WO2008057624A2 - Additifs de carburant utiles pour réduire les émissions de particules - Google Patents

Additifs de carburant utiles pour réduire les émissions de particules Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2008057624A2
WO2008057624A2 PCT/US2007/066025 US2007066025W WO2008057624A2 WO 2008057624 A2 WO2008057624 A2 WO 2008057624A2 US 2007066025 W US2007066025 W US 2007066025W WO 2008057624 A2 WO2008057624 A2 WO 2008057624A2
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Prior art keywords
additive
jet fuel
fuel
jet
maleic anhydride
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Ceased
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PCT/US2007/066025
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WO2008057624A3 (fr
Inventor
Joseph L. Stark
John I. Knepper
Andrew J. Mccallum
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Baker Hughes Holdings LLC
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Baker Hughes Inc
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Publication of WO2008057624A3 publication Critical patent/WO2008057624A3/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/143—Organic compounds mixtures of organic macromolecular compounds with organic non-macromolecular compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
    • C10L10/02—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for reducing smoke development
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/1814—Chelates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/182—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof
    • C10L1/1828—Salts thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/188—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof
    • C10L1/1881—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof carboxylic group attached to an aliphatic carbon atom
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/188—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof
    • C10L1/1886—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof naphthenic acid
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
    • C10L1/195—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10L1/196—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof
    • C10L1/1966—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof poly-carboxylic
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
    • C10L1/198—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid
    • C10L1/1981—Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
    • C10L1/198—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid
    • C10L1/1985—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid polyethers, e.g. di- polygylcols and derivatives; ethers - esters
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/24—Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium
    • C10L1/2431—Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium sulfur bond to oxygen, e.g. sulfones, sulfoxides
    • C10L1/2437—Sulfonic acids; Derivatives thereof, e.g. sulfonamides, sulfosuccinic acid esters

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to fuel additives.
  • the present invention particularly relates to fuel additives for use in jet engine fuel. o 2. Background of the Art
  • soot is the particulate matter resulting from heterogeneous combustion of hydrocarbons fuels, especially middle distillate fuels. Smoke can occur when soot is present in sufficient particle size and quantity, to be visible. Soot formation in engine exhaust gases is highly undesirable since it may cause environmental pollution, engine design limitations, increased engine maintenance and down-time and possible health problems for those who work around such engines. o The National Ambient Air Quality Standards established by the Clean Air
  • U.S. Pat. No. 3,817,720 relates to organic smoke suppressant additives and distillate hydrocarbon fuels containing the same.
  • the preferred o organic additive is an ether of hydroquinone. These compounds are ethers of phenolic-type compounds which contain two oxygen atoms attached to each phenyl moiety.
  • Another hydrocarbon fuel additive disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.4, 302, 214, is a diether compound having low molecular weight. These compounds are described as suitable for increasing the octane number of gasoline.
  • the suppression of particulate emissions from diesel engines is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,240,802 which discloses the addition of a minor amount of a cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl and a lower alkyl or cycloalkyl nitrate to a hydrocarbon fuel.
  • the present invention is a jet fuel for use in jet engines comprising a hydrocarbon fuel and a first additive selected from the group consisting of ethoxylated alkylphenol formaldehyde resins, maleic anhydride alpha olefin copolymers and mixtures thereof, and a second additive comprising an admixture of platinum group and cerium compounds.
  • the invention is a process for preparing a jet fuel having reduced particulate emissions comprising admixing a jet fuel and a first additive selected from the group consisting of ethoxylated alkylphenol formaldehyde resins, maleic anhydride alpha olefin copolymers and mixtures thereof and a second additive comprising an admixture of platinum group and cerium compounds.
  • the present invention is jet fuel including a first additive and a second additive to lower particulate emissions.
  • a jet fuel is an aviation fuel suitable for use in gas turbines and a jet engine is a gas turbine engine.
  • gas turbine engines worked much like a rocket engine creating a hot exhaust gas which was passed through a nozzle to produce thrust. But unlike the rocket engine which must carry its oxygen for combustion, the turbine engine gets its oxygen from the surrounding air. Most o modern, high speed passenger and military aircraft are powered by gas turbine engines.
  • Gas turbine engines come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes and can be found in many different types of aircraft besides high speed passenger and military jets.
  • gas turbines also are used to power some propeller5 driven aircraft such as helicopters and the C-130 cargo plane. They are also used in some land vehicles such as the main M1-A battle tank.
  • All gas turbine engines have some parts in common.
  • One such part is an inlet wherein air enters the engine.
  • the inlet also generally includes a fan which may function to feed air into the jet engine.
  • the next part is a compressor where 0 the air is compressed, usually by a series of blade impellers.
  • a combustion chamber serves to admix the compressed air with fuel which is then ignited.
  • the combustion products are then allowed to exit through the engine, turning a turbine as they expand.
  • the turbine may then, in some applications, be used to power the rotors of a helicopter or drive the fan 5 feeding air into the jet engine.
  • jet fuel useful with the method of the present invention is any that can be used to fuel a jet engine.
  • jet fuel may be a middle boiling distillate hydrocarbon, usually kerosene.
  • jet fuel may be a mixture of kerosene and gasoline and/or other light petroleum o distillates.
  • One example of jet fuel is a mixture of gasoline and kerosene or other light petroleum distillate in weight amounts of from 20:80 to 80:20.
  • Jet fuel for civilian use is usually a kerosene type fuel and designated Jet A or Jet A1
  • the jet fuel useful with the method of the present invention may be a synthetic fuel.
  • One embodiment of the present invention is a jet fuel having a very high flash point for use in applications where fire is a hazard such as onboard an aircraft carrier.
  • Exemplary jet fuels for military use include those designated JP4 to 8:
  • JP4 wide cut, gasoline type fuel (according to U.S. Mil. Spec. (MIL-DTL- 5624U)); JP5, a kerosene base fuel;
  • JP7 a high flash point special kerosene for advanced supersonic aircraft
  • JP8 a kerosene base fuel similar to Jet A1 (according to MIL-DTL-83133E).
  • Any jet fuel useful for fueling jet engines may be used with the method of the present invention.
  • the method of the present invention includes admixing jet fuel with a first additive useful for reducing particulate emissions.
  • One family of compounds useful with the present invention as the first additive is ethylene oxide adducts of of alkylphenol/formaldehyde resins.
  • the alkylphenol/formaldehyde resins are prepared in a conventional manner, for example by reacting the formaldehyde with the alkylphenol in a ratio of from 2:1 to 1:2 under base or acid catalysis at from 80° to 250° C with the aid of a high-boiling solvent for complete azeotropic removal of the resulting water of reaction.
  • the alkylphenols used are, for example, nonylphenol, tert-butyl phenol or octylphenol.
  • an alkylsulfonicacid oralkylbenzenesulfonicacid e.g. dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, may be used as a catalyst.
  • the alkylphenol/formaldehyde resin molecules contain from 4 to 12, preferably from 5 to 9, aromatic nuclei. These resins have active hydrogens which can form adducts with ethylene oxide.
  • ethoxylation is performed by reacting the resin with ethylene oxide using a basic catalyst, such as sodium or potassium hydroxide, at from 80° to 160 0 C. From about 5 to about 20 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of resin may be used. In one embodiment, from about 9 to about 15 moles are used. In still another embodiment, from 8 to 12 moles are used.
  • Examples of compounds of this type include a nonyl phenol formaldehyde resin ethoxylated with an average of about 9.5 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of resin, dodecyl phenol formaldehyde resin ethoxylated with about 12 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of resin, and diisoctylphenol formaldehyde resin ethoxylated with about 15 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of resin.
  • These compounds may be prepared by any synthetic route known to those of ordinary skill in the art to be useful as long as they have the general structure described above.
  • Another family of compounds useful with the method of the present invention as the first additive includes copolymers of maleic anhydride with alpha olefins.
  • the copolymer can be prepared by melt polymerization or bulk polymerization in the presence of a radical catalyst according to a conventional method.
  • suitable alpha-olefins include ethylene, propylene, 1- butene, 1-pentene, 3-methyl-1-butene, 1-hexene, 4-methyl-1- petene, 3-methyl- 1-pentene, 1-octene, 1-decene, 1-dodecene, 1 -tetradecene, 1-hexadecene, 1- octadecene.
  • the copolymer is prepared using C 4 to C 30 alpha olefins. In another embodiment, the copolymer is prepared using C 6 to C 28 alpha olefins. In still another embodiment, the copolymer is prepared using Cio to C 26 alpha olefins. In still another embodiment, the copolymer is prepared using C 2 o to C 24 alpha olefins.
  • the anhydride included in the alpha olefin maleic anhydride polymers is, in one embodiment, maleic anhydride. In other embodiments, other maleic anhydrides can be utilized.
  • maleic anhydride includes such anhydrides.
  • the alpha olefin maleic anhydride polymers may be prepared by any method known to those of ordinary skill in the art to be useful. Generally, the compounds are prepared by the free radical polymerization of C12-C30 alpha olefin and maleic anhydride, For example the olefin maleic anhydride polymers 5 may be prepared by means of a number of conventional polymerization processes including polymerization processes as set forth in U.S. Reissue Pat. No. Re.
  • the alpha olefin maleic anhydride polymers are generally low molecular weight materials having a number average molecular weight of from about 500 to about 50,000 daltons. In one embodiment the alpha olefin maleic anhydride polymers have a weight average molecular weight of from about 1 ,000 to about 15,000 daltons. In another embodiment, the alpha olefin maleic anhydride 5 polymers have a weight average molecular weight of from about 3,000 to about 10,000 daltons.
  • the first additives may be used in a concentration ranging from about 10 ppm to about 10,000 ppm. In one embodiment, the first additive is used in a concentration of from about 100 to about 5,000 ppm. In another embodiment, o the first additive is used in a concentration of from about 500 to 4,000 ppm. In still another embodiment, the first additive is used in a concentration of from about 1 ,000 to about 3,000 ppm. One embodiment employs the first additive at a concentration of about 2,000 ppm.
  • a jet fuel is admixed5 with a second additive.
  • One component of the second additive is a platinum group compound.
  • Platinum group metals include platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium, and iridium.
  • Compounds including platinum, palladium, and rhodium, especially compounds of platinum alone or in combination with rhodium and/or palladium compounds can be desirable in some embodiments of the o present invention.
  • the platinum group metal compositions can be of the type which are soluble in nonpolar hydrocarbon fuels, soluble in polar fuels such as those including methanol, ethanol, or other lower alkyl alcohols, or soluble in fuels having polar and nonpolar components such as emulsified fuels and gasohol.
  • the platinum group metal compositions can be formulated according to the teachings below or as known to the art generally, to have the degree of stability necessary for the particular jet fuel with which it will be admixed.
  • the platinum group metal compositions are those which are soluble in a nonpolar hydrocarbon fuel.
  • hydrocarbon-fuel-soluble organometallic platinum group metal coordination compounds are any of those disclosed for example in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,892,562 and 4,891 ,050 to Bowers and Sprague, 5,034,020 to Epperly and Sprague, 5, 215,652 to Epperly, Sprague, Kelso and Bowers, and 5,266,083 to Peter- Hoblyn, Epperly, Kelso and Sprague, and WO 90/07561 to Epperly, Sprague, Kelso and Bowers, which references are incorporated herein by reference.
  • the platinum group metal compositions are soaps, acetyl acetonates, alcoholates, diketonates, and sulfonates.
  • the platinum group metal composition will also be substantially insensitive to water, as evidenced by a partition ratio sufficient to maintain significant preferential solubility in the fuel.
  • the relative solubility of the composition in the diesel fuel and water is important since there is often a substantial amount of water admixed in with fuel, and any platinum group metal composition which separates from the fuel can precipitate out or be lost as a coating on fuel system walls.
  • the relative solubility of the composition in the fuel is referred to herein as the "partition ratio" and can be expressed as the ratio of the amount in milligrams per liter of composition which is present in the fuel to the amount which is present in the water. This can most easily be determined in a 100 milliliter (ml) sample which is 90% fuel and 10% water. By determining the amount of composition in the fuel and the amount in the water, the partition ratio can be readily determined.
  • the second component of the second additive of the method of the present invention is a cerium compound.
  • cerium compounds useful with the method of the present invention are: cerium III acetylacetonate, and various cerium soaps such as cerium III naphthenate, cerium octoate, cerium stearate, cerium neodecanoate, and the like.
  • the ratio of the two components of the second additive will be from 90:10 to 10:90.
  • the platinum group compound and the cerium compound will be present in equal (1:1) amounts.
  • the ratio will be from 20:80 to 80:20.
  • the ratio will be from 30:70 to 70:30.
  • the second additive will be present in the jet fuel at a concentration of from about 10 ppm to 10,000 ppm. In one embodiment, the second component is present at a concentration of from 50 to 5000 ppm. In still another embodiment, the second component is preset at a concentration of about 100 ppm.
  • a first additive and second additive is admixed with a jet fuel.
  • These additives may be admixed with the jet fuel in any way known to be useful to those of ordinary skill in the art. These additives may be admixed with the jet fuel well in advance, immediately prior to use, or even in the fuel lines or the combustion chamber of the jet engine while the engine is in use.
  • the two additives of the method of the present invention can be admixed with jet fuel together or separately.
  • the first and second additives are first admixed and then added to the jet fuel.
  • the first and second additives are not admixed but are added to the jet fuel at the same time and in the same way.
  • the additives are admixed with the jet fuel at different times and in different ways.
  • a T-63 jet engine is used to test JP-8 including an additive mixture.
  • the first component of the additive is an ethoxylated nonylphenol formaldehyde resin.
  • the first component is added at the concentrations shown below in the Table.
  • a second additive which is a mixture of soluble cerium and platinum compounds, is used at a concentration of 100 ppm in the jet fuel.
  • the jet engine is fixed in place on a test stand.
  • the engine is run at two speeds, idle and cruise.
  • a base line is established for particle size and particle concentration by running the engine at both test conditions using untreated JP-8 fuel.
  • the additives are admixed with the fuel and representative exhaust samples analyzed for particle size and concentration.
  • the additives have essentially no effect on particle size at any concentration and either engine speed.
  • the additives lower the concentration of particles per cm 3 as shown below in the Table when used with the T-63 jet engine running at cruise speed.
  • Example 1 is repeated substantially identically except that a maleic anhydride alpha olefin copolymer additive is used as the first additive.
  • the first additive is a condensation of maleic anhydride and ethylene.
  • the additives have essentially no effect on particle size at any concentration and either engine speed. The additives lower the concentration of particles per cm 3 as shown below in the Table.
  • Example 1 is repeated substantially identically except that a butylated reaction product of 2-p-cresol and dicyclopentadiene is used as the additive.
  • the additive has essentially no effect on particle size or particle concentration at any use rate and either engine speed as shown below in the Table.
  • Examples 1 and 2 show that both the ethoxylated alkylphenol formaldehyde resins and maleic anhydride alpha olefin copolymers additives of the present invention can be used in JP-8 fuel in conjunction with a platinum group and cerium additive to substantially reduce the number of particulates produced in T-63 jet engine at cruising speed.
  • Comparative Example 3 shows that other compounds used as the additive do not have a similar effect.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Emergency Medicine (AREA)
  • Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
  • Solid Fuels And Fuel-Associated Substances (AREA)

Abstract

Selon la présente invention, un carburant pour une utilisation dans un turboréacteur peut être préparé en mélangeant un carburant de type hydrocarbure et un premier additif choisi dans le groupe constitué par des résines d'alkylphénolformaldéhyde éthoxylées, des copolymères d'anhydride maléique et d'alpha-oléfine et leurs mélanges et un second additif comprenant un mélange d'un groupe à base de platine et de composés à base de cérium. Les carburants pour réacteurs comprenant les additifs peuvent être utilisés dans des turboréacteurs où il est souhaitable d'avoir des concentrations réduites en particules dans les échappements, en particulier lorsque les turboréacteurs tournent en vitesse de croisière.
PCT/US2007/066025 2006-04-05 2007-04-05 Additifs de carburant utiles pour réduire les émissions de particules Ceased WO2008057624A2 (fr)

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US78962206P 2006-04-05 2006-04-05
US60/789,622 2006-04-05

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US9637676B2 (en) * 2012-01-24 2017-05-02 Baker Hughes Incorporated Asphaltene inhibitors for squeeze applications
KR102221598B1 (ko) * 2014-06-16 2021-03-02 엘지이노텍 주식회사 발광 소자 패키지
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