WO2010059983A2 - Éolienne - Google Patents

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Publication number
WO2010059983A2
WO2010059983A2 PCT/US2009/065396 US2009065396W WO2010059983A2 WO 2010059983 A2 WO2010059983 A2 WO 2010059983A2 US 2009065396 W US2009065396 W US 2009065396W WO 2010059983 A2 WO2010059983 A2 WO 2010059983A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
turbine
blades
wind
wind turbine
blade
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/US2009/065396
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English (en)
Other versions
WO2010059983A3 (fr
Inventor
Robert W. Preus
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Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Publication of WO2010059983A2 publication Critical patent/WO2010059983A2/fr
Publication of WO2010059983A3 publication Critical patent/WO2010059983A3/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D7/00—Controlling wind motors 
    • F03D7/02—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
    • F03D7/04—Automatic control; Regulation
    • F03D7/041—Automatic control; Regulation by means of a mechanical governor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D7/00—Controlling wind motors 
    • F03D7/02—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
    • F03D7/022—Adjusting aerodynamic properties of the blades
    • F03D7/0224—Adjusting blade pitch
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2260/00—Function
    • F05B2260/70—Adjusting of angle of incidence or attack of rotating blades
    • F05B2260/75—Adjusting of angle of incidence or attack of rotating blades the adjusting mechanism not using auxiliary power sources, e.g. servos
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2260/00—Function
    • F05B2260/70—Adjusting of angle of incidence or attack of rotating blades
    • F05B2260/77—Adjusting of angle of incidence or attack of rotating blades the adjusting mechanism driven or triggered by centrifugal forces
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction

Definitions

  • the invention is generally related to wind turbines and other mechanical turbines and motors, and is particularly related to a system for providing dynamic pitch control in a wind turbine, and to a vertical axis wind turbine with variable area.
  • Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy, such as electricity, using a wind turbine.
  • Large wind turbines, and groups of turbines referred to as wind farms, can be connected to the electrical grid, and their power output used to power whole communities. Smaller, individual wind turbines can be used to provide power to isolated locations, such as single household or farm.
  • Wind energy is a plentiful, renewable, and clean energy source, and is an important step in eliminating dependence on fossil fules, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and providing an alternative and environmentally friendly energy source. Technologies that allow wind turbines to make more optimal use of available winds are of great interest in promoting the advance of wind power. This is the general area that embodiments of the invention are intended to address.
  • the dynamic pitch control uses a starting spring to pitch the blades of the wind turbine into a starting position that is suited for very low wind speeds.
  • the pitch control then automatically pitches the blades into a run position as the wind speed increases, using a combination of a rotational mass and a restraining spring. This allows the turbine to be started, and to generate power, at a much lower starting wind speed than the turbine's operating wind speed, yet still operate at optimal speeds in its typical running range.
  • the rotational mass overcomes its restraining spring, and automatically pitches the blades back toward and beyond their start position, thereby limiting rotation speed and power reducing the likelihood of damage to the turbine caused by high speeds.
  • the vertical axis wind turbine comprises a vertically-oriented central mast, and a plurality of vertically oriented multi-section blades that are arranged around and coupled to the central mast.
  • Each blade includes an outer section, and an inner section that can be telescoped with the mast, and relative to the outer section, to change the effective length and surface area of the blade.
  • multiple sections can be telescoped in such a fashion to vary the area of the blade.
  • a pneumatic or other controller can raise and lower the central mast and effect a corresponding change in the overall area of the wind turbine. This allows the area to be increased for use with lower wind speeds; and reduced for use with higher wind speeds. Adjusting the area of the wind turbine allows for power generation over a wider range of wind speeds, and more control over the maximum power output of the turbine, including the ability to depower the turbine in very high wind speeds, and reduce the likelihood of damage.
  • Figure 1 is an illustration of a system that uses a wind turbine for generation of power, in accordance with an embodiment.
  • Figure 2 is an illustration of a system for providing pitch control in a wind turbine in accordance with the prior art.
  • Figure 3 is another illustration of a system for providing pitch control in a wind turbine in accordance with the prior art.
  • Figure 4 is another illustration of a system for providing pitch control in a wind turbine in accordance with the prior art.
  • Figure 5 is an illustration of a system for providing dynamic pitch control in a wind turbine, in accordance with an embodiment.
  • Figure 6 is another illustration of a system for providing dynamic pitch control in a wind turbine, in accordance with an embodiment.
  • Figure 7 is another illustration of a system for providing dynamic pitch control in a wind turbine, in accordance with an embodiment.
  • Figure 8 is an illustration of a vertical axis wind turbine in accordance with the prior art.
  • Figure 9 is an illustration of a vertical axis wind turbine with variable area in accordance with an embodiment, showing both a side and a top view.
  • Figure 10 is another illustration of a vertical axis wind turbine with variable area in accordance with an embodiment, showing the turbine in reduced area and increased area positions.
  • Figure 11 is another illustration of a vertical axis wind turbine with variable area in accordance with an embodiment, showing an isomoetric view.
  • Described herein is a system for providing dynamic pitch control in a wind turbine, and a vertical axis wind turbine with variable area.
  • wind energy is a plentiful, renewable, and clean energy source, and is an important step in eliminating dependence on fossil fuels, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and providing an alternative and environmentally friendly energy source. Technologies that allow wind turbines to make more optimal use of available winds are of great interest in promoting the advance of wind power.
  • Wind turbines are generally designed to produce electrical energy efficiently, which usually requires the turbines to operate in the most typical and commonly experienced conditions.
  • available wind speed is itself a variable quantity, and even for a particular location can vary substantially from day-to-day, and even at different times of the day.
  • Wind turbines are generally designed so that they yield maximum power output at average wind speeds, for example 30 knots. It rarely pays to design the turbine to increase output at stronger winds, since stronger winds are comparatively rarer than weak winds. Even if the power output could be increased, the mechanical forces on the turbine at high rotation can make it unstable and prone to damage if it does not limit power and rotation speed in very high wind speeds. For this reason, many wind turbines include some form of power control that controls or governs the maximum rotation of the turbine blades at high wind speeds, and correspondingly governs the maximum power output of the turbine.
  • pitch control and stall control Two of the more common ways to govern a wind turbine are pitch control and stall control. Both of these techniques can be designed to be passive, in which case the operation of the wind against the turbine itself initiates the control; or active, in which case a computer or other controller monitors wind or turbine speed and initiates the control. Stall-controlled wind turbines are not described in detail herein.
  • the turbine's controller monitors the maximum rotation of the blades, or the power output of the turbine. When the speed or power output becomes too high, it adjusts the blade pitch mechanism, which immediately pitches (turns) the rotor blades slightly out of the wind, and causes the turbine rotation speed to be reduced.
  • each rotor blades can then be turned back into the wind whenever the wind drops again, which causes the turbine rotation speed to be increased.
  • each rotor blades has to be able to turn around their longitudinal axis.
  • the control is performed by the forces generated by the moving turbine itself, rather than an externally-triggered force.
  • the pitch mechanism When the blades rotate increasingly faster at higher wind speeds, the pitch mechanism generates a correspondingly higher centripetal force. This centripetal force can be used to mechanically pitch the blades, and to control or govern the turbine's speed.
  • one of the advantages of passive pitch control is that it can be used to slow the blade rotation, and reduce the likelihood of damage to the turbine at high speeds.
  • the commonly available forms of pitch control have no effect whatsoever at low rotation speeds.
  • most wind turbines are generally designed so that they yield maximum power output at average wind speeds. This generally requires that the starting pitch of the turbine blades are usually in the optimal run position.
  • a problem with this approach is that each wind turbine differs in their starting wind speed versus their running speed range. While a wind turbine may be designed to run in a range of 5-30 knots, it may take an initial wind speed of 10 knots to start rotating that same turbine.
  • a system for providing dynamic pitch control in a wind turbine is provided.
  • the starting pitch of the turbine blades are usually presented in their optimal run position, so that, once the wind turbine has been started, the wind turbine yields good power output at typical wind speeds.
  • the starting wind speed that is needed to start the wind turbine is often higher than the lower limit of the turbine's operating wind speed. This represents a wind obstacle that must be overcome before any power is produced, and hinders overall turbine performance.
  • a dynamic pitch control uses a starting spring to pitch the blades of the wind turbine into a starting position that is suited for very low wind speeds.
  • the pitch control then automatically pitches the blades into a run position as the wind speed increases, using a combination of a rotational mass and a restraining spring. This allows the turbine to be started, and to generate power, at a much lower starting wind speed than the turbine's operating wind speed, yet still operate at optimal speeds in its typical running range.
  • the rotational mass overcomes its restraining spring, and automatically pitches the blades back toward and beyond their start position, reducing the likelihood of damage to the turbine caused by high speeds.
  • FIG. 1 is an illustration of a system 100 that uses a wind turbine for generation of power, in accordance with an embodiment.
  • a turbine 102 is used to harness the power of the wind 106.
  • wind turbines include horizontal- axis wind turbines (HAWT), which have the main rotor shaft and electrical generator at the top of a tower, and must be pointed into the wind; and vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWT), which have the main rotor shaft arranged vertically.
  • HAWT horizontal- axis wind turbines
  • VAWT vertical-axis wind turbines
  • Most turbines have a gearbox, which turns the generally slower rotation of the blades into a quicker rotation that is more suitable to drive an electrical generator 108.
  • FIG. 2 is an illustration of a system 120 for providing pitch control in a wind turbine in accordance with the prior art.
  • the starting pitch of the turbine blades are usually presented in their optimal run position, so that, once the wind turbine has been started, the wind turbine yields good power output at typical wind speeds.
  • the turbine monitors the maximum rotation of the blades, and when the speed becomes too high, it adjusts the blade pitch mechanism, which immediately pitches the rotor blades slightly out of the wind, and causes the turbine rotation speed to be reduced.
  • the blades 122 are coupled to and rotate about a shaft 124, but are able to turn either independently or as a set around their longitudinal axis.
  • a number of masses 126 coupled 128 to each blade's longitudinal axis rotate with the spinning turbine.
  • the centripetal forces exerted outward by each mass increases correspondingly, which causes rotation of each blade about its longitudinal axis. This pitches the blades away from the oncoming wind, and depowers the turbine.
  • the blades return to their non-pitched or normal operating position.
  • FIG 3 is another illustration of a system 130 for providing pitch control in a wind turbine in accordance with the prior art.
  • the blades 132 are similarly coupled to and rotate about a shaft 134 via a central coupling 136, and independent blade cylinders 138, but are otherwise able to turn either independently or as a set around their longitudinal axis.
  • the moment of force exerted by the mass of each blade's cylinder increases correspondingly, which causes rotation of each blade about its longitudinal axis, and pitches the blade away from the oncoming wind.
  • FIG 4 is another illustration of a system 140 for providing pitch control in a wind turbine in accordance with the prior art.
  • the blades 142 are similarly coupled to and rotate about a shaft 144 via a central coupling referred to as a spider 146, and knuckle-type couplings 148 to each blade.
  • the use of a spider allows the pitch of all of the blades to be controlled simultaneously by movement of the spider.
  • the blade pitch is controlled initially by a fixed tension spring.
  • FIG. 5 is an illustration of a system for providing dynamic pitch control in a wind turbine, in accordance with an embodiment.
  • the pitch control comprises a combination spring and mass mechanism 150 coupled to the turbine drive shaft 154 via a support 152.
  • the pitch control further comprises a beam 156 that is generally linear, but that includes one or more couplings so that the beam has a first portion and a second portion, and so that the beam can be deformed in a direction transverse to its length.
  • the beam is connected to a spider 158, that in turn can be used to control the pitch of the turbine's blades.
  • the first portion of the beam is held close to the shaft using a start pitch spring 164, and a limit pitch spring 170.
  • the beam further includes a coupling approximately central to the beam that includes a center mass 160.
  • the second portion of the beam is connected to the spider.
  • a retaining member 166 together with a stop 172 ensures that in a first position of the beam, only the start pitch spring has operable tension on the beam, with the stop preventing the retaining member and its limit pitch spring from having any considerable tension on the beam.
  • the limit pitch spring is connected to the retaining member using a tension adjustment means 176, such as a threaded nut or bolt.
  • the start pitch spring deforms the beam, pulling it closer to the shaft. This shortens the effective length of the beam and pulls the spider closer toward the support (i.e. away from the blades). Since the spider is coupled to the turbine blades, this movement can be used to control the pitch of the blades, and in particular to pitch the blades in the optimal position for a low wind speed start.
  • the center mass exerts a centripetal force on the beam, and the lateral or outward translation 184 of the mass negates the deformation on the beam.
  • the limit pitch spring and its tension adjustment can be adjusted to control the tension and to tune the degree to which the center mass has such an effect the blades.
  • the center mass exerts a centripetal force on the beam that exceeds the pre-set tension of the limit pitch spring.
  • FIG. 6 is another illustration of a system for providing dynamic pitch control in a wind turbine, in accordance with an embodiment.
  • Figures 6A through 6C illustrate the operation of the pitch control with varying wind speed 200.
  • the dynamic pitch control is shown as being positioned generally downwind from the turbine blades, and having tension springs on one side of the beam. It will be evident that in accordance with other embodiments the dynamic pitch control can alternatively be positioned upwind from the turbine blades, i.e. in front of the blades. Similarly, it will be evident that in accordance with other embodiments, compression springs can be used on one or more sides of the beam., or a combination of tension springs and compression springs can be used. In accordance with other embodiments, the dynamic pitch control can also be duplicated within a single control mechanism, for example to provide greater control, and redundancy in case of failure.
  • FIG. 7 is another illustration of a system for providing dynamic pitch control in a wind turbine, in accordance with an embodiment.
  • a dynamic pitch control mechanism 300 can be provided in which a plurality of individual pitch controllers 302, 304 can be combined to control the movement of, in this instance, a single spider 306.
  • the spider can in turn be coupled using independent knuckle-type couplings 316 to the turbine blades, and can be used to control the pitch of the blades 320 as described above.
  • a vertical axis wind turbine comprises a vertically-oriented central mast, and a plurality of vertically oriented multi-section blades that are arranged around and coupled to the central mast.
  • Each blade includes an outer section, and an inner section that can be telescoped with the mast, and relative to the outer section, to change the effective length and surface area of the blade.
  • FIG 8 is an illustration of a vertical axis wind turbine in accordance with the prior art.
  • a typical VAWT 470 comprises a central axis 472, coupled to two or more blades 476. Incident wind causes the blades to turn about the central axis, and the rotation of the central axis can then be used to power an electric generator.
  • FIG. 9 is an illustration of a vertical axis wind turbine with variable area in accordance with an embodiment, showing both a side and a top view.
  • the VAWT comprises a base 526, which in some embodiments can also include gearing, electrical, and pneumatic components, coupled to a vertically- oriented central mast 528.
  • the base can also include an alternator for conversion of rotational speed into electricity.
  • a plurality of vertically oriented multi-section blades are arranged around and coupled to the central mast using struts or connectors 536.
  • the struts can be designed to minimize drag loss at running speeds.
  • Each blade includes an outer section 530, and an inner section 534 that can be telescoped relative to the outer section, to change the effective length and surface area of the blade.
  • the embodiment shown in Figure 9 includes three blades in a variable H- rotor configuration, it will be evident that in other embodiments a different number of blades and configurations can be provided. Additionally, although the embodiment shown in Figure 9 uses blades having two sections, including an inner section and an outer section, it will be evident that in other embodiments multiple sections can be telescoped in such a fashion to vary the area of the blade. In yet other embodiments the sections need not telescope within one another but rather can be mounted so as to slide relative to each other. In those embodiments that use a telescoping blade, since parts of these blades have to be larger than the rest, it is not possible to use the same blade chord as the baseline and oversized rotors for the entire variable area rotor. In accordance with an embodiment, the same blade extrusion can be used as the baseline for the part of the rotor with the smaller chord, and a larger shell for the outside part of each blade.
  • a pneumatic or other type of mechanical controller can be included within the central mast to raise and lower the mast, and effect a corresponding change in the overall area of the wind turbine.
  • the swept area ranges from 15 m (lowered mast) to 25 m (raised mast). Other dimensions and areas can be used in other embodiments. This allows the area to be increased for use with lower wind speeds; and reduced for use with higher wind speeds. Adjusting the area of the wind turbine allows for power generation over a wider range of wind speeds, and more control over the maximum power output of the turbine, including the ability to depower the turbine in very high wind speeds, and reduce the likelihood of damage.
  • Figure 9 also shows a top view 524 of the VAWT in accordance with an embodiment, including the components as described above, and illustrating the telescopic nature of the blades in this particular embodiment.
  • Figure 10 is another illustration of a vertical axis wind turbine with variable area in accordance with an embodiment, showing the turbine in reduced area and increased area positions. As shown in Figure 10, in a first position 540, the central mast 528 is not extended. In this position, the blades connected 536 are similarly not extended, so that the area of each blade is equal to that of the outer section 530 (and perhaps a minimal amount of the inner section 534), and the total area of the turbine blade is comparatively reduced.
  • FIG 11 is another illustration of a vertical axis wind turbine with variable area in accordance with an embodiment, showing an isometric view.
  • the central mast 528 in a first position 540, the central mast 528 is not extended, the blades connected by 536 are similarly not extended, so that the area of each blade is equal to that of the outer section 530, and the total area of the turbine blade is comparatively reduced.
  • the central mast in a second position 544, the central mast is extended, the blades are similarly extended, so that the area of each blade is equal to that of the outer section 530 plus that of the newly exposed inner section 550, and the total area of the turbine blade is comparatively increased.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Wind Motors (AREA)

Abstract

On décrit un système destiné à assurer la commande dynamique du pas d’une éolienne, ledit système orientant automatiquement les pales en position de fonctionnement lorsque la vitesse de rotation augmente, à l’aide d’une combinaison masse tournante-ressort de rappel. Selon un mode de réalisation, lorsque la vitesse du vent augmente encore au-delà d’une limite de survitesse, la masse tournante l’emporte sur son ressort de rappel et réoriente automatiquement les pales vers leur position de départ et au-delà, réduisant la probabilité de dommages occasionnés à l’éolienne par les grandes vitesses de rotation. L'invention concerne également une éolienne à axe vertical et aire variable, comportant un mât central orienté verticalement et une pluralité de pales multi-sections orientées verticalement, disposées autour du mât central et couplées à celui-ci. Chaque pale comprend une section extérieure et une section intérieure pouvant coopérer de façon télescopique avec le mât, par rapport à la section extérieure, afin de modifier la longueur utile et l’aire surfacique de la pale. Une commande pneumatique ou autre peut hisser et abaisser le mât central et réaliser une variation correspondante de l’aire globale de l’éolienne. Cela permet d’augmenter l’aire en vue d’une utilisation à des vitesses de vent plus faibles, et de la réduire en vue d’une utilisation à des vitesses de vent plus élevées.
PCT/US2009/065396 2008-11-21 2009-11-20 Éolienne Ceased WO2010059983A2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US11705908P 2008-11-21 2008-11-21
US11706108P 2008-11-21 2008-11-21
US61/117,061 2008-11-21
US61/117,059 2008-11-21

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2010059983A2 true WO2010059983A2 (fr) 2010-05-27
WO2010059983A3 WO2010059983A3 (fr) 2010-11-04

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PCT/US2009/065396 Ceased WO2010059983A2 (fr) 2008-11-21 2009-11-20 Éolienne

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US (2) US8573937B2 (fr)
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WO2012020255A3 (fr) * 2010-08-10 2012-05-18 Joseph Anwyll Dispositif de réglage du pas des pales
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