WO2007142639A1 - Procédé et appareils pour tracer des supports multimédia piratés - Google Patents

Procédé et appareils pour tracer des supports multimédia piratés Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2007142639A1
WO2007142639A1 PCT/US2006/022121 US2006022121W WO2007142639A1 WO 2007142639 A1 WO2007142639 A1 WO 2007142639A1 US 2006022121 W US2006022121 W US 2006022121W WO 2007142639 A1 WO2007142639 A1 WO 2007142639A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
artifacts
pirated
copy
artifact
copies
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/US2006/022121
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English (en)
Inventor
Marc Brandon
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Warner Bros Entertainment Inc
Original Assignee
Warner Bros Entertainment Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US11/422,378 external-priority patent/US20060277609A1/en
Application filed by Warner Bros Entertainment Inc filed Critical Warner Bros Entertainment Inc
Publication of WO2007142639A1 publication Critical patent/WO2007142639A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
    • G11B20/00—Signal processing not specific to the method of recording or reproducing; Circuits therefor
    • G11B20/00086—Circuits for prevention of unauthorised reproduction or copying, e.g. piracy
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
    • G11B20/00—Signal processing not specific to the method of recording or reproducing; Circuits therefor
    • G11B20/00086—Circuits for prevention of unauthorised reproduction or copying, e.g. piracy
    • G11B20/00884—Circuits for prevention of unauthorised reproduction or copying, e.g. piracy involving a watermark, i.e. a barely perceptible transformation of the original data which can nevertheless be recognised by an algorithm
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
    • G11B20/00—Signal processing not specific to the method of recording or reproducing; Circuits therefor
    • G11B20/00086—Circuits for prevention of unauthorised reproduction or copying, e.g. piracy
    • G11B20/00884—Circuits for prevention of unauthorised reproduction or copying, e.g. piracy involving a watermark, i.e. a barely perceptible transformation of the original data which can nevertheless be recognised by an algorithm
    • G11B20/00891—Circuits for prevention of unauthorised reproduction or copying, e.g. piracy involving a watermark, i.e. a barely perceptible transformation of the original data which can nevertheless be recognised by an algorithm embedded in audio data

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the field of tracking of pirated media. More specifically, the invention involves a method and apparatus for identifying various copies of a pirated media so that their source can be determined, and the distribution routes of various generations of these copies can be traced.
  • Media piracy is the source of a substantial loss of revenue for content creators in the entertainment field.
  • the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) estimates that losses due to piracy worldwide for the U.S. motion picture industry may exceed $6 billion on an annual basis.
  • MPAA Motion Picture Association of America
  • Capcoding A method for marking film prints to facilitate forensic identification was developed by the Motion Picture Association of America and Kodak employees approximately 15 years ago. This technique is known as "Capcoding.” It involves placing visible dots into a spatial matrix on a film frame. Various combinations of the dots arranged in a matrix provided approximately 1000 unique codes. The dot matrix is printed onto an authorized copy. Authorized copies are then provided to each separate theater, with each copy being identified by a different code.
  • identifying techniques include invisible watermarking, which is typically used on non-theatrical content such as DVD masters, and audio watermarking. These techniques are used to detect or develop "parent-child" relationships between various pirated copies.
  • Another identifying technique is disclosed in the above-named patent application.
  • a plurality of masters are made, each master having a plurality of segments.
  • a code is assigned to each master, and this code is associated with each segment.
  • Many authorized copies are made by combining segments from different masters.
  • Each authorized copy consists of a plurality of segments, with at least some of the segments having different codes then other segments of the same copy.
  • the segments are selected so that each authorized copy consists of a unique combination of segments, thereby uniquely identifying the copy.
  • a problem with both approaches is that once the authorized (first generation) copy is made then any second generation copies made from the first copy all have the same identifiers and therefore they cannot be traced. For example, if an authorized copy is shown in a movie theater and used to make several pirated (second generation) copies, then the second generation copies will have the same identifier as the first generation copy. Any forensic analysis performed on these second generation copies or any subsequent third generation copies will only reveal the theater from which the second generation copies originated.
  • Fig. 1 shows a flow chart of a method of tracking pirated media in accordance with the present invention
  • Fig. 2 shows somewhat diagrammatically a plan view of a movie theatre wherein a feature presentation is pirated using camcorders;
  • Fig. 3 shows timing diagrams for a feature presentation and two pirated copies
  • Fig. 4A shows a sequence of scenes and the corresponding marks identifying the location of the scenes on the original and a pirated copy
  • Fig. 4B shows a listing of artifacts that may be found in the pirated copy
  • Fig. 5 shows a block diagram of an apparatus used to identify and track pirated media:
  • Fig. 6A shows a diagram of the peak volume of an authorized copy and two pirated copies as a function of time
  • Fig. 6B shows the average luminescence of an authorized copy and two pirated copies as a function of time
  • Fig. 7A shows a block diagram of a comparator circuit for comparing peak volumes
  • Fig. 7B shows a block diagram of a comparator circuit for comparing average luminescence.
  • a master is generated by a content provider such as a movie studio.
  • a content provider such as a movie studio.
  • step 102 several (first generation) authorized or official copies 01 , 02... On are generated. These authorized copies include unique identifiers, such as the ones described above.
  • step 104 an authorized copy Om is played in a specific theater. While the copy Om is played, two pirates record it using respective hand held cameras 16, 18. More specifically as shown in Fig. 2, the copy Om 22 is played by projector 24 on screen 20. As can be seen in the Fig. 2, the two pirates 12, 14 are recording the movie 22 through two respective camcorders 16 and 18. The two pirates can be filming copy Om simultaneously, or at different times, and they can be cooperating or can be operating independently of each other. The two pirates thus produce, respectively, a first and a second pirated master PM1 and PM2. Frequently, the audio track for the masters is not recorded by the camcorders. Instead, a different audio source is used to record the audio track and this audio track is then synced with the video track.
  • the audio portion of a movie is made available on devices having an audio output for people having a hearing impairment.
  • An audio recorder is plugged directly into such a device and used to generate the separate audio track.
  • the two pirated masters are not identical. One difference is that they are being shot from different angles causing slightly different distortions. Another difference stems from the fact as the authorized copy Om is being presented, various events take place that cause certain extraneous aural or visual artifacts in the pirated masters. (The term "artifact" is used herein to designate any feature of a pirated copy that is not found in the original). For example, at one point during the film, a spectator S may stand up and walk out.
  • pirate 12 generates a pirated master PM1 (step 108). He, or others, then generates from the pirated master PM1 a plurality of pirated copies P1 on VHS tapes. In step 112 these copies P1 are distributed by various means.
  • the pirated master PM1 may be used to generate a plurality of DVD copies P2 in step 114. Copies P2 are then distributed in step 116 either in the same markets as P1 or different markets.
  • pirate 14 makes the second pirated master PM2 in step 118.
  • this second pirated master is used to make other pirated copies P3 in any suitable media, such as VCR tapes, DVD discs or DIVX CD copies.
  • the pirated copies P3 are distributed, again, either in the same market as P1 , P2, or in different markets.
  • the DVD copies P2 could be sold on streets in USA while the CD versions of pirated copy P3 maybe distributed in Asia where DVIX CDs are more popular.
  • the chain need not stop here.
  • Some of the copies may be used as pirated masters to make yet other copies.
  • one of the copies P1 can be used as a pirated master PM3 to make copies P4 (step 114).
  • the sets of pirated copies P1 , P2, P3, P4 all originate from authorized copy Om but are different from each other because they include different artifacts. Artifacts can be generated by individual events (some of which are discussed above) as well as other phenomenon that are associated with the equipment used to make the pirated copies and may be characteristic of an entire copy, rather then one or more scenes. For example, as shown in Fig.
  • artifact F1 maybe a set of dark or blurred images generated by dirt on the lens of projector 24.
  • Artifact E2 may be a set of partially occluded frames caused by spectator S standing up.
  • Artifact E3 maybe a cough by a spectator near enough to pirate 14 so that it is recorded by his camcorder 18 but not camcorder 16.
  • Artifact E4 maybe a set of images blurred by the process of step 114.
  • Fig. 4A shows a table in which the starting position of each scene from each tape is cataloged and stored. On the authorized copy Om scene 1 starts at mark t1 , scene 2 starts at t2 and so on.
  • the marks t1 , t2, t1*, t2*. etc. may be timing marks, frame numbers, or other similar indicia.
  • one general or global artifact that can be used as an identifier of pirated copies consists of a listing of marks t1 , t2.
  • Other artifact parameters may include the duration, of each scene, the number of frames in each scene, total or average luminescence, peak or average sound levels of each scene and/or the whole program, and so on.
  • camcorders 16, 18, are not positioned in the center, the images recorded by these devices are slightly skewed or distorted. These distortions can be measured and used as identifying artifacts.
  • some of the colors of the images may be changed when compared to the original master or authorized copy. For example, an object (such as a hat ) may have a bright red color in the original and a faded orange hue throughout the copy. Again this feature can be sensed and used as an identifier or a global artifact parameter.
  • Fig. 4B shows a list of the various specific artifacts found in pirated copies (in this instance, P1).
  • additional information may be incorporated in the list.
  • E1 may be an instance where the picture breaks up
  • E2 indicates that several frames are partially blocked (for example by man S walking out)
  • E3 may be a loud noise.
  • artifacts E1- E13 occur at specific times and have limited durations (generally in the order of a couple of frames).
  • Fig. 5 shows a block diagram of an apparatus for collecting and correlating artifacts from various pirated copies.
  • the apparatus includes an audio/visual scanner 200 that scans a pirated copy, e.g., P1.
  • a pirated copy e.g., P1.
  • the various preselected characteristics of the pirated copies (such as the lists of Figs. 4A and 4B) are collected. These characteristics are then compared by comparator 204 with the parameters and characteristics of an original master.
  • an original data base 202 is provided. The data in this data base is obtained by scanning one of the copies or from the content provider.
  • the comparator 204 then identifies the characteristics of the pirated copy that differ from the characteristics in the data base 202.
  • the information is stored in the current data base 206 as a first set of parameters AS1 that identify the respective pirated copy, e.g., P1.
  • Pirated copy P2 may be associated with a second AS2 that may be slightly different then AS1.
  • the parameters of a set AS4 for pirated copy P4 may include the parameters AS2 and may have some additional parameters associated with process 124.
  • the parameters are an effective means of providing a unique identification of the respective copy. These parameters may include video-only artifacts, audio-only artifacts or combinations of video and audio artifacts. Using this identification, one can track or trace the source of various pirated copies as follows.
  • the parameters AS1 , AS2, AS3, AS4 of various known pirated copies P1 , P2, P3, PA ... are collected and stored in a global data base 208 so that in effect the data base 208 includes a veritable parameter library descriptive of the various pirated copies.
  • This parameter library is generated and kept locally by each organization monitoring copying of various media. Alternatively, the parameter library can be distributed and shared between various monitoring organizations. Moreover, parameter libraries from different organizations can be compared and combined to make a more complete and comprehensive parameter library.
  • Any pirated copy received by any of these organizations can then check it using the device shown in Fig. 5 as well.
  • the pirated copy us scanned by scanner 200 and compared to the characteristics of the original by comparator 204.
  • the resulting set of parameters AS* is stored in data base 206.
  • the set AS * is compared to the sets AS1 , AS2, AS3... in data base 208 and a report is then generated to indicate whether the set AS* (a) match the parameters of any known pirated copies; or (b) include the parameters of a known pirated copy (e.g., AS2) but include additional parameters; or (c) do not match of the parameters of any pirated copies and therefore this is a new pirated copy.
  • the authorized copy Om preferably is encoded so as to uniquely identify the theater 10. This information is provided in the report as well and used to identify the theater (or other venue) from which pirated copies originate. This whole process is preferably performed automatically using computer-based equipment. Figs.
  • FIG. 6A and 6B show some typical characteristics that may be used to identify the parameters.
  • Fig. 6A shows portions of typical peak volume waveforms.
  • Waveform 200 is from the authorized copy
  • waveform 202 is from one of the pirated copies, e.g., P1
  • waveform 204 is from another pirated copy, such as P3.
  • an artifact 205 occurs on waveform 204. This artifact may be caused by coughing, loud laughter, etc. Waveform 200 does not have this artifact. Therefore this artifact (including its position, duration, and/or amplitude) may also be one of the parameters of set AS3 for pirated copy P3.
  • This artifact (a lowering of the peak volume) may be due to a ripped film, a dropout from the camcorder, the pirate covering the microphone with his hand, and so on.
  • the characteristics of this artifact may be used as a parameter for set AS1.
  • the authorized copy Om is scanned by a peak volume detector 220 and the pirated copies P1 , P3 are scanned by a peak volume detector 222.
  • the peak volume of Om can be obtained from other sources (e.g., the content provider) and stored in data base 102).
  • the peak volumes of P1 , P3 are compared by comparator 224 and the characteristics of artifacts 203, 205 are forwarded to data base 106.
  • the peak volume may be detected for each frame, for several frames, etc.
  • other characteristics may be used, such as average volume, and other characteristics.
  • Fig. 6B shows three curves for the average luminescence curves 210, 212, 214 of Om, P1 , P3, respectively.
  • These artifacts are detected by the circuitry of Fig. 7B.
  • Average luminance detectors 230 and 232 detect the characteristics of Om, P1 and P3. The results are compared by comparator 234 and sent to the current data base 206. Of course these artifacts may be detected using the average or peak luminance of a single frame or several frames, and other similar means.
  • the artifacts include visual artifacts, audio artifacts and other indicia such as invisible watermarks, inaudible watermarks and combinations thereof.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Signal Processing For Digital Recording And Reproducing (AREA)
  • Television Signal Processing For Recording (AREA)

Abstract

Des copies piratées sur divers types de support sont analysées pour détecter divers artefacts qui peuvent être absents des originaux. Ces artefacts sont ensuite utilisés pour identifier et tracer les copies piratées pour des études légales. Les artefacts peuvent comporter des artefacts globaux qui sont présents dans tout le support multimédia, ou peuvent être des artefacts locaux ou spéciaux qui sont présents uniquement dans une petite partie des supports multimédia. De plus, les artefacts peuvent être au moins un événement audio, un événement visuel, un filigrane visuel ou un filigrane audio et toute combinaison de ces derniers.
PCT/US2006/022121 2006-06-06 2006-06-07 Procédé et appareils pour tracer des supports multimédia piratés Ceased WO2007142639A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US11/422,378 US20060277609A1 (en) 2005-06-07 2006-06-06 Method and apparatus for tracking pirated media
US11/422,378 2006-06-06

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2007142639A1 true WO2007142639A1 (fr) 2007-12-13

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PCT/US2006/022121 Ceased WO2007142639A1 (fr) 2006-06-06 2006-06-07 Procédé et appareils pour tracer des supports multimédia piratés

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Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20040139338A1 (en) * 2003-01-10 2004-07-15 Motoji Ohmori Contents distribution system
US20040230614A1 (en) * 2003-03-10 2004-11-18 Sony Corporation Data processing method and apparatus of same
US20040258397A1 (en) * 2003-06-23 2004-12-23 Changick Kim Method and apparatus for video copy detection

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20040139338A1 (en) * 2003-01-10 2004-07-15 Motoji Ohmori Contents distribution system
US20040230614A1 (en) * 2003-03-10 2004-11-18 Sony Corporation Data processing method and apparatus of same
US20040258397A1 (en) * 2003-06-23 2004-12-23 Changick Kim Method and apparatus for video copy detection

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
HAMPAPUR A. ET AL.: "Comparison of Sequence Matching Techniques for Video Copy Detection", PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE, vol. 4676, 2002, pages 194 - 201, XP008091953, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:http://www.research.ibm.com/ecvg/pubs/arun-seq.pdf> *

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