2005-09-01 JP JP2007529359A patent/JP2008511826A/ja not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-09-01 CA CA002577186A patent/CA2577186A1/fr not_active Abandoned
- 2005-09-01 EP EP05792199A patent/EP1789818A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-09-01 US US11/661,950 patent/US20080061235A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-09-01 WO PCT/EP2005/054318 patent/WO2006024661A1/fr not_active Ceased
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2760078A (en) * | 1952-05-27 | 1956-08-21 | Well Surveys Inc | Conduction counter for radioactivity well logging |
| US3665193A (en) * | 1967-03-29 | 1972-05-23 | Fizichesky I Im P N Lebedeva L | Diamond nuclear radiation detector |
| US3569704A (en) * | 1968-08-15 | 1971-03-09 | Atomic Energy Commission | Radiation dosimeter |
| US4465932A (en) * | 1980-11-19 | 1984-08-14 | N.V. Optische Industrie "De Oude Delft" | Method and apparatus for the detection of ionizing radiation |
| EP0239239A1 (fr) * | 1986-02-24 | 1987-09-30 | De Beers Industrial Diamond Division (Proprietary) Limited | Détecteur de rayonnement à diamant et procédé de détection |
| US5248885A (en) * | 1990-08-30 | 1993-09-28 | Shimadzu Corporation | Radiation detector having means for exciting trapped carriers |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2007253410A (ja) * | 2006-03-22 | 2007-10-04 | Toppan Printing Co Ltd | インプリント用モールド及びその製造方法 |
| JP2016519304A (ja) * | 2013-04-24 | 2016-06-30 | コミッサリア ア レネルジ アトミック エ オー エネルジ アルターネイティブスCommissariat A L’Energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives | 新規な単結晶ダイヤモンド線量計およびその使用 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2875014B1 (fr) | 2006-12-01 |
| CA2577186A1 (fr) | 2006-03-09 |
| FR2875014A1 (fr) | 2006-03-10 |
| JP2008511826A (ja) | 2008-04-17 |
| US20080061235A1 (en) | 2008-03-13 |
| EP1789818A1 (fr) | 2007-05-30 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| FR2504697A1 (fr) | Element photoconducteur | |
| FR2497604A1 (fr) | Element photoconducteur | |
| EP1031645A1 (fr) | Cellule d'electrolyse a electrode bipolaire | |
| WO2006024661A1 (fr) | Detection a base de diamant synthetique | |
| CA3089599A1 (fr) | Procede de fabrication d'un microbolometre a materiau sensible a base d'oxyde de vanadium | |
| FR2545233A1 (fr) | Procede de production d'un element photoconducteur de production d'image | |
| CA3089611A1 (fr) | Procede de fabrication d'un microbolometre a materiau sensible a base d'oxyde de vanadium | |
| WO2022023486A1 (fr) | Elément de gainage de combustible nucléaire et procédé de fabrication d'un tel élément de gainage | |
| Abdel-Rahman et al. | The X-ray detection performance of polycrystalline CVD diamond with pulsed laser deposited carbon electrodes | |
| Darmenkulova et al. | Change of Optical Properties of Carbon‐Doped Silicon Nanostructures under the Influence of a Pulsed Electron Beam | |
| Arduca et al. | Electronic band structures of undoped and P-doped Si nanocrystals embedded in SiO 2 | |
| Çetinörgü et al. | Optical properties of transparent ZnO–SnO2 thin films deposited by filtered vacuum arc | |
| Schirru et al. | X-ray induced photocurrent characteristics of CVD diamond detectors with different carbon electrodes | |
| FR3062855A1 (fr) | Procede de traitement par un faisceau d ions pour produire un saphir antifreflet a haute transmittance resistant a la rayure. | |
| CA3146045A1 (fr) | Procede de fabrication d'un microbolometre comportant un materiau sensible a base d'oxyde de vanadium | |
| Liao et al. | Electron irradiation effects on the properties of heavily phosphorus-doped a-Si: H films prepared from undiluted silane | |
| FR2917509A1 (fr) | Dispositif de detection et/ou de mesure de rayonnements impulsionnels sous forme d'ondes electromagnetiques et/ou de particules, appareil et procede de detection et/ou de mesure correspondants | |
| FR2551266A1 (fr) | Element photoconducteur utilisable en electrophotographie | |
| Plättner et al. | Light stability of amorphous germanium | |
| WO2023031558A1 (fr) | Piece revetue d'une couche a base de carbone | |
| WO2022243611A1 (fr) | Procede de depot de chrome dense sur un substrat | |
| FR2551229A1 (fr) | Element photoconducteur pour electrophotographie | |
| Bronger et al. | Influence of hydrogen radicals treatment on layers and solar cells made of solution-processed amorphous silicon | |
| WO2025114373A1 (fr) | Procede de depot d'une couche a base d'oxyde de vanadium | |
| FR3066831A1 (fr) | Microdosimetre a structure diamant |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| AK | Designated states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AE AG AL AM AT AU AZ BA BB BG BR BW BY BZ CA CH CN CO CR CU CZ DE DK DM DZ EC EE EG ES FI GB GD GE GH GM HR HU ID IL IN IS JP KE KG KM KP KR KZ LC LK LR LS LT LU LV MA MD MG MK MN MW MX MZ NA NG NI NO NZ OM PG PH PL PT RO RU SC SD SE SG SK SL SM SY TJ TM TN TR TT TZ UA UG US UZ VC VN YU ZA ZM ZW |
|
| AL | Designated countries for regional patents |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): BW GH GM KE LS MW MZ NA SD SL SZ TZ UG ZM ZW AM AZ BY KG KZ MD RU TJ TM AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IS IT LT LU LV MC NL PL PT RO SE SI SK TR BF BJ CF CG CI CM GA GN GQ GW ML MR NE SN TD TG |
|
| 121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application | ||
| WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2577186 Country of ref document: CA |
|
| WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 11661950 Country of ref document: US |
|
| WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2007529359 Country of ref document: JP |
|
| NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |
|
| WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2005792199 Country of ref document: EP |
|
| WWP | Wipo information: published in national office |
Ref document number: 2005792199 Country of ref document: EP |
|
| WWP | Wipo information: published in national office |
Ref document number: 11661950 Country of ref document: US |