Classifications

• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
  • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
  • F24F5/00—Air-conditioning systems or apparatus not covered by F24F1/00 or F24F3/00, e.g. using solar heat or combined with household units such as an oven or water heater
  • F24F5/0042—Air-conditioning systems or apparatus not covered by F24F1/00 or F24F3/00, e.g. using solar heat or combined with household units such as an oven or water heater characterised by the application of thermo-electric units or the Peltier effect
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
  • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
  • F24D11/00—Central heating systems using heat accumulated in storage masses
  • F24D11/02—Central heating systems using heat accumulated in storage masses using heat pumps
  • F24D11/0214—Central heating systems using heat accumulated in storage masses using heat pumps water heating system
  • F24D11/0221—Central heating systems using heat accumulated in storage masses using heat pumps water heating system combined with solar energy
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
  • F25B21/00—Machines, plants or systems, using electric or magnetic effects
  • F25B21/02—Machines, plants or systems, using electric or magnetic effects using Peltier effect; using Nernst-Ettinghausen effect
  • F25B21/04—Machines, plants or systems, using electric or magnetic effects using Peltier effect; using Nernst-Ettinghausen effect reversible
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
  • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
  • F24H2250/00—Electrical heat generating means
  • F24H2250/06—Peltier
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
  • F25B2321/00—Details of machines, plants or systems, using electric or magnetic effects
  • F25B2321/02—Details of machines, plants or systems, using electric or magnetic effects using Peltier effects; using Nernst-Ettinghausen effects
  • F25B2321/025—Removal of heat
  • F25B2321/0252—Removal of heat by liquids or two-phase fluids
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
  • Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
  • Y02B10/20—Solar thermal
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
  • Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
  • Y02B10/70—Hybrid systems, e.g. uninterruptible or back-up power supplies integrating renewable energies

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a system for heating and cooling a radiant surface, especially in a living space.
• the invention relates to a heating and cooling system based on a module incorporating Peltier effect cells (PEC).
• PEC Peltier effect cells
• Peltier cells are known to be compact and static devices that can take calories from a cold source and return them to a hot source. Also behave like heat pumps.
• One of the remarkable properties of the CEP is that it is sufficient to reverse the direction of the feed current of the latter to switch from cooling mode to heating mode, and vice versa. This property makes it possible to realize reversible applications.
• Peltier effect devices as shown in FIG. 1, comprise, in known manner, one or more couples of semiconductors 21 through which a direct current flows in order to transfer heat from a cold junction which is in contact with a cold plate. 22, towards a hot junction which is in contact with a hot plate 23, thanks to the displacement of the electrons of the cold junction towards the hot junction.
• the hot and cold plates are generally ceramic and form respectively the cold face and the hot face of the Peltier effect cell. Reversing the direction of the supply current causes a permutation of the hot and cold sides.
• the second remarkable property of the CEP is that the temperature difference between the two cold and hot faces is strictly proportional to the direct current flowing through it.
• the present invention aims to overcome the disadvantages of heat pumps advantageously using the thermal properties of the CEP.
• the subject of the invention is a heating and cooling system capable of exchanging heat energy with a radiant surface, and comprising:
• a first heat exchanger adapted to exchange heat energy with said radiant surface by means of a first heat transfer liquid
• this system further comprising:
• each of said cells having a face of a first so-called “cold” type and a face of a second so-called “hot” type, the plurality of said cold faces being in direct thermal contact with said surface; exchange, and the plurality of said hot faces being in direct thermal contact with first means of dissipation of the heat energy; and,
• the exchange surface of the second heat exchanger is substantially flat, the second heat exchanger is a double flow heat exchanger, in the reverse direction of circulation,
• the second heat exchanger has, facing each cold face of a Peltier effect cell, at least two pipes substantially parallel to said exchange surface of the second heat exchanger, the first heat transfer fluid circulating in said pipes in opposite directions,
• the two ducts occupy symmetrical positions with respect to a plane of symmetry normal to the exchange surface portion of the second heat exchanger facing each cold face of a Peltier effect cell, what said exchange surface of the second heat exchanger has a substantially homogeneous temperature
• the first circulation circuit comprises a first pump capable of circulating the first heat transfer fluid in a turbulent regime inside the pipes,
• the power supply comprises an AC low-voltage power supply and means for rectifying said AC voltage in DC voltage, as well as dividing means for reducing the value of said DC voltage, and switching means for changing the direction of the current flowing through. the plurality of Peltier effect cells.
• the first dissipation means comprise thermal fins in direct thermal contact with the hot faces of the Peltier effect cells.
• the first dissipation means may also comprise air circulation means adapted to create an air flow for cooling the thermal fins.
• the first dissipation means comprise a third heat exchanger for exchanging heat energy with the hot faces of the Peltier cells by means of a second heat transfer fluid, said third heat exchanger having a surface exchange in direct thermal contact with said hot faces, and said second heat transfer fluid flowing in a second circulation circuit comprising second dissipation means able to evacuate the heat energy of said second heat transfer fluid.
• the exchange surface of the third heat exchanger is substantially planar, and the said third heat exchanger is a double flow heat exchanger, with an inverted circulation direction,
• the third heat exchanger has, facing each hot face of a Peltier-effect cell, at least two pipes substantially parallel to said exchange surface of the third heat exchanger, the second heat transfer fluid flowing in said pipes in opposite directions,
• the two pipes occupy positions symmetrical to one another with respect to a plane of symmetry normal to the exchange surface portion of the third heat exchanger facing each hot face of a Peltier effect cell, whereby said exchange surface of the third heat exchanger has a substantially homogeneous temperature
• the second circulation circuit comprises a first pump adapted to circulate the second heat transfer fluid in a turbulent regime inside the pipes,
• the second dissipation means comprise a tank of water buried underground
• the cells with Peltier effect has an operational coefficient of performance higher than 1, this coefficient corresponding to the ratio of the thermal power restored to the sum of the absorbed thermal power and the electrical power supplied by the power supply.
• FIG. 1 shows a schematic view of an effect cell Peltier
• FIG. 2 shows an embodiment of a supply of the cooling heating system according to the invention
• FIG. 3a shows a schematic view of an element of a heat exchanger in direct thermal contact with a Peltier effect cell
• FIG. 3b shows the principle of heat exchange between a plurality of Peltier effect cells and the heat transfer fluid therethrough.
• a heat exchanger used in the system according to the invention Figure 4 shows a first embodiment of the heating and cooling system according to the invention
• Figure 5 shows a second embodiment of the heating and cooling system according to the invention.
• Figure 6 shows a third embodiment of the heating and cooling system according to the invention.
• Figure 1 shows a block diagram of a Peltier effect cell and has already been commented in the preamble of the description.
• Such cells have the advantage of being light, compact, not to make noise, to be easy to use and especially to be reversible by simply reversing the supply polarity.
• the heating and cooling system proposes to use a plurality of Peltier effect cells for maximizing the exchange surface with a hydraulic circuit for heating or cooling a radiant surface, for example in a living space.
• the invention is therefore based on a heating and cooling system which uses several CEPs with optimized efficiency thanks to adapted dimensioning of the heat exchangers, and thanks to an optimized supply of the CEP.
• the power supply of the CEP is of the very low voltage type (TBT), rectified alternative (25 Hz), the heat exchangers are such that the surface temperature in contact with each CEP is homogeneous ( ⁇ T constant).
• a CEP can be optimized by playing on the power exchanged, and its performance.
• the use of a plurality of CEPs, as in the system according to the invention makes it possible to minimize heat exchange by CEP, the sum of these individual exchanges providing the desired overall exchange.
• the determination of an adequate CEP is based on the search for its operating optimum, which corresponds to an operating point where the operational performance coefficient (COP) is greater than or equal to 1. If the power absorbed by a CEP by Qc is defined , and the electric power supplied by Pe, the restored power is then Qh, and is equal to Qc + Pe. The COP is then defined as the ratio Qc / Pe.
• the optimum COP is obtained for a given current as a function of the temperature difference between the cold face and the hot face of the Peltier effect cell. It is thus noted the importance of the homogenization of the temperature at the heat exchanger.
• the given current determines a supply voltage and electric power Pe to be provided for each Peltier cell.
• FIG 2 shows an embodiment of the feeding Peltier cells.
• CEPs are normally powered by a DC voltage.
• the major disadvantage of a continuous supply is its size and cost. Depending on the Peltier cell type, this voltage can reach 24 Vdc (continuous).
• the system according to the invention operating from several CEPs requires a high power.
• the power supply shown in Figure 2 allows a rectified low voltage supply.
• Figure 2 shows an electrical rectifying diagram of an AC power supply 250 230V.
• a potentiometer 255 makes it possible to lower the AC voltage 250 to the desired value, in the example of FIG. 2, to a value of 48 V AC measured at reference 262.
• a bridge of Graetz 260 makes it possible to transform the lowered AC voltage 262 into a positive rectified AC voltage 265.
• This voltage measured at reference 265 therefore corresponds to a rectified AC low-voltage supply value which makes it possible to supply the system according to the invention 270.
• Regulation of the system can advantageously be provided by a thermostat acting on the value
• the optimization of the COP can be obtained thanks to a particular dimensioning of the heat exchangers which make it possible to have a homogeneous temperature on the whole of the surface of exchange with the CEP.
• the heat exchangers chosen are heat exchangers using a coolant, such as water for example, and are designed in double flow with an inverted circulation direction. This makes it possible to average the temperature of the heat transfer fluid, and consequently to average the temperature of the surface in contact with each Peltier element.
• FIG. 3a shows an elementary pattern of such an exchanger. It consists of a double pipe 100 and 105 inside which the coolant circulates in opposite directions as can be seen on the arrows of Figure 3a. These two pipes are contained in a plane support 114, which itself is inserted between two layers of heat-conducting material 110 and 112. Given the reversed circulation direction of the coolant, the outer surface 115 of the layer 112 of conductive material has a substantially uniform temperature. This surface 115, substantially flat, is intended to come into direct thermal contact with the hot face or the cold face of a Peltier effect cell.
• the optimized exchanger comprises as many elementary patterns as that shown in FIG. 3a, as opposed to the same type of Peltier effect cells.
• the two pipes 100 and 105 are substantially parallel to the exchange surface 115 of the heat exchanger.
• the two pipes may have an angle relative to each other, but may also in a simplified embodiment be parallel to each other as in the example of Figure 3a. Dual circulation also reduces the diameter of the pipes necessary for the exchange, which allows for a more compact heat exchanger.
• the two pipes of the exchanger are dimensioned so that the fluid is in turbulent regime, by acting on the roughness of the internal wall of the pipes, as well as their internal diameter.
• the exchange surface 115 presents, facing each face of the same type of a Peltier effect cell, a substantially homogeneous temperature.
• the exchanger is made from a repetition of the elementary pattern of Figure 3a as in the example of Figure 3b.
• 8 Peltier cells numbered 310, 312, 314, 316, 318, 320, 322 and 324, have been shown.
• the CEPs are arranged to present the faces of the same type with regard to the optimized exchanger.
• Peltier effect cell 310 and these facing pipes are symmetrical with the cell 324 and these pipes, with respect to center of the pattern consisting of the eight Peltier effect cells.
• the same observation can be made between the Peltier effect cells 314 and 320, and the Peltier effect cells 312 and 322 as well as the cells 316 and 318.
• This arrangement can be generalized to larger exchangers than the example of FIG. 3b, respecting on the one hand the local symmetry for the surface portion of exchangers facing each Peltier effect cell (the example of FIG. Figure 3a), as well as the preservation of a certain overall symmetry as in the case of Figure 3b.
• the pipes 300 and 305 are optionally connected (not shown in Figure 3b).
• the power supply 302 corresponds to the power supply described above, that is to say a very low rectified AC voltage supply.
• this power supply is adapted to be switched in order to change the direction of the current flowing through the plurality of Peltier effect cells, and thus to reverse the operation of the CEP, which makes it possible to switch the system according to the invention of the heating function to the cooling function, and vice versa.
• the power supply may also include adjustment means, such as a thermostat, to play on the electrical power supplied by CEP, and thus vary the power of the system according to the invention and maintain a higher COP e 1.
• the plurality of Peltier cells is serially connected to each other, as in the example of Figure 3b.
• this embodiment may have the drawback of making the entire system unavailable when for one reason or another a link between two Peltier effect cells is interrupted.
• the connections are made such that a plurality of a small number of Peltier cells are connected in parallel to the cell. supply 302, this reduced number including some CEP, for example from 2 to 4, connected in series with each other.
• FIGS. 4 to 6 show various embodiments of a heating and cooling system for exchanging heat energy with a radiant surface, in this case included in a living space that incorporates a plurality of CEPs according to the invention. This is the floor of the living room.
• the same numbers designate the same elements.
• FIG. 4 presents a first embodiment of a heating and cooling system according to the invention.
• the living space 10 exchanges heat energy with the outside environment.
• Surface 11 the floor
• a first heat exchanger 20 is available.
• it is a heat exchanger heat transfer liquid and inserted into the ground under the surface 11 of the living space 10 in the form of a pipe 350 having a serpentine shape so to maximize the exchange surface.
• Other types of heat transfer fluid exchangers can also be envisaged.
• the heat transfer fluid circulates inside the pipe of the heat exchanger 20 and heat energy is exchanged with the surface 11 and thus with the living space 10.
• the heat transfer fluid then circulates in a circulation circuit 35 comprising a pump 36 adapted to circulate this heat transfer fluid between the first heat exchanger 20 and a second heat exchanger 30 which corresponds to the optimized exchanger described above.
• This second heat exchanger has a substantially flat exchange surface 32 and therefore corresponds to a double flow heat exchanger, in the reverse direction of circulation.
• a plurality of Peltier cells (numbered 250 to 254 in Figure 4) are powered by a supply voltage 60 (as previously described). Their entire face of a first type, called cold face in the following description, is in direct thermal contact with the exchange surface of the second heat exchanger 30.
• the arrangement of the heat exchanger 30 and CEP 250 to 254 correspond to the optimized arrangement previously described in FIG. 3b.
• the system according to the invention is in a configuration of Refreshing and power supply 60 Peltier effect cells is such that the cold faces of the plurality of the CEP extract a cold power PF to the exchange surface 32 of the heat exchanger 30.
• the plurality of said hot faces of the CEP is in contact with means for dissipating the heat energy exchanged by these hot faces. Indeed, in the example of the refresh configuration of the system according to the invention, all the hot faces of the CEP exchange a power Pc that should be dissipated.
• these dissipation means comprise thermal fins in direct thermal contact with the hot faces of the CEP, these heat fins forming a dissipator.
• these dissipation means may also comprise air circulation means such as one or more fans 59 which are adapted to create an air flow for cooling the heat fins 57 of the dissipator.
• the heat fins of the dissipator and / or the air circulation means constitute an air exchanger in direct thermal contact with the hot faces of the CEP.
• FIG. 5 shows a second embodiment of the cooling heating system according to the invention.
• This system is identical to the system of FIG. 4, only the means for dissipating the heat energy exchanged by the hot faces of the plurality of CEPs are different.
• a third heat exchanger 70 has, facing each hot face of a Peltier-effect cell, a substantially flat exchange surface 72, and at least two pipes substantially parallel to this exchange surface, and inside. from which flows a second heat transfer fluid in opposite directions.
• This heat exchanger 70 has exactly the same configuration as the heat exchanger 30, it is optimized to present an identical average temperature over its entire exchange surface 72 with all the hot faces of the plurality of the CEP .
• a circulation circuit 75 and a pump 76 make it possible to circulate the second heat-transfer fluid, such as water, inside the exchanger 70, and to additional dissipation means, such as a reservoir. of water 80 buried on earth.
• the two heat exchangers 70 and 30 thus have configurations similar optimized ones that allow improved heat exchange with respectively the set of hot faces and cold faces of the plurality of CEP.
• FIG. 6 shows the installation shown in FIG. 5 and completes it with a second system according to the invention, only in heating mode in order to make it possible to heat the sanitary water of the tank 210.
• Part of the calories transmitted to the tank 80 by the first heating and cooling system according to the invention is sent by the pump 76 and the circulation circuit 75 to a heat exchanger 90.
• the latter has an exchange surface 92 in direct thermal contact with a plurality of CEP numbered 250 253 in the example of Figure 6 and their corresponding cold face.
• a thermal power PF is drawn off to the coolant passing through the exchanger 90 by all the cold faces of the plurality of the CEP.
• a thermal power Pc is exchanged with all the hot faces of the plurality of the CEP and the exchange surface 232 of a new exchanger 230
• This new heat exchanger 230 is exchanged by means of a coolant circulating in another circulation circuit 205 by means of a pump 206 with the hot water tank 210.
• Two switches 242 and 240 respectively, allow the first and second the second system according to the invention as needed.
• photovoltaic panels, or solar panels 222 serve as the power source for the switch and the plurality of Peltier effect cells.
• Other solar panels 220 can also complete the heating of the tank 210 by means of a circulation circuit 215 and a pump 216.
• the pumps 36, 76 and 206 used for the circulation of the different heat transfer fluids respectively in the circulation circuits 35, 75 and 205 and in the pipes of the various heat exchangers of the system according to the invention are also dimensioned sufficiently to allow turbulent circulation of the heat transfer fluid.
• the heating and cooling system according to the invention has many advantages including being quiet, compact, reliable thanks to the plurality of parallel-mounted CEPs, and lower cost. They also have the advantage of being flexible and offer faster response than the known system.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Sustainable Development (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Thermal Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
• Sustainable Energy (AREA)
• Devices For Blowing Cold Air, Devices For Blowing Warm Air, And Means For Preventing Water Condensation In Air Conditioning Units (AREA)
• Cooling Or The Like Of Semiconductors Or Solid State Devices (AREA)

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• 2004
  • 2004-12-22 FR FR0413763A patent/FR2879728B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
• 2005
  • 2005-12-19 WO PCT/FR2005/003185 patent/WO2006070096A2/fr not_active Ceased
  • 2005-12-19 EP EP05850536A patent/EP1828689A2/de not_active Withdrawn

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