WO2012128263A1 - 窒化物結晶の製造方法 - Google Patents
窒化物結晶の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012128263A1 WO2012128263A1 PCT/JP2012/057085 JP2012057085W WO2012128263A1 WO 2012128263 A1 WO2012128263 A1 WO 2012128263A1 JP 2012057085 W JP2012057085 W JP 2012057085W WO 2012128263 A1 WO2012128263 A1 WO 2012128263A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B7/00—Single-crystal growth from solutions using solvents which are liquid at normal temperature, e.g. aqueous solutions
- C30B7/10—Single-crystal growth from solutions using solvents which are liquid at normal temperature, e.g. aqueous solutions by application of pressure, e.g. hydrothermal processes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B21/00—Nitrogen; Compounds thereof
- C01B21/06—Binary compounds of nitrogen with metals, with silicon, or with boron, or with carbon, i.e. nitrides; Compounds of nitrogen with more than one metal, silicon or boron
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
- C30B29/10—Inorganic compounds or compositions
- C30B29/38—Nitrides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
- C30B29/10—Inorganic compounds or compositions
- C30B29/40—AIIIBV compounds wherein A is B, Al, Ga, In or Tl and B is N, P, As, Sb or Bi
- C30B29/403—AIII-nitrides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
- C30B29/10—Inorganic compounds or compositions
- C30B29/40—AIIIBV compounds wherein A is B, Al, Ga, In or Tl and B is N, P, As, Sb or Bi
- C30B29/403—AIII-nitrides
- C30B29/406—Gallium nitride
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B7/00—Single-crystal growth from solutions using solvents which are liquid at normal temperature, e.g. aqueous solutions
- C30B7/10—Single-crystal growth from solutions using solvents which are liquid at normal temperature, e.g. aqueous solutions by application of pressure, e.g. hydrothermal processes
- C30B7/105—Single-crystal growth from solutions using solvents which are liquid at normal temperature, e.g. aqueous solutions by application of pressure, e.g. hydrothermal processes using ammonia as solvent, i.e. ammonothermal processes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B7/00—Single-crystal growth from solutions using solvents which are liquid at normal temperature, e.g. aqueous solutions
- C30B7/14—Single-crystal growth from solutions using solvents which are liquid at normal temperature, e.g. aqueous solutions the crystallising materials being formed by chemical reactions in the solution
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
- Y02P20/54—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals using solvents, e.g. supercritical solvents or ionic liquids
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a nitride crystal, and more particularly to a method for producing a nitride crystal in which a nitride crystal is grown by an ammonothermal method using a mineralizer containing a plurality of types of halogen elements.
- the ammonothermal method is a method for producing a desired material by using a raw material dissolution-precipitation reaction using a solvent containing nitrogen such as ammonia in a supercritical state and / or a subcritical state.
- a solvent containing nitrogen such as ammonia in a supercritical state and / or a subcritical state.
- this is a method in which crystals are precipitated by generating a supersaturated state due to a temperature difference utilizing the temperature dependence of the solubility of a raw material in a solvent such as ammonia.
- a hydrothermal method similar to the ammonothermal method uses supercritical and / or subcritical water as a solvent for crystal growth, but mainly oxide crystals such as quartz (SiO 2 ) and zinc oxide (ZnO). It is a method applied to On the other hand, the ammonothermal method can be applied to a nitride crystal and is used for growing a nitride crystal such as gallium nitride.
- Gallium nitride crystal growth by the ammonothermal method is a reaction in a supercritical solvent environment at high temperature and high pressure (500 ° C. or higher, 150 MPa or higher), and further, gallium nitride is dissolved in a solvent such as pure ammonia in a supercritical state. Since the solubility is extremely small, it is known to add ammonium halide or the like as a mineralizer in order to improve the solubility and promote crystal growth.
- Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2 describe using ammonium fluoride, ammonium chloride, ammonium bromide, and ammonium iodide as mineralizers.
- Non-Patent Document 1 it is known that when gallium nitride is grown using a mineralizer containing iodine or a bromine-containing mineralizer, cubic gallium nitride having a different crystal structure is likely to be formed. It has been suggested that it is not suitable for the growth of useful hexagonal gallium nitride (Non-Patent Document 1).
- a seed crystal having a hexagonal crystal structure, a nitrogen-containing solvent, a raw material, and a mineralizer containing one or more halogen elements selected from chlorine, bromine and iodine and fluorine A step of controlling the temperature and pressure in the reaction vessel so that the solvent is in a supercritical state and / or a subcritical state and growing a nitride crystal on the surface of the seed crystal, Method for producing physical crystals.
- the total molar amount of the halogen elements contained in the mineralizer is 0.1 to 30 mol% of the molar amount of the solvent containing nitrogen.
- the manufacturing method of the nitride crystal of description [9] The temperature of the region in which the raw material is dissolved in the reaction vessel (raw material dissolution region) is higher than the temperature of the region in which a nitride crystal is grown on the surface of the seed crystal (crystal growth region). [1] The method for producing a nitride crystal according to any one of [8] to [8].
- [16] The method for producing a nitride crystal according to any one of [12] to [14], wherein the growth rate of the A plane is 1.5 times or more of the growth rate of the C plane.
- [21] A nitride crystal produced by the production method according to any one of [1] to [20].
- the growth rate in the m-axis and a-axis directions is faster than when a mineralizer containing a halogen element such as ammonium chloride, ammonium bromide or ammonium iodide is used alone. It is possible to efficiently produce a high-quality nitride crystal whose main surface is a plane and a high-quality nitride crystal whose main surface is an A-plane. In addition, a large and high-quality nitride crystal having the C plane as the main surface can be efficiently produced.
- nitride crystal when ammonium bromide or ammonium iodide is used alone, a needle-like nitride crystal is easily obtained together with a large amount of spontaneous nucleus crystals, but according to the production method of the present invention, a flat and high-quality nitride crystal is obtained. Can be manufactured easily and efficiently.
- crystal growth can be easily performed under a temperature and pressure condition lower than when a mineralizer containing only fluorine as a halogen element such as ammonium fluoride is used alone, safety is ensured.
- a nitride crystal can be produced advantageously in terms of cost.
- the production method of the present invention it is possible to control so that the solubility shows a positive correlation with temperature, contrary to the case where a mineralizer containing only fluorine as a halogen element is used alone. It is. And according to the manufacturing method of this invention, the halogen concentration of the nitride crystal manufactured can be restrained low.
- nitride crystal production method of the present invention and the crystal production apparatus and members used therefor will be described in detail below.
- the description of the constituent elements described below may be made based on typical embodiments of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to such embodiments.
- the c-axis, m-axis, and a-axis used in describing the hexagonal crystal structure in this specification refer to the axial directions shown in [1] of FIG. Indicates the ⁇ 0001 ⁇ plane shown in [2-1] of FIG. 1 (the + C plane is shown in the figure), and the M plane is the (1-100) plane shown in [2-2] of FIG.
- a numerical range expressed using “to” means a range including numerical values described before and after “to” as a lower limit value and an upper limit value.
- growth rate of C-plane, M-plane, and A-plane means the growth rates of the seed crystal in the c-axis direction, m-axis direction, and a-axis direction, respectively.
- the method for producing a nitride crystal according to the present invention includes a seed crystal having a hexagonal crystal structure, a nitrogen-containing solvent, a raw material, and a temperature and pressure in a reaction vessel containing a mineralizer, and the solvent exceeds
- the method includes a step of growing a nitride crystal on the surface of the seed crystal under control to be in a critical state and / or a subcritical state.
- the production method of the present invention is characterized in that a mineralizer containing at least one halogen element selected from chlorine, bromine and iodine and fluorine is used as the mineralizer.
- the combination of halogen elements contained in the mineralizer used in the present invention may be a combination of two elements such as chlorine and fluorine, bromine and fluorine, iodine and fluorine, chlorine and bromine and fluorine, chlorine and iodine and fluorine.
- a combination of three elements such as bromine, iodine and fluorine may be used, or a combination of four elements such as chlorine, bromine, iodine and fluorine may be used.
- Preferred are a combination containing at least chlorine and fluorine, a combination containing at least bromine and fluorine, and a combination containing at least iodine and fluorine.
- the combination and concentration ratio (molar concentration ratio) of the halogen elements contained in the mineralizer used in the present invention are the type, shape and size of the nitride crystal to be grown, and the type, shape and size of the seed crystal used. It can be appropriately determined depending on the reaction apparatus, the temperature conditions and pressure conditions employed, and the like.
- the chlorine concentration is preferably at least 1 time, more preferably at least 5 times, and even more preferably at least 10 times the fluorine concentration.
- the chlorine concentration is preferably 200 times or less, more preferably 100 times or less, and even more preferably 50 times or less the fluorine concentration.
- the bromine concentration is preferably at least 0.1 times, more preferably at least 0.5 times the fluorine concentration, and more than 1 time. Is more preferable.
- the bromine concentration is preferably 100 times or less, more preferably 50 times or less, and further preferably 20 times or less with respect to the fluorine concentration.
- the iodine concentration is preferably 0.1 times or more, more preferably 0.5 times or more with respect to the fluorine concentration, and more preferably 1 time or more. Is more preferable. Further, the iodine concentration is preferably 100 times or less, more preferably 50 times or less, and further preferably 20 times or less with respect to the fluorine concentration.
- the growth rate of the M-plane and A-plane of the nitride crystal tends to increase, and the growth of the C-plane tends to be relatively slow.
- the solubility of the raw material has a negative correlation with the temperature, and thus crystal growth occurs in a high temperature region.
- the chlorine concentration, bromine concentration, and iodine concentration of the mineralizer are increased, the solubility of the raw material shows a stronger positive correlation with the temperature, and the C-plane growth rate is relatively faster. There is a tendency. This tendency increases in the order of chlorine, bromine and iodine.
- mineralizers containing halogen elements include ammonium halide, hydrogen halide, ammonium hexahalosilicate, and hydrocarbyl ammonium fluoride, tetramethylammonium halide, tetraethylammonium halide, benzyltrimethylammonium halide, halogen
- alkylammonium salts such as dipropylammonium halide and isopropylammonium halide
- alkyl metal halides such as sodium alkyl fluoride, alkaline earth metal halides and metal halides.
- an additive (mineralizing agent) containing a halogen element is preferably an alkali halide, an alkaline earth metal halide, a metal halide, an ammonium halide, or a hydrogen halide, more preferably a halogenated.
- Alkalis, ammonium halides, group 13 metal halides and hydrogen halides are preferred, and ammonium halides, gallium halides and hydrogen halides are particularly preferred.
- a mineralizer containing a halogen element it is also possible to use a mineralizer containing no halogen element, for example, it is also used in combination with an alkali metal amide such as NaNH 2 and KNH 2 or LiNH 2 it can.
- an alkali metal amide such as NaNH 2 and KNH 2 or LiNH 2 it can.
- a halogen element-containing mineralizer such as ammonium halide and a mineralizer containing an alkali metal element or an alkaline earth metal element are used in combination, it is preferable to increase the amount of the halogen element-containing mineralizer.
- the mineralizer containing an alkali metal element or an alkaline earth metal element is preferably 50 to 0.01 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the halogen element-containing mineralizer, and 20 to 0.
- the amount is more preferably 1 part by weight, and further preferably 5 to 0.2 part by weight.
- a mineralizer containing an alkali metal element or an alkaline earth metal element By adding a mineralizer containing an alkali metal element or an alkaline earth metal element, the ratio of the m-axis crystal growth rate to the c-axis direction crystal growth rate (m-axis / c-axis) can be further increased. It is.
- the mineralizer is used after being purified and dried as necessary.
- the purity of the mineralizer used in the present invention is usually 95% or higher, preferably 99% or higher, more preferably 99.99% or higher. It is desirable that the amount of water and oxygen contained in the mineralizer is as small as possible, and the content thereof is preferably 1000 ppm or less, more preferably 10 ppm or less, and further preferably 1.0 ppm or less. .
- the reaction vessel When performing crystal growth of the present invention, the reaction vessel is charged with aluminum halide, phosphorus halide, silicon halide, germanium halide, zinc halide, arsenic halide, tin halide, antimony halide, halogenated halide. Bismuth or the like may be present.
- the molar concentration of the halogen element contained in the mineralizer with respect to the solvent is preferably 0.1 mol% or more, more preferably 0.3 mol% or more, and further preferably 0.5 mol% or more.
- the molar concentration of the halogen element contained in the mineralizer is preferably 30 mol% or less, more preferably 20 mol% or less, and even more preferably 10 mol% or less. If the concentration is too low, the solubility tends to decrease and the growth rate tends to decrease. On the other hand, when the concentration is too high, there is a tendency that the solubility becomes too high and the generation of spontaneous nuclei increases, or the control becomes difficult because the supersaturation degree becomes too high.
- a seed crystal having a hexagonal crystal structure is used.
- a seed crystal it is desirable to use a single crystal of nitride grown by the manufacturing method of the present invention, but it is not always necessary to use the same nitride. However, in that case, it is a seed crystal having a lattice constant, crystal lattice size parameter that matches or matches the target nitride, or heteroepitaxy (ie, coincidence of crystallographic positions of some atoms) It is necessary to use a seed crystal composed of a single crystal material piece or a polycrystalline material piece coordinated so as to guarantee the above.
- seed crystals for example, when growing gallium nitride (GaN), in addition to a single crystal of GaN, a single crystal of nitride such as aluminum nitride (AlN), a single crystal of zinc oxide (ZnO), silicon carbide ( SiC) single crystal, sapphire (Al 2 O 3 ), and the like.
- GaN gallium nitride
- AlN aluminum nitride
- ZnO zinc oxide
- SiC silicon carbide
- sapphire Al 2 O 3
- the seed crystal can be determined in consideration of solubility in a solvent and reactivity with a mineralizer.
- a seed crystal of GaN a single crystal obtained by epitaxial growth on a dissimilar substrate such as sapphire by MOCVD method or HVPE method and then exfoliated, and obtained by crystal growth of Na, Li, or Bi from metal Ga as a flux.
- single crystals produced by homo / heteroepitaxial growth using the LPE method, single crystals produced by the ammonothermal method, and crystals obtained by cutting them can be used.
- the main surface of the seed crystal is not particularly limited.
- the main surface here means a surface having the maximum area among the surfaces constituting the crystal.
- a seed crystal having a C plane as a principal plane, a seed crystal having an M plane as a principal plane, a seed crystal having an A plane as a principal plane, or a seed crystal having a semipolar plane as a principal plane can be used.
- These main surfaces may be formed by cleaving. For example, if a seed crystal having an M plane generated by cleavage is used, the quality is higher than that of a crystal grown using a seed crystal having an unpolished M plane or a seed crystal having a precisely polished M plane.
- the nitride crystal can be produced at a high growth rate.
- the X-ray diffraction half width in (0002) plane reflection is preferably 150 arcsec or less, more preferably 100 arcsec or less, and 50 arcsec or less. It is particularly preferable that In the case of a seed crystal having an M plane as a principal plane, the X-ray diffraction half-width in (10-10) plane reflection is preferably 150 arcsec or less, more preferably 100 arcsec or less, and particularly 50 arcsec or less. preferable.
- the threading dislocation density existing on the main surface is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 7 / cm 2 or less, more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 5 / cm 2 or less, and particularly preferably 1 ⁇ 10 3 / cm 2 or less.
- solvent in the present invention, a solvent containing nitrogen is used as the solvent.
- the nitrogen-containing solvent include solvents that do not impair the stability of the nitride single crystal to be grown. Specifically, ammonia, hydrazine, urea, amines (for example, methylamine) Primary amines, secondary amines such as dimethylamine, tertiary amines such as trimethylamine, diamines such as ethylenediamine, and melamine. These solvents may be used alone or in combination.
- the amount of water and oxygen contained in the solvent used in the present invention is desirably as small as possible, and the content thereof is preferably 1000 ppm or less, more preferably 10 ppm or less, and preferably 0.1 ppm or less. Further preferred.
- ammonia is used as a solvent, the purity is usually 99.9% or more, preferably 99.99% or more, more preferably 99.999% or more, and particularly preferably 99.9999% or more. .
- a raw material containing an element constituting the nitride crystal to be grown on the seed crystal is used.
- a raw material containing a periodic table 13 group metal is used.
- Preferred is a polycrystalline raw material of a group 13 nitride crystal and / or a metal of a group 13 element, and more preferred is gallium nitride and / or gallium.
- the polycrystalline raw material does not need to be a complete nitride, and may contain a metal component in which the group 13 element is in a metal state (zero valence) depending on conditions.
- gallium nitride Is a mixture of gallium nitride and metal gallium.
- the method for producing a polycrystalline raw material used as a raw material in the present invention is not particularly limited.
- a nitride polycrystal produced by reacting a metal or an oxide or hydroxide thereof with ammonia in a reaction vessel in which ammonia gas is circulated can be used.
- a metal compound raw material having higher reactivity a compound having a covalent MN bond such as a halide, an amide compound, an imide compound, or galazan can be used.
- a nitride polycrystal produced by reacting a metal such as Ga with nitrogen at a high temperature and a high pressure can also be used.
- the amount of water and oxygen contained in the polycrystalline raw material used as the raw material in the present invention is preferably small.
- the oxygen content in the polycrystalline raw material is usually 10,000 ppm or less, preferably 1000 ppm or less, particularly preferably 1 ppm or less.
- the ease of mixing oxygen into the polycrystalline raw material is related to the reactivity with water or the absorption capacity.
- the worse the crystallinity of the polycrystalline raw material the more active groups such as NH groups exist on the surface, which may react with water and partially generate oxides or hydroxides. For this reason, it is usually preferable to use a polycrystalline material having as high crystallinity as possible.
- the crystallinity can be estimated by the half width of powder X-ray diffraction.
- reaction vessel The production method of the present invention is carried out in a reaction vessel.
- the reaction vessel used in the present invention is selected from those capable of withstanding the high temperature and high pressure conditions when growing nitride crystals.
- the reaction vessel is formed from the outside of the reaction vessel as described in JP-T-2003-511326 (International Publication No. 01/024921 pamphlet) and JP-T-2007-509507 (International Publication No. 2005/043638 pamphlet). It may be provided with a mechanism for adjusting the pressure applied to the reaction vessel and its contents, or may be an autoclave not having such a mechanism.
- reaction vessel means a vessel for producing a nitride crystal in a state in which a supercritical and / or subcritical solvent can be in direct contact with the inner wall surface, and has a structure inside the pressure-resistant vessel.
- a supercritical and / or subcritical solvent can be in direct contact with the inner wall surface
- a structure inside the pressure-resistant vessel As a preferable example, itself or a capsule installed in a pressure-resistant container can be given.
- the reaction vessel used in the present invention is preferably composed of a material having pressure resistance and corrosion resistance.
- a Ni-based alloy having excellent corrosion resistance against a solvent such as ammonia, Stellite (from Deloro Stellite Company, Inc.)
- a Co-based alloy such as a registered trademark.
- it is a Ni-based alloy.
- Inconel 625 Inconel is a registered trademark of Huntington Alloys Canada Limited
- Nimonic 90 Nonimonic is a registered trademark of Special Metals Wiggin Limited, hereinafter the same
- RENE41 Teledyne Allvac, Inc. registered trademark
- Inconel 718 Inconel is a registered trademark of Huntington Alloys Canada Limited
- Hastelloy registered trademark of Haynes International, Inc
- Waspaloy registered trademark of United Technologies, Inc.
- composition ratio of these alloys depends on the temperature and pressure conditions of the solvent in the system, and the reactivity with the mineralizers and their reactants contained in the system and / or the oxidizing power / reducing power, pH conditions, What is necessary is just to select suitably.
- the alloys used in these pressure resistant reaction vessels have high corrosion resistance, they do not have such high corrosion resistance that they have no influence on the crystal quality.
- components such as Ni, Cr and Fe are dissolved in the solution and taken into the crystal.
- a method of directly lining or coating the inner surface with a material having further excellent corrosion resistance, or a capsule made of a material having further excellent corrosion resistance is disposed in the pressure resistant container. It is preferable to form a reaction vessel by a method or the like.
- FIG. 2 shows a specific example of a crystal production apparatus including a reaction vessel that can be used in the production method of the present invention.
- crystal growth is performed in the capsule 20 loaded as an inner cylinder in the autoclave 1.
- the capsule 20 includes a raw material dissolution region 9 for dissolving the raw material and a crystal growth region 6 for growing crystals.
- a solvent and a mineralizer can be placed in the raw material dissolution region 9 together with the raw material 8, and the seed crystal 7 can be installed in the crystal growth region 6 by suspending it with a wire.
- a partition baffle plate 5 is installed in two regions.
- the aperture ratio of the baffle plate 5 is preferably 2 to 60%, more preferably 3 to 40%.
- the material of the surface of the baffle plate is preferably the same as the material of the capsule 20 that is a reaction vessel. Further, in order to give more erosion resistance and to purify the crystal to be grown, the surface of the baffle plate is preferably Ni, Ta, Ti, Nb, Pd, Pt, Au, Ir, pBN, Pd, Pt, Au, Ir, and pBN are more preferable, and Pt is particularly preferable.
- the space between the inner wall of the autoclave 1 and the capsule 20 can be filled with the second solvent.
- ammonia can be filled as the second solvent while filling the nitrogen gas from the nitrogen cylinder 13 through the valve 10 or confirming the flow rate from the ammonia cylinder 12 with the mass flow meter 14.
- the vacuum pump 11 can perform necessary pressure reduction.
- a valve, a mass flow meter, and a conduit are not necessarily installed in the crystal manufacturing apparatus used when the manufacturing method of the present invention is carried out.
- FIG. 1 A specific example of another crystal manufacturing apparatus that can be used in the manufacturing method of the present invention is shown in FIG.
- this crystal manufacturing apparatus crystals are grown in an autoclave without using capsules.
- a lining or coating can be used on the inner surface of the reaction vessel.
- platinum group such as Pt, Ir, Pd, Rh, noble metals including Ag and Au, at least one metal or element of Cu and C, or an alloy including at least one metal or It is preferably a compound, more preferably an alloy or compound containing at least one or more metals or elements of Pt, Ag, Cu and C, or at least one or more metals for the reason that lining is easy.
- Pt simple substance, Pt—Ir alloy, Ag simple substance, Cu simple substance, graphite and the like can be mentioned.
- a seed crystal, a nitrogen-containing solvent, a raw material, and a mineralizer are put in a reaction vessel and sealed.
- the reaction vessel may be evacuated.
- the seed crystal is usually charged into the reaction vessel at the same time or after the raw material and the mineralizer are charged.
- the seed crystal is preferably fixed to a noble metal jig similar to the noble metal constituting the inner surface of the reaction vessel. After loading, heat deaeration may be performed as necessary.
- the capsule 20 is sealed with a seed crystal, a nitrogen-containing solvent, a raw material, and a mineralizer in a capsule 20 as a reaction vessel, and then the capsule 20 is sealed in a pressure-resistant container (autoclave). ) 1 is loaded, and the space between the pressure-resistant vessel and the reaction vessel is preferably filled with a second solvent to seal the pressure-resistant vessel.
- autoclave autoclave
- the whole is heated to bring the inside of the reaction vessel into a supercritical state and / or a subcritical state.
- the supercritical state means a liquid state having a density substantially equal to the critical density near the critical temperature.
- the temperature is changed so as to be in the subcritical state, and the difference in solubility between the supercritical and subcritical materials is used. Crystal growth is also possible.
- the reaction mixture is generally maintained at a temperature above the critical point of the solvent.
- the critical point is a critical temperature of 132 ° C. and a critical pressure of 11.35 MPa.
- the “supercritical state” includes such a state exceeding the critical pressure. Since the reaction mixture is enclosed in a constant volume reaction vessel, the increase in temperature increases the pressure of the fluid. In general, if T> Tc (critical temperature of one solvent) and P> Pc (critical pressure of one solvent), the fluid is in a supercritical state.
- the reaction time depends in particular on the reactivity of the mineralizer and the thermodynamic parameters, ie temperature and pressure values.
- the pressure in the reaction vessel is preferably 120 MPa or more, more preferably 150 MPa or more, and further preferably 180 MPa or more.
- the pressure in the reaction vessel is preferably 700 MPa or less, more preferably 500 MPa or less, further preferably 350 MPa or less, and particularly preferably 300 MPa or less.
- the pressure is appropriately determined depending on the filling rate of the solvent volume with respect to the temperature and the volume of the reaction vessel. Originally, the pressure in the reaction vessel is uniquely determined by the temperature and the filling rate, but in reality, the raw materials, additives such as mineralizers, temperature heterogeneity in the reaction vessel, and free volume Depending on the presence of
- the lower limit of the temperature range in the reaction vessel is preferably 500 ° C or higher, more preferably 515 ° C or higher, and further preferably 530 ° C or higher.
- the upper limit value is preferably 700 ° C. or lower, more preferably 650 ° C. or lower, and further preferably 630 ° C. or lower.
- the temperature of the raw material dissolution region in the reaction vessel is preferably higher than the temperature of the crystal growth region.
- ) between the raw material dissolution region and the crystal growth region is preferably 5 ° C. or more, more preferably 10 ° C. or more, preferably 100 ° C. or less, and preferably 80 ° C. or less. More preferably.
- the optimum temperature and pressure in the reaction vessel can be appropriately determined depending on the type and amount of mineralizer and additive used during crystal growth.
- the injection rate of the solvent into the reaction vessel that is, the filling rate is the free volume of the reaction vessel, that is, the polycrystalline raw material and the seed crystal are used in the reaction vessel.
- Based on the liquid density at the boiling point of the remaining solvent volume it is usually 20 to 95%, preferably 30 to 80%, more preferably 40 to 70%.
- the growth of nitride crystals in the reaction vessel is maintained in a subcritical or supercritical state of a solvent such as ammonia by heating and heating the reaction vessel using an electric furnace having a thermocouple. Is done.
- the heating method and the rate of temperature increase to a predetermined reaction temperature are not particularly limited, but are usually performed over several hours to several days. If necessary, the temperature can be raised in multiple stages, or the temperature raising speed can be changed in the temperature range. It can also be heated while being partially cooled.
- reaction temperature is measured by a thermocouple provided so as to be in contact with the outer surface of the reaction vessel and / or a thermocouple inserted into a hole having a certain depth from the outer surface. It can be estimated in terms of temperature.
- the average value of the temperatures measured with these thermocouples is taken as the average temperature.
- the average value of the temperature of the raw material melting region and the temperature of the crystal growth region is defined as the average temperature, which is the temperature in the reaction vessel.
- the growth rate of the M-plane of the nitride crystal is preferably 100 ⁇ m / day or more, more preferably 120 ⁇ m / day or more, and further preferably 150 ⁇ m / day or more. Further, it is preferably 700 ⁇ m / day or less, more preferably 600 ⁇ m / day or less, and further preferably 500 ⁇ m / day or less.
- the growth rate of the A-plane of the nitride crystal in the production method of the present invention is preferably 100 ⁇ m / day or more, more preferably 200 ⁇ m / day or more, and further preferably 300 ⁇ m / day or more.
- the growth rate of the M and A planes is defined as the growth rate of the M and A planes, respectively.
- the growth rate of the periodic table group 13 metal surface is preferably 10 ⁇ m / day or more, more preferably 20 ⁇ m / day or more. More preferably, it is more preferably 30 ⁇ m / day or more. Further, it is preferably 100 ⁇ m / day or less, more preferably 90 ⁇ m / day or less, and further preferably 80 ⁇ m / day or less.
- the growth rate of the M plane is preferably 3 times or more, more preferably 4 times or more, and further preferably 5 times or more of the growth rate of the group 13 metal surface of the periodic table.
- the growth rate of the nitrogen (N) surface of the nitride crystal in the production method of the present invention is preferably 100 ⁇ m / day or more, more preferably 200 ⁇ m / day or more, and further preferably 300 ⁇ m / day or more. . Further, it is preferably 1000 ⁇ m / day or less, more preferably 800 ⁇ m / day or less, and further preferably 600 ⁇ m / day or less.
- the growth rate of the N face of the nitride crystal by the production method of the present invention is 5 to 15 times faster than the growth speed of the group 13 metal face.
- the sum of the growth rate of the N-plane and the growth rate of the group 13 metal surface is defined as the growth rate of C-plane growth (both sides).
- the growth rate of the M plane of the nitride crystal by the production method of the present invention is preferably 0.2 times or more, more preferably 0.3 times or more, and 0.4 times or more of the growth rate of the C plane. More preferably. Further, it is preferably 1.5 times or less, more preferably 1.2 times or less, and further preferably 0.9 times or less.
- the growth rate of the A plane of the nitride crystal by the production method of the present invention is preferably 0.5 times or more, more preferably 1.0 times or more, and 1.5 times or more of the growth rate of the C plane. More preferably. Moreover, it is preferably 5.0 times or less, more preferably 4.0 times or less, and further preferably 3.5 times or less.
- the reaction time after reaching a predetermined temperature varies depending on the type of nitride crystal, the raw material used, the type of mineralizer, and the size and amount of the crystal to be produced, but is usually several hours to several hundred days. be able to.
- the reaction temperature may be constant, or the temperature may be gradually raised or lowered.
- the temperature is lowered.
- the temperature lowering method is not particularly limited, but the heating may be stopped while the heating of the heater is stopped and the reaction vessel is installed in the furnace as it is, or the reaction vessel may be removed from the electric furnace and air cooled. If necessary, quenching with a refrigerant is also preferably used.
- the reaction vessel is opened.
- the predetermined temperature at this time is not particularly limited, and is usually ⁇ 80 ° C. to 200 ° C., preferably ⁇ 33 ° C. to 100 ° C.
- the valve may be opened by connecting a pipe to the pipe connection port of the valve attached to the reaction vessel, leading to a vessel filled with water or the like. Furthermore, if necessary, remove the ammonia solvent in the reaction vessel sufficiently by applying a vacuum, etc., then dry, open the reaction vessel lid, etc., and generate nitride crystals and unreacted raw materials and mineralization. Additives such as agents can be removed.
- JP 2009-263229 A can be preferably referred to for details of materials, manufacturing conditions, manufacturing apparatuses, and processes other than those described above. The entire disclosure of this publication is incorporated herein by reference.
- the nitride crystal produced by the production method of the present invention is preferably a group 13 nitride crystal of the periodic table, for example, gallium nitride, aluminum nitride, indium nitride or a mixed crystal thereof is more preferred, and gallium nitride is more preferred. According to the manufacturing method of the present invention, a nitride single crystal can be manufactured.
- the halogen concentration in the produced nitride crystal can be kept low.
- a nitride manufactured using a mineralizer containing at least chlorine and fluorine according to the present invention as compared to a nitride crystal manufactured using a mineralizer containing only chlorine as a halogen element according to the conventional method
- the crystals are surprisingly low in chlorine concentration, preferably 0.3 times or less, more preferably 0.01 times or less, and even more preferably 0.001 times or less.
- bromine and iodine a nitride crystal having a low halogen concentration can be produced.
- the fluorine concentration in the nitride crystal produced by the production method of the present invention is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 or less, more preferably 5 ⁇ 10 17 cm ⁇ 3 or less, and 1 ⁇ 10 6. More preferably, it is 17 cm ⁇ 3 or less. Further, the fluorine concentration in the nitride crystal produced by the production method of the present invention is, for example, 5 ⁇ 10 15 cm ⁇ 3 or more.
- the total concentration of chlorine, bromine and iodine in the nitride crystal produced by the production method of the present invention is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 or less, and preferably 1 ⁇ 10 17 cm ⁇ 3 or less. More preferably, it is 1 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 or less.
- a flat nitride crystal can be obtained instead of a needle.
- a nitride crystal having the M-plane or A-plane as the main surface can be easily manufactured, and a large-sized and high-quality nitride crystal having the C-plane as the main surface can also be efficiently manufactured.
- a nitride crystal having a desired shape can be obtained by appropriately selecting the shape of the seed crystal used in carrying out the production method of the present invention. For example, by performing crystal growth of the present invention using a seed crystal having a C plane, a gallium nitride crystal having a large C plane can be obtained with high production efficiency.
- nitride crystal having a thickness in the m-axis direction can be obtained with higher production efficiency.
- a gallium nitride crystal having a thickness in the m-axis direction of preferably 100 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 500 ⁇ m or more, still more preferably 1 mm or more, and particularly preferably 5 mm or more can be obtained.
- the nitride crystal produced by the production method of the present invention may be used as it is or after being processed.
- a wafer By cutting the nitride crystal of the present invention in a desired direction, a wafer (semiconductor substrate) having an arbitrary crystal orientation can be obtained. As a result, a wafer having a polar surface such as the C surface, a nonpolar surface such as the M surface, and a semipolar surface such as (10-11) or (20-21) can be obtained.
- a nitride crystal having a large-diameter C-plane is manufactured by the manufacturing method of the present invention, a large-diameter C-plane wafer can be obtained by cutting in a direction perpendicular to the c-axis.
- a large-diameter M-plane wafer can be obtained by cutting in a direction perpendicular to the m-axis.
- a large-diameter semipolar plane wafer can be obtained by cutting in parallel to the semipolar plane.
- These wafers are also characterized by being uniform and of high quality.
- An epitaxial wafer can be further obtained by performing desired epitaxial growth using the wafer of the present invention thus obtained as a substrate.
- the nitride crystal and wafer of the present invention are suitably used for devices such as light emitting elements and electronic devices.
- Examples of the light-emitting element in which the nitride crystal or wafer of the present invention is used include a light-emitting diode, a laser diode, and a light-emitting element obtained by combining these with a phosphor.
- examples of the electronic device using the nitride crystal or wafer of the present invention include a high frequency element, a high withstand voltage high output element, and the like.
- the high frequency element include a transistor (HEMT, HBT), and an example of the high breakdown voltage high output element includes a thyristor (IGBT).
- the nitride crystal and wafer of the present invention are suitable for any of the above applications because they have the characteristics of being uniform and of high quality. Especially, it is suitable for the electronic device use for which high uniformity is especially required.
- Example 2 ⁇ Examples 1 to 15>
- Crystal growth was performed using a RENE41 autoclave 1 (internal volume of about 345 cm 3 ) having an inner diameter of 30 mm and a length of 450 mm as a pressure vessel and a Pt—Ir capsule 20 as a reaction vessel.
- Capsule filling was performed in a sufficiently dry nitrogen atmosphere glove box.
- As the raw material 8 50.98 g of polycrystalline GaN particles were weighed and placed in the capsule lower region (raw material dissolution region 9).
- NH 4 Cl having a purity of 99.999% and GaF 3 having a purity of 99.999% were sufficiently dried as mineralizers, and the Cl concentration was 6.0 mol% and the F concentration was 0.00 with respect to the amount of NH 3 charged. It weighed so that it might become 5 mol%, and injected
- a platinum baffle plate 5 was installed between the lower raw material melting region 9 and the upper crystal growth region 6.
- Two wafers (10 mm x 5 mm x 0.3 mm) of the hexagonal GaN single crystal grown by the HVPE method as the seed crystal 7 having a principal surface of C and a wafer having a principal surface of the M surface (5 mm x 7.5 mm x 0.3 mm) 2) and one particulate crystal (about 5 mm ⁇ 5 mm ⁇ 5 mm) spontaneously nucleated by the HVPE method were used.
- the main surface of the seed crystal was subjected to chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) except for the particulate crystal, and the surface roughness was confirmed to be Rms of 0.5 nm or less by measurement with an atomic force microscope.
- CMP chemical-mechanical polishing
- a cap made of Pt—Ir was connected to the top of the capsule 20 by TIG welding, and the weight was measured.
- a valve similar to the valve 10 in FIG. 2 was connected to the tube attached to the upper part of the cap, and the valve was operated so as to communicate with the vacuum pump 11 to perform vacuum deaeration. Thereafter, the valve was operated so as to pass through the nitrogen cylinder 13 and the inside of the capsule was purged with nitrogen gas. The vacuum degassing and nitrogen purging were performed five times, and then heating was performed while connected to a vacuum pump to degas the moisture and attached gas in the capsule. After naturally cooling the capsule to room temperature, the valve was closed and the capsule was cooled with a dry ice ethanol solvent while maintaining the vacuum state.
- the valve of the conduit was operated so as to communicate with the NH 3 cylinder 12, and then the valve was opened again and NH 3 was filled without touching the outside air. Based on the flow rate control, NH 3 was filled as a liquid corresponding to about 57% of the effective volume of the capsule (converted to an NH 3 density of ⁇ 33 ° C.), and then the valve was closed again. The filling amount was confirmed from the difference in weight before and after NH 3 filling.
- the lid was closed and the weight of the autoclave 1 was measured.
- the conduit was connected to the vacuum pump 11 through the valve 10 attached to the autoclave, and the valve was opened to perform vacuum deaeration. Nitrogen gas purging was performed several times as in the capsule.
- the autoclave 1 was cooled with a dry ice ethanol solvent while maintaining the vacuum state, and the valve 10 was once closed.
- the conduit was operated to lead to the NH 3 cylinder 12, the valve 10 was opened again, and NH 3 was charged into the autoclave 1 without continuously touching the outside air.
- NH 3 is filled as a liquid corresponding to about 59% of the effective volume of the autoclave 1 (autoclave volume ⁇ filled volume) (converted to an NH 3 density of ⁇ 33 ° C.), and then the valve 10 is closed again. It was. The temperature of the autoclave 1 was returned to room temperature, the outer surface was sufficiently dried, and the weight of the autoclave 1 was measured. The weight of NH 3 was calculated from the difference from the weight before filling with NH 3 to confirm the filling amount.
- the autoclave 1 was stored in an electric furnace composed of a heater divided into two parts in the vertical direction.
- the temperature is raised over 9 hours so that the temperature of the crystal growth region 6 on the outer surface of the autoclave is 595 ° C. and the temperature of the raw material dissolution region 9 is 625 ° C. (average temperature 610 ° C.).
- the pressure in the autoclave was 230 MPa.
- the variation in the control temperature of the outer surface of the autoclave during the holding was ⁇ 0.3 ° C. or less.
- the valve 10 attached to the autoclave was opened, and NH 3 in the autoclave was removed. Thereafter, the autoclave 1 was weighed to confirm the discharge of NH 3 , the lid of the autoclave was opened, and the capsule 20 was taken out. A hole was made in the tube attached to the upper part of the capsule to remove NH 3 from the inside of the capsule.
- gallium nitride crystals were uniformly deposited on the entire surface of the seed crystal on either the C plane or the M plane. Through the above steps, the gallium nitride crystal of Example 2 was obtained.
- the growth rates differed depending on the plane orientations, and were Ga plane: 43 ⁇ m / day, N plane: 247 ⁇ m / day, M plane: 54 ⁇ m / day, and A plane: 213 ⁇ m / day.
- Example 1 and 3 to 15 the mineralizer concentration, the number of days of growth, the temperature of the crystal growth region, the temperature of the raw material dissolution region, and the pressure were changed as described in Table 1, and the procedure of Example 2 above was performed. In the same manner as above, a gallium nitride crystal was deposited on the seed crystal. When the inside of the capsule was confirmed after Examples 1 and 3 to 15 were carried out, gallium nitride crystals were uniformly deposited on the entire surface of the seed crystals on both the C and M planes.
- the result of SIMS analysis of the Cl concentration of the gallium nitride crystal obtained in Example 2 using F and Cl as halogen elements for the mineralizer was 4 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 .
- This Cl concentration was clearly lower than the Cl concentration of 8 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 of the gallium nitride crystal of Comparative Example 1 described later grown using only Cl as the halogen element of the mineralizer.
- the gallium nitride crystal obtained in Example 4 using F and Br as the halogen elements of the mineralizer had a Br concentration as low as that of the HVPE crystal.
- the gallium nitride crystals obtained in Examples 5 to 15 using F and I as the halogen elements of the mineralizer had a low concentration equivalent to the HVPE crystal.
- the analytical values of F, Br, and I have SIMS counts listed in Table 1, and also measured values of crystals grown by the HVPE method as reference samples. From comparison with crystals grown by the HVPE method, the F concentration was 5 ⁇ 10 15 to 1 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 , and the total Br and I concentration was 1 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 or less.
- the F and I concentrations in the gallium nitride crystal of Example 5 were quantitatively analyzed by SIMS analysis, the F concentration was 2.1 ⁇ 10 17 cm ⁇ 3 and the I concentration was 2.4 ⁇ 10 15 cm ⁇ 3.
- SIMS analysis was performed using a secondary ion mass spectrometer (SIMS) IMS4f manufactured by CAMECA as an apparatus.
- SIMS secondary ion mass spectrometer
- the primary ion beam was Cs
- the primary ion energy was 14.5 keV
- the secondary ion polarity was negative.
- the detection limits under these conditions were an F concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 15 atoms / cm ⁇ 3 and an I concentration of 2 ⁇ 10 15 atoms / cm ⁇ 3 .
- the half-value widths of the crystals grown on the C-plane seed crystals according to Examples 1 to 15 by X-ray diffraction are all 50 arcsec or less for (0002) plane reflection, 30 arcsec or less for (10-12) plane reflection, and on the M-plane seed crystal.
- the full width at half maximum of the crystals grown in X-ray diffraction were 30 arcsec or less for (10-10) plane reflection and 30 arcsec or less for (10-12) plane reflection.
- Example 101 using F, Cl and Br as halogen elements of mineralizer Example 102 using F, Cl and I as halogen elements of mineralizer, F, Br and I as halogen elements of mineralizer
- Example 104 using F, Cl, Br, and I as the halogen elements of the mineralizer were carried out in the same manner as in Examples 1 to 15 described above. A similar trend is seen. That is, inside the capsule after the implementation of Examples 101 to 104, the gallium nitride crystal is uniformly deposited on the entire surface on both the C-plane and M-plane seed crystals.
- the crystal systems of the gallium nitride crystals grown on the seed crystals are all hexagonal and do not contain cubic GaN.
- the growth rate shows the same tendency as the examples described in Table 1.
- the Cl concentrations of the Ga face and M face of the obtained gallium nitride crystal are Cl as the halogen element of the mineralizer.
- the tendency of the growth rate change is the same tendency as the F + (Cl or Br or I) two-element system. Indicates.
- the production method of the present invention it is possible to efficiently produce a high-quality nitride crystal having the M-plane and A-plane as the main surface and a large-sized and high-quality nitride crystal having the C-plane as the main surface.
- the production method of the present invention since crystal growth can be easily performed under a temperature and pressure condition lower than when a mineralizer containing only fluorine as a halogen element is used alone, safety and cost are reduced.
- the nitride crystal can be produced advantageously.
- the halogen concentration of the produced nitride crystal can be kept low. For this reason, this invention can provide nitride crystals, such as gallium nitride, simply, and its industrial applicability is very high.
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Abstract
Description
また、臭化アンモニウム、ヨウ化アンモニウムをそれぞれ単独で用いた場合、C面成長のみが速くてその他の方向の成長速度が遅いためにc軸方向に伸びた針状結晶が得られやすく、大型で良質の結晶は得られないことも明らかとなった。そして、臭化アンモニウム、ヨウ化アンモニウムを用いた場合、塩化アンモニウムを用いた場合よりも溶解度曲線の傾きが大きい。つまり、小さな温度差の変化で過飽和度が大きく変化するため、精密な温度制御が要求されコントロールは困難であり、自発核結晶が生成しやすい。また、これらの鉱化剤を用いて成長した窒化物結晶は、ハロゲン濃度が高くなってしまうという問題もある。
これらの従来技術の課題に鑑みて、本発明者らは、塩化アンモニウムや臭化アンモニウムやヨウ化アンモニウムを単独で用いた場合よりもm軸やa軸方向の成長速度が速くて、フッ化アンモニウムを単独で用いた場合よりも低い温度圧力条件で簡便に結晶成長させることが可能であって、安全性やコスト面で有利な窒化物結晶の製造方法を提供することを目的として鋭意検討を進めた。
[2] 前記鉱化剤が塩素とフッ素とを含有する、[1]に記載の窒化物結晶の製造方法。
[3] 前記鉱化剤の塩素濃度がフッ素濃度の1~200モル倍である、[2]に記載の窒化物結晶の製造方法。
[4] 前記鉱化剤が臭素とフッ素とを含有する、[1]~[3]のいずれか一項に記載の窒化物結晶の製造方法。
[5] 前記鉱化剤の臭素濃度がフッ素濃度の0.1~100モル倍である、[4]に記載の窒化物結晶の製造方法。
[6] 前記鉱化剤がヨウ素とフッ素とを含有する、[1]~[5]のいずれか一項に記載の窒化物結晶の製造方法。
[7] 前記鉱化剤のヨウ素濃度がフッ素濃度の0.1~100モル倍である、[6]に記載の窒化物結晶の製造方法。
[8] 前記鉱化剤に含まれるハロゲン元素の総モル量が、前記窒素を含有する溶媒のモル量の0.1~30mol%である、[1]~[7]のいずれか一項に記載の窒化物結晶の製造方法。
[9] 前記反応容器内における前記原料を溶解する領域(原料溶解領域)の温度が、前記種結晶の表面に窒化物結晶を成長させる領域(結晶成長領域)の温度よりも高い、[1]~[8]のいずれか一項に記載の窒化物結晶の製造方法。
[10] 前記窒化物結晶を成長させる工程における反応容器内の温度が500~650℃である、[1]~[9]のいずれか一項に記載の窒化物結晶の製造方法。
[11] 前記窒化物結晶を成長させる圧力が120~350MPaである、[1]~[10]のいずれか一項に記載の窒化物結晶の製造方法。
[12] 前記窒化物結晶が周期表13族金属窒化物結晶である、[1]~[11]のいずれか一項に記載の窒化物結晶の製造方法。
[13] M面の成長速度が周期表13族金属面の成長速度の3倍以上である、[12]に記載の窒化物結晶の製造方法。
[14] M面の成長速度がC面の成長速度の0.4倍以上である、[12]または[13]のいずれか一項に記載の窒化物結晶の製造方法。
[15] A面の成長速度がC面の成長速度の0.6倍以上である、[12]~[14]のいずれか一項に記載の窒化物結晶の製造方法。
[16] A面の成長速度がC面の成長速度の1.5倍以上である、[12]~[14]のいずれか一項に記載の窒化物結晶の製造方法。
[17] 周期表13族金属面の成長速度が10~150μm/dayである、[12]~[16]のいずれか一項に記載の窒化物結晶の製造方法。
[18] M面の成長速度が100~500μm/dayである、[12]~[17]のいずれか一項に記載の窒化物結晶の製造方法。
[19] A面の成長速度が100~2500μm/dayである、[12]~[18]のいずれか一項に記載の窒化物結晶の製造方法。
[20] N面の成長速度が100~1000μm/dayである、[12]~[19]のいずれか一項に記載の窒化物結晶の製造方法。
[22] 結晶中のフッ素濃度が5×1015~1×1018cm-3である、[21]に記載の窒化物結晶。
[23] 結晶中の塩素、臭素およびヨウ素の合計濃度が1×1018cm-3以下である、[21]または[22]に記載の窒化物結晶。
[24] 周期表13族金属窒化物結晶である、[21]~[23]のいずれか一項に記載の窒化物結晶。
[25] 主面がC面であり、(0002)面反射におけるX線回折半値幅が150arcsec以下である、[24]に記載の窒化物結晶。
[26] 主面がM面であり、(10-10)面反射におけるX線回折半値幅が150arcsec以下である、[24]に記載の窒化物結晶。
また、本明細書においてC面、M面、A面の成長速度と称する場合は、それぞれ種結晶のc軸方向、m軸方向、a軸方向の成長速度を意味する。
本発明の窒化物結晶の製造方法は、六方晶系の結晶構造を有する種結晶、窒素を含有する溶媒、原料、ならびに鉱化剤を入れた反応容器内の温度および圧力を、前記溶媒が超臨界状態および/または亜臨界状態となるように制御して前記種結晶の表面に窒化物結晶を成長させる工程を含むものである。本発明の製造方法の特徴は、鉱化剤として、塩素、臭素およびヨウ素から選択される1以上のハロゲン元素とフッ素とを含有する鉱化剤を用いる点にある。
例えば、臭素とフッ素を含む鉱化剤の場合、フッ素濃度に対して臭素濃度を0.1倍以上にすることが好ましく、0.5倍以上にすることがより好ましく、1倍以上にすることがさらに好ましい。また、フッ素濃度に対して臭素濃度を100倍以下にすることが好ましく、50倍以下にすることがより好ましく、20倍以下にすることがさらに好ましい。
例えば、ヨウ素とフッ素を含む鉱化剤の場合、フッ素濃度に対してヨウ素濃度を0.1倍以上にすることが好ましく、0.5倍以上にすることがより好ましく、1倍以上にすることがさらに好ましい。また、フッ素濃度に対してヨウ素濃度を100倍以下にすることが好ましく、50倍以下にすることがより好ましく、20倍以下にすることがさらに好ましい。
なお、本発明の結晶成長を行う際には、反応容器にハロゲン化アルミニウム、ハロゲン化リン、ハロゲン化シリコン、ハロゲン化ゲルマニウム、ハロゲン化亜鉛、ハロゲン化ヒ素、ハロゲン化スズ、ハロゲン化アンチモン、ハロゲン化ビスマスなどを存在させておいてもよい。
本発明では、六方晶系の結晶構造を有する種結晶を用いる。種結晶としては、本発明の製造方法により成長させる窒化物の単結晶を用いることが望ましいが、必ずしも同一の窒化物でなくてもよい。ただし、その場合には、目的の窒化物と一致し、もしくは適合した格子定数、結晶格子のサイズパラメータを有する種結晶であるか、またはヘテロエピタキシー(すなわち若干の原子の結晶学的位置の一致)を保証するよう配位した単結晶材料片もしくは多結晶材料片から構成されている種結晶を用いる必要がある。種結晶の具体例としては、例えば窒化ガリウム(GaN)を成長させる場合、GaNの単結晶の他、窒化アルミニウム(AlN)等の窒化物単結晶、酸化亜鉛(ZnO)の単結晶、炭化ケイ素(SiC)の単結晶、サファイア(Al2O3)等が挙げられる。
本発明では、溶媒として窒素を含有する溶媒を用いる。窒素を含有する溶媒としては、成長させる窒化物単結晶の安定性を損なうことのない溶媒を挙げることができ、具体的には、アンモニア、ヒドラジン、尿素、アミン類(例えば、メチルアミンのような第1級アミン、ジメチルアミンのような第二級アミン、トリメチルアミンのような第三級アミン、エチレンジアミンのようなジアミン)、メラミン等を挙げることができる。これらの溶媒は単独で用いてもよいし、混合して用いてもよい。
本発明で用いる溶媒に含まれる水や酸素の量はできるだけ少ないことが望ましく、これらの含有量は1000ppm以下であることが好ましく、10ppm以下であることがより好ましく、0.1ppm以下であることがさらに好ましい。アンモニアを溶媒として用いる場合、その純度は通常99.9%以上であり、好ましくは99.99%以上であり、さらに好ましくは99.999%以上であり、特に好ましくは99.9999%以上である。
本発明では、種結晶上に成長させようとしている窒化物結晶を構成する元素を含む原料を用いる。例えば、周期表13族金属の窒化物結晶を成長させようとする場合は、周期表13族金属を含む原料を用いる。好ましくは13族窒化物結晶の多結晶原料および/または13族元素の金属であり、より好ましくは窒化ガリウムおよび/またはガリウムである。多結晶原料は、完全な窒化物である必要はなく、条件によっては13族元素がメタルの状態(ゼロ価)である金属成分を含有してもよく、例えば、結晶が窒化ガリウムである場合には、窒化ガリウムと金属ガリウムの混合物が挙げられる。
本発明の製造方法は、反応容器中で実施する。
本発明に用いる反応容器は、窒化物結晶を成長させるときの高温高圧条件に耐え得るもの中から選択する。反応容器は、特表2003-511326号公報(国際公開第01/024921号パンフレット)や特表2007-509507号公報(国際公開第2005/043638号パンフレット)に記載されるように反応容器の外から反応容器とその内容物にかける圧力を調整する機構を備えたものであってもよいし、そのような機構を有さないオートクレーブであってもよい。
なお、「反応容器」とは、超臨界および/または亜臨界状態の溶媒がその内壁面に直接接触しうる状態で窒化物結晶の製造を行うための容器を意味し、耐圧性容器内部の構造そのものや、耐圧性容器内に設置されるカプセルなどを好ましい例として挙げることができる。
オートクレーブにより耐食性を持たせるために反応容器の内表面にライニングやコーティングを使用することもできる。ライニングする材料として、Pt、Ir、Pd、Rhなどの白金族やAg、Auを含む貴金属、CuおよびCのうち少なくとも一種類以上の金属または元素、もしくは、少なくとも一種類以上の金属を含む合金または化合物であることが好ましく、より好ましくは、ライニングがしやすいという理由でPt,Ag、CuおよびCのうち少なくとも一種類以上の金属または元素、もしくは、少なくとも一種類以上の金属を含む合金または化合物である。例えば、Pt単体、Pt-Ir合金、Ag単体、Cu単体やグラファイトなどが挙げられる。
本発明の製造方法を実施する際には、まず、反応容器内に、種結晶、窒素を含有する溶媒、原料、および鉱化剤を入れて封止する。これらの材料を反応容器内に導入するのに先だって、反応容器内は脱気しておいてもよい。また、材料の導入時には、窒素ガスなどの不活性ガスを流通させてもよい。反応容器内への種結晶の装填は、通常は、原料および鉱化剤を充填する際に同時または充填後に装填する。種結晶は、反応容器内表面を構成する貴金属と同様の貴金属製の治具に固定することが好ましい。装填後には、必要に応じて加熱脱気をしてもよい。
図2に示す製造装置を用いる場合は、反応容器であるカプセル20内に種結晶、窒素を含有する溶媒、原料、および鉱化剤を入れて封止した後に、カプセル20を耐圧性容器(オートクレーブ)1内に装填し、好ましくは耐圧性容器と該反応容器の間の空隙に第2溶媒を充填して耐圧容器を密閉する。
超臨界状態にする場合、反応混合物は、一般に溶媒の臨界点よりも高い温度に保持する。アンモニア溶媒を用いた場合、臨界点は臨界温度132℃、臨界圧力11.35MPaであるが、反応容器の容積に対する充填率が高ければ、臨界温度以下の温度でも圧力は臨界圧力を遥かに越える。本発明において「超臨界状態」とは、このような臨界圧力を越えた状態を含む。反応混合物は、一定の容積の反応容器内に封入されているので、温度上昇は流体の圧力を増大させる。一般に、T>Tc(1つの溶媒の臨界温度)およびP>Pc(1つの溶媒の臨界圧力)であれば、流体は超臨界状態にある。
本発明の製造方法における窒化物結晶のA面の成長速度は100μm/day以上であることが好ましく、200μm/day以上であることがより好ましく、300μm/day以上であることがさらに好ましい。また、2500μm/day以下であることが好ましく、2000μm/day以下であることがより好ましく、1600μm/day以下であることがさらに好ましい。
ここで、M面およびA面の成長速度は、表裏の関係にある両面の成長速度の合計を、それぞれMおよびA面成長の成長速度として定義する。
本発明の製造方法における窒化物結晶の窒素(N)面の成長速度は100μm/day以上であることが好ましく、200μm/day以上であることがより好ましく、300μm/day以上であることがさらに好ましい。また、1000μm/day以下であることが好ましく、800μm/day以下であることがより好ましく、600μm/day以下であることがさらに好ましい。
本発明の製造方法による窒化物結晶のM面の成長速度はC面の成長速度の0.2倍以上であることが好ましく、0.3倍以上であることがより好ましく、0.4倍以上であることがさらに好ましい。また、1.5倍以下であることが好ましく、1.2倍以下であることがより好ましく、0.9倍以下であることがさらに好ましい。
本発明の製造方法による窒化物結晶のA面の成長速度はC面の成長速度の0.5倍以上であることが好ましく、1.0倍以上であることがより好ましく、1.5倍以上であることがさらに好ましい。また、5.0倍以下であることが好ましく、4.0倍以下であることがより好ましく、3.5倍以下であることがさらに好ましい。
本発明の製造方法により製造される窒化物結晶は、例えば周期表13族窒化物結晶が好ましく、中でも窒化ガリウム、窒化アルミニウム、窒化インジウムやこれらの混晶などがより好ましく、窒化ガリウムがさらに好ましい。本発明の製造方法によれば、窒化物単結晶を製造することができる。
本発明の製造方法を実施する際に用いる種結晶の形状を適宜選択することにより、所望の形状を有する窒化物結晶を得ることができる。例えば、C面を有する種結晶を用いて本発明の結晶成長を行うことにより、大口径のC面を有する窒化ガリウム結晶が生産効率よく得られる。具体的には、C面の面積が好ましくは1cm2以上、より好ましくは5cm2以上、さらに好ましくは10cm2以上の窒化ガリウム結晶を得ることができる。別の例として、M面を有する種結晶を用いて本発明の結晶成長を行うことにより、m軸方向に厚みを有する窒化物結晶が一段と高い生産効率で得られる。具体的には、m軸方向の厚みが好ましくは100μm以上、より好ましくは500μm以上、さらに好ましくは1mm以上、特に好ましくは5mm以上の窒化ガリウム結晶を得ることができる。
本発明の製造方法により製造した窒化物結晶は、そのまま使用してもよいし、加工してから使用してもよい。
本発明の窒化物結晶を所望の方向に切り出すことにより、任意の結晶方位を有するウエハ(半導体基板)を得ることができる。これによって、C面などの極性面や、M面などの非極性面、(10-11)、(20-21)などの半極性面を有するウエハを得ることができる。特に、本発明の製造方法によって大口径のC面を有する窒化物結晶を製造した場合は、c軸に垂直な方向に切り出すことにより、大口径のC面ウエハを得ることができる。また、本発明の製造方法によって厚くて大口径のM面を有する窒化物結晶を製造した場合は、m軸に垂直な方向に切り出すことにより、大口径のM面ウエハを得ることができる。また、本発明の製造方法によって大口径の半極性面を有する窒化物結晶を製造した場合は、半極性面に平行に切り出すことにより、大口径の半極性面ウエハを得ることができる。これらのウエハも、均一で高品質であるという特徴を有する。このようにして得られた本発明のウエハを基板として所望のエピタキシャル成長を行うことにより、さらにエピタキシャルウエハを得ることができる。
本発明の窒化物結晶やウエハは、デバイス、即ち発光素子や電子デバイスなどの用途に好適に用いられる。本発明の窒化物結晶やウエハが用いられる発光素子としては、発光ダイオード、レーザーダイオード、それらと蛍光体を組み合わせた発光素子などを挙げることができる。また、本発明の窒化物結晶やウエハが用いられる電子デバイスとしては、高周波素子、高耐圧高出力素子などを挙げることができる。高周波素子の例としては、トランジスター(HEMT、HBT)があり、高耐圧高出力素子の例としては、サイリスター(IGBT)がある。本発明の窒化物結晶やウエハは、均一で高品質であるという特徴を有することから、上記のいずれの用途にも適している。中でも、均一性が高いことが特に要求される電子デバイス用途に適している。
窒化物結晶の不純物分析
窒化物結晶中のハロゲン元素の元素分析をSIMSにより分析した。測定装置は二次イオン質量分析装置を使用した。リファレンスとして、塩素以外のハロゲン元素の不存在下で結晶成長を行うためBr、I、Fの混入がないHVPE法で成長した結晶を使用した。
以下において、まず実施例2の手順を代表例として詳細に説明する。
内寸が直径30mm、長さ450mmのRENE41製オートクレーブ1(内容積約345cm3)を耐圧容器として用い、Pt-Ir製カプセル20を反応容器として結晶成長を行った。カプセルへの充填作業は十分に乾燥した窒素雰囲気グローブボックス内にて行った。原料8として多結晶GaN粒子50.98gを秤量し、カプセル下部領域(原料溶解領域9)内に設置した。次に鉱化剤として十分に乾燥した純度99.999%のNH4Clと純度99.999%のGaF3をそれぞれ充填NH3量に対してCl濃度が6.0mol%、F濃度が0.5mol%となるよう秤量しカプセル内に投入した。
参考例1では、鉱化剤濃度、成長日数、結晶成長領域の温度、原料溶解領域の温度、圧力を表1に記載される通りに変更して、上記の実施例2の手順と同様にして種結晶上に窒化ガリウム結晶を析出させることを試みた。しかしながら、参考例1の条件下では種結晶がすべて溶解したため、種結晶上に窒化ガリウム結晶を成長させることはできなかった。本鉱化剤濃度の比では原料の溶解度の温度依存性が負であることを示している。本比率の場合、高温領域が結晶成長領域となる。
比較例1~3では、鉱化剤濃度、成長日数、結晶成長領域の温度、原料溶解領域の温度、圧力を表1に記載される通りに変更して、上記の実施例2の手順と同様にして種結晶上に窒化ガリウム結晶を析出させた。成長速度は表1に記載される通りであった。
鉱化剤のハロゲン元素としてClのみを用いた比較例1では、M面とA面の成長速度が極めて遅かった。鉱化剤のハロゲン元素としてFのみを用いた比較例2では、原料の溶解度の温度依存性が負であるため、種結晶を反応容器下部(高温域)に、原料を反応容器上部(低温域)に設置したところ、溶解原料の6.5%が種結晶上に析出し、反応容器内壁、種結晶支持枠などの表面に多結晶の析出が多くて原料効率が悪かった。鉱化剤のハロゲン元素としてIのみを用いた比較例3では、N面方向の成長速度が極めて速く、種結晶のN面上に均一に結晶が成長せずc軸方向に伸びた針状の結晶が多数成長した。M面上にも均一な結晶成長は起こらず、c軸方向に伸びた針状微結晶が多数付着した。また、反応容器内壁面への多結晶の析出が極めて多く原料効率が悪かった。さらに、結晶中に取り込まれたI濃度が極めて高かった。
鉱化剤のハロゲン元素としてFとClとBrを用いた実施例101、鉱化剤のハロゲン元素としてFとClとIを用いた実施例102、鉱化剤のハロゲン元素としてFとBrとIを用いた実施例103、および鉱化剤のハロゲン元素としてFとClとBrとIを用いた実施例104についても、上記実施例1~15と同様にして実施すると上記実施例1~15と同様の傾向が見られる。すなわち、実施例101~104を実施した後のカプセル内部では、C面とM面のいずれの種結晶上にも全面に均一に窒化ガリウム結晶が析出している。また、実施例101~104において種結晶上に成長した各窒化ガリウム結晶の結晶系はいずれも六方晶系であり、立方晶GaNは含まれていない。成長速度は表1に記載される実施例と同じ傾向を示す。Clを含む複数のハロゲン元素を含む鉱化剤を用いた実施例101、102および104では、得られた窒化ガリウム結晶のGa面とM面のCl濃度が、鉱化剤のハロゲン元素としてClのみを用いて成長した上記比較例1の窒化ガリウム結晶よりも大幅に減少している。また、鉱化剤としてF濃度を増やしていく場合、およびF以外のハロゲン元素を増やしていく場合の成長速度変化の傾向としては、F+(ClまたはBrまたはI)の2元素系と同様の傾向を示す。成長速度に与える影響度はIが最も大きく、Br,Clの順に小さくなる。
鉱化剤のハロゲン元素としてBrのみを用いた比較例101では、鉱化剤のハロゲン元素としてIのみを用いた比較例3と同様の結果が得られる。
2 オートクレーブ内面
3 ライニング
4 ライニング内面
5 バッフル板
6 結晶成長領域
7 種結晶
8 原料
9 原料溶解領域
10 バルブ
11 真空ポンプ
12 アンモニアボンベ
13 窒素ボンベ
14 マスフローメータ
20 カプセル
21 カプセル内面
Claims (26)
- 六方晶系の結晶構造を有する種結晶、窒素を含有する溶媒、原料、ならびに、塩素、臭素およびヨウ素から選択される1以上のハロゲン元素とフッ素とを含有する鉱化剤を入れた反応容器内の温度および圧力を、前記溶媒が超臨界状態および/または亜臨界状態となるように制御して前記種結晶の表面に窒化物結晶を成長させる工程を含むことを特徴とする、窒化物結晶の製造方法。
- 前記鉱化剤が塩素とフッ素とを含有する、請求項1に記載の窒化物結晶の製造方法。
- 前記鉱化剤の塩素濃度がフッ素濃度の1~200モル倍である、請求項2に記載の窒化物結晶の製造方法。
- 前記鉱化剤が臭素とフッ素とを含有する、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の窒化物結晶の製造方法。
- 前記鉱化剤の臭素濃度がフッ素濃度の0.1~100モル倍である、請求項4に記載の窒化物結晶の製造方法。
- 前記鉱化剤がヨウ素とフッ素とを含有する、請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載の窒化物結晶の製造方法。
- 前記鉱化剤のヨウ素濃度がフッ素濃度の0.1~100モル倍である、請求項6に記載の窒化物結晶の製造方法。
- 前記鉱化剤に含まれるハロゲン元素の総モル量が、前記窒素を含有する溶媒のモル量の0.1~30mol%である、請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載の窒化物結晶の製造方法。
- 前記反応容器内における前記原料を溶解する領域の温度が、前記種結晶の表面に窒化物結晶を成長させる領域の温度よりも高い、請求項1~8のいずれか一項に記載の窒化物結晶の製造方法。
- 前記窒化物結晶を成長させる工程における反応容器内の温度が500~650℃である、請求項1~9のいずれか一項に記載の窒化物結晶の製造方法。
- 前記窒化物結晶を成長させる圧力が120~350MPaである、請求項1~10のいずれか一項に記載の窒化物結晶の製造方法。
- 前記窒化物結晶が周期表13族金属窒化物結晶である、請求項1~11のいずれか一項に記載の窒化物結晶の製造方法。
- M面の成長速度が周期表13族金属面の成長速度の3倍以上である、請求項12に記載の窒化物結晶の製造方法。
- M面の成長速度がC面の成長速度の0.4倍以上である、請求項12または13に記載の窒化物結晶の製造方法。
- A面の成長速度がC面の成長速度の0.6倍以上である、請求項12~14のいずれか一項に記載の窒化物結晶の製造方法。
- A面の成長速度がC面の成長速度の1.5倍以上である、請求項12~14のいずれか一項に記載の窒化物結晶の製造方法。
- 周期表13族金属面の成長速度が10~150μm/dayである、請求項12~16のいずれか一項に記載の窒化物結晶の製造方法。
- M面の成長速度が100~500μm/dayである、請求項12~17のいずれか一項に記載の窒化物結晶の製造方法。
- A面の成長速度が100~2500μm/dayである、請求項12~18のいずれか一項に記載の窒化物結晶の製造方法。
- N面の成長速度が100~1000μm/dayである、請求項12~19のいずれか一項に記載の窒化物結晶の製造方法。
- 請求項1~20のいずれか一項に記載の製造方法により製造される窒化物結晶。
- 結晶中のフッ素濃度が5×1015~1×1018cm-3である、請求項21に記載の窒化物結晶。
- 結晶中の塩素、臭素およびヨウ素の合計濃度が1×1018cm-3以下である、請求項21または22に記載の窒化物結晶。
- 周期表13族金属窒化物結晶である、請求項21~23のいずれか一項に記載の窒化物結晶。
- 主面がC面であり、(0002)面反射におけるX線回折半値幅が150arcsec以下である、請求項24に記載の窒化物結晶。
- 主面がM面であり、(10-10)面反射におけるX線回折半値幅が150arcsec以下である、請求項24に記載の窒化物結晶。
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| EP12760676.2A EP2690204B1 (en) | 2011-03-22 | 2012-03-21 | Process for producing gallium nitride crystal |
| JP2013505971A JP6020440B2 (ja) | 2011-03-22 | 2012-03-21 | 窒化物結晶の製造方法 |
| CN2012800144755A CN103443337A (zh) | 2011-03-22 | 2012-03-21 | 氮化物结晶的制造方法 |
| KR1020137026236A KR20140010134A (ko) | 2011-03-22 | 2012-03-21 | 질화물 결정의 제조 방법 |
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| US201161466154P | 2011-03-22 | 2011-03-22 | |
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| US201161513270P | 2011-07-29 | 2011-07-29 | |
| US61/513,270 | 2011-07-29 |
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| PCT/JP2012/057085 Ceased WO2012128263A1 (ja) | 2011-03-22 | 2012-03-21 | 窒化物結晶の製造方法 |
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| Country | Link |
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| US (2) | US9163324B2 (ja) |
| EP (1) | EP2690204B1 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JP6020440B2 (ja) |
| KR (1) | KR20140010134A (ja) |
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| WO (1) | WO2012128263A1 (ja) |
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| JP2014208571A (ja) * | 2013-02-22 | 2014-11-06 | 三菱化学株式会社 | 周期表第13族金属窒化物結晶およびその製造方法 |
| WO2018030311A1 (ja) * | 2016-08-08 | 2018-02-15 | 三菱ケミカル株式会社 | 導電性C面GaN基板 |
| WO2018030312A1 (ja) * | 2016-08-08 | 2018-02-15 | 三菱ケミカル株式会社 | GaN結晶成長方法およびC面GaN基板 |
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| EP3312310B1 (en) | 2011-10-28 | 2021-12-15 | Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation | Gallium nitride crystal |
| US9976229B2 (en) | 2012-03-29 | 2018-05-22 | Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation | Method for producing nitride single crystal |
| CN106319629A (zh) * | 2016-09-19 | 2017-01-11 | 中原特钢股份有限公司 | 一种用于生产氮化镓晶体的超高压容器 |
| CN111732084B (zh) * | 2020-06-23 | 2021-11-09 | 济南大学 | 利用二维氮化碳模板生长制备多孔氮化铝超级电容器材料的方法 |
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| JP2022058801A (ja) * | 2016-08-08 | 2022-04-12 | 三菱ケミカル株式会社 | 導電性C面GaN基板 |
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| JP7347555B2 (ja) | 2016-08-08 | 2023-09-20 | 三菱ケミカル株式会社 | 導電性C面GaN基板 |
| US11810782B2 (en) | 2016-08-08 | 2023-11-07 | Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation | Conductive C-plane GaN substrate |
| WO2018030311A1 (ja) * | 2016-08-08 | 2018-02-15 | 三菱ケミカル株式会社 | 導電性C面GaN基板 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN103443337A (zh) | 2013-12-11 |
| JPWO2012128263A1 (ja) | 2014-07-24 |
| JP6020440B2 (ja) | 2016-11-02 |
| EP2690204B1 (en) | 2023-03-15 |
| US20120251431A1 (en) | 2012-10-04 |
| EP2690204A1 (en) | 2014-01-29 |
| KR20140010134A (ko) | 2014-01-23 |
| US20150354086A1 (en) | 2015-12-10 |
| EP2690204A4 (en) | 2014-05-07 |
| US9163324B2 (en) | 2015-10-20 |
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