WO2012061925A1 - Échangeur autoroutier sans entrecroisement comprenant un nombre réduit de ponts et des sorties et entrées uniquement sur l'extérieur - Google Patents

Échangeur autoroutier sans entrecroisement comprenant un nombre réduit de ponts et des sorties et entrées uniquement sur l'extérieur Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2012061925A1
WO2012061925A1 PCT/CA2011/001233 CA2011001233W WO2012061925A1 WO 2012061925 A1 WO2012061925 A1 WO 2012061925A1 CA 2011001233 W CA2011001233 W CA 2011001233W WO 2012061925 A1 WO2012061925 A1 WO 2012061925A1
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Prior art keywords
grade
road surface
separated crossing
crossing
separated
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PCT/CA2011/001233
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English (en)
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Antonio Loro
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Individual
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Priority claimed from CA 2736686 external-priority patent/CA2736686A1/fr
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to US13/884,076 priority Critical patent/US20130279977A1/en
Publication of WO2012061925A1 publication Critical patent/WO2012061925A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C1/00—Design or layout of roads, e.g. for noise abatement, for gas absorption
    • E01C1/04—Road crossings on different levels; Interconnections between roads on different levels

Definitions

  • This invention relates to grade-separated junctions for intersecting roads, and more particularly, to grade-separated junctions that provide for the continuous and weaving-free flow of traffic on intersecting roads, and that provide exterior exits and entrances only.
  • the term 'exterior exit' refers to a right-side exit where the convention is for traffic to keep to the right, but refers to a left-side exit where the convention is for traffic to keep to the left
  • the term 'exterior entrance' refers to a right-side entrance where the convention is for traffic to keep to the right, but refers to a left-side entrance where the convention is for traffic to keep to the left.
  • Grade-separated junctions are more commonly known as interchanges.
  • interchanges There are many interchange configurations that permit free flow of traffic for traffic traveling directly through the interchange or turning left or right onto the intersecting road or roads.
  • these existing configurations have disadvantages in one or more of the following aspects: safety, traffic capacity, construction costs, maintenance costs, modification costs, right-of-way costs, or environmental costs.
  • the 'cloverleaf configuration (US Pat. No. 1, 173,505), because it requires as few as one bridge, has relatively low structure-related costs, but as is well-known, the weaving of traffic exiting from and entering onto the mainlines reduces the safety and capacity of the interchange.
  • a common treatment of interchanges is the addition of separate collector-distributor roads. This removes weaving-related problems from the mainlines, but weaving still exists on the collector-distributor roads.
  • collector-distributor roads increases structure-related costs and right-of-way requirements.
  • Another disadvantage of the cloverleaf configuration is that the loop ramps of the cloverleaf result in large right-of-way requirements and/or low design speeds.
  • the semi-directional see Exhibit 10-33 A of A Policy on the Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, Fourth Edition, by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
  • 'turbine' configuration can have somewhat lower structure-related costs than the four-level directional.
  • An uncommon modification of the 'turbine' see Fig. VB6.11 from VicRoads Supplement to the Austroads Guide to Road Design Part 4C - Interchanges, Rev. 1.1), sometimes called the 'windmill', can have still lower structure-related costs, as it can be constructed using as few as five bridges.
  • the second is sometimes called the 'partially-unrolled cloverleaf.
  • a built example of this configuration exists near Reading, UK, at the junction of the M4 and A329 motorways.
  • the third, more common configuration is sometimes called the 'clovermill', because it uses two left-turn ramps with a form similar to those of the 'windmill'.
  • a built example of this configuration exists at the junction of Interstate 395 and King St. in Alexandria, Virginia, USA.
  • loop ramps provide lower capacity and safety for a given amount of right-of-way
  • a weaving- free interchange configuration that provides for continuous flow of traffic, has no loop ramps, provides exterior exits and entrances only, and can be constructed with fewer than five bridges.
  • prior interchange configurations may not be appropriate for some sites with particular constraints of right-of-way, topography, and other factors, there is a general need for new interchange configurations to provide more design options to transportation planners and engineers.
  • the present invention is a traffic-weaving-free grade-separated road junction that provides for continuous flow of traffic and provides exterior exits and entrances only.
  • Two of the embodiments have two loop ramps and require as few as two bridges.
  • Two other embodiments have no loop ramps and require as few as three bridges.
  • four other embodiments have one loop ramp and require as few as three bridges;
  • two other embodiments have no loop ramps and require as few as four bridges;
  • two embodiments provide U-turn ramps, have no loop ramps, and require as few as three bridges.
  • the present invention can be constructed with fewer bridges and/or fewer loop ramps.
  • the present invention provides reduced structure- related costs and/or increased safety and speed for drivers.
  • the present invention provides lower aesthetic impacts and other environmental costs.
  • the embodiments of the present invention provide an additional set of design options for road engineers to choose from when designing within particular 105 constraints of right-of-way, topography, and other factors.
  • Figs. 1 through 30 are plan view schematics of the various embodiments of the invention. Note that the drawings of Figs. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, and 30 are based on horizontal reflections of the drawings of Figs. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, and 29, 110 respectively.
  • Fig. 1 shows the arrangement of road surfaces in a first embodiment, which has two loop ramps and requires as few as two bridges
  • Fig. 2 shows a second embodiment, which has two loop ramps and requires as few as two bridges
  • Fig. 3 shows the arrangement of road surfaces in a third embodiment, which has no loop ramps and requires as few as three bridges
  • Fig. 4 shows a fourth
  • Fig. 5 shows the
  • Fig. 6 shows a sixth embodiment of the invention, which has no loop ramps and requires as few as two bridges. U-turn ramps are also provided for each leg of the interchange.
  • Fig. 7 shows the arrangement of road surfaces
  • Fig. 11 is a plan view schematic of the arrangement of road surfaces
  • FIG. 12 shows a twelfth embodiment of the invention, which has no loop ramps and requires as few as four bridges.
  • Fig. 13 is a plan view schematic showing a possible arrangement of overpasses and underpasses for the first embodiment of the invention
  • Fig. 14 is a plan view schematic showing a possible
  • Fig. 15 is a plan view schematic showing a possible arrangement of overpasses and underpasses for the third embodiment of the invention
  • Fig. 16 is a plan view schematic showing a possible arrangement of overpasses and underpasses for the fourth embodiment of the invention
  • Fig. 17 is a plan view schematic showing a possible arrangement of overpasses and underpasses for the fifth embodiment of
  • Fig. 18 is a plan view schematic showing a possible arrangement of overpasses and underpasses for the sixth embodiment of the invention.
  • Fig. 19 is a plan view schematic showing a possible arrangement of overpasses and underpasses for the seventh embodiment of the invention;
  • Fig. 20 is a plan view schematic showing a possible arrangement of overpasses and underpasses for the eighth embodiment of the invention.
  • Fig. 21 is a plan view schematic showing a possible
  • Fig. 22 is a plan view schematic showing a possible arrangement of overpasses and underpasses for the tenth embodiment of the invention.
  • Fig. 23 is a plan view schematic showing a possible arrangement of overpasses and underpasses for the eleventh embodiment of the invention;
  • Fig. 24 is a plan view schematic showing a possible arrangement of overpasses and underpasses for the twelfth embodiment
  • Fig. 25 is a plan view schematic showing another possible arrangement of
  • Fig. 26 is a plan view schematic showing another possible arrangement of overpasses and underpasses for the second embodiment of the invention.
  • Fig.27 is a plan view schematic showing another possible arrangement of overpasses and underpasses for the third embodiment of the invention;
  • Fig. 28 is a plan view
  • Fig. 29 is a plan view schematic showing another possible arrangement of overpasses, underpasses, and right-turn ramps for the third embodiment of the invention
  • Fig. 30 is a plan view schematic showing another possible arrangement of overpasses, underpasses, and right- turn ramps for the fourth embodiment of the invention.
  • inventive matter of the present invention is the arrangement of road surfaces relative to one another. Specific geometric features such as the horizontal and vertical alignments are not claimed as the inventive matter in this invention. As with any interchange configuration, a practitioner with ordinary skill in the art of geometric design of roadways will determine the most appropriate 160 geometry to apply to the various embodiments of this invention by considering relevant design
  • one or more road surfaces may be omitted as desired by the practitioner utilizing the current invention; in addition, it will be obvious that one or more road 165 surfaces may be added as desired by the practitioner utilizing the current invention.
  • a right-side exit to a right-turn ramp can either be located to the right or the left of the exit for the adjacent left-turn ramp, and where the entrances for the right-turn and left-turn ramps are located along substantially the same length of road, a right-side entrance from a right-turn
  • 185 ramp can either be located to the right or the left of the entrance for the adjacent left-turn ramp.
  • Figs. 13 through 30 show several embodiments of the present invention with possible arrangements of right- turn ramps.
  • the arrangements of right-turn ramps in Figs. 13 through 28 are the most common arrangements;
  • Figs. 29 and 30 show possible alternative arrangements where the exits to and entrances from two right-turn ramps are located to the left of the adjacent left-turn exits and
  • an entrance from a right-turn ramp can either be located to the right or the left of the entrance for the adjacent left-turn ramp.
  • 'RS' stands for 'road surface'
  • 'RSs' stands for 'road surfaces'
  • 'GSC stands for 'grade-separated crossing'
  • Fig. 1 is a plan view schematic of the arrangement of roadways in a first embodiment of the 205 invention.
  • This embodiment has two loop ramps and requires as few as two bridges.
  • RSs 1, 2, 3, and 4 are commonly called mainlines.
  • RS 1 is provided for through traffic traveling from the extremity of the junction 37 to extremity of the junction 38.
  • RS 2 is provided for through traffic traveling from the extremity of the junction 38 to extremity of the junction 37.
  • RS 3 is provided for through traffic traveling from the extremity of the junction 39 to extremity of the junction 40.
  • RS 4 is provided for 210 through traffic traveling from the extremity of the junction 40 to extremity of the junction 39.
  • RSs 5, 6, 7, and 8 are commonly called left-turn ramps.
  • RS 5 is provided for through traffic traveling from the extremity of the junction 37 to extremity of the junction 40.
  • RS 6 is provided for through traffic traveling from the extremity of the junction 38 to extremity of the junction 39.
  • RS 7 is provided for through traffic traveling from the extremity of the junction 39 to extremity of the 215 junction 37.
  • RS 8 is provided for through traffic traveling from the extremity of the junction 40 to extremity of the junction 38.
  • RS 1 is disposed laterally between RS 2 and RS 5
  • RS 2 is disposed laterally between RS 7 and RS 1.
  • RS 1 is disposed laterally between RS 2 and RS 8
  • RS 2 is disposed laterally between RS 6 and RS 1.
  • RS 4 is disposed laterally between RS 6 and RS 3
  • RS 3 is disposed laterally between RS 4 and RS 7.
  • RS 3 is disposed laterally between RS 5 and RS 4
  • RS 4 is disposed laterally between RS 3 and RS 8.
  • RS 1 may be at a vertical elevation distinct from that of RS 2 and RS 5.
  • a practitioner constructing the embodiment will place RS 1 at a vertical elevation substantially similar to that of RS 2 and RS 5; however, there may 235 be cases where it is preferred not to do so.
  • This kind of practice is also well-known to practitioners of the art of geometric design of roadways, and numerous interchanges of various configurations have been thus constructed.
  • RS 1 intersects with RS 4 at GSC 9; RS 1 intersects with RS 3 at GSC 10; RS 2 intersects with RS 3 at GSC 11; RS 2intersects with RS 4 at GSC 12; RS 5 intersects with RS 4 at GSC 13; RS 5 240 intersects with RS 3 at GSC 14; RS 6 intersects with RS 3 at GSC 15; RS 6 intersects with RS 4 at GSC 16; RS 1 intersects with RS 5 at GSC 17; RS 1 intersects with RS 6 at GSC 18; RS 2 intersects with RS 6 at GSC 19; and RS 2 intersects with RS 5 at GSC 20.
  • GSCs 9 through 20 also applies to Figs. 2 through 12.
  • RSs 1 through 6 are arranged, relative to each other, in the same arrangement in all embodiments of the 245 present invention.
  • the various embodiments of the present invention are formed by providing
  • RS 1 intersects with RS 8 at GSC 21; RS 1 intersects withRS 7 at GSC 22; RS 2 intersects with RS 7 at GSC 23; RS 2 intersects with RS 8 GSC 24; RS 5 intersects with RS 8 at GSC 25; RS 5 250 intersects with RS 7 at GSC 26; RS 6 intersects with RS 7 at GSC 27; RS 6 intersects with RS 8 at GSC 28; RS 8 intersects with RS 8 at GSC 29; RS 8 intersects with RS 4 at GSC 30; RS 8 intersects with RS 3 at GSC 31; RS 8 intersects with RS 7 at GSC 32.
  • RS 7 intersects with RS 7 at GSC 33; RS 7 intersects with RS 3 at GSC 34; RS 7 intersects with RS 4 at GSC 35; and RS 7 intersects with RS 8 at GSC 36.
  • the phrase 'is disposed along' stands for 'is disposed intermediately along the length of.
  • the sentence that follows means 'GSC 21 is disposed
  • GSC 21 is disposed along RS 1 between the extremity of the junction 37 and GSC 9.
  • GSC 9 is disposed along RS 1 between GSC 21 and GSC 10;
  • GSC 10 is disposed along RS 1 between GSC 9
  • GSC 22 is disposed along RS 1 between GSC 10 and GSC 17; and GSC 17 is disposed along RS 1 between GSC 17 and GSC 18.
  • SC 19 is disposed along RS 2 between the extremity of the junction 38 and GSC 20;
  • GSC 20 is disposed along RS 2 between GSC 19 and GSC 23;
  • GSC 23 is disposed along RS 2 between GSC 11 and GSC 23;
  • GSC 11 is disposed along RS 2 between GSC 23 and GSC 12; and
  • GSC 12 is disposed along RS 2 between GSC 11 and GSC 24.
  • GSC 25 is disposed
  • GSC 13 is disposed along RS 5 between GSC 25 and GSC 14;
  • GSC 14 is disposed along RS 5 between GSC 13 and GSC 26;
  • GSC 26 is disposed along RS 5 between GSC 14 and GSC 17;
  • GSC 17 is disposed along RS 5 between GSC 26 and GSC 20.
  • GSC 19 is disposed along RS 6 between the extremity of the junction 38 and GSC 18;
  • GSC 17 is disposed along RS 6 between GSC 19 and GSC 27;
  • GSC 27 is disposed along RS
  • GSC 15 is disposed along RS 6 between GSC 27 and GSC 16; and GSC 16 is disposed along RS 6 between GSC 15 and GSC 28.
  • GSC 32 is disposed along RS 7 between the extremity of the junction 39 and GSC 27;
  • GSC 27 is disposed along RS 7 between GSC 32 and GSC 26;
  • GSC 26 is disposed along RS 7 between GSC 27 and GSC 22;
  • GSC 22 is disposed along RS 7 between GSC 26 and GSC 23;
  • GSC 23 is disposed along RS 7 between GSC 22 and GSC
  • GSC 33 is disposed along RS 7 between GSC 23 and GSC 34;
  • GSC 34 is disposed along RS 7 between GSC 33 and GSC 35; and
  • GSC 35 is disposed along RS 7 between GSC 34 and GSC 36.
  • GSC 36 is disposed along RS 8 between extremity of the junction 40 and GSC 24;
  • GSC 24 is disposed along RS 8 between GSC 36 and GSC 21;
  • GSC 21 is disposed along RS 8 between GSC 24 and GSC 25;
  • GSC 25 is disposed along RS 8 between GSC 21 and GSC 28;
  • GSC 28 is disposed along 280 RS 8 between GSC 25 and GSC 29;
  • GSC 29 is disposed along RS 8 between GSC 28 and GSC 30;
  • GSC 30 is disposed along RS 8 between GSC 29 and GSC 31; and GSC 31 is disposed along RS 8 between GSC 30 and GSC 32.
  • Fig. 2 is a plan view schematic of the arrangement of roadways in a second embodiment of the invention. This embodiment has two loop 285 ramps and requires as few as two bridges. This embodiment is based on a horizontal reflection of the drawing of Fig. 1.
  • Fig. 3 is a plan view schematic of the arrangement of roadways in a third embodiment of the invention. This embodiment has no loop ramps and requires as few as three bridges.
  • RS 7 intersects with RS 6 at GSC 41; RS 7 intersects withRS 5 at GSC 42; RS 7 intersects with 290 RS 1 at GSC 43; RS 7 intersects with RS 2 at GSC 44; RS 7 intersects with RS 3 at GSC 45; and RS 7 intersects with RS 4 at GSC 46.
  • RS 8 intersects with RS 4 at GSC 47; RS 8 intersects with RS 3 at GSC 48; RS 8 intersects with RS 2 at GSC 49; RS 8 intersects with RS 1 at GSC 50; RS 8 intersects with RS 5 at GSC 51; and RS 8 intersects with RS 6 at GSC 52.
  • GSC 9 is disposed along RS 1 between extremity of the junction 37 and GSC 10; GSC 10 is
  • GSC 43 is disposed along RS 1 between GSC 10 and GSC 50;
  • GSC 50 is disposed along RS 1 between GSC 43 and GSC 17; and
  • GSC 17 is disposed along RS 1 between GSC 50 and GSC 18.
  • GSC 19 is disposed along RS 2 between extremity of the junction 38 and GSC 20;
  • GSC 20 is disposed along RS 2 between GSC 19 and GSC 49;
  • GSC 49 is disposed along RS 2 between GSC 20 and GSC 44;
  • GSC 44 is disposed along RS 2 between GSC 44
  • GSC 11 is disposed along RS 2 between GSC 44 and GSC 12.
  • GSC 13 is disposed along RS 5 between extremity of the junction 37 and GSC 14;
  • GSC 14 is disposed along RS 5 between GSC 13 and GSC 42;
  • GSC 42 is disposed along RS 5 between GSC 14 and GSC 51;
  • GSC 51 is disposed along RS 5 between GSC 42 and GSC 17; and
  • GSC 17 is disposed along RS 5 between GSC 51 and GSC 20.
  • GSC 19 is disposed along RS 6 between extremity of the junction 38 and GSC
  • GSC 18 is disposed along RS 6 between GSC 19 and GSC 52;
  • GSC 52 is disposed along RS 6 between GSC 18 and GSC 41;
  • GSC 41 is disposed along RS 6 between GSC 52 and GSC 15; and
  • GSC 15 is disposed along RS 6 between GSC 41 and GSC 16.
  • GSC 41 is disposed along RS 7 between extremity of the junction 39 and GSC 42;
  • GSC 42 is disposed along RS 7 between GSC 41 and GSC 43;
  • GSC 43 is disposed along RS 7 between GSC 42 and GSC 44;
  • GSC 44 is disposed along RS 7 between GSC
  • GSC 45 is disposed along RS 7 between GSC 44 and GSC 46.
  • GSC 47 is disposed along RS 8 between extremity of the junction 40 and GSC 48;
  • GSC 48 is disposed along RS 8 between GSC 47 and GSC 49;
  • GSC 49 is disposed along RS 8 between GSC 48 and GSC 50;
  • GSC 50 is disposed along RS 8 between GSC 49 and GSC 51; and
  • GSC 51 is disposed along RS 8 between GSC 50 and GSC 52.
  • Fig. 4 is a plan view schematic of the
  • This embodiment has no loop ramps and requires as few as three bridges. This embodiment is based on a horizontal reflection of the drawing of Fig. 3.
  • Fig. 5 is a plan view schematic of the arrangement of roadways in a fifth embodiment of the 320 invention. This embodiment has no loop ramps and requires as few as three bridges. U-turn ramps are also provided for each leg of the interchange.
  • RS 7 intersects with RS 6 at GSC 41; RS 7 intersects with RS 5 at GSC 42; RS 7 intersects with RS 1 at GSC 43; RS 7 intersects with RS 2 at GSC 44; RS 7 intersects with RS 3 at GSC 45; and RS 7 intersects with RS 4 at GSC 46.
  • RS 8 intersects with RS 4 at GSC 47; RS 8 intersects withRS 3 at 325 GSC 48; RS 8 intersects with RS 2 at GSC 49; RS 8 intersects with RS 1 at GSC 50; RS 8 intersects with RS 5 at GSC 51; and RS 8 intersects with RS 6 at GSC 52.
  • RSs 53, 54, 55, and 56 are commonly called U-turn ramps.
  • RS 53 is provided for U-turn traffic traveling from the extremity of the junction 37 and returning to the extremity of the junction 37.
  • RS 54 is provided for U-tum traffic traveling from the extremity of the junction 38 and returning to the 330 extremity of the junction 38.
  • RS 55 is provided for U-turn traffic traveling from the extremity of the junction 39 and returning to the extremity of the junction 39.
  • RS 56 is provided for U-turn traffic traveling from the extremity of the junction 40 and returning to the extremity of the junction 40.
  • RS 53 intersects with RS 55 at GSC 57; RS 53 intersects with RS 4 at GSC 58; RS 53 intersects with RS 3 at GSC 59; RS 53 intersects with RS 55 at GSC 60; RS 53 intersects with RS 7 at GSC 61;
  • RS 53 intersects with RS 8 at GSC 62; RS 53 intersects with RS 1 at GSC 63; RS 53 intersects with RS 2 at GSC 64; RS 53 intersects withRS 8 at GSC 65; RS 53 intersects with RS 7 at GSC 66; RS 53 intersects with RS 55 at GSC 67; RS 53 intersects with RS 3 at GSC 68; RS 53 intersects with RS 4 at GSC 69; and RS 53 intersects with RS 55 at GSC 70.
  • RS 54 intersects with RS 2 at GSC 71; and RS 54 intersects with RS 1 at GSC 72.
  • RS 55 intersects with RS 6 at GSC 73; RS 55 intersects with RS 5
  • RS 55 intersects with RS 1 at GSC 75; RS 55 intersects with RS 2 at GSC 76; RS 55 intersects with RS 3 at GSC 77; RS 55 intersects with RS 4 at GSC 78; RS 55 intersects with RS 2 at GSC 79; RS 55 intersects with RS 1 at GSC 80; RS 55 intersects with RS 5 at GSC 81; and RS 55 intersects with RS 6 at GSC 82.
  • RS 56 intersects with RS 4 at GSC 83; and RS 56 intersects with RS 3 at GSC 84.
  • GSC 80 is disposed along RS 1 between extremity of the junction 37 and GSC 9; GSC 9 is disposed along RS 1 between GSC 80 and GSC 10; GSC 10 is disposed along RS 1 between GSC 9 and GSC 75; GSC 75 is disposed along RS 1 between GSC 10 and GSC 62; GSC 62 is disposed along RS 1 between GSC 75 and GSC 50; GSC 50 is disposed along RS 1 between GSC 62 and GSC 63; GSC 63 is disposed along RS 1 between GSC 50 and GSC 17; and GSC 17 is disposed along RS 1
  • GSC 71 is disposed along RS 2 between extremity of the junction 38 and GSC 19;
  • GSC 19 is disposed along RS 2 between GSC 71 and GSC 20;
  • GSC 20 is disposed along RS 2 between GSC 19 and GSC 64;
  • GSC 64 is disposed along RS 2 between GSC 20 and GSC 49;
  • GSC 49 is disposed along RS 2 between GSC 64 and GSC 44;
  • GSC 44 is disposed along RS 2 between GSC 49 and GSC 76;
  • GSC 76 is disposed along RS 2 between GSC 44 and GSC 11;
  • GSC 11 is disposed along RS 2 between GSC 44 and GSC 11;
  • GSC 355 is disposed along RS 2 between GSC 76 and GSC 12; and GSC 12 is disposed along RS 2 between GSC 11 and GSC 79.
  • GSC 15 is disposed along RS 3 between extremity of the junction 39 and GSC 14;
  • GSC 14 is disposed along RS 3 between GSC 15 and GSC 59,
  • GSC 59 is disposed along RS 3 between GSC 14 and GSC 10;
  • GSC 10 is disposed along RS 3 between GSC 59 and GSC 11;
  • GSC 11 is disposed along RS 3 between GSC 10 and GSC 68;
  • GSC 68 is disposed along RS 3 between GSC
  • GSC 77 is disposed along RS 3 between GSC 68 and GSC 45; GSC 45 is disposed along RS 3 between GSC 77 and GSC 48; and GSC 48 is disposed along RS 3 between GSC 45 and GSC 84.
  • GSC 83 is disposed along RS 4 between extremity of the junction 40 and GSC 47; GSC 47 is disposed along RS 4 between GSC 83 and GSC 46; GSC 46 is disposed along RS 4 between GSC 47 and GSC 78; GSC 78 is disposed along RS 4 between GSC 46 and GSC 69; GSC 69 is disposed along
  • GSC 12 is disposed along RS 4 between GSC 69 and GSC 9;
  • GSC 9 is disposed along RS 4 between GSC 12 and GSC 58; GSC 58 is disposed along RS 4 between GSC 9 and GSC 13; and GSC 13 is disposed along RS 4 between GSC 58 and GSC 16.
  • GSC 41 is disposed along RS 7 between extremity of the junction 39 and GSC 42;
  • GSC 42 is disposed along RS 7 between GSC 41 and GSC 61;
  • GSC 61 is disposed along RS 7 between GSC 42 and GSC 43;
  • GSC 41 is disposed along RS 7 between GSC 12 and GSC 58;
  • GSC 58 is disposed along RS 4 between GSC 9 and GSC 13; and GSC 13 is disposed along RS 4 between GSC 58 and GSC 16.
  • GSC 41 is disposed along RS 7 between extremity of the junction 39 and GSC 42;
  • GSC 42 is disposed along RS 7 between GSC 41 and GSC 61;
  • GSC 61 is disposed along RS 7 between GSC
  • GSC 370 43 is disposed along RS 7 between GSC 61 and GSC 44; GSC 44 is disposed along RS 7 between GSC 43 and GSC 66; GSC 66 is disposed along RS 7 between GSC 44 and GSC 45; and GSC 45 is disposed along RS 7 between GSC 66 and GSC 46.
  • GSC 47 is disposed along RS 8 between extremity of the junction 40 and GSC 48; GSC 48 is disposed along RS 8 between GSC 47 and GSC 65; GSC 65 is disposed along RS 8 between GSC 48 and GSC 49, GSC 49 is disposed along RS 8
  • GSC 65 and GSC 50 are disposed along between GSC 49 and GSC 62; GSC 62 is disposed along RS 8 between GSC 50 and GSC 51; and GSC 51 is disposed along RS 8 between GSC 62 and GSC 52.
  • Fig. 6 is a plan view schematic of the arrangement of roadways in a sixth embodiment of the invention. This embodiment has no loop ramps 380 and requires as few as three bridges. U-turn ramps are also provided for each leg of the interchange. This embodiment is based on a horizontal reflection of the drawing of Fig. 5.
  • Fig. 7 is a plan view schematic of the arrangement of roadways in a seventh embodiment of the invention. This embodiment has one loop ramp and requires as few as three bridges.
  • RS 1 intersects with RS 8 at GSC 21; RS 1 intersects withRS 7 at GSC 22; RS 2 intersects with 385 RS 7 at GSC 23; RS 2 intersects with RS 8 GSC 24; RS 5 intersects with RS 8 at GSC 25; RS 5
  • RS 7 intersects with RS 7 at GSC 26; RS 6 intersects with RS 7 at GSC 27; RS 6 intersects with RS 8 at GSC 28; RS 8 intersects with RS 8 at GSC 29; RS 8 intersects with RS 4 at GSC 30; RS 8 intersects with RS 3 at GSC 31; RS 8 intersects with RS 7 at GSC 32; RS 7 intersects withRS 3 at GSC 94; RS 7 intersects with RS 4 at GSC 95; and RS 7 intersects with RS 8 at GSC 96.
  • GSC 21 is disposed along RS 1 between the extremity of the junction 37 and GSC 9;
  • GSC 9 is disposed along RS 1 between GSC 21 and GSC 10;
  • GSC 10 is disposed along RS 1 between GSC 9 and GSC 22;
  • GSC 22 is disposed along RS 1 between GSC 10 and GSC 17; and
  • GSC 17 is disposed along RS 1 between GSC 22 and GSC 18.
  • GSC 19 is disposed along RS 2 between the extremity of the junction 38 and GSC 20;
  • GSC 20 is disposed along RS 2 between GSC 19 and GSC 23;
  • GSC 23 is
  • GSC 11 is disposed along RS 2 between GSC 23 and GSC 12; and GSC 12 is disposed along RS 2 between GSC 11 and GSC 24.
  • GSC 25 is disposed along RS 5 between the extremity of the junction 37 and GSC 13;
  • GSC 13 is disposed along RS 5 between GSC 25 and GSC 14;
  • GSC 14 is disposed along RS 5 between GSC 13 and GSC 26;
  • GSC 26 is disposed along RS 5 between GSC 14 and GSC 17; and
  • GSC 17 is disposed along RS 5 between
  • GSC 19 is disposed along RS 6 between the extremity of the junction 38 and
  • GSC 26 is disposed along RS 7 between GSC 27 and GSC 22;
  • GSC 22 is disposed along RS 7 between GSC 26 and GSC 23;
  • GSC 23 is disposed along RS 7 between GSC 22 and GSC 85;
  • GSC 85 is disposed along RS 7 between GSC 23 and GSC 86;
  • GSC 86 is disposed along RS 7 between GSC 85 and GSC 87.
  • GSC 87 is disposed along RS 8 between extremity of the junction 40 and GSC 24;
  • GSC 24 is disposed along RS 8 between GSC 87 and GSC 21;
  • GSC 21 is disposed along
  • GSC 25 is disposed along RS 8 between GSC 21 and GSC 28;
  • FIG. 8 is a plan view schematic of the 415 arrangement of roadways in an eighth embodiment of the invention. This embodiment has one loop ramp and requires as few as three bridges. This embodiment is based on a horizontal reflection of the drawing of Fig. 7.
  • Fig. 9 is a plan view schematic of the arrangement of roadways in a ninth embodiment of the invention. This embodiment has one loop ramp and requires as few as three bridges.
  • RS 1 intersects with RS 8 at GSC 21; RS 1 intersects with RS 7 at GSC 92; RS 2 intersects with
  • GSC 21 is disposed along RS 1 between the extremity of the junction 37 and GSC 9;
  • GSC 9 is disposed along RS 1 between GSC 21 and GSC 10;
  • GSC 10 is disposed along RS 1 between GSC 9 and GSC 91;
  • GSC 91 is disposed along RS 1 between GSC 10 and GSC 17; and
  • GSC 17 is disposed along RS 1 between GSC 91 and GSC 18.
  • GSC 19 is disposed along RS 2 between the extremity of
  • GSC 20 is disposed along RS 2 between GSC 19 and GSC 92;
  • GSC 92 is disposed along RS 2 between GSC 11 and GSC 20;
  • GSC 11 is disposed along RS 2 between GSC 92 and GSC 12;
  • GSC 12 is disposed along RS 2 between GSC 11 and GSC 24.
  • GSC 25 is disposed along RS 5 between the extremity of the junction 37 and GSC 13;
  • GSC 13 is disposed along RS 5 between GSC 25 and GSC 14;
  • GSC 14 is disposed along RS 5 between GSC 13 and GSC 90;
  • GSC 90 is disposed along RS 5 between GSC 13 and GSC 90;
  • GSC 90 is disposed along RS 5 between GSC 13 and GSC 90;
  • GSC 435 is disposed along RS 5 between GSC 14 and GSC 17; and GSC 17 is disposed along RS 5 between GSC 26 and GSC 20.
  • GSC 19 is disposed along RS 6 between the extremity of the junction 38 and GSC 18;
  • GSC 17 is disposed along RS 6 between GSC 19 and GSC 89;
  • GSC 89 is disposed along RS 6 between GSC 17 and GSC 15;
  • GSC 15 is disposed along RS 6 between GSC 89 and GSC 16; and
  • GSC 16 is disposed along RS 6 between GSC 15 and GSC 97.
  • GSC 88 is disposed along RS 7
  • GSC 89 is disposed along RS 7 between GSC 90 and GSC 89;
  • GSC 90 is disposed along RS 7 between GSC 89 and GSC 91;
  • GSC 91 is disposed along RS 7 between GSC 90 and GSC 92;
  • GSC 92 is disposed along RS 7 between GSC 91 and GSC 93;
  • GSC 93 is disposed along RS 7 between GSC 92 and GSC 94;
  • GSC 94 is disposed along RS 7 between GSC 93 and GSC 95; and
  • GSC 95 is disposed along RS 7 between GSC 94 and GSC 96.
  • GSC 96 is disposed along RS 8 between extremity of the junction 40 and GSC 24; GSC 24 is
  • GSC 87 and GSC 21 are disposed along RS 8 between GSC 87 and GSC 21; GSC 21 is disposed along RS 8 between GSC 24 and GSC 25; GSC 25 is disposed along RS 8 between GSC 21 and GSC 97; GSC 97 is disposed along RS 8 between GSC 25 and GSC 98; GSC 98 is disposed along RS 8 between GSC 97 and GSC 99; and GSC 99 is disposed along RS 8 between GSC 98 and GSC 88.
  • Fig. 10 is a plan view schematic of the arrangement of roadways in a tenth embodiment of the invention. This embodiment has one loop ramp and requires as few as three bridges. This embodiment is based on a horizontal reflection of the drawing of Fig. 9.
  • Fig. 11 is a plan view schematic of the arrangement of roadways in an eleventh embodiment of 455 the invention. This embodiment has no loop ramps and requires as few as four bridges.
  • RS 7 intersects with RS 6 at GSC 41; RS 7 intersects with RS 5 at GSC 42; RS 7 intersects with RS 1 at GSC 43; RS 7 intersects with RS 2 at GSC 44; RS 7 intersects with RS 3 at GSC 85; and RS 7 intersects with RS 4 at GSC 86; and RS 7 intersects with RS 8 at GSC 87.
  • RS 8 intersects with RS 6 at GSC 97; RS 8 intersects with RS 2 at GSC 24; RS 8 intersects with RS 1 at GSC 21; RS 8 intersects 460 with RS 5 at GSC 25; RS 8 intersects with RS 6 at GS C 97; RS 8 intersects with RS 4 at GSC 98; RS 8 intersects with RS 3 at GSC 99; and RS 8 intersects with RS 7 at GSC 88.
  • GSC 21 is disposed along RS 1 between extremity of the junction 37 and GSC 9;
  • GSC 9 is disposed along RS 1 between GSC 21 and GSC 10;
  • GSC 10 is disposed along RS 1 between GSC 9 and GSC 43;
  • GSC 43 is disposed along RS 1 between GSC 10 and GSC 17; and
  • GSC 17 is disposed
  • GSC 19 is disposed along RS 2 between extremity of the junction 38 and GSC 20; GSC 20 is disposed along RS 2 between GSC 19 and GSC 49; GSC 49 is disposed along RS 2 between GSC 20 and GSC 44; GSC 44 is disposed along RS 2 between GSC 44 and GSC 11; GSC 11 is disposed along RS 2 between GSC 44 and GSC 12; and GSC 12 is disposed along RS 2 between GSC 11 and GSC 24.
  • GSC 25 is disposed along RS 5 between extremity of the
  • GSC 13 is disposed along RS 5 between GSC 25 and GSC 14;
  • GSC 14 is disposed along RS 5 between GSC 13 and GSC 42;
  • GSC 42 is disposed along RS 5 between GSC 14 and GSC 17; and
  • GSC 17 is disposed along RS 5 between GSC 42 and GSC 20.
  • GSC 19 is disposed along RS 6 between extremity of the junction 38 and GSC 18;
  • GSC 18 is disposed along RS 6 between GSC 19 and GSC 41;
  • GSC 41 is disposed along RS 6 between GSC 52 and GSC 15;
  • GSC 15 is disposed along RS 6 between GSC 52 and GSC 15;
  • GSC 475 is disposed along RS 6 between GSC 41 and GSC 16; and GSC 16 is disposed along RS 6 between GSC 15 and GSC 97.
  • GSC 88 is disposed along RS 7 between extremity of the junction 39 and GSC 41;
  • GSC 41 is disposed along RS 7 between GSC 88 and GSC 42;
  • GSC 42 is disposed along RS 7 between GSC 41 and GSC 43;
  • GSC 43 is disposed along RS 7 between GSC 42 and GSC 44;
  • GSC 44 is disposed along RS 7 between GSC 43 and GSC 85;
  • GSC 85 is disposed along RS 7 between GSC
  • GSC 87 is
  • GSC 24 is disposed along RS 8 between GSC 87 and GSC 21;
  • GSC 21 is disposed along RS 8 between GSC 24 and GSC 25;
  • GSC 25 is disposed along RS 8 between GSC 21 and GSC 97;
  • GSC 97 is disposed along RS 8 between GSC 21 and GSC 98;
  • GSC 98 is disposed along RS 8 between GSC 97 and GSC 99; and
  • GSC 99 is disposed along RS 8 between GSC 98 and GSC 88.
  • Fig. 12 is a plan view schematic of the arrangement of roadways in a twelfth embodiment of the invention. This embodiment has no loop ramps and requires as few as four bridges. This embodiment is based on a horizontal reflection of the drawing of Fig. 11.
  • each of the embodiments may be constructed with arrangements of overpasses and underpasses different from those shown in the drawings. For example, where a first RS is shown as extending underneath other RSs, it is also possible to instead extend the first RS over the other RSs.
  • adjacent RSs in the embodiments may be connected to each other, or may be separated, and may have any vertical alignment, horizontal alignment, or cross-sectional characteristics desired.
  • RS 3 may adjoin RS 4, and the boundary between the two RSs may simply be marked with painted lines, or alternatively, RS 3 may be separated from RS 4 by a wide grassy median; and RS 3 may have a curving horizontal or vertical alignment if required; and RS 3 may have one travel lane or several travel lanes.
  • Fig. 13 shows a possible arrangement of overpasses and underpasses for the first embodiment of the invention.
  • Arrows show the direction of traffic flow along the different RSs in the interchange (assuming right-hand traffic). In this figure, right-turn ramps are shown.
  • RSs 100 through 103 RS 100 is provided for traffic moving from the extremity of the junction 37 to the extremity of the junction 39.
  • RS 101 is provided for traffic moving from the extremity of the junction 38 to the extremity of the junction 40.
  • RS 102 is provided for traffic moving from the extremity of the junction 39 to the extremity of the junction 38.
  • RS 103 is provided for traffic moving from the extremity of the junction 40 to the extremity of the junction 37.
  • RSs 100 through 103 also applies to Figs. 14 through 30.
  • two bridges are required, a first bridge 104 and a second bridge 105.
  • Other arrangements of overpasses and underpasses are also possible; for example, RSs 8 (where it is laterally adjacent to RS 1), 1, 2, 5, 6, and 7 (where it is laterally adjacent to RS 2) can pass underneath RSs 8 (where it is laterally adjacent to RS 4), 4, 3, and 7 (where it is laterally adjacent to RS 3).
  • the embodiment can be constructed with more than two bridges. (See Fig. 25 for one such example.)
  • the above description of Fig. 13 applies also to Fig. 14, except that Fig. 14 shows a possible arrangement of overpasses and underpasses for the second embodiment of the invention.
  • Fig. 15 shows a possible arrangement of overpasses and underpasses for the third embodiment of the invention. Arrows show the direction of traffic flow along the different RSs in the interchange (assuming right-hand traffic). In the version of the embodiment shown, three bridges are required, a first bridge 104, a second bridge 106, and a third bridge 107. Other arrangements of overpasses and underpasses are also possible. In addition, if the particular constraints of a real-world site require it, the embodiment can be constructed with more than three bridges. (See Fig. 27 for one such example.) The above description of Fig. 15 applies also to Fig. 16, except that Fig. 15 shows a possible arrangement of overpasses and underpasses for the fourth embodiment of the invention. Fig.
  • FIG. 17 shows a possible arrangement of overpasses and underpasses for the fifth embodiment of the invention.
  • Arrows show the direction of traffic flow along the different RSs in the interchange (assuming right- hand traffic).
  • three bridges are required, a first bridge 104, a second bridge 106, and a third bridge 107.
  • Other arrangements of overpasses and underpasses are also possible.
  • the embodiment can be constructed with more than three bridges.
  • one or more roadways may be omitted from any of the embodiments of this invention.
  • the above description of Fig. 17 applies also to Fig. 18, except that Fig. 18 shows a possible arrangement of overpasses and underpasses for the sixth embodiment of the invention.
  • Fig. 19 shows a possible arrangement of overpasses and underpasses for the seventh embodiment of the invention.
  • three bridges are required, a first bridge 104, a second bridge 105, and a third bridge 107.
  • Other arrangements of overpasses and underpasses are also possible.
  • the embodiment can be constructed with more than three bridges.
  • the above description of Fig. 19 applies also to Fig. 20, except that Fig. 20 shows a possible arrangement of overpasses and underpasses for the eighth embodiment of the invention.
  • Fig. 21 shows a possible arrangement of overpasses and underpasses for the ninth embodiment of 555 the invention.
  • a first bridge 104 In the version of the embodiment shown, three bridges are required, a first bridge 104, a second bridge 105, and a third bridge 108. Other arrangements of overpasses and underpasses are also possible. In addition, if the particular constraints of a real-world site require it, the embodiment can be constructed with more than three bridges.
  • Fig. 21 applies also to Fig. 22, except that Fig. 22 shows a possible arrangement of overpasses and underpasses for the tenth 560 embodiment of the invention.
  • Fig. 23 shows a possible arrangement of overpasses and underpasses for the eleventh embodiment of the invention.
  • four bridges are required, a first bridge 104, a second bridge 106, a third bridge 107, and a fourth bridge 108.
  • Other arrangements of overpasses and underpasses are also possible.
  • the embodiment can be constructed with more than three bridges.
  • the above description of Fig. 23 applies also to Fig. 24, except that Fig. 24 shows a possible arrangement of overpasses and underpasses for the twelfth embodiment of the invention.
  • Fig. 25 shows another possible arrangement of overpasses and underpasses for the first embodiment of the invention.
  • three bridges are required, a 570 first bridge 104, a second bridge 105, and a third bridge 110.
  • Other arrangements of overpasses and underpasses are also possible.
  • the embodiment can be constructed with more than three bridges.
  • the above description of Fig. 25 applies also to Fig. 26, except that Fig. 26 shows a possible arrangement of overpasses and underpasses for the second embodiment of the invention.
  • Fig. 27 shows another possible arrangement of overpasses and underpasses for the third
  • Fig. 27 shows an exceptional example of how the third embodiment can be constructed using more than three bridges if desired.
  • eleven bridges are required: a first bridge 104, a second bridge 106, a third bridge 107, a fourth bridge 110, a fifth bridge 111, a sixth bridge 112, a seventh bridge 113, an eighth bridge 114, a ninth bridge
  • Fig. 27 applies also to Fig. 28, except that Fig. 28 shows a possible arrangement of overpasses and underpasses for the fourth embodiment of the invention.
  • Fig. 29 shows another possible arrangement of overpasses, underpasses, and right-turn ramps for the third embodiment of the invention.
  • This embodiment is similar to that shown in Fig. 15; however, the right-turn ramps 101 and 103 are arranged differently in Fig. 29.
  • the exit for right-turn ramp 101 is located on the left-hand side (from the point of view of traffic approaching the exit) of the exit for left-turn ramp 6; similarly, the exit for right-tum ramp 103 is located on the left-hand side (from the 590 point of view of traffic approaching the exit) of the exit for left-turn ramp 8.
  • the configurations of road surfaces in the embodiments of this invention may also be applied to various kinds of traveled 610 ways or lines of transportation.
  • the road surfaces of the embodiments described herein may be railroads, bicycle paths, footpaths, and so forth.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Road Paving Structures (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un carrefour autoroutier du type échangeur à plusieurs niveaux sans entrecroisement qui assure une circulation continue du trafic et présente des sorties et entrées uniquement sur l'extérieur (c'est-à-dire des sorties et des entrées uniquement sur la droite là où le sens de circulation est établi à droite et des sorties et entrées uniquement sur la gauche là où le sens de circulation est établi à gauche). Deux modes de réalisation de l'invention présentent des bretelles en boucle et ne nécessitent pas plus de deux ponts. Deux autres modes de réalisation ne comprennent pas de bretelles en boucle et ne nécessitent pas plus de trois ponts. Par ailleurs, quatre autres modes de réalisation présentent une bretelle en boucle et ne nécessitent pas plus de trois ponts. Deux autres modes de réalisation ne présentent pas de bretelle en boucle et ne nécessitent pas plus de quatre ponts. Enfin, deux modes de réalisation présentent des bretelles demi-tour, pas de bretelle en boucle et ne nécessitent pas plus de trois ponts. Comparativement aux carrefours autoroutiers selon l'état de la technique qui assurent eux aussi une circulation continue du trafic, évitent l'entrecroisement et présentent des sorties et entrées uniquement sur l'extérieur, celui de l'invention peut être construit avec moins de ponts et/ou moins de bretelles en boucle. Ainsi, la présente invention permet de réduire les coûts liés à la structure et/ou d'améliorer la sécurité des conducteurs et la vitesse. De plus, du fait que l'échangeur autoroutier selon l'invention peut être construit avec un moindre nombre de ponts par rapport à ceux de l'état de la technique, il a des impacts esthétiques et autres coûts environnementaux moindres. Enfin, les modes de réalisation de la présente invention offrent aux ingénieurs des ponts et chaussées un ensemble d'options de conception supplémentaires quand ils travaillent avec des contraintes de priorités, de topographie et autres facteurs.
PCT/CA2011/001233 2010-11-13 2011-11-14 Échangeur autoroutier sans entrecroisement comprenant un nombre réduit de ponts et des sorties et entrées uniquement sur l'extérieur Ceased WO2012061925A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US13/884,076 US20130279977A1 (en) 2010-11-13 2011-11-14 Weaving-free interchange with few bridges and exterior exits and entrances only

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US41343210P 2010-11-13 2010-11-13
US61/413,432 2010-11-13
CA 2736686 CA2736686A1 (fr) 2010-11-13 2011-04-05 Echangeur sans entrecroisement de circulation a nombre reduit de ponts, de sorties et de voies d'acces
CA2736686 2011-04-05

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Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102747659A (zh) * 2012-07-09 2012-10-24 王学明 钢铁结构立交桥
CN104294725A (zh) * 2014-11-04 2015-01-21 吴小平 直行加双环平面交叉口设计方案
CN105544330A (zh) * 2016-02-01 2016-05-04 吴长峰 匝道和立交桥
US9932712B2 (en) 2013-08-02 2018-04-03 Gilead MEROZ Spiral ring full road interchange system
CN108411725A (zh) * 2017-12-29 2018-08-17 杨恩林 智能立交桥
WO2020037934A1 (fr) * 2018-08-24 2020-02-27 全忠毅 Autopont
WO2021129269A1 (fr) * 2019-12-24 2021-07-01 王伟兵 Procédé pour garantir un passage sur demande

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WO2004104301A1 (fr) * 2003-04-30 2004-12-02 Jin Dug Jung Structure d'intersection multidimensionnelle
CN1580403A (zh) * 2004-05-21 2005-02-16 李学思 继两层式立体交叉桥
CN1587521A (zh) * 2004-07-31 2005-03-02 杨人杰 一种互通式立交桥

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2004104301A1 (fr) * 2003-04-30 2004-12-02 Jin Dug Jung Structure d'intersection multidimensionnelle
CN1580403A (zh) * 2004-05-21 2005-02-16 李学思 继两层式立体交叉桥
CN1587521A (zh) * 2004-07-31 2005-03-02 杨人杰 一种互通式立交桥

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102747659A (zh) * 2012-07-09 2012-10-24 王学明 钢铁结构立交桥
US9932712B2 (en) 2013-08-02 2018-04-03 Gilead MEROZ Spiral ring full road interchange system
CN104294725A (zh) * 2014-11-04 2015-01-21 吴小平 直行加双环平面交叉口设计方案
CN105544330A (zh) * 2016-02-01 2016-05-04 吴长峰 匝道和立交桥
CN108411725A (zh) * 2017-12-29 2018-08-17 杨恩林 智能立交桥
WO2020037934A1 (fr) * 2018-08-24 2020-02-27 全忠毅 Autopont
WO2021129269A1 (fr) * 2019-12-24 2021-07-01 王伟兵 Procédé pour garantir un passage sur demande

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