WO2007008932A2 - Developpement de procede optique destine a la mesure de gaz isotopologue et a la paleothermometrie basee sur la concentration de methane isotopoloque (13cdh3) - Google Patents

Developpement de procede optique destine a la mesure de gaz isotopologue et a la paleothermometrie basee sur la concentration de methane isotopoloque (13cdh3) Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2007008932A2
WO2007008932A2 PCT/US2006/026959 US2006026959W WO2007008932A2 WO 2007008932 A2 WO2007008932 A2 WO 2007008932A2 US 2006026959 W US2006026959 W US 2006026959W WO 2007008932 A2 WO2007008932 A2 WO 2007008932A2
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isotopologue
methane
isotopologues
absorption
detector
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WO2007008932A3 (fr
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Yongchun Tang
Sheng Wu
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
    • G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
    • G01N21/39—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using tunable lasers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
    • G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
    • G01N21/3103—Atomic absorption analysis
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
    • G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
    • G01N21/35—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light
    • G01N21/3504—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light for analysing gases, e.g. multi-gas analysis

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of gas isotopologue applications and measurements for both oil and gas exploration and production allocation. It is also related to broad geochemical applications for environmental, gas hydrate, and paleo climate studies.
  • the technique must have the sensitivity to detect the amount of pure isotopologues in the sample. For example, in the case of methane stable isotope analysis, in order to get 1/1,000* change of 13 CDH 3 isotopologue change, because the natural abundance of 13 CDH 3 is already only 5 millionth of the natural methane gas, the technique must be able to detect lppbV of methane 13 CDH 3 isotopologue. Many modern day techniques, such as mass spectrometers (MS) and several laser based spectrometers, already have such sensitivities.
  • MS mass spectrometers
  • laser based spectrometers already have such sensitivities.
  • the technique must be able to distinguish between the isotopologues of interest and the rest isotopologues and other impurities, often at much higher concentration.
  • MS could distinguish different isotopologues through their differences in masses
  • laser based spectrometers could distinguish different isotopologues through their differences in their optical spectra.
  • nearly all of these techniques have their limitations.
  • MS could only distinguish isotopologues with different masses, e.g. MS could easily distinguish between 12 CH 4 (mass 16) and 13 CH 4 (mass 17), based on then- mass, but it could not distinguish between 13 CH 4 (mass 17) and 12 CDH 3 (mass 17) because they have the same mass. Also, MS has huge problems when the isotopologue of interest has the same mass as the back ground molecule mass, e.g. 13 CDH 3 (mass 18) has the same mass as H 2 O (mass 18) and the accurate measurement of 13 CDH 3 (mass 18) is always plagued by the prevalence OfH 2 O in the MS instrument.
  • Laser based techniques distinguish individual isotopologues based on the detailed differences of each isotopologues optical spectroscopic peaks. Since each isotopologue must have its uniquely different peak positions, in principle, it is easy for laser based techniques to distinguish any pure isotopologues. However, when the technique is used to analyze one particular isotopologue that makes a rare tiny proportion of the major abundant isotopologues, it must find spectroscopic features that are not only unique to that rare isotopologue of interest, but also free of the interferences from the major abundant isotopologues.
  • Such sensitive laser based sensing techniques include Frequency
  • Modulation and Wavelength modulation that have superior signal to noise ratio, and more recently cavity enhanced techniques, such as cavity ring down spectroscopy and integrated cavity output spectroscopy that have ultra long absorption lengths.
  • US Patents #5,528,040 by Lehmann 6/1996) and US patent #5,912,740(by Zare et al. 6/1999) and US patent #6,795,190 (by Paul et al. 5/2004) along with many published references listed in this patent filing, detailed the various cavity enhanced absorption measurement techniques. But they did not mention or publish results about measuring the much less abundant methane isotopologues, i.e. 12 CDH 3 and 13 CDH 3 when they are mixed in the majority isotopologue 12 CH 4 .
  • US Patent # 7,054,008 disclosed about using cavity enhanced technique, i.e. cavity-ring-down spectroscopy, to analyze elemental atomic isotopes when the samples are atomized with microwave induced plasma. This method, although using the latest sensitive cavity enhanced absorption measurement technology, is only measuring elemental or atomic isotopes not isotopologues of molecules.
  • One aspect of the present invention is directed to the use of methane double isotopologue for new geochemistry applications, such as origin, maturity and gas generation temperature.
  • the double isotopologue is defined as the concentration of 13 CDH 3 for methane.
  • Another aspect of the present invention is directed to a method of using methane double isotopologue with methane traditional carbon and hydrogen isotope to determine gas generation temperature based on the theoretical calculations.
  • Another aspect of the present invention is directed to a method of using laser optical method to measure isotopologues such as 13 CDI ⁇ 3 and 12 CDH 3 ; H 2 32 S and H 2 34 S, 13 C 18 O 16 O and 13 C 16 O 2 in different methane gases with an accuracy reaching the sub part per billion level (ppb).
  • isotopologues such as 13 CDI ⁇ 3 and 12 CDH 3 ; H 2 32 S and H 2 34 S, 13 C 18 O 16 O and 13 C 16 O 2 in different methane gases with an accuracy reaching the sub part per billion level (ppb).
  • Another aspect of the present invention is directed to a method of using
  • GC Gas Chromatograph
  • laser optical method to measure the isotopologues of methane, ethane and propane (also possible higher hydrocarbons).
  • Figure 1 shows the Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy of 12 CH 4 , 13 CH 4 , 12 CDH 3 , and 13 CDH 3 .
  • IR Infrared
  • Figure 2 Unique absorption bands for 13 CDH 3 and 12 CDH 3 isotopologues, the bottom spectra is the absorption spectra of refinery gas, while the top spectra is the absorption spectra of pure 13 CDH 3 isotopologue synthesized by us.
  • the unique band at 6400cm "1 is clearly interference free from other absorptions.
  • Figure 3 Spectra of 12 CH 4 (top), 12 CDH 3 (middle) and 13 CDH 3 (bottom).
  • the red line is pure Ml 8 absorption spectra.
  • Ml 8 of concentration could be measured without interferences from other abundant hydrocarbons to an accuracy of sub ppbV level.
  • FIG. 1 In schematic 1, the process of detecting isotopologue ratios in hydrocarbons is illustrated.
  • the hydrocarbon mixture is injected (via a sampling loop) into the GC column and separated into Cl, C2, C3, and higher molecular weight species.
  • a combustion converter it may be based on a flame-ionization detector, or using gas oxidant or solid oxidant such as CuO/NiO
  • all the hydrocarbon species are converted to CO 2 and H 2 O and flow into the IR absorption detector.
  • the IR absorption detector with the laser wavelengths tuned to isotopic-specific lines, then measures the isotopologue concentrations of that species through their respective losses.
  • FIG. 7 In Schematic 2, the details of one of the IR absorption detectors, e.g. CRDS, are illustrated. It consists of a sealed, high-finesse resonant cavity that has a small volume to minimize peak broadening. It also has inlet and outlet holes to allow the GC effluent to enter and exit the detection cavity cell. It is temperature regulated to avoid condensation.
  • the narrow-bandwidth lasers are combined and delivered into the resonant cavity either through commercial fiber optics (e.g., DWDM wavelength combiners) or free space optics (beam splitter with special coatings to do the same).
  • the single detector could be used, and the data collected will be synchronized with external laser wavelengths.
  • FIG. 8 In Schematic 3, the details of the detector using laser as the light source are illustrated.
  • hollow fiber loop is used as the beam path for both IR laser and GC effluent, it has a volume of much less than ImL even when the single round beam path is quite long, e.g. Im.
  • the hollow tube is coated with special coating inside that provides a low loss pathway for IR light from 2 ⁇ m to lO ⁇ m. The IR light is focused into the hollow tube from the entrance port, and the transmitted IR light coming out of the hollow tube is directed toward a detector.
  • K Sp at temperature T is related to the Gibb's Free Energy difference ( ⁇ G).
  • ⁇ G can be determined by calculating the Gibb's Free Energy changes ( ⁇ G) of each component in Equation (6).
  • the relative concentration change in 13 CDH 3 will provide us with valuable information about gas formation temperature (paleothermometer). For example, if we choose a gas with a carbon isotopic composition of -30%o and a deuterium isotopic composition of -120%o, then this gas could potentially be generated by one of three different sources. One possibility might be from a mixture of biogenic and shale gases. Secondly, it is possible to generate such isotopic compositions from early shale gases. Lastly, this could also be generated from secondary cracking of oil. However, if we can measure the concentration of 13 CDH 3 , we then can determine the gas formation temperature, and when integrated with other geologic data determine other information about the origin of the gas.
  • IR Infrared
  • Methane Isotopologue Spectra In order to calibrate our CRD system, one needs to have IR spectra for 13 CDH 3 . However, there is no database available. In the past year, we have combined our theoretical and experimental efforts to determine the spectral changes in IR intensity related to isotopic methane elements.
  • Methane (CH 4 ) consisting of 5 atoms, has a total of 15 degree of freedom. Among them, there are 3 translational, 3 rotational and 9 vibrational degrees of freedom. Both CH 4 and 13 CH 4 have Td symmetry, and when one of the H-atom is replaced by D, the symmetry is lowered to C 3v for both 13 CH 4 and 13 CDH 3 .
  • Example 1 Measurement for a refinery gas isotopologue for their generation temperature.
  • CH4 isotopologues Detection of CH4 isotopologues and use the ratios as a paleometer for gas/oil exploration. These isotopologues include 12CH4 with Mass 16, 13CH4 with Mass 17, 12CDH3 also with Mass 17, and 13CDH3 with mass 18, The exact determination of the relative ratios of these four isotopologues will give the exact temperature at which the methane gas are formed. Measurement of CH4 isotopologues with cavity enhanced absorption techniques at unique spectra bands of CH4 isotopologues. Till now, the traditional band for detecting methane, CH4, is at 1640nm or 6100cm "1 , where 13 CDH 3 and 12 CDH 3 all have absorption bands there.
  • overtone vibration bands of 12 CDH 3 centered at 1558nm has never been documented before, not to mention the double isotopologue 13 CDH 3 5 S overtone vibration band centered at 1563nm.
  • This band provides a unique band for measuring the much less abundant isotopologues of methane, 13 CDH 3 and 12 CDH 3 .
  • the absorption strength at this band is also quite strong, and provides sub- ppbV level sensitivity when measuring 13 CDH 3 and 12 CDH 3 isotopologues.
  • Ratio of H 2 32 S and H 2 34 S isotopologues is extremely important for both petroleum exploration and production issues. Using the S isotope ratio, one can determine if the H 2 S is from organic or bacteria sulfur reduction (BSR) or thermal sulfate reduction (TSR). Traditional method for measuring the ratio OfH 2 32 S and H 2 34 S isotopologues in natural gas is to use GC system first to separate pure H2S from natural gas. Then, the H 2 S is converted into SO 2 and the ratios OfH 2 32 S and H 2 34 S isotopologues is measured with MS detector that is tuned to measure corresponding converted SO 2 isotopologues.
  • BSR organic or bacteria sulfur reduction
  • TSR thermal sulfate reduction
  • Example 2 Measurement for Cl, C2, C3 gas isotopes.
  • Detection of carbon and hydrogen isotopes in natural gases could aid the determination of maturity, age and origin of natural gases.
  • Methane (Cl), Ethane (C2), and Propane (C3) could aid the determination of maturity, age and origin of natural gases.
  • developing a field deployable isotope machine so one can measure the gas isotope on site will help for production location, well logging and etc.
  • the technology of measure gas isotope is mainly using isotope mass spectrometer. Halliburton disclosed a first laser based isotope machine which can measure methane isotopologues by using laser based spectroscopy.
  • the absorption loss measured inside the hollow tube or the cavity could be used to quantitatively detect the concentration of GC effluent. Because the absorption bands for different isotopologues are different, such detector combination could not only detect total concentration of single effluent by measuring the absorption peak total area, but could also measure the concentrations of each isotopologue within an effluent peak accurately.
  • FIG. 1 the process of detecting isotope ratios in hydrocarbons is illustrated.
  • the hydrocarbon mixture is injected (via a sampling loop) into the GC column and separated into Cl, C2, C3, and higher molecular weight species.
  • a combustion converter it may be based on a flame-ionization detector, or using gas oxidant or solid oxidant such as CuO/NiO
  • all the hydrocarbon species are converted to CO 2 and H 2 O and flow into the IR absorption detector.
  • the IR absorption detector with the laser wavelengths tuned to isotopic-specific lines, then measures the isotope concentrations of that species through their respective losses. Take CH 4 for an example, it will be the first major peak eluded from the GC column.
  • Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CRDS), are illustrated. It consists of a sealed, high- finesse resonant cavity that has a small volume to minimize peak broadening. It also has inlet and outlet holes to allow the GC effluent to enter and exit the detection cavity cell. It is temperature regulated to avoid condensation.
  • the narrow-bandwidth lasers are combined and delivered into the resonant cavity either through commercial fiber optics (e.g., DWDM wavelength combiners) or free space optics (beam splitter with special coatings to do the same). On the output side the single detector could be used, and the data collected will be synchronized with external laser wavelengths.
  • H 2 O has strong absorption band at 1.3 ⁇ m or 7300cm- 1, and could be detected with this method.
  • This detector when coupled with GC system could be used to measure H/D isotopes in the Cl, C2 and C3 accurately. It has been demonstrated the H 2 O concentration could be detected at lOOppt level, and this translate into H/D ratio could be measured with an accuracy of 0.1%o.
  • the optical design is easily scalable, so that more than 2 wavelengths can be combined and separated. With this scalability, more than one pair of isotope species can be measured simultaneously with our instrument, demonstrating again the power and versatility of our approach.
  • tunable telecommunication lasers at H 2 S bands could be combined with lasers at CH 4 isotope bands with provide simultaneous measurement of different isotopes.
  • a second example for GC inline IR absorption detection is the use of long hollow tubes and tunable lasers for GC effluent detection.
  • Schematic 3 the details of the detector using laser as the light source are illustrated.
  • hollow fiber loop is used as the beam path for both IR laser and GC effluent, it has a volume of much less than ImL even when the single round beam path is quite long, e.g. Im.
  • the hollow tube is coated with special coating inside that provides a low loss pathway for IR light from 2 ⁇ m to lO ⁇ m. The IR light is focused into the hollow tube from the entrance port, and the transmitted IR light coming out of the hollow tube is directed toward a detector.
  • Such IR transmitting hollow tube product is commercially available from Polymicro LLC.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne (1) des procédés destinés à déterminer la paléotempérature, l'origine et la maturité de gaz naturel par mesure d'isotopologues double méthane <SUP>13</SUP>CDH<SUB>3</SUB> et (2) des procédés optiques destinés à déterminer à la fois des isotopologues doubles <SUP>13</SUP>CDH<SUB>3</SUB> et <SUP>13</SUP>C<SUP>18</SUP>O<SUP>16</SUP>O double isotopologues. En outre, l'invention concerne un procédé destiné à déterminer des isotopes de carbone et d'hydrogène dans du méthane, de l'éthane et du propane par utilisation de chromatographie gazeuse suivie d'une combustion et de procédés optiques.
PCT/US2006/026959 2005-07-11 2006-07-11 Developpement de procede optique destine a la mesure de gaz isotopologue et a la paleothermometrie basee sur la concentration de methane isotopoloque (13cdh3) Ceased WO2007008932A2 (fr)

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US69810005P 2005-07-11 2005-07-11
US60/698,100 2005-07-11
US70088805P 2005-07-19 2005-07-19
US60/700,888 2005-07-19
US79001606P 2006-04-07 2006-04-07
US60/790,016 2006-04-07

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RU2403594C1 (ru) * 2009-04-14 2010-11-10 Институт криосферы Земли Сибирского отделения Российской Академии Наук Способ определения палеотемпературы мерзлых пород
US8399844B2 (en) 2008-12-31 2013-03-19 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Detector assembly
WO2013071189A1 (fr) 2011-11-11 2013-05-16 Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company Procédé et système pour surveillance de gisement utilisant des données d'isotopes et/ou de gaz nobles agglomérés
WO2014120316A1 (fr) * 2013-02-01 2014-08-07 Battelle Memorial Institute Spectromètre à absorption capillaire et processus l'analyse isotopique d'échantillons de petite taille
EP2776663A4 (fr) * 2011-11-11 2015-08-19 Exxonmobil Upstream Res Co Procédé pour déterminer la présence et l'emplacement d'une accumulation d'hydrocarbures sous la surface et l'origine des hydrocarbures associés
EP2776866A4 (fr) * 2011-11-11 2015-08-19 Exxonmobil Upstream Res Co Procédé de détermination de la position, de la dimension et de la composition de fluide d'une accumulation d'hydrocarbures de sous-sol
CN105158434A (zh) * 2015-08-04 2015-12-16 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 一种动态判识海相深层天然气成因类型的方法
WO2016043981A1 (fr) * 2014-09-18 2016-03-24 Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company Procédé pour améliorer l'exploration, le développement et la production d'hydrocarbures à l'aide d'une géochimie d'un isotopologue à substitution multiple, d'une modélisation de bassin et d'une cinétique moléculaire
WO2016043978A1 (fr) * 2014-09-18 2016-03-24 Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company Procédé pour améliorer l'exploration, le développement et la production d'hydrocarbures à l'aide de géochimie d'isotopologue à substitution multiple, de modélisation de bassin et de cinétique moléculaire
WO2016043982A1 (fr) * 2014-09-18 2016-03-24 Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company Procédé pour déterminer la présence de roches mères et le calendrier et l'ampleur de génération d'hydrocarbures pour l'exploration, la production et le développement d'hydrocarbures
US20160222781A1 (en) * 2015-02-03 2016-08-04 Michael Lawson Applications of Advanced Isotope Geochemistry of Hydrocarbons and Inert Gases To Petroleum Production Engineering
US20160222782A1 (en) * 2015-02-03 2016-08-04 Michael Lawson Applications of Advanced Isotope Geochemistry of Hydrocarbons and Inert Gases To Petroleum Production Engineering
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US9891331B2 (en) 2014-03-07 2018-02-13 Scott C. Hornbostel Exploration method and system for detection of hydrocarbons from the water column
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US6888127B2 (en) * 2002-02-26 2005-05-03 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Method and apparatus for performing rapid isotopic analysis via laser spectroscopy

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US8399844B2 (en) 2008-12-31 2013-03-19 Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. Detector assembly
RU2403594C1 (ru) * 2009-04-14 2010-11-10 Институт криосферы Земли Сибирского отделения Российской Академии Наук Способ определения палеотемпературы мерзлых пород
US10309217B2 (en) 2011-11-11 2019-06-04 Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company Method and system for reservoir surveillance utilizing a clumped isotope and/or noble gas data
US10330659B2 (en) 2011-11-11 2019-06-25 Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company Method for determining the location, size, and fluid composition of a subsurface hydrocarbon accumulation
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EP2776866A4 (fr) * 2011-11-11 2015-08-19 Exxonmobil Upstream Res Co Procédé de détermination de la position, de la dimension et de la composition de fluide d'une accumulation d'hydrocarbures de sous-sol
US9146225B2 (en) 2011-11-11 2015-09-29 Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company Exploration method and system for detection of hydrocarbons with an underwater vehicle
US10527601B2 (en) 2011-11-11 2020-01-07 Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company Method for determining the location, size, and fluid composition of a subsurface hydrocarbon accumulation
EP2776667A4 (fr) * 2011-11-11 2015-12-23 Exxonmobil Upstream Res Co Procédé et système pour surveillance de gisement utilisant des données d'isotopes et/ou de gaz nobles agglomérés
US9612231B2 (en) 2011-11-11 2017-04-04 Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company Exploration method and system for detection of hydrocarbons
WO2013071189A1 (fr) 2011-11-11 2013-05-16 Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company Procédé et système pour surveillance de gisement utilisant des données d'isotopes et/ou de gaz nobles agglomérés
US9297756B2 (en) 2013-02-01 2016-03-29 Battelle Memorial Institute Capillary absorption spectrometer and process for isotopic analysis of small samples
WO2014120316A1 (fr) * 2013-02-01 2014-08-07 Battelle Memorial Institute Spectromètre à absorption capillaire et processus l'analyse isotopique d'échantillons de petite taille
US9891331B2 (en) 2014-03-07 2018-02-13 Scott C. Hornbostel Exploration method and system for detection of hydrocarbons from the water column
US9829602B2 (en) 2014-07-18 2017-11-28 Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company Method and system for identifying and sampling hydrocarbons
US9638828B2 (en) 2014-07-18 2017-05-02 Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company Method and system for performing surveying and sampling in a body of water
US9453828B2 (en) 2014-07-18 2016-09-27 Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company Method and system for identifying and sampling hydrocarbons with buoys
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