WO2006069640A2 - Verfahren zur herstellung von 1,2-dichlorethan mittels direktchlorierung - Google Patents
Verfahren zur herstellung von 1,2-dichlorethan mittels direktchlorierung Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2006069640A2 WO2006069640A2 PCT/EP2005/013535 EP2005013535W WO2006069640A2 WO 2006069640 A2 WO2006069640 A2 WO 2006069640A2 EP 2005013535 W EP2005013535 W EP 2005013535W WO 2006069640 A2 WO2006069640 A2 WO 2006069640A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- liquid
- dichloroethane
- chlorine
- ethylene
- addition
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/24—Stationary reactors without moving elements inside
- B01J19/2415—Tubular reactors
- B01J19/2435—Loop-type reactors
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F23/00—Mixing according to the phases to be mixed, e.g. dispersing or emulsifying
- B01F23/20—Mixing gases with liquids
- B01F23/23—Mixing gases with liquids by introducing gases into liquid media, e.g. for producing aerated liquids
- B01F23/232—Mixing gases with liquids by introducing gases into liquid media, e.g. for producing aerated liquids using flow-mixing means for introducing the gases, e.g. baffles
- B01F23/2323—Mixing gases with liquids by introducing gases into liquid media, e.g. for producing aerated liquids using flow-mixing means for introducing the gases, e.g. baffles by circulating the flow in guiding constructions or conduits
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
- B01F25/20—Jet mixers, i.e. mixers using high-speed fluid streams
- B01F25/21—Jet mixers, i.e. mixers using high-speed fluid streams with submerged injectors, e.g. nozzles, for injecting high-pressure jets into a large volume or into mixing chambers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
- B01F25/30—Injector mixers
- B01F25/31—Injector mixers in conduits or tubes through which the main component flows
- B01F25/313—Injector mixers in conduits or tubes through which the main component flows wherein additional components are introduced in the centre of the conduit
- B01F25/3131—Injector mixers in conduits or tubes through which the main component flows wherein additional components are introduced in the centre of the conduit with additional mixing means other than injector mixers, e.g. screens, baffles or rotating elements
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
- B01F25/30—Injector mixers
- B01F25/31—Injector mixers in conduits or tubes through which the main component flows
- B01F25/313—Injector mixers in conduits or tubes through which the main component flows wherein additional components are introduced in the centre of the conduit
- B01F25/3132—Injector mixers in conduits or tubes through which the main component flows wherein additional components are introduced in the centre of the conduit by using two or more injector devices
- B01F25/31322—Injector mixers in conduits or tubes through which the main component flows wherein additional components are introduced in the centre of the conduit by using two or more injector devices used simultaneously
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
- B01F25/50—Circulation mixers, e.g. wherein at least part of the mixture is discharged from and reintroduced into a receptacle
- B01F25/53—Circulation mixers, e.g. wherein at least part of the mixture is discharged from and reintroduced into a receptacle in which the mixture is discharged from and reintroduced into a receptacle through a recirculation tube, into which an additional component is introduced
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/0053—Details of the reactor
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C17/00—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons
- C07C17/013—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by addition of halogens
- C07C17/02—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by addition of halogens to unsaturated hydrocarbons
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C17/00—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons
- C07C17/25—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by splitting-off hydrogen halides from halogenated hydrocarbons
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C19/00—Acyclic saturated compounds containing halogen atoms
- C07C19/01—Acyclic saturated compounds containing halogen atoms containing chlorine
- C07C19/043—Chloroethanes
- C07C19/045—Dichloroethanes
Definitions
- the invention is directed to a process for the preparation of 1, 2-dichloroethane, hereinafter referred to as EDC, which predominantly serves as an intermediate of the production of monomeric vinyl chloride, hereinafter referred to as VCM, from which ultimately polyvinyl chloride, PVC 1 is produced.
- EDC 1, 2-dichloroethane
- VCM monomeric vinyl chloride
- PVC 1 polyvinyl chloride
- VCM produces hydrogen chloride HCl.
- EDC is therefore preferred from ethylene C 2 H 4 and
- balanced VCM method The method for producing VCM with balanced HCI balance, hereinafter referred to as "balanced VCM method”, has:
- a fractional EDC purification in which the crude EDC is combined with the recycle EDC recirculated from the VCM fractionation and, optionally, together with the
- EDC is freed from the by-products formed in the oxychlorination and by the EDC pyrolysis in order to obtain a so-called feed EDC suitable for use in EDC pyrolysis; alternatively, the pure chlorine originating from the direct chlorination can also be purified.
- EDC be distilled in the high boiler column of the EDC distillation;
- the reaction medium used in direct chlorination is a circulating stream of the reaction product EDC in most of the processes used on an industrial scale. This can be generated in a loop reactor with external or internal circulation. Furthermore, the circulation flow can be generated by forced circulation or natural circulation.
- the catalyst used is above all ferric chloride; In addition, sodium chloride capable of reducing the formation of high boilers can be used as an additive.
- the reaction (1) is usually operated with a slight excess of ethylene in order to avoid corrosion problems in the reaction system, by-product formation after completion of Malawichlorierungsretress in and other problems associated with the treatment of chlorine-containing waste gas streams, in any case.
- Chlorine and ethylene are fed to the reactor via a ratio control;
- the ethylene content of the reactor effluent stream serves as a reference variable. In this case, one always strives to keep the excess ethylene at the reactor outlet as low as possible in order to avoid excessive ethylene losses.
- reaction (1) takes place especially without major byproduct formation when it is operated completely as a liquid phase reaction, as is also described in WO 03/070673 A1.
- ethylene in the reaction tube is completely dissolved before the addition of dissolved chlorine.
- the small gas bubbles initially generated by the gas distributor grow along this route by colaescence and finally reach a constant equilibrium quantity due to processes of colescence and decay. This is an effect which adversely affects the mass transfer, since the enlargement of the bubble diameter for a given total gas volume reduces the available surface area for the mass transfer.
- reaction (1) in the subsequent, largely homogeneous reaction zone proceeds kinetically according to a second-order rate law, ie initially very fast.
- concentrations of ethylene and chlorine become small, the reaction rate drops sharply.
- the object of the invention is to provide an economical method available which allows a small space, a high space yield of product and thus allows an increase in capacity without increasing the outer reactor dimensions, and which simultaneously generates EDC high purity.
- the invention achieves this object, wherein the chlorine and dissolved ethylene addition sites are located in the leg of the loop in which the liquid rises, always followed by an upstream addition point of ethylene followed by a downstream addition point of dissolved chlorine, by
- Liquid EDC is available in most systems anyway, since it is usually withdrawn from the reaction vessel and the heat recovery is supplied.
- the slightly cooled EDC is usually recycled to the leg of the reaction vessel in which the liquid sinks.
- the sinking liquid can be given an additional impulse, which enhances the natural course. It has now been found that this impulse support is not needed if the space yield, and associated therewith, the total sales of EDC is increased accordingly, because the resulting thermal effect also leads to a corresponding increase in natural circulation.
- there is still no gas-liquid-phase interface available which could catalyze the formation of by-products, especially 1, 1, 2-trichloroethane.
- the addition of the liquid 1, 2-dichloroethane by means of one or more jet mixers takes place.
- the operation of such a mixer corresponds to that of a liquid jet liquid pump.
- the jet mixer is used to mix the contents of liquid containers or tanks to suppress the formation of temperature or concentration gradients.
- the mixer is operated submerged; By means of the kinetic energy of the propulsion jet surrounding medium is sucked in and mixed with both the propellant and with the surrounding container contents.
- the outlet flow of the jet mixer is a multiple of the propulsion jet, so that even large container volumes can be mixed in a short time.
- the present invention aims to exploit the kinetic energy of the recirculating EDC by using jet mixers to rapidly mix the chlorine and ethylene reactants downstream of the dissolved chlorine addition point.
- the flow exit direction from the jet mixer or the jet mixers is inclined obliquely upwards.
- An upwardly inclined orientation will be chosen by a person skilled in the art if, in a further embodiment of the invention, a static mixer is also arranged above the jet mixer plane.
- the invention also encompasses the apparatus for carrying out the method with a boiling reactor, which consists of a degassing vessel, a reaction loop operated in natural circulation and EDC discharge devices, and at least in one plane one or more jet mixers as described above are arranged.
- the device may optionally also include static mixing devices.
- Fig. 1 shows a Therapeuticchlor istsreaktor consisting of a Ausgasgefäß 1, from which both gaseous EDC 2 and liquid EDC 3 are deducted, and a loop 4, in which liquid EDC 5, indicated by an arrow, rotates, and in which the Reaction (1) is performed.
- the addition points for ethylene 6, dissolved chlorine 7 and EDC 8 although there may also be a large number of such addition points in the loop reactor.
- Fig. 2 shows in a Rohrquerschitt by the rising part of the loop 4, the arrangement of in this example 3 jet mixers 9a, 9b and 9c, which are fed with EDC 8.
- the EDC used in this case can be formed both from the withdrawn, liquid EDC 3, after it has given off heat, as well as by condensed, previously gaseous EDC 2, which is recycled. Of course, a mix of it comes into question.
- a static mixer may be mounted above the jet mixer plane.
- Fig. 3 shows a longitudinal section through an ascending part of the loop 4, in which the solution of ethylene has already taken place.
- the dissolved chlorine 7 is metered through a plurality of nozzles distributed over the cross section.
- jet mixer 9a fed by EDC 8 - further jet mixers are not shown here, but may be present - as well as a static mixer 10 above the jet mixer 9a.
- the jet mixer 9a is oriented upwards and supports the flow by introducing a pulse component, which should correspond approximately to the pressure loss caused by the static mixer, at the same time the largest possible turbulence is generated.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (8)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| KR1020077013940A KR101279372B1 (ko) | 2004-12-22 | 2005-12-15 | 직접염소화에 의해 1,2 디클로로에탄을 제조하기 위한 방법 |
| EP05850281A EP1828084B1 (de) | 2004-12-22 | 2005-12-15 | Verfahren zur herstellung von 1,2-dichlorethan mittels direktchlorierung |
| DE502005004480T DE502005004480D1 (de) | 2004-12-22 | 2005-12-15 | Verfahren zur herstellung von 1,2-dichlorethan mittels direktchlorierung |
| JP2007547292A JP5008141B2 (ja) | 2004-12-22 | 2005-12-15 | 直接塩素化を用いた1,2−ジクロロエタンの製造方法 |
| AU2005321593A AU2005321593B2 (en) | 2004-12-22 | 2005-12-15 | Method for producing 1,2-dichloroethane by means of direct chlorination |
| BRPI0519200-5A BRPI0519200B1 (pt) | 2004-12-22 | 2005-12-15 | Processo e dispositivo para a produção de 1, 2 dicloroetano de alta pureza |
| US11/793,882 US7671244B2 (en) | 2004-12-22 | 2005-12-15 | Method for producing 1,2-dichloroethane by means of direct chlorination |
| NO20073775A NO338689B1 (no) | 2004-12-22 | 2007-07-19 | Prosess og innretning for fremstilling av 1,2-dikloretan ved anvendelse av direkteklorering |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102004063090.9 | 2004-12-22 | ||
| DE102004063090A DE102004063090A1 (de) | 2004-12-22 | 2004-12-22 | Verfahren zur Herstellung von 1,2-Dichlorethan mittels Direktchlorierung |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2006069640A2 true WO2006069640A2 (de) | 2006-07-06 |
| WO2006069640A3 WO2006069640A3 (de) | 2006-08-03 |
| WO2006069640B1 WO2006069640B1 (de) | 2006-10-12 |
Family
ID=36579809
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2005/013535 Ceased WO2006069640A2 (de) | 2004-12-22 | 2005-12-15 | Verfahren zur herstellung von 1,2-dichlorethan mittels direktchlorierung |
Country Status (14)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US7671244B2 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP1828084B1 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP5008141B2 (de) |
| KR (1) | KR101279372B1 (de) |
| CN (1) | CN101102985A (de) |
| AT (1) | ATE398605T1 (de) |
| AU (1) | AU2005321593B2 (de) |
| BR (1) | BRPI0519200B1 (de) |
| DE (2) | DE102004063090A1 (de) |
| NO (1) | NO338689B1 (de) |
| RU (1) | RU2386610C2 (de) |
| TW (1) | TWI413632B (de) |
| UA (1) | UA88181C2 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2006069640A2 (de) |
Families Citing this family (25)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102006053380A1 (de) * | 2006-11-13 | 2008-05-15 | Wacker Chemie Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von chlorierten Carbonylverbindungen in Jet Loop Reaktoren |
| DE102008020386B4 (de) | 2008-04-23 | 2012-01-26 | Uhde Gmbh | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Herstellung eines chlorierten Alkans |
| KR101380499B1 (ko) * | 2010-12-16 | 2014-04-01 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 1,2-디클로로에탄의 제조방법 |
| US9133079B2 (en) | 2012-01-13 | 2015-09-15 | Siluria Technologies, Inc. | Process for separating hydrocarbon compounds |
| CA2874526C (en) | 2012-05-24 | 2022-01-18 | Siluria Technologies, Inc. | Oxidative coupling of methane systems and methods |
| US9670113B2 (en) | 2012-07-09 | 2017-06-06 | Siluria Technologies, Inc. | Natural gas processing and systems |
| WO2014089479A1 (en) | 2012-12-07 | 2014-06-12 | Siluria Technologies, Inc. | Integrated processes and systems for conversion of methane to multiple higher hydrocarbon products |
| EP3074119B1 (de) | 2013-11-27 | 2019-01-09 | Siluria Technologies, Inc. | Reaktoren und systeme zur oxidativen kupplung von methan |
| CA3123783A1 (en) | 2014-01-08 | 2015-07-16 | Lummus Technology Llc | Ethylene-to-liquids systems and methods |
| CA2935946C (en) | 2014-01-09 | 2022-05-03 | Siluria Technologies, Inc. | Oxidative coupling of methane implementations for olefin production |
| US10377682B2 (en) | 2014-01-09 | 2019-08-13 | Siluria Technologies, Inc. | Reactors and systems for oxidative coupling of methane |
| US10793490B2 (en) | 2015-03-17 | 2020-10-06 | Lummus Technology Llc | Oxidative coupling of methane methods and systems |
| US9334204B1 (en) | 2015-03-17 | 2016-05-10 | Siluria Technologies, Inc. | Efficient oxidative coupling of methane processes and systems |
| US20160289143A1 (en) | 2015-04-01 | 2016-10-06 | Siluria Technologies, Inc. | Advanced oxidative coupling of methane |
| WO2016205411A2 (en) | 2015-06-16 | 2016-12-22 | Siluria Technologies, Inc. | Ethylene-to-liquids systems and methods |
| US9328297B1 (en) | 2015-06-16 | 2016-05-03 | Siluria Technologies, Inc. | Ethylene-to-liquids systems and methods |
| US20170107162A1 (en) | 2015-10-16 | 2017-04-20 | Siluria Technologies, Inc. | Separation methods and systems for oxidative coupling of methane |
| US9944573B2 (en) | 2016-04-13 | 2018-04-17 | Siluria Technologies, Inc. | Oxidative coupling of methane for olefin production |
| US20180169561A1 (en) | 2016-12-19 | 2018-06-21 | Siluria Technologies, Inc. | Methods and systems for performing chemical separations |
| HUE064375T2 (hu) | 2017-05-23 | 2024-03-28 | Lummus Technology Inc | Metán oxidatív csatolási folyamatainak integrálása |
| AU2018298234B2 (en) | 2017-07-07 | 2022-11-17 | Lummus Technology Llc | Systems and methods for the oxidative coupling of methane |
| CN110947281A (zh) * | 2018-09-27 | 2020-04-03 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种含氯尾气的处理装置和方法以及一种含盐酸的混合物及其应用 |
| TW202313528A (zh) | 2021-08-31 | 2023-04-01 | 美商祿幕斯科技有限責任公司 | 用於執行甲烷的氧化耦合的方法及系統 |
| WO2023102821A1 (zh) * | 2021-12-09 | 2023-06-15 | 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 | 一种制备二氯乙烷的方法 |
| CN119158510A (zh) * | 2024-10-23 | 2024-12-20 | 青岛科技大学 | 一种氧化制备1-(4-氯苯基)-3-吡唑醇的连续化反应器 |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR1552849A (de) * | 1967-07-13 | 1969-01-10 | ||
| DE3146246A1 (de) * | 1981-11-21 | 1983-05-26 | Hoechst Ag, 6230 Frankfurt | Verfahren zur herstellung von 1,2-dichlorethan |
| DE19910964A1 (de) | 1999-03-12 | 2000-09-21 | Krupp Uhde Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Ethylendichlorid (EDC) |
| DE19953762C2 (de) * | 1999-11-09 | 2003-07-10 | Uhde Gmbh | Verfahren zur Nutzung der bei der 1,2-Dichlorethan-Herstellung im Direktchlorierungsreaktor anfallenden Wärme |
| DE10207217C1 (de) | 2002-02-21 | 2003-03-27 | Vinnolit Technologie Gmbh & Co | Verfahren zur Herstellung von 1,2-Dichlorethan mittels Direktchlorierung |
| DE102004029147B4 (de) * | 2004-06-17 | 2008-01-03 | Uhde Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung von 1,2-Dichlorethan mittels Direktchlorierung |
-
2004
- 2004-12-22 DE DE102004063090A patent/DE102004063090A1/de not_active Ceased
-
2005
- 2005-12-13 TW TW094144063A patent/TWI413632B/zh active
- 2005-12-15 RU RU2007127880/04A patent/RU2386610C2/ru active
- 2005-12-15 AU AU2005321593A patent/AU2005321593B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2005-12-15 EP EP05850281A patent/EP1828084B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2005-12-15 DE DE502005004480T patent/DE502005004480D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2005-12-15 CN CNA2005800468203A patent/CN101102985A/zh active Pending
- 2005-12-15 US US11/793,882 patent/US7671244B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2005-12-15 BR BRPI0519200-5A patent/BRPI0519200B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-12-15 AT AT05850281T patent/ATE398605T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-12-15 UA UAA200708369A patent/UA88181C2/ru unknown
- 2005-12-15 KR KR1020077013940A patent/KR101279372B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-12-15 WO PCT/EP2005/013535 patent/WO2006069640A2/de not_active Ceased
- 2005-12-15 JP JP2007547292A patent/JP5008141B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2007
- 2007-07-19 NO NO20073775A patent/NO338689B1/no unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| RU2386610C2 (ru) | 2010-04-20 |
| JP5008141B2 (ja) | 2012-08-22 |
| US20080146854A1 (en) | 2008-06-19 |
| EP1828084A2 (de) | 2007-09-05 |
| BRPI0519200B1 (pt) | 2015-07-07 |
| NO20073775L (no) | 2007-09-14 |
| KR20070091623A (ko) | 2007-09-11 |
| NO338689B1 (no) | 2016-10-03 |
| EP1828084B1 (de) | 2008-06-18 |
| KR101279372B1 (ko) | 2013-07-04 |
| US7671244B2 (en) | 2010-03-02 |
| BRPI0519200A2 (pt) | 2008-12-30 |
| TW200626521A (en) | 2006-08-01 |
| WO2006069640B1 (de) | 2006-10-12 |
| TWI413632B (zh) | 2013-11-01 |
| RU2007127880A (ru) | 2009-01-27 |
| WO2006069640A3 (de) | 2006-08-03 |
| DE502005004480D1 (de) | 2008-07-31 |
| UA88181C2 (ru) | 2009-09-25 |
| AU2005321593B2 (en) | 2011-11-03 |
| ATE398605T1 (de) | 2008-07-15 |
| AU2005321593A1 (en) | 2006-07-06 |
| DE102004063090A1 (de) | 2006-07-06 |
| CN101102985A (zh) | 2008-01-09 |
| JP2008524283A (ja) | 2008-07-10 |
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