WO2012120026A1 - Verfahren zum identifizieren einer teilmenge von polynucleotiden aus einer dem humangenom entsprechenden ausgangsmenge von polynucleotiden zur in vitro bestimmung eines schweregrads der wirtsantwort eines patienten - Google Patents
Verfahren zum identifizieren einer teilmenge von polynucleotiden aus einer dem humangenom entsprechenden ausgangsmenge von polynucleotiden zur in vitro bestimmung eines schweregrads der wirtsantwort eines patienten Download PDFInfo
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- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
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- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
- C12Q1/6876—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
- C12Q1/6883—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
- G01N33/6893—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids related to diseases not provided for elsewhere
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- G—PHYSICS
- G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
- G16B—BIOINFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR GENETIC OR PROTEIN-RELATED DATA PROCESSING IN COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
- G16B20/00—ICT specially adapted for functional genomics or proteomics, e.g. genotype-phenotype associations
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- G—PHYSICS
- G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
- G16B—BIOINFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR GENETIC OR PROTEIN-RELATED DATA PROCESSING IN COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
- G16B25/00—ICT specially adapted for hybridisation; ICT specially adapted for gene or protein expression
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- C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
- C12Q2600/158—Expression markers
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
- G01N2800/26—Infectious diseases, e.g. generalised sepsis
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
- G01N2800/70—Mechanisms involved in disease identification
- G01N2800/7095—Inflammation
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for identifying a
- the invention further relates to the use of k-tuples on polynucleotides selected from the group consisting of m polynucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO 7704 where k is at least 7 and less than or equal to the number of polynucleotides m in The group is for detecting a score as a measure of the severity of the host response of a subject who is in an acutely infectious and / or acutely inflammatory state according to claim 18.
- Claim 19 relates to the use of polynucleotides for carrying out the method according to the invention.
- the invention also relates to the uses of protein gene products from the polynucleotides according to claim 24.
- Sepsis blood poisoning
- blood poisoning is a life-threatening infection that affects the entire organism, is associated with high mortality, is becoming more prevalent and affects people of all ages.
- the mortality rate of severe sepsis has not improved significantly in recent decades, with the last two breakthroughs in innovation since the introduction of blood culture (around 1880) being the introduction of antibiotics over 60 years ago and the onset of intensive care about 50 years ago.
- novel diagnostic agents must be made available.
- interventions on the gastrointestinal tract can lead to a fulminant spread of bacteria into the sterile abdominal cavity due to suture insufficiencies.
- Infectious courses also play a role in the follow-up treatment after transplantations, thoracotomies, extremity and joint corrections and neurosurgical interventions.
- immune effector cells e.g., lymphocytes and dendritic cells
- HLA-DR monocytes
- Immunostimulants can reverse the long-lasting monocyte deactivation again.
- a numerical increase could be demonstrated for many immune cell populations: both the monocytes and the neutrophils and lymphocyte populations benefited from the treatment.
- the patients also showed improvements in the clinical condition in the treatment group: shorter ventilation time and longer hospital stay. For the first time, the positive influence of a biomarker-guided immunostimulatory therapy on immunological and clinical level could be proven.
- the immunosuppressive phase of sepsis was further characterized [Muenzer et al. 2010].
- the initial hyperinflammatory phase which may be associated with a so-called cytokine storm, resulting in early organ damage and patient death, is followed by a more persistent phase
- proinflammatory cytokines could be stimulated.
- time of a so-called "second hit”, ie a second infection is of crucial importance for the survival of the organism.
- the status of the immune paralysis lasted for 4 days in the mouse model, on day 7 after the septic stimulus This was reflected in the survival rate of the animals after a septic stimulus, which was higher after 7 days than after 4 days In the hypoinflammatory time window (4 days), the survival rate through the immune modulator AS101 or through
- Blocking of IL-10 can also be increased. Until the normalization of the immune status, the return of the innate immune cells and the balancing of the pro- and antiinflammatory signal cascades thus creates a critical gap with high risk for further infections and patient survival.
- Lymphocyte populations in patients with septic shock [Venet et al. 2010].
- the exact beginning of the septic episode can not be precisely defined
- the immune status of patients with sepsis diagnosis is therefore severely impaired.
- the impairment affects both the innate and the adaptive immune system. Characteristics of this impairment are the loss of immune effector cells from the peripheral bloodstream by apoptosis, the decrease in the expression of MHCII molecules and the decrease in the
- Immune state can be reversible.
- the consequence of the impairment is on the one hand the inability to eliminate infections and to control an infection focus so that it remains active.
- Such infections are often caused by less pathogenic bacteria, which in case of intact
- Endotoxemia a significantly elevated level of endotoxin in the blood of patients, is widespread in critically ill patients. In more than half of all patients studied, an endotoxin level higher than 2 standard deviations of the value found in healthy volunteers was measured. At the same time, a large discrepancy between a high endotoxin level and the number of confirmed Gram-negative pathogen infections was observed. It is concluded that the origin of the endotoxin must be endogenous and must be in the intestinal flora, whereby due to translocation processes both endotoxin and viable bacteria can enter the bloodstream.
- Endotoxemia may also be a cause of excessive stimulation
- PAMPS pathogen-associated molecular structures
- the spectrum of disease that is thus covered by the invention is the progression of an infectious-inflammatory reaction of the body, also called host response or host response, of the ability to effectively fight pathogens to the suppression of the immune system, in which the pathogens and the Persist infection site and secondary and / or
- Pathogen identification is clinically irrelevant results such as non-disease-associated bacteremia, the presence of free-circulating bacterial and fungal nucleic acids from colonization as well as the detection of non-vital pathogen cells problematic for the evaluation of the result.
- the presence of circulating microbial DNA from translocation processes or the transient presence of non-disease associated bacteria in blood has been demonstrated in vivo. [Dagan et al., 1998; Isaacman et al., 1 998].
- the origin and clinical significance of such false-positive results are mostly unclear and could result from previously unknown host-pathogen interactions [Schrenzel, 2007].
- cases are known in which bacteria were isolated from the blood of symptom-free blood donors and even from transient fungemia without visible clinical significance has already been reported [Davenport et al., 2007, Rodero et al., 2002].
- the measurement of the immune state as defined can be used to assess the significance and clinical relevance of the finding from DNA-based pathogen detection
- the resulting response of the body also referred to as host response or host response, or the resulting "immune burden" is dependent on the extent, amount, duration and / or frequency of the infectious and / or inflammatory stimulation directly, but as the body's response to the stimulation, are measured as the severity of the host response (host response) .
- This reaction indicates a continuous change in the form of a rise of the
- the invention provides a diagnostic test useful for detection and follow-up of the described
- the excessive stimulation can have the following causes:
- One group contains score systems such as APACHE, SAPS and SIRS, which can stratify patients based on a variety of physiological indices. While some studies have shown diagnostic potential for the APACHE II Score, other studies have demonstrated that APACHE II and SAPS II can not differentiate between sepsis and SIRS [Carrigan et al., 2004].
- Procalcitonin is a 16 amino acid protein that plays a role in inflammatory reactions. Despite widespread acceptance of the biomarker PCT, it could be shown in international studies that achieved
- CRP C-reactive protein
- PCT is a more appropriate diagnostic marker than CRP [Sponholz et al., 2006; Kofoed et al., 2007].
- PCT is considered more suitable as a CRP to differentiate non-infectious versus infectious SIRS as well as bacterial versus viral infection [Simon et al., 2004].
- Another group contains biomarkers or profiles identified at the transcriptome level.
- Gene expression profiles or classifiers are for the determination of the severity of sepsis [WO 2004/087949], the distinction between a local or systemic infection [unpublished DE 10 2007 036 678.9], the identification of the source of infection [WO 2007/124820] or gene expression signatures for the distinction between multiple etiologies and pathogen-associated signatures [Ramilo et al., 2007].
- the consensus criteria of [Bone et al., 1992] the currently available protein marker, and the
- the amounts of the corresponding mRNA present in a sample are always determined quantitatively.
- the information determined by these gene expression levels is the respective over or under-expression of these mRNAs, which is determined experimentally with respect to a control state or with respect to control genes.
- the detection of over or underexpression can be seen analogously to the determination of the concentration of a protein biomarker.
- Test data showed they differed with this signature Survivor and Non-Survivor with high sensitivity and specificity Hessen. For the plausibility of the result, they argue that the late stage of septic shock is characterized by the formation of an immunosuppressed state and that restoration of immune function is necessary for patient survival. They lead to the fact that a number of the overexpressed in survivors genes are attributable to the innate immune system and justify the findings
- US 2008/0020379 A1 relates to the diagnosis and prognosis of
- US 2008/0020379 A1 discloses that specific sets of peripheral blood gene expression markers (leukocytes) may provide an indication of a host response to exposure, response, and recovery from infections with infectious pathogens.
- US 2008/0020379 A1 it is only referred to in a general nature that it is possible with the unique technique of US 2008/0020379 A1 to diagnose a large number of different diseases. Furthermore, in [0293] on page 22, right column of US 2008/0020379 A1, reference is made only to the usual statistical methods.
- Adenovirus infections and non-adenovirus infections are Adenovirus infections and non-adenovirus infections.
- FIG. 15V of US 2009/0307181 A1 includes Crohn's disease as
- phenotypes are the age and onset of Crohn's disease and the localization and / or severity of colitis.
- Such phenotypes may include two or more phenotypes. However, this only refers to general panels, such as the World Infectious Disease Panel, HIV Panel, Malaria Panel, Viral Hepatitis Panel, Infection Panel, etc.
- Document US 2010/0293130 A1 relates to genetic analysis systems and methods therefor. According to the abstract, this document is essentially concerned with determining methods for determining a genetic composite index score for estimating the association between the genotype of an individual and at least one disease or condition.
- US 2010/0293130 A1 compares the gene profile of a
- document US 2010/0293130 A1 discloses that a particular phenotype may be related to corresponding genotypes correlated therewith. This may include, according to US 2010/0293130 A1 Crohn's disease, lupus, psoriasis as well as rheumatoid arthritis as inflammatory diseases.
- Claim 1 of US 2010/0293130 A1 relates to a general method for generating at least one genetic composition index score based on a phenotype gene correlation without an explicit indication of which genes are to be used.
- a specific gene expression profile between an SNP and a phenotype is given and a list of specific SNPs associated with a particular phenotype is given.
- Tang et al. (2007b) thus concerns the "classical” approach to search for specific "lead genes” for sepsis and to correlate their gene expression with a prediction of the course of sepsis.
- Phenotype groups are to be formed according to claim 1 of the present application.
- Oligonucleotide arrays with 6.9 million oligonucleotides Oligonucleotide arrays with 6.9 million oligonucleotides.
- the present invention may be delineated from the prior art discussed above.
- the invention has the statement and
- inflammatory stimulation also known as host response or host response, or the resulting "immune burden"
- host response or host response or the resulting "immune burden”
- Patient group limited. It serves to determine a particular condition and not to distinguish it from survival. non-survival after septic shock. Also, the present invention is independent of the presence of infection according to the current definition of sepsis. It is shown in the on-going writings that a critical condition, a maximum immune load, "even without infection, eg excessive stimulation of the innate system by other causes, can be present.” The use of the invention lies in the derivation of suitable therapeutic measures and the course observation but not in predicting which of the patients will survive. In a review [Monneret et al., 2008], the importance of an effective immune system is illustrated by a number of scientific studies
- Patient selection was very heterogeneous. Patients were included in the study who had very different comorbidities, such as B to 1 1% to 16% had tumors or very different
- therapeutic measures e.g., 27% to 64% vasopressor therapy, which greatly affected gene expression profiles.
- inflammatory stimulation also referred to as host response or host response, or the resulting "immune burden” are delimited
- RNA samples isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of ten patients each with E. coli and S. aureus infection, respectively.
- the identification of the pathogens was done by blood culture. Based on the training dataset, 30 genes were identified, through which
- Pathogens are to be detected, the invention, however, to establish and follow-up of the response of the body to infectious and / or
- pathophysiological condition in the present case are the
- the object is characterized by the features of
- the present invention relates to a method for identifying a subset of polynucleotides from a human polynucleotide starting amount of in vitro determining a host response severity of a patient who is in an acute infectious and / or acute inflammatory condition. in a sample, using a measuring device having a plurality of different gene probes representing the substantially entire human genome;
- Inflammation status can be divided into at least two of the following clinically determined phenotype groups:
- Threshold provide a false positive result
- a master score is determined as a measure of the severity of the host response of a subject who is in an acutely infectious and / or acutely inflammatory state, by quantifying the increase and decrease in the gene expression intensity of the selected gene probes; and a considerably reduced number of times compared to the initial amount
- Polynucleotides is identified by determining a score that has at most a predetermined deviation from the master score and also serves as a measure of the severity of the host response of a subject who is in an acute infectious and / or acute inflammatory state.
- the present invention relates to the use of k-tuples on polynucleotides which are selected from the group consisting of m
- k-tuples on polynucleotides selected from the group consisting of m polynucleotides having SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO 7704, wherein k is at least 7 and less than or equal to the number of
- Amplification method preferably polymerase chain reaction (PCR), preferably real-time PCR, in particular probe-based methods such as Taq-Man, Scorpions, Molecular Beacons; and / or by means of hybridization methods, in particular those on microarrays; and / or direct mRNA detection, in particular sequencing or mass spectrometry; and / or isothermal amplification
- PCR polymerase chain reaction
- probe-based methods such as Taq-Man, Scorpions, Molecular Beacons
- hybridization methods in particular those on microarrays
- / or direct mRNA detection in particular sequencing or mass spectrometry
- RNA can be detected with high sensitivity and RNA can also be detected by reverse transcription (RT) [Wong et al., 2005; Bustin, 2002].
- Real-time PCR also called quantitative PCR (qPCR)
- qPCR quantitative PCR
- the quantitative determination of a template can be done by absolute or relative quantification.
- absolute quantification finds the
- the sample is selected from: tissue,
- Body fluids in particular blood, serum, plasma, urine, saliva or cells or cell components; or a mixture of them.
- samples especially cell samples, have a lytic
- a further preferred embodiment of the present invention is a use, which is characterized in that from the individual specific gene activities an index is formed, which is a measure of the severity and / or the course of the pathophysiological state after appropriate calibration, preferably the index displayed on an easily interpretable scale.
- RNA especially scRNA, snoRNA, microRNA, siRNA, dsRNA, ncRNA or transposable Elements, genes and / or Gene fragments with a length of at least 5 nucleotides are used, which have a sequence homology of at least about 10%, in particular about 20%, preferably about 50%, particularly preferably about 80% to the polynucleotide sequences according to SEQ ID NO. 1 to 7704.
- the sample nucleic acid is RNA, in particular total RNA or mRNA, or DNA, in particular cDNA.
- amplicons can be used, for example, as probes for
- the multigene biomarker is a combination of several elements
- Polynucleotide in particular gene sequences, based on their gene activities by means of an interpretation function performed a classification and / or an index or score is formed.
- amplification method preferably polymerase chain reaction (PCR), preferably real-time PCR; and / or by means of hybridization methods, in particular those on microarrays.
- PCR polymerase chain reaction
- Polynucleotide sequences can advantageously and uniquely pathophysiological status, a course and / or therapy monitoring.
- This score can provide the treating physician with a quick diagnostic tool.
- Sequence pools used to determine states and / or to distinguish or answer defined investigation questions. Examples are in the following
- the invention relates to polynucleotide sequences, to a method and furthermore to kits for the production of multigene biomarkers which have features of an "in vitro diagnostic multivariate index assay” (IVDMIA) in one and / or several modules [FDA: In Vitro Diagnostic Multivariate Index Assays, 2007].
- IVDMIA in vitro diagnostic multivariate index assay
- RefSeq is a public database that includes nucleotide and protein sequences with their characteristics and bibliographic information.
- NCBI National Center for Biotechnology Information
- the RefSeq collection is unique when it comes to providing error-corrected, nonredundant, explicitly linked nucleotide and nucleotide sequences
- Protein databases goes. The entries are not redundant with the aim of representing the various biological molecules that are characteristic of the organism, strain or haplotype.
- transcript variants it encodes alternative spliced transcripts for the same protein product (so-called transcript variants).
- RefSeq database provides the critical foundation for sequence integration, genetic and functional information and is internationally recognized as the standard for genome annotation.
- BLAST Sequence Search provides RefSeq information in multiple NCBI resources, including Entrez Nucleotide, Entrez Protein, Entrez Gene, Map Viewer, for FTP Download; or by networking with PubMed [Pruitt et al., 2007; The NCBI handbook 2002].
- RefSeq statements can be identified by the unique Accession format, which includes the underscore (_).
- the RefSeq specification includes either the essentially unchanged, initially valid copy of the original GenBank entries or corrected as well as additional
- the present invention was made due to the properties of the RefSeq database described above.
- the properties of this database concerning the generation, quality, maintenance and updates of the biological sequences, as well as the presence of functional information at the nucleic acid level, equally for alternative splice variants, were the decisive factors.
- SIRS Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, according to Bone [Bone et al., 1992] and Levy [Levy et al., 2003] a generalized, inflammatory
- Inflammation / inflammation It is a reaction of the body caused by injury or tissue destruction, which serves to eliminate, dilute or delineate the injurious agent or tissue.
- the inflammatory process can be by physical, chemical or
- a systemic infection is an infection in which the pathogens have spread through the bloodstream throughout the organism.
- Biological fluids within the meaning of the invention are understood to be all body fluids of mammals, including humans.
- a gene is a section of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that contains the basic information needed to produce a biologically active ribonucleic acid (RNA) as well as regulatory elements that activate or inactivate this production.
- genes are also understood as meaning all derived DNA sequences, partial sequences and synthetic analogs (for example peptido-nucleic acids (PNA)).
- PNA peptido-nucleic acids
- Genlocus is the position of a gene in the genome. If the genome consists of several chromosomes, the position is within the
- Chromosome meant on which the gene is located. Different manifestations or variants of this gene are referred to as alleles, all located at the same site on the chromosome, namely the gene locus.
- gene locus includes, on the one hand, the pure genetic information for a specific gene product and, on the other hand, all regulatory DNA segments and any additional DNA sequences that are in any functional connection with the gene at the gene locus
- Sequence regions that are in the immediate vicinity (1 Kb) but outside the 5 'and / or 3' end of a gene locus is made by the accession number and / or RefSeq ID of the main RNA product derived from this locus.
- Gene activity Genetic activity is the measure of the ability of a gene to be transcribed and / or to form translation products.
- Gene Expression The process of forming a gene product and / or expression of a genotype into a phenotype.
- Multigenbiomarker Combination of several gene sequences whose gene activities form a combined overall result (for example a classification and / or an index) by means of an interpretation function. This result is specific to a condition and / or an investigation question.
- Hybridization Conditions Physical and chemical parameters well known to those skilled in the art, which include the establishment of a thermodynamic
- Amplification conditions Constant or cyclic reaction conditions that allow the amplification of the starting material in the form of nucleic acids.
- the reaction mixture are the individual components (deoxyribonucleotides) for the resulting nucleic acids, as well as short oligonucleotides, which can attach to complementary regions in the starting material, as well as a nucleic acid synthesis enzyme, called polymerase.
- the cation concentrations, pH, volume and the duration and temperature of the individual reaction steps which are well known to the person skilled in the art are of importance for the course of the amplification.
- Primer is an oligonucleotide which can be used as a starting point for nucleic acid-replicating enzymes, such as, for example, B. the DNA polymerase is used. Primers may consist of both DNA and RNA (primer 3, see, e.g., http://frodo.wi.mit.edu/cgi-bin/primer3/primer3_www.cgi of MIT).
- a probe is a
- Nucleic acid fragment (DNA or RNA) labeled with a molecular tag (eg Fluorescent labels, particularly Scorpion ®, molecular beacons, Minor Groove
- a molecular tag eg Fluorescent labels, particularly Scorpion ®, molecular beacons, Minor Groove
- Binding- probes can be provided and for sequence-specific detection of target DNA and / or RNA target molecules is used.
- PCR is the abbreviation for the term "polymerase chain reaction.”
- the polymerase chain reaction is a method to amplify DNA in vitro outside a living organism using a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase used according to the present invention to short parts - up to about 3,000
- Base pairs - to amplify a DNA strand of interest It may be a gene or even a part of a gene or non-coding DNA sequences. It is well known to those skilled in the art that a number of PCR methods are known in the art, which are all encompassed by the term "PCR.” This applies in particular to the "real-time PCR” (cf. Explanations below).
- RNA transcript For the purposes of the present application, a transcript is understood to mean any RNA product which is produced on the basis of a DNA template.
- Small RNA Small RNAs in general. Representatives of this group are in particular, but not exclusively:
- scRNA small cytoplasmic RNA
- snRNA small nuclear RNA
- RNAs small non-protein codinq RNAs, which include the so-called small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and small double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs), which increase gene expression on many levels, including chromatin architecture, RNA editing, RNA stability, translation, and possibly also transcription and splicing.
- small nucleolar RNAs small nucleolar RNAs
- miRNAs microRNAs
- siRNAs short interfering RNAs
- dsRNAs small double-stranded RNAs
- these RNAs are processed in multiple ways from the introns and exons longer primary transcripts, including protein-coding transcripts.
- protein-coding transcripts Although only 1, 2% of the human genome encodes proteins, a large part is nevertheless transcribed. In fact, about 98% of them are in mammals and humans
- ncRNA non-protein-coding RNAs
- snoRNAs Small nucleolar RNAs
- snoRNAs Pseudouridylation regulated by two large snoRNA families called box C / D snoRNAs on the one hand and box H / ACA snoRNAs on the other.
- Such snoRNAs have a length of about 60 to 300 nucleotides.
- miRNAs miRNAs
- siRNAs short interfering RNAs
- miRNAs are derived from endogenous short hairpin precursor structures and usually use other loci with similar - but not identical - sequences as the target of translational repression.
- siRNAs arise from longer double-stranded RNAs or long hairpins, often of exogenous origin. They usually target homologous sequences at the same locus or elsewhere in the genome, where they participate in so-called gene silencing, a phenomenon also called RNAi. However, the boundaries between miRNAs and siRNAs are fluid.
- small RNA may also include so-called transposable elements (TEs) and in particular retroelements, which are also understood for the purposes of the present invention by the term “small RNA”.
- TEs transposable elements
- retroelements which are also understood for the purposes of the present invention by the term “small RNA”.
- RefSeq ID This name refers to entries in the NCBI
- genomic information includes, among others, chromosomes, mRNAs, RNAs, and proteins.
- Each RefSeq ID represents a single, naturally occurring molecule of an organism.
- the biological sequences representing a RefSeq are derived from GenBank entries (also NCBI), but are a compilation of Information elements. These information elements come from primary research at the DNA, RNA and protein levels.
- accession number represents the entry number of a polynucleotide in the NCBI gene bank known to the person skilled in the art. In this database, both RefSeq IDs and less well-characterized and redundant sequences are managed as entries and made accessible to the public (www .ncbi.nlm.nih.gov / gene bank / index.html).
- the infection is limited to the entry portal of the pathogen (e.g., wound infection)
- the pathogen e.g., wound infection
- Colonization The presence of microorganisms does not cause any disease symptoms in the organism.
- Bacteremia A condition in which there are transient and short-term presence of bacteria in the blood, without this being associated with the appearance of bacterial-related clinical symptoms.
- BLAST Basic Local Alignment Search Tool [according to Altschul et al., J Mol Biol 215: 403-410; 1990]. Sequence comparison algorithm, optimized for speed, is used for searching in sequence databases for optimal local adaptation to the query sequence.
- cDNA Complementary DNA. DNA sequence, product of reverse transcription of mRNA. Coding Sequence: Protein-encoding portion of a gene or mRNA as distinct from introns (non-coding sequences) and 5- or 3 'untranslated portions. Coding sequences of the cDNA or mature mRNA include the region between start (AUG or ATG) and stop codon.
- EST Expressed Sequence Tag. Short ssDNA sections of the cDNA (usually -300-500 bp), usually produced in large quantities. Represent the genes that are expressed in certain tissues and / or during certain stages of development. Partial coding or non-coding labels of expression for cDNA libraries. Useful for sizing complete genes and in mapping.
- Exon Coding, the mRNA corresponding sequence region of typical eukaryotic genes. Exons may include the coding sequences, the 5 'untranslated region, or the 3' untranslated region. Exons encode specific portions of the complete protein and are usually separated by long sections (introns), sometimes referred to as "junk DNA", whose function is not well known but likely to encode short, untranslated RNAs (snRNA) or regulatory information.
- introns sometimes referred to as "junk DNA”
- GenBank nucleotide sequence database with sequences from more than 100,000 organisms. Entries annotated with properties of the coding regions also include the translation products. GenBank is part of the international cooperation of the sequence databases, which also includes EMBL and DDBJ.
- Intron Non-coding sequence region of a typical eukaryotic gene is excised from the primary transcript during RNA splicing and is thus no longer present in the mature, functional mRNA, rRNA or tRNA.
- mRNA messenger RNA or sometimes just "message". RNA containing the sequences necessary for protein coding. The term mRNA, in contrast to the (unspliced) primary transcript, is only used for the mature transcript with polyA tail (excluding the introns removed via the splicing). Has 5'-untranslated, amino acid-encoding, 3'-untranslated regions and (almost always) a poly (A) tail. Typically represents about 2% of total cellular RNA.
- Poly (A) tail ss adenosine extension ( ⁇ 50-200 monomers) which is clipped to the 3 'end of the mRNA during splicing.
- the polyA tail probably increases the stability of the mRNA (possibly protection against nucleases). Not all mRNAs have the construct, such as the histone mRNA.
- SNPs Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms. Genetic differences between alleles of the same gene based on single nucleotide aberrations. Emerge at specific individual positions within a gene.
- Transcript variants Alternative splicing products.
- the exons of the primary gene transcript (pre-mRNA) were reconnected in different ways and are subsequently translated.
- 3 'untranslated region Transcribed 3' -terminal mRNA region without protein-coding information (region between stop codon and polyA tail). May affect translation efficiency or stability of mRNA.
- 5 'untranslated region Transcribed 5' -terminal mRNA region without protein-coding information (region between initial 7-methylguanosine and the base immediately before the ATG start codon). May affect translation efficiency or stability of mRNA.
- Polynucleotide isoforms polynucleotides having the same function, however
- transcriptomic signature represents an inflammatory-infective continuum of differential gene expression rather than abrupt changes depending on the various phenotypes.
- Another surprising finding that followed from this finding was the lack of infection specific gene groups. Also, in the group with systemic inflammation one could, with patients with bloodstream infections
- Sections of sepsis It characterizes the reaction of the body to infectious and / or inflammatory stimulation or the resulting "immune stress", also as a host response or
- Called host response The information about this state, which is represented by all significantly differentially expressed gene transcripts, can be calculated to a non-dimensional numerical value, a score,
- a progression of the condition into the critical area indicates a high mortality risk for the patient.
- the patient is likely to experience a life-threatening complication in the form of an uncontrolled primary infection and / or secondary infection and / or die as a result of the uncontrolled inflammatory-infectious host response.
- a progression towards a critical state can be considered
- the reaction of the body to infectious and / or inflammatory stimulation or the resulting "immune burden" can be used as a single determination to determine a condition.
- the immune status can be determined by chronological succession
- Medical measures may include drug treatment and its escalation or de-escalation, invasive measures such as surgical procedures for refocusing and / or other diagnostic measures.
- the determination of the immune status can be used for a differential diagnosis by determining whether the immune system makes a contribution to the acute disease process or is out of the question as the cause of a life-threatening condition of a patient.
- the notifying party bases its studies on an experimental design in which the characteristics of infection and inflammation have been independently classified in terms of their spatial distribution. It was distinguished whether the inflammation was systemic, local or not pronounced. Systemic inflammation was determined by the definition of Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS). In addition, it was tested whether pathogens were found in the blood (systemic), on an organ (local) or not at all. From the combination of the spread of infection and inflammation, the 9 possible phenotypes were defined. They are summarized in Table 1.
- Table 1 Representation of phenotypes resulting from the spatial manifestation of inflammation and / or infection. Each phenotype is indicated by a 3-letter abbreviation. The first capital letter indicates the spread of the infection, the second the spread of the inflammation. Both were associated with an "a" (for and)
- this division is unique, complete and independent of other factors. That Any subject can be assigned to one of the groups at the time of sampling.
- inflammation is not necessarily caused by pathogens
- infection without an inflammatory response is diagnostically not relevant.
- a systemic infection that causes only a localized inflammation (so-called bacteremia, eg in endocarditis) is a rare phenomenon and is a special case. Therefore, the combinations LaN, SaN and SaL do not form clinically relevant phenotypes and have not been considered for the purposes of the present invention.
- the inventors have divided diagnostically relevant patient samples after the spatial spread of an inflammation and / or infection. 6 study groups were created (written in bold in Tab. 1). These groups represent the most important and common infection-inflammatory phenotypes.
- the 4 phenotypes with a local infection with local and systemic inflammation (LaL and LaS) as well as the corresponding control groups without an infection (NaL and NaS) allow, in a statistical comparison, the detection of infection-specific gene markers.
- the comparison of the groups SaS and LaS provides information on whether, in systemic inflammation, the infection of the circulating cells (bloodstream infection) indicates a different gene expression pattern than the locally limited infection.
- the present application is accompanied by a sequence listing with SEQ ID Nos. 1-7718, the contents of which fully belong to the disclosure content of the present application.
- Fig. 1 shows a heat map in which the expression patterns are sorted by study groups
- FIG. 2 shows a sorted heatmap in which the expression patterns are sorted according to the score (master score);
- Fig. 3 shows distance triangles for the study samples
- Fig. 4 shows distance triangles for two patient progressions
- Fig. 5 shows the course of the score for all study samples.
- Example 1 Determination of the severity of the host response to stress of the immune system by acute inflammation.
- SaS 6 intensive care patients diagnosed with severe sepsis / septic shock. The sample was taken on the day that the same virus was confirmed in two separate tests (blood culture and DNA detection).
- LaS Thirteen intensive care patients diagnosed with Severe Sepsis / Septic Shock who had at least one blood sample tested for pathogens during the disease with two independent tests (blood culture and DNA detection), but all findings remained negative. The examined sample was taken on the first day on which a pathogen was locally confirmed.
- NaS 13 intensive care patients diagnosed with SIRS without signs of infection. The examined sample was taken within the first 3 days with the SIRS diagnosis.
- LaL 7 patients of the ENT clinic with acute peritonsillar abscess (PTA). The examined sample was taken immediately before the surgical removal of the infectious abscess. The associated microbiological blood test (as with LaS) was negative.
- NaL 8 patients of the ENT clinic with chronic tonsillitis without an acute infection.
- the examined sample was taken within the first 3 days after the tonsillectomy (operative tonsil removal).
- the patients did not show symptoms of SIRS, and at the surgical site there was a sterile wound infection.
- 4 patients with chronic non-infectious pancreatitis without SIRS were included in the group.
- NaN 7 healthy donors, 3 patients with chronic tonsillitis without an acute infection.
- the examined sample was removed before tonsillectomy, the postoperative samples of these patients were not included in the NaL group.
- Course samples In the study, samples from 2 patients were examined for 6 consecutive days each. In both cases, the first sample was taken before a planned surgery, the follow-up samples were taken in the intensive care unit.
- Case 1 Patient does not recover after surgery. The inflammation-relevant parameters increase from the 2nd postoperative day on the 3rd day an infection was diagnosed, the patient dies after 10 days.
- Case 2 After the operation, the patient recovers very slowly. On the third day, some inflammation-relevant parameters increase. After the medical measures, the condition improves, the patient is relocated after a total of 6 days.
- Table 2 Summary of clinical parameters of the subjects included in the study. If a feature has not been queried or a parameter has not been determined, it is identified by the abbreviation n.a. Mistake.
- Admission diagnosis (»: pathogen -ID female [years] group m discharged [ng / ml] [mg / l] A
- Admission diagnosis (»: pathogen -ID female [years] group m discharged [ng / ml] [mg / l] A
- Admission diagnosis (»: pathogen -ID female [years] group m discharged [ng / ml] [mg / l] A
- BAL Candida albicans ,
- Atherosclerotic tri-blood Enterococcus
- Admission diagnosis (»: pathogen -ID female [years] group m discharged [ng / ml] [mg / l] A
- RNA samples from the whole blood of 63 persons were measured.
- commercial microarray beadchips HumanHT-12 v3 from lllumina were used.
- the measuring platform used included 48,803 different gene probes, which represent the entire human genome independently of the tissue.
- totaIRNA Isolation and stabilization of totaIRNA from whole blood samples: Starting material for analysis of the transcriptome of blood samples is 2.5 ml of whole blood. This was taken in a PAXgene tube (PAXgene Blood RNA Tube PreAnalytiX # 762165 (Becton Dickinson)) and stored at -80 ° C until processed.
- PAXgene tube PAXgene Blood RNA Tube PreAnalytiX # 762165 (Becton Dickinson)
- Globin mRNA Reduction of Globin mRNA: To enhance the sensitivity of gene expression measurements in whole blood, highly aberrant globin mRNA was recommended. "GLOBINclear TM -Human" kit was used by Ambion / Applied Biosystems # AM 1980. According to the manufacturer's estimates, the transcripts are superimposed Of globin, with their proportion of 70% of all mRNAs in blood, considerably fewer present transcripts. ⁇ g of totaIRNA was used for processing of each sample.
- Amplification of totaIRNA to cRNA The preparation of the globin-reduced RNA for hybridization was carried out with the Ambion / Applied Biosystems "lllumina TotalPrep RNA amplification kit (AMIL 1791) according to the instructions of the manufacturer and with an input amount of 500 ng. Eluates were cooled on ice and the concentration of cRNA on the Nanodrop ND-2000 was measured spectrophotometrically.
- Hybridization on lllumina beadchips The pangenomic lllumina beadchips, human HT-12v3 version were used. Of the cRNA samples, 750 ng were applied in a volume of 5 ⁇ per array and hybridized overnight at 58 ° C. The signal detection of successfully hybridized probes is carried out via CY3 streptavidin staining (GE-Amersham) according to the instructions of the manufacturer, lllumina protocol: whole-genome gene expression with IntelliHybTM Seal; Experienced User Card; Part # 1 1226030 Rev. B, Illumina Inc. Fluorescence readout was performed with the lllumina® BeadArray Reader 500 and the corresponding lllumina software "BeadScan" (Version 3.6.17).
- 8537 gene probes were included in the further analysis. This selection was based on an estimate of the false positive rate of 0.3%. This is statistically interpreted to mean that about 26 probes in the selection list of 8537 probes (just 0.3%) are false positive. Any extension of the selection would result in a higher false positive rate.
- the selected 8357 gene probes address a total of 7694 different RNA transcripts
- each line represents a gene probe and each column represents an RNA sample. It represents the relative change in gene expression in gray scale. Thus, dark gray codes up black, a lower expression and light gray to white, a higher expression than the average per gene probe was determined.
- the clusters were numbered from 1 to 9, the number in brackets below the cluster number indicates the number of gene probes in the cluster. Within a cluster, the gene probes were sorted by degrees so that probes with greatest differences within the study groups are located at the top of the cluster.
- the sorted heatmap shows that the patient samples were mostly sorted according to their group affiliation in the order listed above, or are mixed into neighboring groups. However, individual samples are sorted in much higher or lower ranks than most group representatives.
- the gene expression pattern of the heatmaps shows a simultaneous increase and decrease in the gene activity of NaN to SaS. The individual gene clusters differ only in the progression of the deviation.
- gene expression particularly reflects the strength of the host response to the burden of the organism on inflammation.
- a bloodstream infection means having one Systemic inflammation is the biggest burden on the immune system.
- a similar burden will be caused by a local infection, if the immune system is unable to fight the pathogen at the source of infection. But even a traumatic event, such as a serious operation, can temporarily deplete the immune system of the capacity limit.
- gene expression reflects the severity of host response to a weaker load caused by local inflammation.
- the selected genes are divided into only 2 groups.
- gene expression increases with the stress of the immune system (clusters 1 to 4), in the other group of 5496 gene probes (64%) (clusters 5 to 9).
- X be the associated gene expression vector that summarizes the expression signals of the selected gene probes.
- d (Xi, X 2 ) the Euclidean distance between two vectors X 1 and X 2 .
- cor (Xi, X 2 ) denotes the correlation coefficient between X and X 2 according to Pearson, which corresponds to the cosine value of the angle between X 1 and X 2 [Mardia et al., 1 979].
- the score is calculated according to the following formula
- mH and mS are the two gene expression vectors that summarize the mean values of the groups NaN (mH) and SaS (mS) gene by gene.
- the score can be illustrated as follows. From the distances d (mS, mH), d (mS, X) and d (X, mH), a triangle is formed, the corners of which are denoted by X, mH and mS for the sake of simplicity (see Fig. 3). The value
- L x cor (X mH, MS mH) d (X, MS mH) defines the position of the foot's root from the corner to the straight line, which is determined by d (mS, mH).
- the value of Lx equals the distance between mH and this lotus point. It also indicates how far the corner of the triangle is from the corner mH, the height of the triangle is not rated.
- the sample 3 of mS is further than mH and gets the score value of -9.3%.
- Sample 59 is more than mS from mH and scores 127.8%.
- the sample 37 is between mH and mS and gets the score of 27.7%. The value of 50% would get a sample that has the same distance to the mH and mS.
- the distance d (mS, mH) is composed of the distances of the individual gene probes additively. If this total distance is decomposed into two components, one component ⁇ (mS, mH) being calculated from the gene probes of clusters 1 to 4 and the other d (mS, mH) being calculated from the gene probes of clusters 5 to 9, one obtains one Information about the contribution of the expression increase and decrease to the total deviation. In the dataset we examined, the increase represented by 36% of the probes was 51% of the total distance. The decrease, represented by 64% of all probes, was 49% of the total distance. Thus, on average, the expression of a gene probe from clusters 1 to 4 decreased more than in clusters 5 to 9. The overall ratio of increase and decrease was about the same. If the ratio of the increase and decrease is calculated for each sample, information about the progression of the deviation in the excellent direction is obtained.
- FIG. 4 shows how the distance triangle for the two patient cases moves in the course of the disease, wherein the index above the triangle tip indicates the day of the decrease and 0 denotes the pre-operative sample.
- FIG. 5 shows the score for all study samples.
- the study groups and the two courses were arranged as in FIG. 1.
- the black dots mark the score, the bars the deviation of 7.5 percentage points up and down.
- the proposed score is not the only one that can quantify the differences in gene expression of the study groups.
- the advantage of this score is that it defines a relative measure, namely, a percentage of the difference found between gene expression to the group without acute inflammation and SIRS patients with a blood infection.
- the score is independent of the measurement platform and the number of gene markers used.
- the score quantifies only a simultaneous increase and decrease in gene activity, it is calculated from the expression of several thousand of genes.
- the cause lies in the investigated phenomenon.
- the genes used are generally responsible for different processes. Therefore, the expression deviation from the healthy for a single gene may have various causes. However, the swarm behavior of many genes in the excellent direction reflects the quantitative extent of the immune burden.
- the postoperative condition was observed for 2 patients, show that the score records the current extent of the host response. Therefore, it can be used for monitoring / monitoring.
- the score for a patient changes from about 20% to about 90% percentage points within 6 days.
- it is suitable for general assessment of the immune burden.
- the pre-operative samples from both patients show an elevated score of over 20%. This can be one of the causes of the complication-rich postoperative course.
- Example 2 Determination of the severity of host response in patients with acute inflammation with a reduced number of markers
- the procedure was as follows.
- the expression matrix of 8357 gene markers and 61 expression vectors from the 6 study groups was subjected to a principal component analysis (Mardia et al., 1979).
- the R function prcomp was used for this.
- 512 gene probes were selected that correlated most strongly with the first major component. Of these, 183 (36%) were from gene clusters 1 to 4 and 329 (64%) from gene clusters 5 to 9 Selection quantity restricted to gene probes which most clearly represent the investigated trend in gene expression change, with the increase and decrease being in the same ratio as in the primary selection.
- the number of randomly selected probes has been reduced to a maximum of 20 and the selection procedure 50000 repeated. Also retained were the gene probe tuples, in which for 70 samples (95%) the reduced score deviated from the master score by no more than 7.5 percentage points. In this simulation, 20 different combinations were found that met the selection condition.
- simulations show that there are no preferred gene probes that determine the score.
- different gene probe tuples increase similar estimate of the master score.
- the total contains 423 different sequence numbers.
- Table 4 Summary of the gene probe tuples that met the described selection criteria in simulations. The sets were numbered from 1 to 36, with the number n in parentheses indicating the number of sequences in the set. The subsequent sequence of numbers indicates the associated sequence numbers from the sequence listing.
- Set 38 (n 7): SEQ ID NOS: 1983, 507, 5431, 3043, 1665, 5776, and 7695, taken alone, are preferred embodiments of the present invention that can be used to obtain a scores score that is limited to within the limits of the present invention, so that the individual sets 1 to 38 each give exact statements regarding the in vitro determination of a severity of the host response of a patient who is in an acutely infectious and / or or acute inflammatory condition is located in a sample of a subject or patient.
- the replacement representative TFPI for CLU was selected, whose expression values on the microarray with the expression values associated with the marker CLU on the real-time PCR achieved a correlation of 0.8 (correlation coefficient according to Pearson).
- Table 5 Score values for 7 and 10 selected gene probes compared to the master score (columns 2 to 4). Base 2 logarithmic expression values for 10 selected gene probes generated by the associated sequence number (2nd line), accession (3rd line) and symbol (4th line) are described. In the 5th line, the heatmap cluster is specified, in which the respective probe was classified.
- Example 3 Determination of the severity of the host response to alternative measurement platforms
- gene expression signals were measured by means of a real-time PCR for 7 relevant gene markers from Table 5 and for 67 RNA samples. The following measurement and analysis steps were carried out for this purpose.
- the Platinum SYBR Green qPCR SuperMix UDG kit from Invitrogen (Invitrogen Germany, Düsseldorf, Germany) was used.
- the patient cDNA was diluted 1:25 with water, of which 1 ⁇ was used in the PCR.
- the samples were each pipetted into 3 replicates.
- the iQ 5 Multicolor Real-Time PCR Detection System from BIORAD was used with the associated evaluation software.
- the so-called Ct values (estimated number of cycles in the threshold crossing) were calculated as a measurement result by the program automatically in the region of the linear increase of the curves.
- the measured values were saved in string format.
- the data matrices of the measured Ct values that were included in the analysis were processed as follows. Together with the marker genes, 3 so-called housekeeper genes were used, which were used as references. For normalization, the mean of the 3 selected housekeeper genes was calculated for each sample. From this value, the Ct value of each individual marker was subtracted. Each delta Ct value thus obtained reflects the relative abundance of the target transcript relative to the calibrator, where a positive delta Ct value means an abundance higher than the mean of the references and negative delta Ct value means an abundance less than the mean of the references. Data matrix of normalized Delta Ct values was summarized in Table 6.
- Example was calculated from the expression signals, which were measured by real-time PCR, the associated score for quantifying the severity of the host response. The comparison of this score with the master score is demonstrated in FIG. 6, with the master score represented by the associated error bar of 10 percentage points up and down and the score determined from the PCR measurement as a rhombic sign. As already in the 1. As described in the example, the calculation rule of the score is independent of the number of gene markers used and of the measurement platform; its calculation requires only the mean expression signals of the phenotype groups NaN and SaS, which were defined in Table.
- the score which was determined from the real-time PCR measurement of 7 markers, shows a trend similar to the master score and thus gives indications of the severity of the host response under an acute inflammatory load on the organism.
- real-time PCR is a simpler, faster and cheaper measurement platform for determining gene expression than a microarray. Their limitation lies in the lower number of simultaneously measurable gene markers.
- Table 6 Summary of 3 references normalized Delta Ct values for 7 selected gene sequences and 67 RNA samples. Sample ID refers to patient samples presented in Table 2.
- Example 4 Differential expression of proteins for in vitro determination of severity of host response of patients
- the differential expression of markers for the in-vitro determination of a severity of the host response of patients can be done not only on the basis of transcriptomic markers, but also on the level of Proteins.
- proteins There are numerous examples of the use of proteins as biomarkers, which have already been briefly discussed (Pierrakos, 2010). It is also pointed out that the individual protein markers have so far failed to provide satisfactory or mediocre results, and that combinations of protein markers should be preferred.
- PBMCs Peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PMNs polymorphonuclear cells
- the proteins were detected by flow cytometry and Western blot using flow cytometry for surface proteins and Western blotting for intracellular proteins.
- monoclonal antibodies were preferably used.
- Flow cytometry FACSCalibur Flow Cytometer, Becton Dickinson GmbH Heidelberg was used to examine the expression of the following genes on T lymphocytes and monocytes: CD59, HLA-DPA1, IL7R, TLR5 and HLA- DR complex.
- the distinction between T lymphocytes and monocytes was based on two surface markers: CD3 co-receptor for T lymphocytes [Tsoukas et al., 1985] and CD14 receptor for monocytes [Goyert et al., 1988].
- the cells were identified by their cell size (FSC-H) and their granularity (SSC-H).
- Western blot was used to examine the expression of the proteins from the following genes in the lysate of the total population of PBMCs in sepsis patients and healthy volunteers: FGL2, CLU and CPVL.
- the experiments were carried out using standard Western Blot protocols, positive controls (lysates of transfected cells) were always carried and the normalization of the experiments was based on ⁇ -actin.
- the anti-fibrinogen-like protein 2- (product of FGL2 gene), anti-clusterin (product of CLU gene) and anti-vitellogenic carboxypeptidase-like protein (product of CPVL gene) antibody were monoclonal mouse Antibody, the secondary antibody was an HRP-coupled rabbit anti-mouse antibody.
- the antibody for ⁇ -actin was a monoclonal (13E5) rabbit antibody (Cell Signaling Technology Inc., Denver USA).
- the measurement data was provided by the software of the respective measuring device. They were summarized in Table 7.
- the expression of individual proteins was tested for statistically significant differences for the 2 to 3 phenotypic groups studied. As in the 1. Embodiment uses the one-way analysis of variance (Anova) and the pairwise t-test. The results of the comparisons are shown at the end of Table 7. They are summarized below.
- T lymphocytes protein expression from the IL7R gene was significantly lower in sepsis patients than in healthy donors. This showed a change in the same direction as in gene expression.
- the expression of MHC class II HLA-DPA1 antigen (product of HLA-DPA1 gene) was significantly higher in sepsis patients than in healthy donors. This showed a change in the opposite direction than in gene expression.
- the T lymphocytes showed protein expression from CD59, TLR5 and HLA-DR No significant differences between the phenotype groups studied.
- the monocytes showed no differences in protein expression from the genes HLA-DPA1 and TLR5 in the 3 groups; However, protein expression from CD59 and HLA-DR gene was significantly higher in healthy subjects than in SIRS and sepsis patients. An IL7R gene product was undetectable in monocytes.
- Table 7 Protein expression levels for selected markers. Unmeasured values were taken with n.a. designated. Patient mean values that were significantly different from healthy were marked accordingly ("**" for p ⁇ 0.01, "*” for p ⁇ 0.05, and "+” for p ⁇ 0.1).
- Bustin SA (2002) Quantification of mRNA using real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR): trends and problems. J mol of endicronol. 29: 23-29.
- NCBI reference sequences (RefSeq): a curated non-redundant sequence database of genomes, transcripts and proteins. Nucleic Acids Res. 35 (Database issue): D61 -5.
- Valasek MA Repa JJ. (2005) The power of real-time PCR. Advan Physiol Educ.
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| GB1317714.2A GB2502759A (en) | 2011-03-08 | 2012-03-07 | Method for identifying a subset of polynucleotides from an initial set of polynucleotides corresponding to the human genome for the in vitro determination |
| CA2829503A CA2829503A1 (en) | 2011-03-08 | 2012-03-07 | Method for identifying a subset of polynucleotides from an initial set of polynucleotides corresponding to the human genome for the in vitro determination of the severity of the host response of a patient |
| US14/003,646 US20140128277A1 (en) | 2011-03-08 | 2012-03-07 | Method for Identifying a Subset of Polynucleotides from an Initial Set of Polynucleotides Corresponding to the Human Genome for the In Vitro Determination of the Severity of the Host Response of a Patient |
| CH01508/13A CH706461B1 (de) | 2011-03-08 | 2012-03-07 | Verfahren zum Identifizieren einer Teilmenge von Polynucleotiden aus einer dem Humangenom entsprechenden Ausgangsmenge von Polynucleotiden zur In-vitro-Bestimmung eines Schweregrads der Wirtsantwort eines Patienten. |
| JP2013557077A JP2014508525A (ja) | 2011-03-08 | 2012-03-07 | ヒトゲノムに対応するポリヌクレオチドの初期セットから患者の宿主応答の重症度をインビトロ決定するためのポリヌクレオチドのサブセットを同定するための方法 |
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| WO2014209238A1 (en) * | 2013-06-28 | 2014-12-31 | Acumen Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd. | Sepsis biomarkers and uses thereof |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
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| US20140128277A1 (en) | 2014-05-08 |
| GB2502759A (en) | 2013-12-04 |
| DE102011005235B4 (de) | 2017-05-24 |
| JP2014508525A (ja) | 2014-04-10 |
| AT514311A5 (de) | 2014-11-15 |
| CA2829503A1 (en) | 2012-09-13 |
| CH706461B1 (de) | 2016-12-15 |
| DE102011005235A1 (de) | 2012-09-13 |
| GB201317714D0 (en) | 2013-11-20 |
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