WO2008055182A1 - Procédé de traitement thermique pour récipients sous pression plaqués - Google Patents

Procédé de traitement thermique pour récipients sous pression plaqués Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2008055182A1
WO2008055182A1 PCT/US2007/083061 US2007083061W WO2008055182A1 WO 2008055182 A1 WO2008055182 A1 WO 2008055182A1 US 2007083061 W US2007083061 W US 2007083061W WO 2008055182 A1 WO2008055182 A1 WO 2008055182A1
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Prior art keywords
base material
clad
age
tempering
temperature
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Ceased
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PCT/US2007/083061
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English (en)
Inventor
Philip A. Huff
Keith Pruden
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Hydril LLC
Hydril USA Distribution LLC
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Hydril LLC
Hydril USA Manufacturing LLC
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Priority to EP07844744A priority Critical patent/EP2084300A1/fr
Priority to BRPI0718047-0A priority patent/BRPI0718047A2/pt
Publication of WO2008055182A1 publication Critical patent/WO2008055182A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/50—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for welded joints
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
    • C21D6/004—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Cr and Ni
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
    • C21D6/02—Hardening by precipitation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/08—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for tubular bodies or pipes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/08—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for tubular bodies or pipes
    • C21D9/14—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for tubular bodies or pipes wear-resistant or pressure-resistant pipes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D2221/00—Treating localised areas of an article
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D2251/00—Treating composite or clad material
    • C21D2251/04—Welded or brazed overlays

Definitions

  • Embodiments disclosed herein relate generally to oilfield components and equipment used during oil and gas production. Specifically, embodiments disclosed herein relate to a method of heat treating oilfield components.
  • Offshore drilling and production unit designs may vary based upon water depth and the type of platform used, such as a floating platform, semi-submersible platforms, tension leg platforms, spar-type platforms, and others as are known in the art.
  • Offshore units also vary in the type and location of control devices, including wet-tree systems, where the control devices are located atop a wellhead on the sea floor, and dry-tree systems, where the control devices are located on the platform.
  • Components used during the drilling and production of oil wells are subject to corrosion, wear, and fatigue.
  • components and equipment used are subject to a dynamic environment, where near-surface and sub-surface currents may impart bending and/or rotational stress, hi a typical deepwater offshore production, for example, a riser extends between a floating platform, at the surface of the ocean, and the wellhead, at the sea floor.
  • rod pumps are often used during the production of oil and gas from a reservoir.
  • This deep well pump is mechanically activated by a walking beam pumping unit which is connected by one end to a power source and by the other end to a string of steel rods (e.g., sucker rods) that interconnect themselves to form a string extended to the inside of the well, with the string connected by its other end to the deep well pump.
  • the string of rods performs a reciprocating or rotating movement, which may produce deflections of the string.
  • the sucker rods are thereby subjected to wear due to frictional contact with the inner wall of the production tubing. Even though the fluid environment serves as a lubricant, abrasion does occur over the surface of the sucker rods.
  • tools used during assembly may cause tearing of the rod surface.
  • the fluid includes dissolved salts and undissolved minerals which may have an additional abrasive effect on the rod surface.
  • the metal in the sucker rods is subjected to a hard corrosive attack caused by downhole chemicals.
  • These rods also experience very high cyclic axial tension over their service life and maybe subject to axial fatigue.
  • oilfield components may also be subject to fatigue due to the high pressures and temperatures encountered during the drilling and production process.
  • the process of drilling wells involves penetrating a variety of subsurface geologic structures, or layers called "formations.” Occasionally, a wellbore will penetrate a formation having a formation pressure substantially higher than the pressure maintained in the wellbore. When this occurs, the well is said to have "taken a kick.”
  • the pressure increase associated with the kick is generally produced by an influx of formation fluids (which may be a liquid, a gas, or a combination thereof) into the wellbore.
  • the relatively high pressure kick tends to propagate from a point of entry in the wellbore uphole (from a high pressure region to a low pressure region).
  • the normal operating pressures and the high pressure kicks subject the oilfield components to additional fatigue.
  • these oilfield components may need to meet the design criteria for metallic oil and gas field components, such as those requirements established by NACE International (formerly the National Association of Corrosion Engineers) and the European Federation of Corrosion for the performance of metals when exposed to various environmental compositions, pH, temperature, and H2S partial pressures.
  • NACE MRO 175 limits the maximum hardness of the parts to Rockwell C 22 or Brinell 237 for low alloy steels in the quenched and tempered condition.
  • the maximum yield strength that they are able to reach under the NACE maximum hardness limitation is about 80,000-90,000 psi.
  • Very few low alloy steels are able to develop this yield strength and hardness combination in a section thickness having any useable significant size. For example, when the section thickness is more than four to six inches, many low alloy steels cannot develop the desired mechanical properties on quench and temper throughout their entire section thickness at the time of heat treatment.
  • Fatigue failure is a phenomena that results from high tensile stress at the surface or within close proximity to the surface of a material. Therefore, surface modification procedures, such as shot peening, case hardening by nitriding or carburizing, and flame hardening or induction hardening have been used to increase the fatigue strength of a material by leaving a residual compressive stress at the surface. Parts that contain a residual compressive stress at their surface are less likely to fail in fatigue since cracking is more difficult to initiate and/or propagate when the part is residually loaded in compression.
  • the lifespan of an oilfield component may also be affected by corrosion, such as by exposure to H 2 S.
  • parts in the oil tool industry have been clad overlaid on the ring grooves, sealing areas, and wetted surfaces solely for the prevention of damage to the base metal from the well bore fluid.
  • U.S. Patent No. 6,737,174 discloses a sucker rod having a surface coated by a copper alloy.
  • a corrosion resistant alloy (“CRA") clad layer such as nickel based Alloy 625 ⁇ i.e., INCONEL 625) has been applied in thicknesses nominally from 0.060 to 0.187 inches to protect a base metal from corrosive attack.
  • CRA corrosion resistant alloy
  • CRAs may be used in these applications, but the industry has essentially standardized Alloy 625 for CRA cladding of oil tool equipment. There has been little if any attention paid to the strength of the cladding material except to assure that the strength of clad layer material is equal to or greater than the strength of the base metal in the part.
  • Oilfield components and parts having an increased service life are desired, including parts subject to high temperatures, corrosive fluids, high stress levels, and/or fatigue loading conditions, including cyclic loading conditions. Accordingly, there exists a need for oilfield components that have improved performance under various extreme operating conditions, including fatigue loading conditions.
  • ram and annular BOP bodies as well as accessory equipment, have typically been manufactured for use in operating pressures up to 15,000 psi and temperatures up to 250°F.
  • These BOP bodies are manufactured using one-piece, rough machined, and heat treated low-alloy steel forgings or multiple piece low-alloy steel forgings that have been rough machined, heat treated and fabrication welded together. Castings have been and still may be used for the manufacture of these ram BOP bodies for these service conditions as well as forgings.
  • one-piece single, dual, or triple ram BOP bodies which may be produced from low alloy steel Grade F22, are quenched and final-tempered to meet the final material specification requirements.
  • fabricated BOP bodies may be fabricated by welding together low alloy steel Grade 8630 Modified quenched and final-tempered parts. The bodies are then machined to near net shape and weld overlayed with a corrosion resistant alloy, such as, AISI 316 austenitic stainless steel or nickel base Alloy 625 in the API ring grooves, bonnet faces and internal top seal area and other areas designated on the engineering drawing.
  • a corrosion resistant alloy such as, AISI 316 austenitic stainless steel or nickel base Alloy 625 in the API ring grooves, bonnet faces and internal top seal area and other areas designated on the engineering drawing.
  • the BOP bodies are conventionally given a post weld heat treatment ("PWHT") at a temperature dependant on the steel grade from which the parts have been produced.
  • PWHT post weld heat treatment
  • the purpose of the PWHT is primarily to reduce the hardness of the heat affected zone ("HAZ") of welded areas to the maximum hardness levels mandated by NACE MRO 175 of HRC 22 or Brinell 237 for resistance to sulfide stress corrosion cracking (“SCC").
  • Section IX to be performed at a temperature below the tempering temperature of the base metal itself.
  • the PWHT operation tends to reduce the mechanical properties of the base metal and limits the number of times that a particular BOP body can be welded and post-weld heat treated before the mechanical properties of the base metal have been degraded to a level below the minimum requirements for the base metal required for the part.
  • the bodies are then finish machined to their final dimensional configuration.
  • the prior art manufacturing procedure may be changed to use a high strength, age hardenable, corrosion resistant alloy, CRA, to selectively reinforce areas of the one piece body for encapsulation of the high surface or near subsurface stresses in the BOP body.
  • This change may allow manufacture of BOP bodies for use at operating pressures above 15,000 psi and at operating temperatures up to 350 0 F and above.
  • the PWHT temperature would be sufficient to obtain the required maximum HAZ hardness value but the PWHT temperature would be too low to obtain the required mechanical properties in the age hardenable CRA overlay material. If the PWHT temperature were increased to obtain the mechanical properties in the CRA overlay material, the PWHT temperature would equal or surpass the tempering temperature of the Grade F22 base material of the BOP body, which is prohibited by ASME Section IX.
  • the Grade F22 steel must be post-weld heat treated at a minimum temperature of 1150 0 F (621 0 C) for a period of time ranging from four to eight hours or more.
  • the Grade F22 low alloy steel with section thickness of eight inches and greater will be quenched and tempered to develop a minimum yield strength of 85,000 psi.
  • To develop this minimum yield strength requires a tempering temperature of 1150 0 F to 125O 0 F (621°C to 677°C) for a period of time of eight to ten hours or more.
  • INCONEL 725 is an age hardenable alloy, in order to develop its mechanical properties on the order of 120,000 psi minimum yield strength, it must be aged at a temperature of 1200 0 F (649°C) for a minimum period of time of eight to twenty four hours. All of these various tempering temperatures and times, PWHT temperatures and times, and the age hardening temperatures and times may be in conflict with one another.
  • the age hardening temperature and time for the INCONEL 725 would further temper the Grade F22 base metal, likely lowering its mechanical properties below the minimum specification requirement. If the INCONEL 725 weldment joint on the Grade F22 were PWHT as described above, the maximum HAZ hardness would be met and the mechanical properties of the Grade F22 would be preserved, but the INCONEL 725 weld metal would likely not develop the mechanical properties in the overlay that are desired.
  • embodiments disclosed herein relate to a process to manufacture an oilfield component comprising a base material and an age hardenable clad material.
  • the process may include finish tempering the oilfield component at a selected time and at a selected temperature to temper the base material and age harden the clad material.
  • some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a body of a ram blowout preventer comprising a vertical bore through the body, a horizontal bore through the body intersecting the vertical bore, wherein the body is selectively reinforced with a clad material and is formed by a process including finish tempering at a selected time and at a selected temperature to temper the base material and age harden the clad material.
  • a process to manufacture an oilfield component includes selectively reinforcing a base material with an age-hardenable clad material, and selectively heating the clad material such that it age-hardens and the base material remains at less than the tempering temperature.
  • Figure 1 is section view drawing of a flange neck reinforced in accordance with embodiments disclosed herein.
  • Figure 2 is a block diagram of a process to manufacture an oilfield component in accordance with embodiments disclosed herein.
  • embodiments disclosed herein relate to a method of manufacturing or reinforcing oilfield components. In other aspects, embodiments disclosed herein relate to the heat treatment of oilfield components that have been selectively reinforced to reduce or eliminate stress and/or fatigue failures.
  • oilfield components refer to flanges, bonnets, spools, stress joints, blowout preventers, sucker rods, subsea well assemblies, valves (e.g., choke valves), and other equipment and parts commonly used for the drilling and production of oil and gas.
  • valves e.g., choke valves
  • Loading conditions may include thermal loading, pressure loading, or mechanical loading.
  • thermal loading may occur when a wellbore is hot (e.g., 300 0 F) and is located in 10,000 feet of water at 32°F.
  • Pressure loading may result from internal (wellbore) pressure acting outward on the oilfield component or from hydrostatic (e.g., subsea) external pressure acting inward.
  • mechanical loading may include bonnet and flange bolt tightening preloads, axial tensile and compressive loads, and bending moments.
  • the loading conditions may include at least one of internal pressure, external pressure, axial tension, axial compression, longitudinal tension, longitudinal compression, axial bending moment, longitudinal bending moment, riser tension and bending, and temperature extremes, among other load states.
  • the intensities of the local stress states placed on the equipment during these loading conditions may have a significant impact on the cyclic life of the equipment. Analyzing the performance of an oilfield component subject to various fatigue loading conditions may provide for enhancing the design and/or improving the performance of the oilfield components to extend the useful life of the oilfield component.
  • Finite element analysis is a useful and powerful techniques for analyzing stresses and strains in structures or components too complex to analyze by strictly analytical methods. With these techniques, the structure or component is broken down into many small pieces (a finite number of elements) of various types, sizes and shapes. The elements are assumed to have a simplified pattern of deformation (linear, quadratic, etc.) and are connected at "nodes” normally located at comers or edges of the elements. The elements are then assembled mathematically using basic rules of structural mechanics, i.e. equilibrium of forces and continuity of loads, resulting in a large system of simultaneous equations (a mesh).
  • the deformed shape of the structure or component under load may be obtained. Based on that, stresses and strains may be calculated.
  • Suitable software to perform such FEA includes ABAQUS (available from ABAQUS, Inc.), MARC (available from MSC Software Corporation), and ANSYS (available from ANSYS, Inc.), among others. Finite elements of any shape known in the art may be used. Hexagonal elements, though, are typically highly stable and may be beneficial when simulating high stresses and strains across a model.
  • a simplified design and/or model of an oilfield component to assist in the analysis of the oilfield component may be used.
  • the analysis of stress and strain concentrations of complex component designs may be simplified by "smoothing" that design.
  • smoothing refers to various techniques to simplify a complex geometry of a design for use with FEA. For example, internal corners may be modified to reduce or eliminate their radii in an attempt to simplify a subsequently constructed model.
  • These techniques may allow the analysis of a smoothed model (i.e., an FEA model constructed from a smoothed design) to correlate and converge to a definitive result when analysis of a non- smoothed model may not.
  • a model constructed from a smoothed design may be analyzed with FEA to determine an overall, or bulk, stress condition. By analyzing the bulk stress, the performance, and possible failure, of an oilfield component under various fatigue loading conditions may be predicted.
  • One objective of FEA may be to isolate high stress or strain areas and identify the areas that are prone to low cyclic life.
  • the results of a finite element analysis, analyzing the performance of the component under various fatigue loading conditions, may be used to identify regions subject to fatigue failure in the oilfield component. Once the regions subject to fatigue failure are identified, these areas may be redesigned or may be marked for metallurgical processing, such as selective reinforcement, as will be described later.
  • Possible load states or fatigue loading conditions for the component should be determined for input into the FEA. As mentioned above, these may include normal operating pressure, high-pressure kick, riser tension and bending, and temperature extremes, among other load states.
  • the fatigue loading condition data should include typical or expected values as well as maximum and/or minimum values and the frequency at which these loads fluctuate to enable a complete analysis.
  • Properties of the base material used to form the oilfield component should also be determined, establishing the maximum allowable peak stress value (SBpeak). The material properties may either be determined through empirical testing or, in the alternative, may be provided from commercially available material properties data.
  • this value may be established based on field tests where, under NACE environments (i.e., environments established by NACE International for testing of oil and gas field equipment), the stress would just meet the life cycle requirement and would be less than the stress at which sulfide stress corrosion cracking would occur.
  • NACE environments i.e., environments established by NACE International for testing of oil and gas field equipment
  • the stress would just meet the life cycle requirement and would be less than the stress at which sulfide stress corrosion cracking would occur.
  • the tensile strength of a material is the maximum amount of stress (in tension) a material may be subjected to before failure. As stress is exerted upon a material, the material strains to accommodate the stress. Once the stress is too much for the material, it will no longer be able to strain, and the material fails. The failure point of the material is known as the ultimate tensile strength.
  • the loading conditions and material properties may then be used to analyze the oilfield component using FEA based methods. All permutations for design and operating loads should be considered to generate a complete analysis of the component. Proper bolt preloads and material characteristic data, de-rated based on temperature, should also be used.
  • a model i.e., a mesh of simultaneous equations
  • a three-dimensional model of the component may be generated with specific design features. These design features may be selected to give specific performance characteristics.
  • generating a model may also include the steps of importing a component design to generate the model and smoothing the imported design.
  • the design may have various smoothing techniques applied thereto to simplify FEA analysis.
  • the models may be generated from a design in a computer aided design (“CAD”) software package (e.g., AutoCAD available from Autodesk, Inc., and Pro/Engineer available from Parametric Technology Corporation) and imported into the FEA software package.
  • CAD computer aided design
  • the model may be generated within the FEA packages (e.g., ABAQUS and PATRAN) themselves.
  • the loading conditions may be simulated upon the component in FEA using the model.
  • these simulated fatigue loading conditions reflect the load states or stress that the oilfield component may expect to experience under normal use.
  • a stress plot from the loading conditions showing the stress and deformation occurring in the oilfield component model may be analyzed. The stress plot may determine and show the location and amount of stress occurring in the oilfield component model from the simulated loading conditions across the component.
  • the stress plot may be analyzed and reviewed to determine the performance and characteristics of the model. If the model may be further improved, another model may be generated or the current model may be re-generated (modified). This will allow the model to be further simulated in FEA to determine its performance after further modifications or models. Otherwise, if the model is considered acceptable and meets any and/or all specified criteria, the model may be used in the manufacture oilfield components, as will be described below.
  • the objectives of numerical methods include identifying, isolating, and highlighting zones subject to fatigue failure within the oilfield components. For example, the stress states which may cause early failure under NACE environment may be identified. The results of the FEA may be used to generate stress and strain plots for identifying regions subject to fatigue failure in the component.
  • the identified zones subject to fatigue failure may be modified in the manufacture of the oilfield component.
  • the zones may be marked out, in a spatial representation or drawing, noting the depth and lateral extents (length and width) of high stress areas subject to fatigue failure.
  • a contour plot may be drawn, showing the length, width and depth of the local stress areas.
  • the surface location of the fatigue zones may be transferred to appropriate manufacturer's drawings.
  • the identified fatigue zones may then be selectively reinforced with a higher strength material bonding metallurgically with the base material.
  • the higher strength alloy may be any convenient alloy of the user's choosing that exhibits the strength, ductility and corrosion resistance required by the design of the oilfield components or parts.
  • the higher strength material may include other low alloy or medium alloy steels with higher strength and/or higher corrosion resistance than the low alloy steel base metal and would be capable of withstanding the applied stresses with a lower ratio of applied stress to yield strength. Lowering the ratio of applied stress to yield strength of the higher strength material would reduce its tendency to initiate fatigue cracking, fatigue crack propagation and ultimate fatigue failure.
  • a high strength alloy such as Alloy 625 may be used to replace and bond with the low alloy base metal.
  • the choice of the cladding alloy that could be substituted for the partial thickness of the base metal substrate up to 0.500 inches or more would be made on the basis of the ratio of the applied stress to yield strength of the alloy used for the clad layer.
  • the base material may be selectively reinforced with an inlay clad.
  • the base material may be selectively reinforced with an overlay clad.
  • the clad inlay or overlay may be bonded to the base material using pressure, heat, welding, brazing, roll bonding, explosive bonding, weld overlaying, wallpapering, or a combination thereof.
  • the cladding may be bonded to the base material using an electric arc welding process, such as a submerged arch welding ⁇ "SAW") process or a tungsten inert gas (“TIG”) welding process.
  • the cladding may be bonded to the base material using an electric arc weld cladding process, a hot isostatic pressing cladding process ("HIP" cladding), auto-frettage cladding, laser cladding, or a combination of any of these methods.
  • one or more clad layers may be used, such as a single clad having two layers (base plus clad), a double clad (having 3 layers), or a cladding of up to 7 or more layers.
  • the base material may be selectively reinforced with a clad inlay.
  • the clad inlay in various embodiments, may be shrunk-fit or press fit into recesses cut in the body of the oilfield component, and seam/seal welded in place. In other embodiments, the clad inlay may be shaped according to the FEA stress plots.
  • the clad inlay or overlay in some embodiments, may have a thickness or an average thickness of up to 0.625 inches or higher. In other embodiments, the clad inlay may have an average thickness in the range from about 0.010 inches to about 0.625 inches; from about 0.050 to about 0.500 inches in other embodiments; and from about 0.125 to about 0.375 inches in yet other embodiments.
  • press-fit or shrink-fit component parts manufactured of the high-strength alloy may be used in conjunction with the oilfield components.
  • solid parts ⁇ e.g. , flanges, bonnets, valve bodies, etc.
  • a high-strength alloy e.g., INCONEL 725
  • a low-strength substrate after being pressed or shrunk-fit into a body.
  • the base metals in the identified fatigue zones may be replaced with a higher strength material bonding metallurgically to the base material.
  • the base metals in the high stress areas may be ground or machined away and replaced with a higher strength material bonding metallurgically to the base material.
  • the selective reinforcement is a clad overlay of higher strength material over a base material.
  • the selective reinforcement may be a clad overlay of higher strength material in ground or machined recesses in a base material.
  • the choice of the cladding alloy may be based on its ability to resist corrosion, including stress corrosion cracking, and its ability to add mechanical strength (e.g., by a metallurgical bond to the low-alloy substrate) to the portion of the oilfield component to which it is applied and intended to protect.
  • the strength of the cladding material is expected to at least equal the strength of the base metal to which it is applied. That is, the weld deposited alloy (such as Alloy 625) is expected to match the yield strength of the low-alloy steel base metal (such as low-alloy steel having a yield strength of 75,000 psi).
  • the base material may be F22 low-alloy steel, a steel having approximately 2 weight percent chromium and 1 weight percent molybdenum.
  • the base material may be 4130 or 8630 modified low-alloy steel.
  • Those skilled in the art will recognize that other materials, having appropriate corrosion resistance, hardness, and tensile properties suitable for use in an oil and gas environment, may also be used as a base material.
  • the clad overlay or clad inlay may be formed from high yield strength, precipitation-hardenable corrosion resistant alloys, such as INCONEL 725, or INCONEL 725 NDUR, for example.
  • the clad overlay or clad inlay may be formed from high yield strength, precipitation-hardenable corrosion-resistant alloys such as Alloy 718 or INCONEL718 SPF.
  • the clad overlay or clad inlay may be formed from other precipitation- hardenable corrosion-resistant alloys such as 17-4PH, INCONEL 625 or INCOLOY 925.
  • the cladding material is compatible with the base material and is a precipitation-hardenable alloy.
  • the alloys for use as a cladding may be available in the form of weld wire, powder, or strip filler metal for weld cladding and may also be available in the form of a powder intended to be used in a HIP cladding operation. These alloys may also be available in other forms that may be used in an auto-frettage cladding operation.
  • the minimum thickness and locations of the clad layer may be determined based on the results of the FEA stress analysis.
  • the required thickness or depth of the cladding may vary depending upon the alloy used in forming the cladding, the bond formed between the clad and the base materials, as well as the dilution of the clad material resulting from the process used to bond the clad material to the base material.
  • the cladding alloy may be chosen. It may not be necessary to clad the entire oilfield component. Particularly, only portions of the component may need to be clad. Furthermore, it may be possible to selectively place a much lower clad thickness in lower stressed areas, thus preventing corrosion of those areas subject to contact with the well bore fluid.
  • FIG. 1 a schematic drawing of a flange neck reinforced for fatigue control is illustrated.
  • a vessel body 10 is attached to an integral flange 12 by flange neck 14.
  • Flange neck 14 may experience fatigue loading conditions due to the movement of components attached to flange 12, due to the tensioning of the bolts in bolt holes 16, internal pressure pushing outward on the vessel body 10 due to a fluid in bore 18, and other loading conditions.
  • the outer diameter surface 20 of flange neck 14 and the inner diameter surface 22 of vessel 10 across the wall thickness from the flange neck 14 are commonly subjected to high fatigue loading conditions, and may be selectively reinforced using clad inlays or clad overlays 24, 26, by the methods described above.
  • a flange neck subjected to fatigue loading conditions is the bottom flange on ram and annular blowout preventer bodies used in a subsea wellhead assembly stack.
  • These ram and annular blowout preventer bodies in the stack are subject to considerable cyclic bending loads which result in a severe bending fatigue situation on the flange necks.
  • Selective reinforcement may additionally provide greater resistance to stress corrosion cracking to these areas that are subject to fatigue loading conditions.
  • drilling or production riser stress joints may be selectively reinforced to reduce or eliminate fatigue failures.
  • This stress joint has in the past been manufactured from a high strength titanium alloy which is capable of withstanding much more bending deflection than a low alloy steel because of the much lower modulus of the titanium alloy compared to the low alloy steel.
  • titanium components are very expensive and are not characterized by a "fatigue strength.” While steel components exhibit a fatigue strength, under which a component will not fail, regardless of the number of cycles, titanium components will eventually fail regardless of the magnitude of the cyclic loading. Therefore, by selectively reinforcing a low alloy steel, it may be possible to manufacture a stress joint capable of withstanding the bending and deflection associated with the stress joint for longer times (i.e., more cycles) using a lower cost material.
  • sucker rods and other components of rod pumps subject to high cyclic axial fatigue may be selectively reinforced to reduce or eliminate fatigue failures.
  • the use of a high strength surface layer on the OD surface of sucker rods, for example, may prolong the service life of these parts as well.
  • a high strength corrosion resistant material would likely reduce the effects of any corrosion fatigue induced from the environment in which they are used.
  • valve bodies may be selectively reinforced to reduce or eliminate fatigue failures, to reduce or eliminate corrosion, and/or to be manufactured more economically.
  • the selective reinforcing may also reduce or eliminate erosion caused by the high velocity flows on the downstream (i.e., the low-pressure) side of the choke valve.
  • blowout preventer bodies in addition to the flange necks, may also be subject to fatigue and may be selectively reinforced to reduce or eliminate fatigue failures.
  • blowout preventers are installed to limit the equipment that may be affected by a high pressure kick.
  • blowout preventers There are several types of blowout preventers, the most common of which are ram blowout preventers and annular blowout preventers (including spherical blowout preventers).
  • Ram blowout preventers for instance, are currently manufactured in various bore size ranges, and may have a working pressure range from 2,000 to 15,000 psi. However, it may be desired to use ram blowout preventers at higher pressure and higher temperature conditions (above 15,000 psi and greater than 250 0 F).
  • blowout preventers rated at working pressures of 20,000 psi, 25,000 psi, and higher and working temperatures of up to 35O C F or higher, may be desired.
  • Results of the above described FEA for blowout preventers used under high temperature and/or high pressure conditions indicate that selective reinforcement of various sections of the blowout preventer, such as the choke and kill pockets, may enable the blowout preventer to be used at the higher temperatures and pressures.
  • the objectives of the above described numerical methods include identifying, isolating, and highlighting zones of high or peak stress (SBpeak) states within the BOP equipment. For example, the stress states which may cause early failure under NACE environment may be identified.
  • the results of the BOP FEA may be used to generate stress and strain plots for identifying regions of high stress concentrations in the vessel.
  • stress and strain plots may be used to define a critical section thickness ("CST' " ) in a casting or forging used in an oilfield component in order to accurately determine the appropriate heat treatment time at a selected temperature.
  • Critical Section Thickness is defined as the largest thickness of a component which must have certain minimum mechanical properties through the entire thickness. For example, a lightly stressed, thick walled portion of a pressure vessel or BOP may not require 80,000 psi yield strength through its entire thickness, but a thinner portion may require 80,000 psi yield strength through the entire thickness in that portion; in this example, the thinner portion may have the CST.
  • a total heat treatment time may comprise a first time (expressed in minutes per inch of CST) and a second time (expressed in hours) which are summed together.
  • the first time is called the “dwell” time and the second time is called the "soak" time.
  • a typical conventional heat treatment time may include 30 minutes per inch of CST dwell time and one hour soak time.
  • a forging used in an oilfield component with a CST of 10 inches would require 6 hours heat treatment time at a selected temperature (i.e., 10 inches x 30 minutes per inch dwell time plus 1 hour soak time).
  • stress and strain plots may be used to isolate areas where stresses exceed a selected percentage of base material yield strength.
  • areas in excess of 80% yield may not pass NACE requirements (as discussed below), or may not provide an adequate engineering safety factor in a particular application, for example, operation at a particular combination of internal pressure and temperature.
  • areas in a BOP where stresses may exceed a selected percentage of base material yield strength include seat pockets, the BOP pocket near the bonnet, and BOP inner bores (vertical bores, horizontal bores, and the intersections of the vertical and horizontal bores). These stress and strain plots may also be used to calculate the depth of the high stress zones in excess of a selected percentage of base material yield strength.
  • the identified high stress zones may be modified in the manufacture of a
  • the zones may be marked out, in a spatial representation or drawing, noting the depth and lateral extents (length and width) of high stress areas exceeding the allowable SBpeak stress.
  • a contour plot may be drawn, showing the length, width and depth of the local stress areas in excess of a selected percentage of the base material yield strength.
  • the surface location of the peak stress zones may be transferred to appropriate manufacturer's drawings.
  • the identified high stress zones may then be selectively reinforced with a higher strength material. In some embodiments, this higher strength reinforcing material may be metallurgically bonded with the base material.
  • Selectively reinforced oilfield components including flange necks, blowout preventers, sucker rods, and other components, particularly those exposed to corrosive fluids, may need to meet the design criteria for metallic oil and gas field components, such as those requirements established by NACE International (formerly the National Association of Corrosion Engineers) and the European Federation of Corrosion for the performance of metals when exposed to various environmental compositions, pH, temperatures, and H 2 S partial pressures (including NACE MROl 75, NACE TM0177, and NACE TM0284).
  • NACE MROl 75 limits the maximum hardness of the parts to Rockwell C 22 or Brinell 237 for low alloy steels in the quenched and tempered condition. These hardness limitations must be met in addition to developing the desired yield strength for the selectively reinforced areas.
  • Post- weld heat treatment temperatures and times may be in conflict with the age hardening temperatures and times.
  • the post-weld heat treatment temperature may be sufficient to obtain the required maximum hardness value for the heat affected zone during welding of the clad overlay, but the PWHT temperature may be too low to obtain the required mechanical properties in the age- hardenable CRA overlay material.
  • a method of manufacturing the selectively reinforced oilfield components has been developed to procure the desired properties in the base material and the material used to selectively reinforce the base material.
  • a casting, forging, or hot isotactic pressing used in an oilfield component may be made from a base material including. but not limited to, low-alloy steel.
  • Appropriate low-alloy steels may include, but are not limited to, 4130, 8630 Modified, and F22.
  • the base material may then be normalized. For example, an F22 low-alloy steel forging may be normalized at 1750°F for 30 minutes per inch of thickness plus one hour. If desired, the castings, forgings, or hot isotactic pressings may then also be rough machined into a desired configuration. [0074] Following normalization, the castings, forgings, or hot isotactic pressings may then be quenched and snap-tempered ("Q&ST”) to prevent cracking.
  • Q&ST snap-tempered
  • a component made from F22 may be Q&ST to 900-1000 0 F for a dwell time of about 30 minutes per hour per inch of CST, plus a soak time of one hour.
  • the rough machining described above may be performed after the snap tempering.
  • As-forged, as-cast, and as-pressed components may be especially delicate and snap tempering after quench may allow them to be handled, shipped, and/or further machined without cracking.
  • the castings, forgings, and pressings used in oilfield equipment, having undergone Q&ST may be finish-machined and selectively reinforced (as described above) with a clad material without fully tempering the castings, forgings, or pressings.
  • the clad material may be finish-machined (if necessary) to obtain their final geometry.
  • the oilfield component may then undergo a single heat treating step, referred to herein as a "finish temper,” for a selected period of time at a selected temperature.
  • the selected period of time is intermediate a time required to completely temper the base material and a time required to age harden the clad material.
  • the selected finish temper may provide for one or more of (a) developing the required mechanical properties of the base material, (b) post-weld heat treatment of a heat affected zone of a welded joint between the base material and the clad material, and (c) age hardening (also known as "precipitation hardening") the clad material.
  • the clad material may be further strengthened by a
  • supplemental heat treatment after the finish tempering by the selective application of heat.
  • ceramic electric heating blankets well known in the art may be used to "supplementally age” the clad material.
  • heat is applied to the surface of the clad material with ceramic electric heating blankets so that a temperature gradient is developed across the cladding material and the base material, such that the temperature of the base material is always less than the finish tempering temperature (or, in particular, less than the finish tempering temperature minus about 50-100 0 F).
  • age-hardenable clad material may be applied as selective reinforcement to a conventionally quenched and final-tempered oilfield component (as discussed below), then the cladding may be "supplementally aged” as above without affecting the "final” temper.
  • the finish-temper process is facilitated by a nexus between the tempering temperature of the base material and the age hardening temperature of the clad material.
  • the base material may have a tempering temperature within 100 0 F of an aging temperature of the clad material. In other embodiments, there may be as few as 75 0 F or 50 0 F separating the two temperatures.
  • the time required by both the desired tempering cycle and the desired age hardening cycle are such that they may coincide at a total finish temper time (dwell time plus soak time), achieving the properties required of both the base material and the clad material.
  • the time required by both the tempering cycle and the age hardening cycle are such that a total finish temper time intermediate a desired tempering time and a desired age hardening time may achieve the properties required of both the base material and the clad material.
  • the finish temper may result in the desired properties for both the base material and the clad material.
  • the finish temper may result in the base material developing a yield strength of between 80 ksi and 95 ksi.
  • the finish temper may result in the clad material developing a yield strength of at least 115 ksi.
  • the finish temper may result in an oilfield component with a base material having a maximum hardness of HRC 22 or Brinell 237. hi selected embodiments, these properties are met for each component.
  • the finish temper temperature may be between about
  • the finish temper temperature may be greater than a post- weld heat treatment temperature of the base material.
  • the finish temper time of the selectively reinforced oilfield component may be 30 to 60 minutes per inch of CST “dwell” time plus one to two hours “soak” time. In other embodiments, the finish temper time for the selectively reinforced component may be 30 to 45 minutes per inch of CST “dwell” time plus one to two hours “soak” time, In still other embodiments, the finish temper time may be 38 to 42 minutes per inch of CST “dwell” time plus about one hour "soak” time.
  • inventions disclosed herein may provide a method for manufacturing a selectively reinforced oilfield component.
  • the oilfield component may include a base material selectively reinforced with a clad material, and the method may include finish tempering the oilfield component at a selected time and temperature to temper the base material and age harden the clad material.
  • Manufacturing process 50 may include step 52, providing a base material for an oilfield component.
  • providing 52 may include, but is not limited to, forging or casting, hot isotactic pressing, rough machining of the base material, and normalizing the base material.
  • manufacturing process 50 may include quenching and snap tempering (Q&ST) 56 of the treated base material. Following snap tempering 56, the base material may be selectively reinforced 58 with a clad material.
  • Q&ST quenching and snap tempering
  • Selective reinforcing 58 may include, for example, inlaying the base material with a corrosion resistant alloy, where the corrosion resistant alloy may have a higher strength than the base material.
  • the oilfield component i.e., the base material and the clad material
  • Finish temper 60 may include finish tempering the oilfield component at a selected time and temperature to temper the base material and age harden the clad material.
  • the prior art manufacturing process described above may be modified in accordance with the present disclosure as follows.
  • the ram BOP body may be forged and rough machined in the same manner as is presently done, however the heat treatment of the rough machined BOP body would be modified.
  • the body would still be normalized and austenitized at the appropriate temperatures and liquid quenched as is the present practice.
  • the temper After the completion of the liquid quench, the temper would be modified to a much lower value, and a "snap" or intermediate low temperature temper would be performed.
  • one purpose of the snap temper is to prevent spontaneous or "autogenous" cracking of the as quenched low alloy steel material during processing until the time of the final temper.
  • BOP body may be prepared for weld overlay.
  • the BOP body may then be overlay welded to selectively reinforce those areas determined by the stress analysis described above, which may be transferred to the engineering drawing.
  • the BOP body may be charged to the tempering furnace for finish tempering, a combination heat treatment of the weldment joint of the overlay clad material on the low alloy steel substrate.
  • the finish temper would consist of a temper for the base metal to develop the mechanical properties required of the base metal by the material specification.
  • the temper would also provide for the PWHT of the HAZ of the weldment joint since the tempering/aging temperature would be above the PWHT temperature normally used for the base material / CRA weldment joint. And lastly the temper would serve as the age hardening heat treatment for the high strength CRA overlay filler metal.
  • This finish temper process is possible since the tempering temperature of the base metal and the aging temperature of the CRA overlay material may be nearly identical, such as when the base material and CRA overlay are properly selected and processed.
  • the time required by both the tempering cycle and the age hardening cycle are such that they may be averaged and achieve the properties required of both materials.
  • the mechanical properties of the alloy may be determined by use of a separate qualification test coupon, QTC, which may be heat treated separately from the part itself provided that it is heat treated according to specific rules mandated by API for parts to be used in the oil exploration and production industry. For example, to verify that the BOP body conforms to the material property requirements, two qualification test coupons, QTCs, may be produced from the same heat of steel from which the BOP body is produced.
  • the two qualification test coupons, QTCs from the same heat of the low alloy steel from which the body was forged, may be normalized, austenitized, liquid quenched and tempered either simultaneously with or separately from the body forging using the same cycle temperatures and times.
  • One of the QTCs may be tempered at a temperature and time necessary to develop the mechanical properties required by the material specification.
  • the remaining QTC may be finish tempered along with the selectively reinforced BOP.
  • Finish tempering the BOP body in this manner may allow the base material and the clad material to meet the desired properties, including yield strength, hardness, and/or the requirements of NACE for resistance to stress corrosion cracking. Moreover, the CRA inlays should be more resistant to and help reduce axial or bending fatigue failures.
  • Grade F22 forgings or castings may be produced and machined in the manner is which they have normally been produced, as described above. However, the heat treatment may be modified. The normalizing and austenitizing temperature cycles and times along with the liquid quench may remain unchanged. The tempering temperature may be changed to between 900 0 F (482°C) and 1 100 0 F (593°C) and the time at temperature may be reduced or remain unchanged. The forged BOP body may then be selectively reinforced with INCONEL 725 or another age hardenable alloy or CRA.
  • the selectively reinforced BOP body may be charged to a heat treating furnace to perform a finish temper that may be a combination temper, aging, and PWHT, to stress relief anneal the HAZ of the Grade F22 base metal and age harden the INCONEL 725 CRA weld metal inlay and develop the mechanical properties of the Grade F22 forging.
  • a finish temper that may be a combination temper, aging, and PWHT
  • Other age hardenable alloys and/or CRAs such as, INCONEL 718 SPF (Alloy 718), may also be used as the filler metal for this application.
  • the temperature and time of the finish temper (combination temper/PWHT/age hardening heat treatment) step may be determined by the weld procedure qualification record ("PQR") and documented on the weld procedure specification ("WPS").
  • PQR weld procedure qualification record
  • WPS weld procedure specification
  • a similarly processed QTC may be delivered to a metallurgical testing laboratory for the determination of the mechanical properties of the material and whether they meet the requirements of the material specification.
  • the PWHT and the tempering cycle may be performed simultaneously with the age hardening of the clad inlay metal, there will not be any loss of mechanical properties of the base metal as may occur where a separate PWHT is performed after the temper of the low alloy steel base metal.
  • a ram BOP body forging is produced from F22 alloy.
  • the raw forging is normalized at 175O 0 F for 30 minutes per inch of CST "dwell” time, plus one hour “soak” time. It is then water quenched and snap- tempered at 900 0 F for 30 minutes per inch of CST, plus one hour.
  • the quenched and snap-tempered ram BOP body is then rough machined, for example with "weld necks" to facilitate welding flanges to the BOP body.
  • various appurtenances such as flange connection or fixtures are then welded to the Q&ST body; these appurtenances may preferably also be comprised of Q&ST F22 alloy.
  • the Q&ST body is then finished-machined and inlaid with INCONEL 725 in areas requiring selective reinforcement and/or improved corrosion resistance.
  • the inlaid areas are further machined.
  • finish-machined body with inlay reinforcement is "finish tempered" at 122O 0 F for a "dwell" time of about 40-42 minutes per inch of CST, plus a "soak” time of one hour.
  • the yield strength of the F22 base material will be about 85,000 psi
  • the yield strength of the inlaid INCONEL 725 will be greater than 115,000 psi.
  • the finish tempering process will also serve to relieve the residual stresses in the heat-affected zones of the welds, so there is no need for supplemental PWHT.
  • annular BOP body may be fabricated from ring forgings of 8630 Modified which have been quenched and snap-tempered to about 900 0 F at 30 minutes per inch of critical section "dwell" time plus one hour "soak" time.
  • the Q&ST rings may be stacked together and full-penetration welded end-to-end.
  • the welded stack of Q&ST rings may be machined and selectively reinforced with INCONEL 725 weld inlay material, then finish tempered at about 1260 0 F for a dwell time of about 30-45 minutes per inch of CST dwell time, plus a soak time of about one hour.
  • Embodiments and methods disclosed herein may advantageously provide for generating and analyzing oilfield component models with FEA using stress and/or fatigue analysis to determine the component's response under fatigue loading conditions characterized by large amounts of stress. The resulting analysis may then be used to enhance component design, improving the performance of the component under fatigue loading conditions.
  • embodiments disclosed herein may provide a method to establish an overall oilfield component design based on ASME Section-VIII Div-3 or similar high-pressure, high-temperature equipment design guidelines.
  • the component may satisfy NACE peak stress and life cycle requirements.
  • Methods and embodiments disclosed herein may provide for oilfield components with an increased woi'king lifespan.
  • the oilfield component may be modeled with simulated fatigue loading conditions of repeated compression, bending, etc., to determine design features that may extend the working lifespan of the oilfield component.
  • embodiments disclosed herein may provide a method to manufacture oilfield components that is less costly than attempting to manufacture the component from a solid, high strength corrosion resistant alloy or other metal that may meet the requirements of NACE MR0175. This is especially true in view of the fact that the mechanical strength of the body beneath the clad layer 0.250 to 0.500 inches from the well bore fluid wetted surfaces may be much lower that that required within that localized zones subject to fatigue failure.
  • Other embodiments may provide for the enhancement of existing component designs so that sulfide stress corrosion cracking or corrosion related limit conditions may be met by selectively reinforcing the oilfield component with higher strength material suitable for use in an oil and gas environment.
  • the selection of the cladding alloy may be based on the increased mechanical strength of the clad layer and may also be based on the metallurgical bond achieved between the clad layer and the substrate.
  • An additional attribute of the clad layer may be the corrosion resistance that the cladding alloy may contribute to the oilfield component.
  • Another attribute of the clad layer is that any scoring or gouging of the interior surface of the component is not likely to extend below the depth of the clad layer, thus allowing the clad layer to continue to protect the low alloy steel substrate on which it is deposited.
  • the clad layer may also continue to protect the component from pitting corrosion often found in the cavities of oilfield components.
  • the repair of gouges in the clad layer may be easier and less costly to perform than the repair of similar damage to the low-alloy steel substrate.
  • embodiments disclosed herein may advantageously provide for a method to manufacture selectively reinforced oilfield components.
  • the method may include finish tempering the oilfield component at a selected time and temperature to temper the base material and age harden the clad material used to form the selectively reinforced oilfield component.
  • the method may advantageously provide for developing the required properties of the base material, post-weld heat treatment of the weldment joint adjoining the base material and the clad material, and age hardening the clad material.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé de fabrication d'un composant de champ pétrolifère qui comporte un matériau de base et un matériau de gaine pouvant durcir par vieillissement, le procédé comportant une trempe de finition du composant de champ pétrolifère à un temps choisi et à une température choisie pour tremper le matériau de base et durcir par vieillissement le matériau de gaine. Le corps d'un obturateur de piston comporte un alésage vertical à travers le corps et un alésage horizontal à travers le corps croisant l'alésage vertical, le corps étant renforcé de façon sélective avec un matériau de gaine, et le corps étant formé par un procédé qui comporte la trempe de finition à un temps choisi et à une température choisie pour tremper le matériau de base et durcir par vieillissement le matériau de gaine.
PCT/US2007/083061 2006-11-02 2007-10-30 Procédé de traitement thermique pour récipients sous pression plaqués Ceased WO2008055182A1 (fr)

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US11/555,984 US20080105340A1 (en) 2006-11-02 2006-11-02 Heat Treatment Method of Inlaid Pressure Vessels
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US20080105340A1 (en) 2008-05-08
EP2084300A1 (fr) 2009-08-05

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