WO2006115486A1 - Article comprenant des nanotubes de carbone et procede d’utilisation de celui-ci pour purifier des fluides - Google Patents

Article comprenant des nanotubes de carbone et procede d’utilisation de celui-ci pour purifier des fluides Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2006115486A1
WO2006115486A1 PCT/US2005/014025 US2005014025W WO2006115486A1 WO 2006115486 A1 WO2006115486 A1 WO 2006115486A1 US 2005014025 W US2005014025 W US 2005014025W WO 2006115486 A1 WO2006115486 A1 WO 2006115486A1
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article
carbon nanotubes
chosen
carbon
contaminants
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Christopher H. Cooper
Alan G. Cummings
Mikhail Y. Starostin
Charles P. Honsinger
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Seldon Technologies LLC
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Seldon Technologies LLC
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Priority to CN200580050073.0A priority Critical patent/CN101198542A/zh
Priority to JP2008507613A priority patent/JP2008538531A/ja
Priority to EP05795204A priority patent/EP1885647A1/fr
Priority to PCT/US2005/014025 priority patent/WO2006115486A1/fr
Publication of WO2006115486A1 publication Critical patent/WO2006115486A1/fr
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/28—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
    • C02F1/283—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption using coal, charred products, or inorganic mixtures containing them
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/48—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage with magnetic or electric fields
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
    • C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
    • C02F2101/103—Arsenic compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
    • C02F2103/08—Seawater, e.g. for desalination
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2305/00—Use of specific compounds during water treatment
    • C02F2305/08—Nanoparticles or nanotubes

Definitions

  • Fig. 9 represents the dynamics of ion motion through a sequence of nanomesh membranes in active mode using both a low-frequency, three-phase AC signal (to drive ion motion) and a higher frequency AC signal (to disrupt the DeBye atmosphere) imposed across the series of nanomesh membranes.
  • Fig. 13 represents a flat version of the inventive fluid purification article.
  • Fig. 17 is an SEM image showing the diffuse and damaged cell wall of a bacteria that has interacted with the nanotubes (in Example #1 , sample #2) which suggests that this interaction is capable of destruction of the bacterial cell.
  • Fig. 22 is a SEM micrograph of the self -assembled carbon nanotube/glass fiber nanomesh.
  • Particle size is defined by a number distribution, e.g., by the number of particles having a particular size.
  • the method is typically measured by microscopic techniques, such as by a calibrated optical microscope, by calibrated polystyrene beads, by calibrated scanning probe microscope scanning electron microscope, or optical near field microscope. Methods of measuring particles of the sizes described herein are taught in Walter C. McCrone's et al., The Particle Atlas, (An encyclopedia of techniques for small particle identification), Vol. I, Principles and Techniques, Ed. 2 (Ann Arbor Science Pub.), which are herein incorporated by reference.
  • Non-limiting examples of liquids that may be cleaned using the article described herein include water, foodstuffs, biological fluids, petroleum and its byproducts, non-petroleum fuels, medicines, organic and inorganic solvents, and the liquid forms of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide, as may be used for rocket propellants or in industrial applications.
  • the inventive article can be used for the sterilization of petroleum products.
  • a significant contamination problem is the latent growth of bacteria in petroleum or its derivatives during storage, which has been a problem particularly with aviation fuel. The presence of such bacteria can severely foul and eventually ruin the fuel. Accordingly, a major area of concern in the area of liquid purification is the cleaning bacteria from natural and/or synthetic petroleum products. Natural and/or synthetic petroleum and its byproducts include aviation, automotive, marine, locomotive, and rocket fuels, industrial and machine oils and lubricants, and heating oils and gases.
  • Carbon nanotubes generally have two forms: single wall and multi walls.
  • Single-wall carbon nanotubes comprises one of these tubular structures so that the inter-connected hexagons line-up with each other.
  • Fig. 1 depicts a single walled carbon nanotube.
  • these single-walled nanotubes are generally around 1 -2 nm in diameter, similar to human DNA ( ⁇ 2 nm), and usually range from hundreds of nanometers to many microns in length.
  • Multi-walled carbon nanotubes comprise many concentric shells of these tubular structures. They can have diameters of tens of nanometers, and can theoretically have lengths up to hundreds of meters.
  • Carbon Nanotubes Synthesis, Structure, Properties, and Applications, Topics in Applied Physics. 80. 2000, Springer- Verlag; and "A Chemical Route to Carbon Nanoscrolls, Lisa M. Viculis, Julia J. Mack, and Richard B. Kaner; Science, 28 February 2003; 299, both of which are herein incorporated by reference.
  • a majority of the carbon nanotubes are distorted by crystalline defects such that they exhibit a greater purification performance than non-distorted carbon nanotubes.
  • Crystalstalline defects refers to sites in the tube walls of carbon nanotubes where there is a lattice distortion in at least one carbon ring.
  • a "lattice distortion” means any distortion of the crystal lattice of carbon nanotube atoms forming the tubular sheet structure.
  • a lattice distortion may include any displacements of atoms because of inelastic deformation, or presence of 5 and/or 7 member carbon rings, or a chemical interaction followed by change in sp 2 hybridization of carbon atom bonds. Such defects or distortions may lead to a natural bend in the carbon nanotube.
  • the phrase "exhibit a greater purification performance" means that the nanomesh demonstrates either improvements to the structural integrity of the resultant material, its porosity, its porosity distribution, its electrical conductance, its resistance to fluid flow, geometric constraints, or any combination thereof that lead to an enhancement of contaminant removal.
  • greater purification performance could be due to improved and more efficient adsorption or absorption properties of the individual carbon nanotubes.
  • the more defects there are in the carbon nanotubes the more sites exist for attaching chemical functional groups.
  • increasing the number of functional groups present in the nanomesh should improve the performance of the resulting article.
  • the carbon nanotubes may be chemically or physically treated to achieve at least one of the following effects: remove contaminants, add defects, or attach functional groups to defect sites and/or nanotube surface.
  • chemical or physical treatment means treating with an acid, solvent or an oxidizer for a time sufficient to remove unwanted constituents, such as amorphous carbon, oxides or trace amounts of by-products resulting from the carbon nanotube fabrication process.
  • An example of the second type of chemical treatment is to expose the carbon nanotubes to an oxidizer for a time sufficient to create defect density on the surface of the carbon nanotube.
  • the carbon nanotubes comprise atoms, ions, molecules or clusters attached thereto or located therein in an amount effective to assist in the removal and/or modification of contaminants from the fluid.
  • “functionalized” refers to a carbon nanotube having an atom or group of atoms attached to the surface that may alter the properties of the nanotube, such as zeta potential. Functionalization is generally performed by modifying the surface of carbon nanotubes using chemical techniques, including wet chemistry or vapor, gas or plasma chemistry, and microwave assisted chemical techniques, and utilizing surface chemistry to bond materials to the surface of the carbon nanotubes. These methods are used to "activate" the carbon nanotube, which is defined as breaking at least one C-C or C- heteroatom bond, thereby providing a surface for attaching a molecule or cluster thereto. As shown in Fig.
  • functionalized carbon nanotubes comprise chemical groups, such as carboxyl groups, attached to the surface, such as the outer sidewalls, of the carbon nanotube. Further, the nanotube functionalization can occur through a multi-step procedure where functional groups are sequentially added to the nanotube to arrive at a specific, desired functionalized nanotube.
  • nanomesh may also be functionalized with chemical groups, decorations or coatings or combinations thereof to change their zeta potential and/or cross-linking abilities and thereby improve the filtration performance of the nanomesh.
  • the termination of the nanotube functionalization with an amine group will impart a positive charge to the nanotube in water, giving it a positive or less negative zeta potential.
  • the foregoing would enable a nanomesh device constructed with nanotubes of this type to specifically target negatively charged contaminants (such as anions, certain molecules, and virus particles) for capture by Van der Waals and/or electrostatic forces, leading to their removal from the contaminant stream.
  • carbon nanotubes can also be used for high surface area molecular scaffolding either for functional groups comprised of organic and/or inorganic receptors or to provide structure and support for natural or bioengineered cells [including bacteria, nanobacteria and extremophilic bacteria].
  • functional groups comprised of organic and/or inorganic receptors or to provide structure and support for natural or bioengineered cells [including bacteria, nanobacteria and extremophilic bacteria].
  • nanobacteria including images of nanobacteria in carbonate sediments and rocks can be found in the following references, which are herein incorporated by reference. R.L. Folk, J. Sediment. Petrol. 63:990-999 (1993), R.H. Sillitoe, R.L Folk and N. Saric, Science 272:1153-1155 (1996).
  • the organic and/or inorganic receptors will selectively target the removal of specific contaminants from a fluid stream.
  • the carbon nanotubes, the carbon nanotube material, or any subassembly thereof may be treated with radiation.
  • the radiation may be chosen from but not limited to exposure from electromagnetic radiation and/or at least one particle chosen from electrons, radionuclides, ions, particles, clusters, molecules or any combination thereof.
  • the radiation should impinge upon the carbon nanotube in an amount sufficient to 1 ) break at least one carbon-carbon or carbon-heteroatom bond; 2) perform cross- linking between nanotube-nanotube, nanotube to other nanomesh constituent, or nanotube to substrate; 3) perform particle implantation, 4) improve the chemical treatment of the carbon nanotubes, or any combination thereof.
  • carbon nanotubes as described herein could be decorated by a cluster or clusters of atoms or molecules.
  • decorated refers to a partially coated carbon nanotube.
  • a “cluster” means at least two atoms or molecules attached by any chemical or physical bonding.
  • the fibers can be those used in the manufacture of textiles as derived from bio-mineralization or bio-polymerization, such as silk fiber, cotton fiber, wool fiber, flax fiber, feather fibers, cellulose fiber extracted, for example, from wood, legumes or algae.
  • the resorbable synthetic fibers may include: those prepared from glycolic acid and caprolactone; resorbable synthetic fibers of the type which is a copolymer of lactic acid and of glycolic acid; and polyterephthalic ester fibers.
  • Nonresorbable fibers such as stainless steel threads may be used.
  • Teflon ® polyvinylchloride, polyvinyl acetate, viton fluoroelastomer, polymethyl methacrylate (i.e. Plexiglass ® ), and polyacrylonitrile (i.e. Orion ® ), and combinations thereof;
  • the porous tubular substrate comprises a carbon material, such as activated carbon (bulk or fiber), the outer surface of which is coated with the carbon nanotubes described herein.
  • a carbon material such as activated carbon (bulk or fiber)
  • a collection of metal oxide/hydroxide nanowires, made as described above, may also be used as a substrate for the deposition(s) of carbon nanotubes using a differential pressure deposition process.
  • the resulting nano-wire/carbon nanotube nanomesh may or may not be treated thermally, mechanically, or chemically to enhance structural integrity and/or improve the purification performance of the article.
  • the chemical treatments may include the functionalizing, coating or decoration of the resultant nanomesh with chemical groups, metals, ceramics, plastics, or polymers. Further these chemical treatments may be done so that they the nanomesh article chemically or physically reacts or interacts with contaminants to destroy, modify, immobilize, remove, or separate them.
  • the nanomesh contains a binding agent (such as polyvinyl alcohol) that acts to improve the filtration performance of the article.
  • a binding agent such as polyvinyl alcohol
  • Such a binding agent may be introduced into the suspension containing the carbon nanotubes and other nanomesh components prior to the formation of the nanomesh structure.
  • the above self assembly may be "directed" through the imposition of an external field.
  • This applied field works in concert with the properties of any or all of the nanomesh components and/or the fluid in which the components are suspended to guide their assembly into the resulting nanomesh.
  • a suspension containing some or all of the components of the nanomesh may be subjected to electromagnetic stimulation during the formation of the nanomesh to achieve a desired component alignment and/or weaving to enhance the fluid purification performance.
  • [0104] Vibrational waves causing either external damage to the cell wall and transport channels and/or internal cellular damage to the DNA, RNA, proteins, organelles, etc.; [0105] • Bubble cavitations from Shockwaves in the liquid around the carbon nanotubes which damage the cell structure; [0106] • Electromagnetic, electrostatic and/or Van der Waals forces which capture and hold biological contaminants; [0107] • Disruption of hydrogen bonding in the vicinity of nanostructures via zeta action causing damage to cell walls and/or DNA; [0108] • Acidification of the environment around the nanostructure, due to specific nanotube functionalizations that attract naturally occurring H + ions in water, which damages cell walls and/or DNA.
  • the imposition of a more generalized electromagnetic field can give fluid purification performance that goes beyond existing technologies. For example, in the case of two conducting nanomesh layers, imposing an electric current generates a magnetic field between nanomesh layers (Fig. 8). This field could be tuned to capture all charged particles from a fluid stream.
  • a desalination unit could incorporate two or more parallel layers of supported conductive nanomesh that are electrically isolated from each other.
  • the two or more layers may be electrically charged in either a static or active mode.
  • static mode for example, the nanomesh layers could be oppositely charged to create a salt trap between them.
  • active mode device with four or more layers, for example, a four phase signal would be applied to the multi-layer nanomesh structures such that the four legs of the signal are applied to four sequential nanomesh layers. This pattern is repeated every fourth nanomesh layer (Fig. 9). In this way, the charge on each nanomesh layer and across the device indexes sequentially in time from positive to neutral to negative to neutral.
  • Done sequentially in time would create, electronically, a moving virtual capacitor within the device which can cause the salt ions to migrate in a direction different than the flow of the water through the device.
  • the concentrated salt water would accumulate at the terminus of the virtual capacitor and could be channeled out of a brine port on the device, while the fresh water would pass through the device.
  • the desalination device described herein could be designed to take advantage of the biological removal characteristics of the nanomesh structure, as discussed above, to purify the resulting fresh water.
  • surfaces susceptible to bio-film formation due to the attachment and growth of contaminating microbes, can be coated with a layer of nanomaterial to prevent either the attachment or subsequent growth of undesirable elements, such as molds, bacteria.
  • nanomaterials include elements or compounds having antibacterial properties (such as iodine resin, silver, aluminum oxide, aluminum hydroxide, or triclosan) that are attached to the surface or located within the carbon nanotube or attached to any other nanomesh component.
  • prions are defined as small infectious, proteinaceous particles which resist inactivation by procedures that modify nucleic acids and most other proteins. Both humans and animals are susceptible to prion diseases [such as Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE or Mad Cow disease) in cows, or Creutzfeld-Jacob Disease (CJD) in humans].
  • BSE Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
  • CJD Creutzfeld-Jacob Disease
  • Nanobacteria are nanoscale bacteria, some of which have recently been postulated to cause biomineralization in both humans and animals. It has further been postulated that nanobacteria may play a role in the formation of kidney stones, some forms of heart disease and Alzheimer's Disease. Further, nanobacteria are also suspected of causing unwanted biomineralization and/or chemical reactions in some industrial processes.
  • contaminants that can be removed from fluid using the disclosed article include, but are not limited to noxious, hazardous or carcinogenic chemicals comprised of natural and synthetic organic molecules (such as toxins, endotoxins, proteins, enzymes, pesticides, and herbicides), inorganic contaminants (such as heavy metals, fertilizers, inorganic poisons) and ions (such as salt in seawater or charged airborne particles).
  • noxious, hazardous or carcinogenic chemicals comprised of natural and synthetic organic molecules (such as toxins, endotoxins, proteins, enzymes, pesticides, and herbicides), inorganic contaminants (such as heavy metals, fertilizers, inorganic poisons) and ions (such as salt in seawater or charged airborne particles).
  • Applications of the cleaned fluid, specifically clean water include potable water, irrigation, medical and industrial.
  • potable water irrigation, medical and industrial.
  • de- ionized water for industrial processes including, but not limited to, semiconductor manufacturing, metal plating, and general chemical industry and laboratory uses.
  • the chemical compounds that may be removed from fluid using the article described herein are removal target atoms or molecules that include at least one atom or ion chosen from the following elements: antimony, arsenic, aluminum, selenium, hydrogen, lithium, boron, carbon, oxygen, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, chlorine, niobium, scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, germanium, bromine, strontium, zirconium, yttrium, molybdenum, rhodium, palladium, iodine, silver, cadmium, indium, cesium, tin, barium, lanthanum, tantalum, beryllium, copper, fluoride, mercury, tungsten, iridium, hafnium, rhenium, osmium, platinum, gold, mercury, thallium, lead, bismuth, polonium, radon
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method of making a nanomesh material to be used in an article for removing contaminants from fluid, such as a nanomesh material comprises functionalized carbon nanotubes.
  • the general process for making a nanomesh comprising functionalized carbon nanotubes and treated glass fibers eventually used in a cylindrical article is described in Fig. 11. It is noted, however, that the following process can be used to describe the fabrication of any shape article wherein carbon nanotubes are mixed, or not, with an additional substance prior to deposition.
  • the "Treated Glass Fiber” described in step 2 would simply be replaced with another substance chosen from any described herein and the substrate described in step 4 would simply change from "cylindrical carbon block” to any desired material and shape, such as a flat woven substrate, when used in an air purification device.
  • Fig. 12 is a side perspective of an article comprising a hollow tube of activated carbon having a nanomesh of carbon nanotubes thereon.
  • the contaminated fluid flows through the outer wall of the tube with the purified fluid exiting the device from the interior of the hollow tube.
  • Fig. 13 is a representation of a flat or planar purification device. 1. Preparation of Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes
  • the acid wash is performed to remove any contaminants, such as amorphous carbon, or catalyst particles and their supports which may interfere with the surface chemistry of the nanotube, and producing functional groups (such as carboxyl, for example) attached to the defect locations on the surface of the carbon nanotubes.
  • contaminants such as amorphous carbon, or catalyst particles and their supports which may interfere with the surface chemistry of the nanotube, and producing functional groups (such as carboxyl, for example) attached to the defect locations on the surface of the carbon nanotubes.
  • the process of making a nanomesh for use in the described article comprises mixing the previously described functionalized carbon nanotubes with metal oxide (such as iron oxide) or metal hydroxide (such as iron hydroxide) treated (either coated or decorated) fibers as disclosed herein.
  • metal oxide such as iron oxide
  • metal hydroxide such as iron hydroxide
  • the preparation of such metal oxide or metal hydroxide treated glass fibers may comprise mixing a metal oxide or metal hydroxide containing solution with commercially available glass fibers, such as fibers having a diameter ranging from 0.2 ⁇ m-5 ⁇ m.
  • the process comprises stirring the glass fibers with a mixture of distilled water and colloidal metal oxide or metal hydroxide solution for a time sufficient to treat the glass fibers.
  • the treated fibers may then be dried in an oven.
  • MS 2 bacteriophage which is commonly used as a surrogate in assessing a devices virus removal capabilities for drinking water, is a male specific, single stranded RNA virus, with a diameter of 0.025 ⁇ m and an icosahedral shape. Its size and shape are similar to other waterbome viruses such as the polio and hepatitis viruses, although the MS 2 bacteriophage is not a human pathogen.
  • E. coli suspension was made by using a sterile, biological loop (commercially available) to remove a loop full of the reconstituted stock [obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), stock culture ATCC #25922] which was streaked on a commercially available blood agar plate. This plate was then incubated for 12-18 hours at 36 9 C, removed from the incubator and examined for purity.
  • ATCC American Type Culture Collection
  • ATCC #25922 stock culture ATCC #25922
  • the carbon nanotubes were treated with nitric acid solution to remove contaminants (such as amorphous carbon, or catalyst particles and their supports which may interfere with the surface chemistry of the nanotube), increase the number of crystalline defect sites in the nanotubes and to attach carboxyl chemical group to these defect sites.
  • This functionalization also provided a hydrophilic behavior to the carbon nanotubes.
  • Sample #1 demonstrated E. coli closely packed together. As shown in Fig. 16, the bacterial cells of normal cells have sharp boundaries. The decrease in size and packing density of bacteria was seen in the AFM image of sample #1 before heat treatment and optical image of this sample after heat treatment.
  • Sample #2 showed some cells in the vicinity of the nanotubes, with the boundary of the E. coli cell walls being diffused and/or damaged. In fact, after mixing with the nanotubes, some of the E. coli cells disintegrated beyond the point of recognition. The presence of some diffused E. coli fragments was also seen in the vicinity of the nanotubes.
  • Fig. 17 shows a scanning electron micrograph (SEM) image of a bacterial cell that burst upon interaction with a carbon nanotube.
  • the structure of the final nanomesh was achieved by depositing a layer of the functionalized carbon nanotubes/iron hydroxide coated glass fiber mixture onto a carbon block substrate.
  • the fully assembled filter article was comprised of a central carbon filter core coated with the functionalized carbon nanotube nanomesh and covered by a porous protective paper held in place with cylindrical plastic netting. This cartridge was capped and the edges of the nanomesh sealed to prevent fluid circumventing the nanomesh and placed into an outer housing to create the final product (Fig. 19). Effectiveness of Cylindrical Purification Article:
  • a bacterial assay was conducted by challenging the nanomesh, made in accordance with the present example (Example 2), with a challenge fluid of reconstituted E. coli stock culture ATCC #25922.
  • This challenge fluid was made by using a sterile biological loop (commercially available) to remove a loop full of the reconstituted stock and streaking it on a commercially available blood agar plate. This plate was then incubated for 12-18 hours at 36 s C. The culture was then removed from the incubator and examined for purity.
  • a challenge test was run following the same procedures as in Example 2, except that the composition of the challenge solution was -1x10 8 cfu/ml of E. coli. A total of 100 ml (total -1x10 10 cfu) of this challenge solution was drawn through the carbon nanomesh/substrate material using a differential pressure of -0.25 psi. A control filtrate was obtained by passing the E. coli challenge filtrate through a commercially available 0.45 micron Millipore filter. The test challenge filtrate was not concentrated. The resulting filtrates, of the control and the challenge, were then analyzed with a commercially available spectra-photometer to determine the presence of protein and DNA.
  • a flat nanomesh device was made from commercially available, purified, carbon nanotubes and a non-woven, fused, 0.5 oz/yd 2 carbon tissue paper substrate.
  • the construction of this device utilized a process of self assembly of the nanomesh, as defined above.
  • Specific electropositive and electronegative functional components were used to enable this self assembly.
  • the carbon nanotubes were functionalized with amine groups which caused them to be electropositive (i.e. positive zeta potential) when dispersed in water.
  • the glass fibers were decorated with iron hydroxide clusters that caused them to be electronegative when dispersed in water. As shown in Fig. 22, when the two suspensions were combined, the nanotubes wrapped around the glass fibers due to electrical forces.
  • the dehydrated nanotubes were suspended in 500ml of ethylenediamine and sonicated for 20 hours at 60 0 C in a nitrogen atmosphere.
  • the ethylenediamine was distilled off and the sample washed with 0.1 M hydrochloric acid, filtered and rinsed repeatedly with distilled water until a neutral pH is reached.
  • the rinsed amine functionalized carbon nanotubes were then dried in an oven at 100 0 C for 24 hours.
  • Example #4 The flat purification device constructed in the present example (Example #4) using the amine functionalized carbon nanotubes and iron hydroxide decorated glass fibers was tested for biological removal as in described in the Tests of Effectiveness for Example #3 [test a) E. coli and b) MS-2 bacteriophage]. These tests demonstrated that the self-assembled nanomesh article achieved a removal capability for bacteria and virus of over 8 logs and 7 logs, respectively.
  • a flat air membrane filter was constructed using functionalized carbon nanotubes (carboxylated through the nitric acid wash as described in

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne des articles pour retirer des contaminants d’un fluide, tel qu’un liquide ou un gaz, l’article comprenant des nanotubes de carbone, qui comprennent au moins une molécule ou une grappe qui y est attachée ou placée à l’intérieur, les nanotubes de carbone étant présents dans l’article en une quantité suffisante pour réduire la concentration de contaminants dans le fluide qui vient en contact avec l’article. Un procédé de fabrication du matériau de nanomailles utilisé dans de tels articles est aussi décrit, ainsi que les procédés de purification des fluides qui utilisent ces articles.
PCT/US2005/014025 2005-04-22 2005-04-22 Article comprenant des nanotubes de carbone et procede d’utilisation de celui-ci pour purifier des fluides Ceased WO2006115486A1 (fr)

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CN200580050073.0A CN101198542A (zh) 2005-04-22 2005-04-22 包括碳纳米管的产品及使用所述碳纳米管净化流体的方法
JP2008507613A JP2008538531A (ja) 2005-04-22 2005-04-22 カーボンナノチューブを含む物品および流体の浄化にこれを使用するための方法
EP05795204A EP1885647A1 (fr) 2005-04-22 2005-04-22 Article comprenant des nanotubes de carbone et procede d'utilisation de celui-ci pour purifier des fluides
PCT/US2005/014025 WO2006115486A1 (fr) 2005-04-22 2005-04-22 Article comprenant des nanotubes de carbone et procede d’utilisation de celui-ci pour purifier des fluides

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