WO2012144005A1 - プラスチッククラッド光ファイバ心線および光ファイバケーブル - Google Patents
プラスチッククラッド光ファイバ心線および光ファイバケーブル Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012144005A1 WO2012144005A1 PCT/JP2011/059561 JP2011059561W WO2012144005A1 WO 2012144005 A1 WO2012144005 A1 WO 2012144005A1 JP 2011059561 W JP2011059561 W JP 2011059561W WO 2012144005 A1 WO2012144005 A1 WO 2012144005A1
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- core
- optical fiber
- clad
- glass
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/02033—Core or cladding made from organic material, e.g. polymeric material
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B1/00—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements
- G02B1/04—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements made of organic materials, e.g. plastics
- G02B1/045—Light guides
- G02B1/048—Light guides characterised by the cladding material
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a plastic-clad optical fiber and an optical fiber cable, and more particularly, a plastic-clad optical fiber used in a USB cable, an HDMI cable (or cord), a cellular phone, etc. And an optical fiber cable.
- HPCF core hard polymer clad fiber core
- the HPCF core is formed by coating a fluororesin having a refractive index lower than that of a glass having a core diameter of 195 to 205 ⁇ m made of quartz glass as a cladding layer having a thickness of about 15 ⁇ m to form an HPCF strand. is doing.
- a resin coating layer made of a fluorine-based thermoplastic resin is extrusion-coated to form an HPCF core wire having an outer diameter of 0.5 mm or 0.9 mm.
- the HPCF core wire has a large transmission loss, but has a large core diameter, a high coupling efficiency between the pulse light source and the light receiver, and is easy to connect, so it is used in short distance fields such as FA (Factory Automation). .
- HPCF cores are required to have no increase in transmission loss even when wound around a bobbin or when the ambient temperature changes.
- HPCF cores with a core diameter of 200 ⁇ m or more increase transmission loss when bent to a small diameter. To do.
- the allowable bending radius is generally limited to 15 mm or more. For this reason, the HPCF core wire requires caution when wiring, and although it could be used in a factory, it could not be used for wiring between devices in a general home or office. .
- the object of the present invention has been made to solve the above-mentioned problems, and as an inter-device wiring cable such as a USB cable or an HDMI cable, even if it is bent to a small diameter (bending radius 2 mm), the amount of increase in transmission loss is small. It is to provide a plastic clad optical fiber core and an optical fiber cable.
- to provide a plastic clad optical fiber and an optical fiber cable that can be used safely in ordinary homes and offices without worrying about core breakage even when placed in a bent state for a long period of time. is there.
- the configuration of the present invention is as follows. (1) A plastic clad light in which a coating layer made of a thermoplastic resin is formed on a plastic clad optical fiber in which a clad layer made of a resin having a refractive index lower than that of the core glass is formed on the outer periphery of the core glass made of quartz glass. A plastic-clad optical fiber, wherein the core glass has a core diameter of 50 to 100 ⁇ m and a relative refractive index difference of the core glass with respect to the cladding layer is 3.7% or more. line.
- the diameter of the cladding layer is preferably 1.4 to 2.5 times the core diameter.
- the plastic clad optical fiber preferably has a static fatigue coefficient of 22 or more.
- the plastic clad optical fiber core and the optical fiber cable of the present invention transmission loss due to bending is small. Further, even if the ambient temperature changes, the transmission loss is small and the connection loss is small. Furthermore, as a USB cable or HDMI cable, there is no risk of core breakage even when bent to a bending radius of 2 mm or less, and the break probability can be reduced to 10 ⁇ 6 or less, so that it can be used with peace of mind in ordinary homes and offices. . It can also be used for high-speed transmission at 10 Gbps.
- FIG. 1 It is a schematic sectional drawing which shows an example of the plastic clad optical fiber core wire of this invention. It is explanatory drawing which shows the refractive index distribution of the plastic clad optical fiber strand of FIG. It is a figure which shows how to obtain
- the PCF core wire 1 is made of a core glass 2 made of quartz glass and an ultraviolet curable fluororesin such as an ultraviolet curable fluorinated acrylate resin which is a resin having a lower refractive index than the core glass 2. And a clad layer 3 surrounding the outer peripheral surface of the core glass 2 and a plastic clad optical fiber strand (hereinafter referred to as PCF strand) 4 composed of the clad layer 3.
- a resin coating layer 5 made of a fluorine-based thermoplastic resin such as ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE) is formed on the outer periphery of the cladding layer 3.
- ETFE ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer
- Core diameter d1 of core glass 2 50 to 100 ⁇ m Clad diameter d2 of the clad layer 3: 90 to 175 ⁇ m Thickness t of clad layer 3: 20 to 37.5 ⁇ m Cladding diameter d2 / core diameter d1: 1.4 to 2.5 Outer diameter of resin coating layer 5: 250 to 500 ⁇ m
- the refractive index of the core glass 2 of the PCF strand 4 is increased by adding germanium (Ge).
- the refractive index distribution of the core glass 2 is such that the relative refractive index difference ⁇ increases toward the center from the outer peripheral surface, and the graded index (GI) at which the relative refractive index difference ⁇ is maximum (A level) at the center of the core glass 2.
- the relative refractive index difference ⁇ on the outer periphery of the core glass is zero (B level) compared to pure silica.
- the refractive index of the cladding layer 3 is lowered by adding fluorine.
- the core glass relative refractive index difference with respect to the cladding layer is 3.7% or more.
- the numerical aperture of the PCF core wire of the present invention is preferably 0.40 or more.
- the resin for the clad layer 3 has a low refractive index with respect to the core glass 2 and needs to be cured with active energy rays such as ultraviolet rays. Furthermore, it is necessary to be a resin from which a cured product excellent in mechanical strength, flexibility and transparency can be obtained by curing.
- Such resins include (a) (meth) acrylate monomers or polymers containing fluorine atoms in the molecule, (b) (meth) acrylate monomers or polymers, (c) core materials and chemicals. It is preferable to use a resin composition comprising a coupling agent that forms a bond and (d) a photopolymerization initiator.
- a desired refractive index can be obtained by changing the number of fluorine atoms in the molecule of the component (a) or the component, or changing the concentration of the component (a) in the resin composition.
- the (meth) acrylate monomer (a1) containing a fluorine atom in the molecule a substance represented by the following chemical formula (A) or a compound represented by chemical formulas (B1) to (B3) having two or more unsaturated bonds Substances.
- (meth) acrylate polymer (a2) containing a fluorine atom for example, an ester side chain unsaturated bond represented by the following chemical formula (C) having a number average molecular weight of 50,000 to 5,000,000 (in terms of styrene) (Meth) acrylate copolymer having
- R1 and R2 each represents hydrogen or a methyl group
- Rf represents a fluoroalkyl group
- Rx represents a hydrocarbon group having an unsaturated bond.
- examples of the Rx group include a vinyl group, an allyl group, an acrylic group, a methacryl group, and an internal olefin.
- the Rf group includes — (CH2) a- (CF2) b—CF3. [Wherein, a is 1 or 2, and b is 2-6. ] Can be illustrated.
- Examples of the (meth) acrylate monomer (b) include the following compounds as crosslinkable, that is, those having two or more unsaturated bonds: 1,4-butanediol di (meth) acrylate, ethylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, glycerol dimethacrylate, tetraethylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, diethylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, 1,3-butylene glycol di (meth) Acrylate, neopentyl glycol di (meth) acrylate, triethylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, triglycerol diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol di (meth) acrylate, tripropylene glycol diacrylate, trimethylolpropane tri (meth) Acrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, pentaerythritol tetra (meth) acrylate, ditrimethylolpropan
- Examples of the coupling agent (c) include the following compounds: Trimethoxyvinylsilane, methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, dimethylethoxyvinylsilane, etc.
- Examples of compounds having two or more unsaturated bonds in the molecule include the following compounds: Diethoxydivinylsilane, dimethoxydivinylsilane, dimethacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, etc.
- the photopolymerization initiator (d) is preferably a compound that easily generates radicals upon irradiation with ultraviolet light, and includes the following compounds: Benzophenone, acetophenone, benzyl, benzoin, benzoin methyl ether, benzoin isobutyl ether, benzyl dimethyl ketal, ⁇ , ⁇ '-azobisisobutyronitrile, benzoyl peroxide, 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, 2,2-dimethoxy-2 -Phenylacetophenone, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenylpropan-1-one.
- the resin composition having the above-described structure is preferably a resin liquid, and the clad layer 3 is manufactured by applying the resin liquid to the core and further irradiating with ultraviolet rays.
- the resin liquid is preferably applied by a die coating method.
- the resin coating layer 5 is formed of a resin composition made of a thermoplastic resin having high heat resistance.
- the thermoplastic resin include ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE).
- ETFE ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer
- it may be an ultraviolet curable resin such as a urethane acrylate resin or a resin obtained by blending an epoxy acrylate resin or a polyester acrylate resin with a urethane acrylate resin.
- the PCF core wire 1 is a light having a wavelength of 850 nm when bent to a radius of 2 mm by setting the core diameter d1 of the core glass 2 to 50 to 100 ⁇ m and the relative refractive index difference of the core with respect to the cladding to 3.7% or more.
- the transmission loss increase amount can be 0.4 dB / 10 turns or less.
- the PCF core wire 1 can reduce the increase in transmission loss of light having a wavelength of 850 nm due to a temperature change of ⁇ 40 ° C. to 85 ° C. by setting the thickness of the cladding layer to 20 ⁇ m or more. .
- the microbend loss increases, and the increase in transmission loss due to changes in ambient temperature is considered to increase.
- the increase in the transmission loss due to the temperature change is the increase in the transmission loss after 10 times of the heat cycle in which the temperature of the atmosphere in which the test article is placed is changed from room temperature ⁇ 80 ° C. ⁇ ⁇ 45 ° C. ⁇ room temperature. is there. Hold at 80 ° C. and ⁇ 45 ° C.
- the thickness of the cladding layer is 20 ⁇ m when the core diameter is 100 ⁇ m, the ratio of the cladding diameter / core diameter becomes the minimum value of 1.4.
- the connection is made so that the outer circumferences of the clads coincide.
- the cores are deviated and connected.
- the light transmitted through the core leaks at the connection location, and the connection loss increases.
- the thickness of the clad is 37.5 ⁇ m or less, the amount of deviation of the core center from the clad center is small, and the connection loss of light having a wavelength of 850 nm can be within a practically problematic range (0.5 dB or less).
- the thickness of the cladding layer is preferably 37.5 ⁇ m or less.
- the ratio of clad diameter / core diameter becomes a maximum value of 2.5.
- the optical fiber If the optical fiber is placed in a bent state for a long time, it may break due to static fatigue. USB cables and HDMI cables are often placed in a bent state. Therefore, it is desired that the PCF strands used for these cables have a low probability of static fatigue fracture even when placed for a long time in a bent state.
- the PCF strand of the present invention preferably has a breaking probability of 10 ⁇ 6 (1 ppm) or less.
- the fracture probability F can be obtained from the static fatigue coefficient (n value) by the following formula.
- F 1-exp (X)
- X ⁇ Np ⁇ L ⁇ m / (n ⁇ 2) ⁇ ( ⁇ s / ⁇ p) n ⁇ (ts / tp)
- Np Fracture frequency during fiber production
- L Installation length
- m Weibull distribution coefficient when the crack number distribution N follows the Weibull distribution
- ⁇ s Core distortion during installation
- ⁇ p Core distortion during screening during fiber manufacture
- ts warranty period
- tp screening load time during fiber production
- F ⁇ X.
- F Np ⁇ L ⁇ m / (n-2) ⁇ ( ⁇ s / ⁇ p) n ⁇ (ts / tp) ⁇ ( ⁇ s / ⁇ p) n ⁇ ⁇ s n
- the n value is obtained from the following method.
- a PCF strand is wound 1 m at a time on several types of mandrels with different radii and left unattended.
- the mandrel diameter is, for example, 1.6 mm, 1.8 mm, 1.9 mm, and 2.0 mm.
- the number of samples is, for example, 15 for each diameter mandrel.
- the time required for the PCF strand of each sample to break is measured.
- (2) Determine the median value of the rupture time (time tf at which 50% of the samples break). When the number of samples is 15, the fracture time of the eighth fractured sample is tf.
- the strain applied to the glass (core layer) is calculated from the diameter T of the mandrel, the glass diameter (core diameter d1) of the PCF, and the cladding diameter d2 using the following calculation formula.
- the log distortion vs. logtf is plotted to determine the slope of the graph. Multiplying this slope by -1 gives the n value.
- the n value can be adjusted as follows. (1) Remove uncured components from the cladding layer. (2) Slowly cool during drawing. (3) After coating the core with carbon, a cladding layer is formed on the outer periphery thereof.
- the resin composition forming the clad layer may contain a non-hardening component such as a substance represented by the following chemical formula (1) in order to improve heat resistance.
- the cladding layer contains a non-hardening component such as the above chemical formula, it hinders the improvement of the static fatigue coefficient. Therefore, it is preferable not to include a non-hardening component such as the above chemical formula in the cladding layer.
- the method for drawing PCF strands is as follows. First, the glass base material is heated and softened, and drawn to a predetermined diameter. This part is the core. Next, a liquid clad material is applied to the core. Specifically, the cladding material can be applied to the outer periphery of the core by passing the glass fiber as the core through a die containing the cladding material. Next, the clad material is cured by irradiating the applied clad material with ultraviolet rays.
- the glass base material is heated to a few thousand to about 2,000 ° C. for softening.
- the drawn glass fiber is air-cooled and cooled to several tens of degrees Celsius. At this time, the cooling rate of the drawn glass fiber is decreased. That is, the glass fiber can be further cooled to further reduce microscopic scratches on the surface of the glass fiber, and the static fatigue coefficient of the PCF strand can be 30 or more.
- gradually cooling the glass fiber it is possible to pass the glass fiber being cooled through a cylindrical container.
- the temperature of the container may be set to 500 ° C. to 1500 ° C. so that the glass fiber is not rapidly cooled, and it is not particularly necessary to control the temperature.
- the difference between the temperature when the glass fiber enters the container (input temperature) and the temperature when it exits (output temperature) divided by the time required for the glass fiber to pass through the container is the slow cooling rate. is there. If the slow cooling rate is lower than the cooling rate when the glass fiber is cooled from the incoming line temperature to the outgoing line temperature without the container, it can be said that the glass fiber has been gradually cooled.
- the static fatigue coefficient can be increased to about 300 by forming a cladding layer on the outer periphery of the glass fiber after carbon coating.
- carbon coating the glass fiber it is possible to pass the glass fiber immediately after drawing through a reaction furnace containing a raw material gas.
- the raw material gas reacts with the heat of the glass fiber by a thermal chemical vapor deposition method (thermal CMD method), and the carbon layer is coated on the surface of the glass fiber.
- hydrocarbons such as ethylene, acetylene, and chloroform, and halogen carbon hydrocarbons are used.
- silane gas a compound made of silicon, hydrogen, halogen, etc., such as SiH 4 , SiHCl 3 , and SiCl 4 may be mixed.
- the manufactured PCF strand becomes a PCF core wire by extruding a resin coating layer such as ETFE or coating an ultraviolet curable resin.
- the PCF core wire of the present invention can be made into an optical cable by further placing it in a PVC tube.
- the optical cable may have a loose structure in which one or a plurality of PCF core wires are placed in a tube, and there is no inclusion between the PCF core wire and the tube.
- the optical cable may be formed by attaching a tensile fiber such as Kevlar (registered trademark) around the PCF core wire and forming a jacket with a tube around the fiber.
- the optical cable can also be used for an optoelectric composite cable in which electric wires are arranged around the optical cable and integrated.
- Examples of the PCF strands and PCF cores of the present invention are shown in Table 1 in which the core diameter d1 of the core glass 2 is 50 ⁇ m, 80 ⁇ m, 100 ⁇ m, and the cladding diameter d2 is 120 ⁇ m, 125 ⁇ m, 150 ⁇ m. ⁇ 5.
- the core diameter d1 was 50 ⁇ m, 80 ⁇ m, and 200 ⁇ m
- the clad diameter d2 was 80 ⁇ m, 110 ⁇ m, 150 ⁇ m, and 230 ⁇ m
- Comparative Examples 1 to 4 were selected depending on the combination.
- the PCF core wires of Examples 1 to 5 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4 were formed by extrusion coating ETFE on the resin coating layer on the outer periphery of the PCF strands to have an outer diameter of 500 ⁇ m.
- both the core and the clad were glass (silica), and the outer circumference of the clad was coated with a urethane acrylate resin to form a 250 ⁇ m optical fiber.
- an ETFE layer was coated on the outer periphery of the optical fiber to form an optical fiber core having an outer diameter of 500 ⁇ m.
- the relative refractive index difference (%) of the core with respect to the clad was measured.
- the outgoing NA was calculated from this relative refractive index difference.
- the core was made of quartz (pure silica) with germanium (Ge) added.
- the refractive index of the core is higher than that of pure silica only by the addition of Ge.
- the clad uses a fluorinated acrylate resin, the clad has a refractive index lower than that of pure silica.
- the amount of Ge added was smaller than in Examples 1 to 4, and the refractive index of the core was lowered.
- the cladding material is the same as in Examples 1-5.
- the cores of Comparative Examples 1 to 4 are the same as those of Examples 1 to 4.
- the fluorine concentration of the cladding material was lowered and the refractive index was made higher than that of the examples.
- each comparative example has a smaller relative refractive index difference of the core relative to the cladding than each example.
- the clad of Comparative Example 5 is pure silica, has a higher refractive index than the clads of other examples, and has a small relative refractive index difference of the core with respect to the clad.
- the cladding material of Example 2 and Example 4 is obtained by removing the substance of the chemical formula (1) from the cladding material of Comparative Examples 1 to 4.
- the static fatigue coefficient of Example 2 and Example 4 is 22, which is larger than the static fatigue coefficient of 18 of Comparative Examples 1 to 4.
- Example 3 and Example 5 the core of the PCF core wire was gradually cooled during production. This slow cooling was performed at a cooling rate of 900 ° C./second while the temperature of the optical fiber was changed from 2000 ° C. to 200 ° C.
- the static fatigue coefficient (n value) could be set to 30 by the combination of the slow cooling of the core and the clad material (similar to Example 2 and Example 4).
- the PCF core wire of Example 1 had the same core and clad configuration as those of Example 3 and Example 5, and the core was further carbon-coated (thickness 5 nm). Thereby, Example 1 was able to set the static fatigue coefficient (n value) to 100.
- the static fatigue coefficient (n value) was determined by the method described above.
- the PCF strand was wound around a mandrel having a radius of 2 mm (diameter: 4 mm) for 10 turns, held for 1 minute, stretched once, wound again and held for 1 minute. When this process was repeated 100 times, the probability of the core glass 2 breaking once was determined from the n value. If the fracture probability was 10 ⁇ 6 or less, it was judged to be acceptable, and if it was larger than 10 ⁇ 6 , it was judged to be unacceptable.
- FIG. 4 shows the relationship between the fracture probability and the bending radius.
- the probability of fracture is about 1 ppm when held for 1 minute on a mandrel with a bending radius of 2 mm and repeated 100 times.
- Example 3 in which the core diameter is 80 ⁇ m and the n value is 30, the fracture probability is even smaller.
- Example 2 in which the core diameter is 50 ⁇ m and the n value is 22 has a smaller fracture probability than Example 3 due to the small core diameter.
- the n value should be 22 or more in order to make the fracture probability of the PCF strand having a core diameter of 50 to 100 ⁇ m 1 ppm or less.
- a PCF strand was wound around a mandrel with a radius of 2 mm for 10 turns, and the difference in transmission loss from before winding was taken as an increase in bending loss.
- the wavelength of the signal light was 850 nm, and the transmission loss was determined by the cutback method.
- the bending loss at 10 turns is required to be 1 dB or less due to the configuration of the transmission system. Therefore, the bending loss was determined to be 1 dB / 10 turn or less, and the bending loss was determined to be unacceptable.
- the PCF core wire was coated with a PVC tube with four 1140 denier Kevlars to form an optical cable with an outer diameter of 2 mm.
- This optical cable was subjected to a heat cycle of ⁇ 40 ° C. to 85 ° C.
- the holding time at ⁇ 40 ° C. and 85 ° C. was 4 hours, and the temperature change was 1 ° C./min.
- the difference in transmission loss before being subjected to the heat cycle and after being subjected to the 10-cycle heat cycle is the amount of increase in transmission loss after the temperature change.
- the wavelength of the signal light was 850 nm.
- connection loss For the PCF core wire, a connector was attached, the same kind of PCF core wire was connected, and the loss of the optical signal at the connection location was measured to obtain the connection loss. The wavelength of the signal light was 850 nm.
- the resin coating layer was removed, and the core and the clad were brought into contact at the end face.
- Table 1 shows the measurement results of the PCF core wires of Examples 1 to 5 and Comparative Examples 1 to 5.
- the amount of increase in bending loss when bending to a radius of 2 mm is 0.10 to 0.40 dB / 10 turns in Examples 1 to 5, and the target value is 1 dB / 10 turns. It was a small and practically acceptable range.
- the increase in bending loss when bending to a radius of 2 mm is as large as 1 dB / 10 turns or more, which may cause a problem in the system.
- the cladding is made of glass (Comparative Example 5)
- the amount of increase in bending loss is very large and cannot be practically used.
- the amount of increase in bending loss is smaller than that when the clad is glass.
- the bending loss increase amount is not sufficiently small as in the comparative example.
- the core diameter is large, the amount of increase in bending loss increases, but it can be seen from the examples and comparative examples that the cause of the amount of increase in bending loss in the PCF wire is dominated by the relative refractive index difference between the core and the clad. .
- the amount of increase in transmission loss due to temperature change was 0.02 to 0.08 dB / 100 m in Examples 1 to 5, which was in a practically acceptable range.
- Comparative Examples 2 and 3 the increase in transmission loss after temperature change is large and unsatisfactory, but it is considered that the microbend loss is large due to temperature change. This is presumably because the clad thickness is as thin as 15 ⁇ m.
- Comparative Example 1 it is considered that even if the core diameter is as large as 200 ⁇ m and the cladding is as thin as 15 ⁇ m, the amount of increase in microbend loss due to temperature change does not increase.
- the core diameter is 50 to 100 ⁇ m, the thicker the cladding, the smaller the increase in transmission loss due to temperature change, which is preferable.
- connection loss was 0.5 dB or less, which was in a practically acceptable range.
- Comparative Example 4 although the connection loss is as large as 3.2 dB, it is considered that the clad is too thick. When the clad is thick, the amount of deviation of the center of the core from the center of the clad increases.
- the connection is made so that the outer circumferences of the clads coincide with each other. Therefore, when the center of the core is shifted in each PCF strand to be connected, a step is formed in the waveguide at the connection location. Thereby, it is considered that a part of the light transmitted through the core of one PCF is not incident on the other core and the connection loss increases.
- the core diameter is 50 to 100 ⁇ m
- the connection loss is small when the cladding thickness is 37.5 ⁇ m or less, but the connection loss increases rapidly when the thickness is greater than 37.5 ⁇ m. .
- the PCF core wire (core diameter 50 to 100 ⁇ m) of the present invention preferably has a clad thickness of 20 to 37.5 ⁇ m.
- the ratio of clad diameter / core diameter is preferably 1.4 to 2.5.
- FIG. 5 shows the relationship between the thickness of the cladding and the increase in transmission loss due to temperature change, and the relationship between the thickness of the cladding and the connection loss. Outside this range, transmission loss increases or connection loss increases rapidly due to temperature changes.
- the allowable bending radius is 2 mm.
- the allowable bending radius can be 2 mm or less.
- Comparative Examples 1 to 5 are not preferable in terms of long-term reliability because the allowable bending radius is 2 mm or more.
- Comparative Example 1 having a large core diameter of 200 ⁇ m and Comparative Example 5 in which the cladding is made of glass are not preferable because the fracture is caused in a relatively short time when the bending radius is 2 mm.
- the coupling efficiencies of the PCF wires of Examples 1 to 5 and Comparative Examples 1 to 5 with the vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) will be described below.
- the end face of the PCF strand was pressed against the light emitting surface of the VCSEL, and the intensity of light propagating through the PCF strand having a length of 3 m was measured by irradiating the PCF strand with light from the VCSEL.
- the measured value of the PCF strand of Comparative Example 1 was 0 dB
- the PCF strands of Examples 1 to 5 were 3.5 dB or more.
- the PCF core wire of the present invention is used by being coupled to a VCSEL, the coupling efficiency is good.
- Comparative Examples 2 to 4 the coupling efficiency was about ⁇ 0.2 dB, and the coupling efficiency was worse than that of Comparative Example 1. This is considered due to the small core diameter. Comparative Example 5 had a bad coupling efficiency of -7 dB. This is considered to be caused by a small relative refractive index difference between the core and the clad. It can be seen that the factor of coupling efficiency with the VCSEL is that the relative refractive index difference between the core and the clad is more dominant than the core diameter.
- the transmission band of the PCF core wires of Examples 1 to 5 was examined.
- the transmission band is as wide as 18 Gbps / 100 m.
- the core is the SI type, when the cable length is as short as 16 Gbps / 2.5 m, the transmission band is practically sufficient.
- the present invention can be employed in USB cables and HDMI cables (or cords) used in ordinary homes and offices, plastic clad optical fiber cores and optical fiber cables used in mobile phones and the like.
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Abstract
Description
それらに加えてさらに、曲げた状態で長期間置いてもコア破断の心配がなく、一般家庭やオフィス等で安心して使用することができるプラスチッククラッド光ファイバ心線および光ファイバケーブルを提供することにある。
(1)石英ガラスからなるコアガラスの外周に、該コアガラスより屈折率の低い樹脂からなるクラッド層を形成したプラスチッククラッド光ファイバ素線に、熱可塑性樹脂からなる被覆層を形成したプラスチッククラッド光ファイバ心線であって、前記コアガラスのコア径が50~100μmであり、前記コアガラスの前記クラッド層に対する比屈折率差が3.7%以上であることを特徴とするプラスチッククラッド光ファイバ心線。
(3)前記プラスチッククラッド光ファイバの静疲労係数が22以上であることが好ましい。
コアガラス2のコア径d1:50~100μm
クラッド層3のクラッド径d2:90~175μm
クラッド層3の厚さt:20~37.5μm
クラッド径d2/コア径d1:1.4~2.5
樹脂被覆層5の外径:250~500μm
成分(a)の分子中のフッ素原子数または成分を変えることや樹脂組成物中の成分(a)の濃度を変えることにより、望ましい屈折率を得ることができる。分子内にフッ素原子を含有する(メタ)アクリレート単量体(a1)としては、下記化学式(A)の物質や、2個以上の不飽和結合を有するものとして化学式(B1)乃至(B3)の物質が挙げられる。
Rx基としては、ビニル基、アリル基、アクリル基、メタクリル基、内部オレフィン等を挙げることができる。
Rf基としては、-(CH2)a-(CF2)b-CF3
[式中、aは1または2、bは2~6である。]
を例示できる。
1,4-ブタンジオールジ(メタ)アクリレート、エチレングリコールジ(メタ)アクリレート、グリセロールジメタクリレート、テトラエチレングリコールジ(メタ)アクリレート、ジエチレングリコールジ(メタ)アクリレート、1,3-ブチレングリコールジ(メタ)アクリレート、ネオペンチルグリコールジ(メタ)アクリレート、トリエチレングリコールジ(メタ)アクリレート、トリグリセロールジアクリレート、1,6-ヘキサンジオールジ(メタ)アクリレート、トリプロピレングリコールジアクリレート、トリメチロールプロパントリ(メタ)アクリレート、ペンタエリスリトールトリアクリレート、ペンタエリスリトールテトラ(メタ)アクリレート、ジトリメチロールプロパンテトラアクリレート、ジペンタエリスリトールヘキサアクリレート。
トリメトキシビニルシラン、メタクリロキシプロピルトリメトキシシラン、ジメチルエトキシビニルシラン等。
また、分子内に2個以上の不飽和結合を持つものとしては、例えば、次の化合物が挙げられる:
ジエトキシジビニルシラン、ジメトキシジビニルシラン、ジメタクリロキシプロピルトリメトキシシラン等。
ベンゾフェノン、アセトフェノン、ベンジル、ベンゾイン、ベンゾインメチルエーテル、ベンゾインイソブチルエーテル、ベンジルジメチルケタール、α,α′-アゾビスイソブチロニトリル、ベンゾイルパーオキサイド、1-ヒドロキシシクロヘキシルフェニルケトン、2,2-ジメトキシ-2-フェニルアセトフェノン、2-ヒドロキシ-2-メチル-1-フェニルプロパン-1-オン。
クラッド層が薄い場合は、マイクロベンドロスが大きくなり、周囲温度の変化による伝送損失増加が大きくなると考えられる。ここで、温度変化による伝送損失の増加は、試験品が置かれた雰囲気の温度を、室温→80℃→-45℃→室温と変化させるヒートサイクルを10回繰り返した後の伝送損失の増加である。80℃と-45℃で2~4時間保持し、温度変化させるときの変化率は1℃/分とする。コア径が100μmであるときにクラッド層の厚さを20μmとすると、クラッド径/コア径の比が最小値1.4となる。
F=1-exp(X)
X=-Np・L・m/(n-2)・(σs/σp)n・(ts/tp)
Np:ファイバ製造時の破断頻度
L :布設長
m :クラック数分布NがWeibull分布にしたがうとしたときのWeibull分布係数
σs:布設時のコアの歪み
σp:ファイバ製造時のスクリーニング時のコアの歪み
ts:保証期間
tp:ファイバ製造時のスクリーニングの負荷時間
Xが小さいときは、F=-Xと近似できる。
F=Np・L・m/(n-2)・(σs/σp)n・(ts/tp)∝(σs/σp)n ∝ σsn
(1)半径の異なる数種類のマンドレルにPCF素線を1mずつ巻きつけて放置する。マンドレル径は、例えば、1.6mm、1.8mm、1.9mm、2.0mmとする。サンプル数は、各径のマンドレルで例えば15とする。各サンプルのPCF素線が破断するまでに要した時間を測定する。
(2)破断時間の中央値(50%のサンプルが破断する時間tf)を求める。サンプル数を15とした場合は、8番目に破断したサンプルの破断時間がtfとなる。
(3)下記計算式を用いて、マンドレルの径T、PCFのガラス径(コア径d1)およびクラッド径d2からガラス(コア層)にかかる歪みを算出する。
歪み={(ガラス部外周の巻径x)-(ガラス部中心の巻径y)}/(マンドレル径T+クラッド径d2)=(ガラス径d1)/(マンドレル径T+クラッド径d2)
(4)図3に示すように、log歪み対logtfをプロットしてグラフの傾きを求める。この傾きに-1を乗じたものがn値となる。
(1)クラッド層から非硬化成分を除去する。
(2)線引き時に徐冷する。
(3)コアをカーボンコートしてから、その外周にクラッド層を形成する。
クラッド層を形成する樹脂組成物には、耐熱性向上などのために下記化学式(1)で表される物質などの非硬化成分が含まれることがある。
先ず、ガラス母材を加熱して軟化させ、所定の径に線引きする。この部分がコアとなる。次に、コアに液状のクラッド材料を塗布する。詳しくは、クラッド材料を入れたダイスにコアであるガラスファイバを通すことでコア外周にクラッド材料を塗布できる。次に、塗布したクラッド材料に紫外線を照射することで、クラッド材料が硬化する。
ガラスファイバがこの容器に入る時の温度(入線温度)と出る時の温度(出線温度)の差を、ガラスファイバが容器を通過するのに要した時間で除した値は、徐冷速度である。容器がない状態で、入線温度から出線温度までガラスファイバが冷却されるときの冷却速度よりも徐冷速度が小さい場合、ガラスファイバが徐冷されたと言える。
本発明のPCF心線は、さらにPVCのチューブに入れることで光ケーブルとすることができる。光ケーブルは、PCF心線が1本または複数本チューブに入れられ、PCF心線とチューブとの間に介在物がないルース構造でも良い。また、光ケーブルは、PCF心線の周囲にケブラー(登録商標)などの抗張力繊維を添わせ、その周囲にチューブにより外被を形成しても良い。さらに、光ケーブルは、その周囲に電線を配置して一体化した光電気複合ケーブルに使用することもできる。
各実施例ともコアは、石英(純シリカ)にゲルマニウム(Ge)を添加したものを使用した。このコアの屈折率は、Geの添加により、純シリカだけよりも高くなる。クラッドは、フッ化アクリレート系樹脂を使用したので、このクラッドの屈折率は、純シリカの屈折率よりも低い。実施例5は、実施例1~4よりもGeの添加量を少なくして、コアの屈折率を低くした。クラッドの材料は、実施例1~5とも同じである。
実施例2および実施例4のクラッドの材料は、比較例1~4のクラッドの材料から化学式(1)の物質を除去したものである。これにより、実施例2および実施例4の静疲労係数は22となり、比較例1~4の静疲労係数の18に比べて大きくなっている。
実施例1のPCF心線は、実施例3、実施例5と同様なコア、クラッド構成とし、さらにコアをカーボンコーティング(厚さ5nm)した。これにより、実施例1は、静疲労係数(n値)を100とすることができた。
静疲労係数(n値)は、上述の方法により求めた。また、PCF素線は、半径2mm(直径4mm)のマンドレルに10ターン巻き付けて1分間保持した後、一旦伸ばしてから、再度巻き付けて1分間保持した。この工程を100回繰り返した場合に、コアガラス2が1回破断する確率をn値から求めた。破断確率が10-6以下であれば合格、10-6より大きければ不合格と判断した。
図4に示すように、コア径が100μm、n値が22である実施例4は、曲げ半径2mmのマンドレルに1分間保持して、それを100回繰り返したときの破断確率が約1ppmである。コア径が80μm、n値が30である実施例3は、さらに破断確率が小さい。コア径が50μm、n値が22である実施例2は、コア径が小さいことにより、実施例3よりも破断確率がさらに小さい。これから明らかなように、コア径が50~100μmであるPCF素線の破断確率を1ppm以下にするには、n値を22以上とすると良いことが分かる。
半径2mmのマンドレルにPCF素線を10ターン巻き付けて、巻き付ける以前との伝送損失の差をとって曲げ損失増加量とした。信号光の波長は850nmとし、カットバック法で伝送損失を求めた。伝送システムの構成上、10ターンでの曲げ損失が1dB以下であることが要求される場合がある。したがって、曲げ損失は、1dB/10ターン以下を合格、それより大きい場合を不合格とした。
曲げ半径2mmで、上述の破断確率および曲げ損失増加量とも合格のものは、許容曲げ半径2mmを合格とした。表1には○印で示す。破断確率または曲げ損失増加量の一方でも合格でないものは、許容曲げ半径2mmを不合格とした。表1には×印で示す。
PCF心線は、1140デニールのケブラー4本を添わしてPVCのチューブで被覆して、外径2mmの光ケーブルとした。この光ケーブルを、-40℃~85℃のヒートサイクルにかけた。-40℃と85℃での保持時間は4時間であり、温度変化は1℃/分とした。ヒートサイクルにかける前と、10サイクルのヒートサイクルにかけた後の伝送損失の差が温度変化後伝送損失増加量となる。信号光の波長は850nmとした。
PCF心線は、コネクタを取り付け、同種のPCF心線を接続して、その接続箇所での光信号の損失を測定して接続損失とした。信号光の波長は850nmとした。PCF心線の接続部分は、樹脂被覆層を除去して、コアおよびクラッドを端面で接触させた。
クラッドがプラスチックであると、クラッドがガラスであるものよりも曲げ損失増加量が小さい。しかし、クラッドに対するコアの比屈折率差が小さいと、比較例のように曲げ損失増加量が十分小さくならない。コア径が大きいと、曲げ損失増加量は大きくなるが、PCF素線における曲げ損失増加量の要因は、コアとクラッドとの比屈折率差が支配的であることが実施例および比較例から分かる。
PCF素線の端面をVCSELの発光面に押し当て、VCSELからPCF素線に光を照射して3mの長さのPCF素線を伝搬した光の強度を測定した。比較例1のPCF素線の測定値を0dBとしたところ、実施例1~5のPCF素線では3.5dB以上であった。本発明のPCF心線は、VCSELに結合して使用する場合に、結合効率が良かった。比較例2~4は、結合効率が-0.2dB程度であり、比較例1に比べて結合効率が悪かった。これは、コア径が小さいことが原因と考えられる。比較例5は、-7dBと結合効率が悪かった。これは、コア-クラッド間の比屈折率差が小さいことが原因と考えられる。VCSELとの結合効率の要因は、コア-クラッド間の比屈折率差がコア径よりも支配的であることが分かる。
本出願は、2009年10月19日出願の日本特許出願(特願2009-240536)に基づくものであり、その全体が引用により援用される。また、ここに引用される全ての参照は全体として取り込まれる。
Claims (4)
- 石英ガラスからなるコアガラスの外周に、該コアガラスより屈折率の低い樹脂からなるクラッド層を形成したプラスチッククラッド光ファイバ素線に、熱可塑性樹脂からなる被覆層を形成したプラスチッククラッド光ファイバ心線であって、
前記コアガラスのコア径が50~100μmであり、
前記コアガラスと前記クラッド層の比屈折率差が3.7%以上であることを特徴とするプラスチッククラッド光ファイバ心線。 - 前記クラッド径が前記コア径の1.4~2.5倍であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のプラスチッククラッド光ファイバ心線。
- 前記プラスチッククラッド光ファイバ素線の静疲労係数が22以上であることを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載のプラスチッククラッド光ファイバ心線。
- 請求項1~3のいずれかに記載のプラスチッククラッド光ファイバ心線を内蔵したことを特徴とする光ファイバケーブル。
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| PCT/JP2011/059561 WO2012144005A1 (ja) | 2011-04-18 | 2011-04-18 | プラスチッククラッド光ファイバ心線および光ファイバケーブル |
| US13/321,967 US8634687B2 (en) | 2009-10-19 | 2011-04-18 | Coated plastic cladding optical fiber and optical fiber cable |
| CN2011800021144A CN102844688A (zh) | 2011-04-18 | 2011-04-18 | 塑料包层光纤芯线及光缆 |
| EP11781427.7A EP2538249A4 (en) | 2011-04-18 | 2011-04-18 | OPTICAL FIBER SOUTH COVERED WITH PLASTIC AND OPTICAL FIBER CABLE |
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| PCT/JP2011/059561 WO2012144005A1 (ja) | 2011-04-18 | 2011-04-18 | プラスチッククラッド光ファイバ心線および光ファイバケーブル |
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| JPS57106539A (en) * | 1980-12-24 | 1982-07-02 | Furukawa Electric Co Ltd:The | Production of optical fiber covered with fiber-reinforced resin |
| JPH01295207A (ja) * | 1988-05-23 | 1989-11-28 | Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd | 光ファイバ |
| JPH09281346A (ja) * | 1996-04-16 | 1997-10-31 | Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd | プラスチッククラッド光ファイバ |
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| JPS4927233A (ja) * | 1972-07-03 | 1974-03-11 | ||
| JPS62112104A (ja) * | 1985-11-12 | 1987-05-23 | Asahi Glass Co Ltd | プラスチツククラツド光伝送フアイバ− |
| JPH11119036A (ja) * | 1997-10-16 | 1999-04-30 | Fujikura Ltd | プラスチッククラッドファイバ |
| JP2005055795A (ja) * | 2003-08-07 | 2005-03-03 | Furukawa Electric Co Ltd:The | 偏波保持光ファイバ及びこの偏波保持光ファイバを用いた光波長変換器 |
| US7423105B2 (en) * | 2005-09-30 | 2008-09-09 | Corning Incorporated | Fast curing primary optical fiber coatings |
| US7680390B2 (en) * | 2007-03-16 | 2010-03-16 | Fujikura Ltd. | Polymer clad optical fiber |
| EP2161601B1 (en) * | 2007-06-26 | 2018-05-30 | Fujikura Ltd. | Plastic glass optical fiber |
| JP2009132800A (ja) * | 2007-11-30 | 2009-06-18 | Jsr Corp | 放射線硬化性樹脂組成物 |
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2011
- 2011-04-18 CN CN2011800021144A patent/CN102844688A/zh active Pending
- 2011-04-18 EP EP11781427.7A patent/EP2538249A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2011-04-18 WO PCT/JP2011/059561 patent/WO2012144005A1/ja not_active Ceased
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| JPS57106539A (en) * | 1980-12-24 | 1982-07-02 | Furukawa Electric Co Ltd:The | Production of optical fiber covered with fiber-reinforced resin |
| JPH01295207A (ja) * | 1988-05-23 | 1989-11-28 | Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd | 光ファイバ |
| JPH09281346A (ja) * | 1996-04-16 | 1997-10-31 | Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd | プラスチッククラッド光ファイバ |
| JP2001264597A (ja) | 2000-03-15 | 2001-09-26 | Fujikura Ltd | 光ファイバ心線 |
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| EP2538249A1 (en) | 2012-12-26 |
| CN102844688A (zh) | 2012-12-26 |
| EP2538249A4 (en) | 2014-12-10 |
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