WO2012156343A1 - Procédé de détermination d'une énergie calorifique stockée dans un accumulateur de chaleur latente contenant un matériau à changement de phase et procédé de régulation d'un chauffage/climatiseur - Google Patents

Procédé de détermination d'une énergie calorifique stockée dans un accumulateur de chaleur latente contenant un matériau à changement de phase et procédé de régulation d'un chauffage/climatiseur Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2012156343A1
WO2012156343A1 PCT/EP2012/058859 EP2012058859W WO2012156343A1 WO 2012156343 A1 WO2012156343 A1 WO 2012156343A1 EP 2012058859 W EP2012058859 W EP 2012058859W WO 2012156343 A1 WO2012156343 A1 WO 2012156343A1
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Prior art keywords
change material
stored
pcm
heat
phase change
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PCT/EP2012/058859
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Stefan Gaier
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N25/00—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means
    • G01N25/02—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means by investigating changes of state or changes of phase; by investigating sintering
    • G01N25/12—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means by investigating changes of state or changes of phase; by investigating sintering of critical point; of other phase change
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D20/00—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
    • F28D20/02—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using latent heat
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D20/00—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
    • F28D20/02—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using latent heat
    • F28D20/028—Control arrangements therefor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F27/00—Control arrangements or safety devices specially adapted for heat-exchange or heat-transfer apparatus
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N22/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of microwaves or radio waves, i.e. electromagnetic waves with a wavelength of one millimetre or more
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/88—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/02—Systems using reflection of radio waves, e.g. primary radar systems; Analogous systems
    • G01S13/0209—Systems with very large relative bandwidth, i.e. larger than 10 %, e.g. baseband, pulse, carrier-free, ultrawideband
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/14—Thermal energy storage

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for determining a stored in a latent heat storage with a Phasen promptmatenal heat energy, according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • the invention comprises a method for controlling a heating and / or an air conditioning system, wherein a method for determining a stored in a latent heat storage with a phase change material heat energy is performed, according to claim 8.
  • phase change materials Various latent heat storage with phase change materials (PCM) are known from the prior art. These can store thermal energy with low loss and with many repeat cycles over long periods of time. For this purpose, a material absorbs heat and can then release it again.
  • the main storage medium used is so-called phase change material (PCM), in particular special salts or paraffins whose latent enthalpy of fusion and enthalpy of dissolution is substantially greater than their specific heat capacity without phase transformation effect.
  • the enthalpy describes a physical quantity in which binding forces between molecules or atoms are overcome without increasing their kinetic energy and thus their temperature.
  • Latent heat storage uses this enthalpy by exploiting the reversible thermodynamic state change of the PCM.
  • the phase transition is used solid (solidification-melting).
  • the PCM When charging the PCM, it is melted. It absorbs a lot of heat energy (enthalpy of fusion). Since this process is reversible, the PCM gives off exactly this amount of heat during solidification (solution enthalpy) again.
  • phase change materials are bistable and the solidification does not start independently, but the heat energy can be retrieved by a trigger action targeted at the desired time.
  • latent heat storage examples are heat pad, cooling batteries or paraffin-filled storage elements in the tanks of solar thermal systems.
  • the Releasing the heat release from said heat pad is done regularly by pressing a metal plate in the heat pad, whereby a crystallization is triggered.
  • the cushion heats up to about 58 ° C and the release of latent heat can extend over a longer time.
  • Such heat pads are often carried for days by users and activated only when needed.
  • Other advantages of this latent heat storage are a relatively high storable heat energy per mass, as well as the festelt by the enthalpy of fusion of the storage medium bare temperature range in the heat transfer.
  • the problem here is that there is no information about the heat energy stored in the PCM, as a result of which the heating or the air conditioning system can not be regulated correctly.
  • the determination of the heat energy stored in the PCM would be a great advantage to increase the energy efficiency of a building.
  • CN 101 839 873 A provides a test device with a heat generator, an electronic balance, a climatic chamber, a temperature sensor, a paperless recorder and a computer.
  • a heat generator a heat generator
  • the temperature sensor measures the temperature of the water and the weight of the electronic balance. From this information, the total heat energy of the hot water is calculated.
  • the PCM is introduced into the hot water. The stored heat energy in the PCM is then determined by the heat energy remaining in the water, which results from its temperature and mass.
  • CN 101 813 651 A also relates to a method for determining a stored heat energy of a building material.
  • the device required for this purpose comprises a thermally insulated vessel, a climatic chamber, temperature sensors, a potentiometer and a computer.
  • the temperature sensors are placed in the thermally insulated vessel and the climatic cabinet to determine the temperature of the building material, the climatic chamber and the inner and outer walls of the vessel.
  • the computer controls the heating power of a heating element via the potentiometer.
  • the temperature signals of the temperature sensors are displayed and recorded by the computer. This then evaluates the heat storage capacity of the building material based on the temperature data of the heating and a subsequent cooling.
  • JP 1 1064297 A describes a method for the automatic measurement and control of a heating device, through the conduction of which a PCM slurry is passed.
  • concentration and the stored heat energy of the pulp are continuously determined.
  • an ultrasonic measuring device is used, which is arranged in the middle of the line.
  • the characteristic of the PCM slurry depends on its temperature and its sound wave transmission speed. If a certain characteristic exists, it is possible to deduce the stored heat quantity.
  • the object of the invention is therefore to overcome the disadvantages of the prior art, and to provide a simple and inexpensive method, by means of a stored in a phase change material (PCM) heat energy can be determined continuously and in a mounting situation, with components used for this simple should be interchangeable and durable.
  • the method should be suitable for increasing the efficiency of a heating and / or air conditioning system.
  • the invention relates to a method for determining a heat energy stored in a latent heat storage with a phase change material, in which an evaluation unit determines the state of matter or portions of an aggregate phase of the phase change material by means of a radar signal of a radar sensor, as well as the specific state of matter or its proportions and a stored amount value of the phase change material the stored heat energy determined.
  • the state of aggregation of a phase change material provides information about whether latent heat is stored in it or not.
  • the absolute stored heat energy depends on the amount of phase change material. This quantity could be determined, for example, from information from a building material manufacturer or by measuring / weighing and stored in the evaluation unit. It is usually sufficient to do this once.
  • the quantitative values are suitable, for example. the volume or, in particular, the mass of the PCM. The latter is better because the mass is independent of temperature and density.
  • the latent stored heat energy of the PCM can be many times higher than the heat energy stored due to the specific heat capacity, it is possible to dispense with an additional temperature measurement on the PCM. It is only important to select a representative position for the determination of the state of aggregation in order to be able to conclude on the total heat energy. In particular, for a building and a storage of PCM in its building components, shady and sunny expositions have to be considered.
  • the invention further provides that the evaluation unit determines the state of matter or the proportions of the states of aggregation of the phase change material by means of a radar signal of a radar sensor.
  • Such a radar signal consisting of electromagnetic waves
  • the change depends on the physical state of the PCM, since the dielectric constant of the PCM depends on its state of aggregation.
  • the change affects both the transmission and the reflection of the electromagnetic waves.
  • a receiving unit of the radar sensor can therefore be arranged both on the same side of the PCM as its transmitting unit or on the opposite side.
  • the changed electromagnetic radiation is subsequently registered by the radar sensor and evaluated by the evaluation unit. For this purpose, for example, a correlation in the evaluation unit can be stored, which describes a relationship between a resulting signal and the physical state of the PCM.
  • the essential electrical properties of the PCM are dependent on the frequency of the radar signal. It is therefore possible to irradiate the PCM by means of electromagnetic waves of different wavelengths in order to achieve an accurate and reliable result of the state of matter or its proportions. This can be sequenced or simultaneous.
  • the radar sensor transmits ultra-wideband electromagnetic waves (UWB) as a radar signal.
  • UWB ultra-wideband electromagnetic waves
  • UWB signals can be inexpensively generated and radar sensors required for this can be purchased at low cost. They allow a precise measurement even with a spacing of the radar sensor to the PCM. It is particularly advantageous if the signal is additionally transmitted pulsed. Accordingly, the power consumption is low. Suitable for pulsing would be a pulse generator. A resulting lower heating of the radar sensor also extends its life. Furthermore, the radar sensor could send high-frequency electromagnetic waves as a radar signal.
  • Alternative variants of the method according to the invention determine with the evaluation unit by means of a capacitive measuring method, or by means of an optical measuring method, or by means of a measurement of the electrical conductivity, the state of matter or the proportions of the states of aggregation of the phase change material.
  • the PCM is positioned between two plates of a plate condenser. Changing the physical state of the PCM changes the capacity of the plate capacitor. As a result, a correlation between the state of aggregation and the change in capacity can be established and stored in the evaluation unit. By means of this correlation can be deduced later from the capacity change to the physical state of the PCMs.
  • Such a method is particularly suitable for defined latent heat storage, e.g. for arranged in a storage container PCM.
  • An optical measuring method uses the permeability of the PCM for light.
  • an optical sensor must be positioned so that the wavelength of light used can reach the PCM and the PCM must not be impermeable to light, at least in one state of aggregation. Such a method may then be used e.g. be used in a storage tank or a flow line.
  • a determination of the state of matter by means of the measurement of the electrical conductivity can then be made if the PCM is accessible for at least two measuring tips, e.g. in a storage container. By applying an electrical voltage can then be deduced about the electrical resistance to the state of matter, since the electrical conductivity of the PCM is dependent on this.
  • the method according to the invention is particularly preferably used when the latent heat accumulator is arranged in or on a building component.
  • the stored heat energy can be determined in the PCM in the building component.
  • the radar sensor preferably rests on the building component. However, he could also be spaced from the building component be positioned. Building components within the meaning of this document should at least include building walls, ceilings, floors and building roofs.
  • the inventive method also allows a determination of the heat energy stored in the PCM when the latent heat storage has a plurality of microcapsules in which phase change material is contained. Due to the small size of the capsules and the lack of homogeneity of the PCM, conventional methods were not suitable for determining the state of matter or its components in the installation situation. However, such microcapsules are increasingly in plasterboard, wall paint, wall plaster, prefabricated wall elements. Stones, concrete and screed introduced. For example, plasterboard with 5-10% PCM content is available. The determination of the stored heat energy in these microcapsules therefore has an increasing importance in building technology. Above all, the use of a radar sensor is very flexible with regard to the position of the microcapsules and can overcome the existing problems.
  • the latent heat storage on a storage container for the phase change material may e.g. incorporated as a tube embedded in a building wall or, for example, be a freestanding storage container.
  • the volume of such can be relatively large, e.g. similar to a buffer tank in building technology. It could even be used as a cache.
  • the phase change material is incorporated in microcapsules, flowability of the microcapsule slurry thus obtained can be maintained even if the state of aggregation of the PCM is solidified. Consequently, the PCM could be transported from a heat source to a heat sink to effect heat transfer between these two locations. So the PCM could e.g.
  • the invention also relates to a method for controlling a heater and / or an air conditioner, in which a method for determining a heat energy stored in a latent heat storage with a phase change material is performed, wherein an evaluation unit determines the state of matter or portions of the states of aggregation of the phase change material, and with the certain state of aggregation or whose shares and a stored quantity value of the phase change material determines the stored heat energy, and wherein the evaluation unit transmits the determined stored heat energy to a control unit with which the heating and / or the air conditioning are regulated.
  • control unit changes an amount of heat to be supplied or discharged via the heating and / or the air conditioning as a function of the heat energy stored in the phase change material. It is thus possible, in particular, to tune the heat energy to be supplied or removed altogether and to regulate it exactly to a desired setpoint temperature, e.g. to a set temperature in a building or vehicle.
  • Phasen grillmatenal is bistable, may additionally be provided that the control unit is connected to a trigger device by means of which a heat output of the phase change material is triggered, the heat output is triggered by the control unit when heat energy is stored in the phase change material and should be delivered.
  • the triggering device is suitable for generating a crystallization seed, which initiates the solidification process of the PCMs.
  • Such deliberately terminable heat output considerably increases the flexibility and efficiency of heating and / or air conditioning.
  • the heat output of the PCM may be relocated to periods of time when other heat sources, e.g. a solar collector, can not provide heat energy.
  • a latent heat accumulator could be used in a motor vehicle with an internal combustion engine to optimize a cold start process, or generally the passenger compartment of a motor vehicle can be heated faster.
  • Fig. 1 arranged in a building wall PCM and an evaluation unit with a
  • Radar sensor is determined. 1 shows a building component 31 in which a phase change material (PCM) 2 is arranged.
  • the PCM 2 can be used as latent heat storage 1.
  • the PCM 2 may have a solid state of matter T or a liquid state of matter F or a mixture of both.
  • a radar sensor 10 arranged on or in the building component 31, the state of matter T, F or its components can be determined.
  • a transmitting unit 11 of the radar sensor 10 sends an electromagnetic wave S generated by a generator 13 in the direction of the PCM 2.
  • the electromagnetic wave changed and reflected by the PCM 2 is received as a resultant signal R from a receiving unit 12 of the radar sensor 10.
  • Transmitting unit 1 1 and receiving unit 12 are arranged on the same side of the building component 31.
  • the received resultant signal R is then evaluated by an evaluation unit 20 to determine the stored amount of heat in the PCM 2.
  • the evaluation unit 20 is for this purpose also connected to the pulse generator 13 in order to obtain information regarding the transmitted radar signal S, or to control this itself.
  • FIG. 2 shows a building 30 in whose building wall 32 a phase change material (PCM) 2 is arranged.
  • the PCM 2 can be used as latent heat storage 1.
  • the PCM 2 may have a solid state of matter T or a liquid state of matter F or a mixture of both.
  • a transmitting unit 11 of the radar sensor 10 sends an electromagnetic wave generated by a generator 13 in the direction of the PCM 2.
  • the electromagnetic wave changed and reflected by the PCM 2 is received as a resultant signal by a receiving unit 12 of the radar sensor 10.
  • Transmitting unit 11 and receiving unit 12 are arranged on the same side of the building wall 32.
  • this is the outer side of the building 30, which is a rather rare position in practice, since PCM 2 is mainly used in interior design. Accordingly, the radar sensor 30 would then preferably be arranged on the inside of the building wall 32.
  • the resulting signal received by the receiving unit 12 is subsequently evaluated by an evaluation unit 20 in order to determine the stored heat quantity in the PCM 2.
  • the evaluation unit 20 is for this purpose also connected to the generator 13 in order to obtain information regarding the emission and the frequency of the transmitted radar signal S, or to control this itself.
  • the result of the determined heat energy stored by the PCM 2 is finally transmitted by the evaluation unit 20 to a control unit 40, with which a heater 41 and an air conditioner 42 are regulated.
  • the control unit 40 can now change the amount of heat to be supplied or discharged to the building 30 via the heater 41 and / or the air conditioner 42 as a function of the heat energy stored in the PCM 2. It is thus possible in particular to tune the heat energy to be supplied or discharged overall and to regulate the temperature of the building interior precisely to a desired setpoint temperature.
  • the PCM 2 is bistable and the control unit 40 is connected to a tripping device 50, by means of which a heat output of the PCM 2 can be triggered.
  • the heat output is triggered by the control unit 40 when heat energy is stored in the PCM 2 and is to be delivered. For the desired times 40 different criteria can be stored in the control unit.
  • PCM phase change material

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Air Conditioning Control Device (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé de détermination d'une énergie calorifique stockée dans un accumulateur de chaleur latente contenant un matériau à changement de phase et un procédé de régulation d'un chauffage et/ou d'un climatiseur selon lequel un tel procédé est exécuté. Le procédé selon l'invention est caractérisé en ce qu'une unité d'évaluation détermine au moyen d'un signal radar d'un détecteur radar l'état d'agrégat ou des fractions d'une phase d'agrégat du matériau à changement de phase, et détermine l'énergie calorifique accumulée au moyen de l'état d'agrégat déterminé ou de ses fractions et d'une valeur de quantité enregistrée du matériau à changement de phase. L'invention est par ailleurs caractérisée en ce que l'unité d'évaluation transmet l'énergie calorifique accumulée déterminée à une unité de régulation au moyen de laquelle le chauffage et/ou le climatiseur peut être régulé.
PCT/EP2012/058859 2011-05-18 2012-05-14 Procédé de détermination d'une énergie calorifique stockée dans un accumulateur de chaleur latente contenant un matériau à changement de phase et procédé de régulation d'un chauffage/climatiseur Ceased WO2012156343A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102011101858.5 2011-05-18
DE102011101858A DE102011101858A1 (de) 2011-05-18 2011-05-18 Verfahren zur Bestimmung einer in einem Latentwärmespeicher mit einem Phasenwechselmaterial gespeicherten Wärmeenergie und Verfahren zur Regelung einer Heizung/Klimaanlage

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WO2012156343A1 true WO2012156343A1 (fr) 2012-11-22

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DE (1) DE102011101858A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2012156343A1 (fr)

Cited By (4)

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WO2016051377A1 (fr) 2014-10-01 2016-04-07 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives Système et procédé de détermination du taux de charge d'un stockage thermique latent
EP3264018A1 (fr) 2016-06-27 2018-01-03 Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives Système de stockage thermique par mcp et comprenant un dispositif de mesure d'un paramètre représentatif du taux de charge
CN111024751A (zh) * 2019-12-31 2020-04-17 中国建筑材料科学研究总院有限公司 用于测试相变潜热和相变温度的装置
CN111610221A (zh) * 2019-05-22 2020-09-01 北新集团建材股份有限公司 一种计算相变材料节能效率的系统及方法

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DE202015105746U1 (de) * 2015-10-29 2017-01-31 Rehau Ag + Co Speicher für Wärmeenergie in modularer Bauweise
CN111122644B (zh) * 2020-01-08 2022-07-08 中建材创新科技研究院有限公司 一种实现相变材料冷热循环稳定性测试系统和测试方法
NO348703B1 (en) * 2023-02-15 2025-05-05 Cartesian As Method and system for estimating a state-of-charge of phase change material storage systems

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WO2016051377A1 (fr) 2014-10-01 2016-04-07 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives Système et procédé de détermination du taux de charge d'un stockage thermique latent
EP3264018A1 (fr) 2016-06-27 2018-01-03 Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives Système de stockage thermique par mcp et comprenant un dispositif de mesure d'un paramètre représentatif du taux de charge
CN111610221A (zh) * 2019-05-22 2020-09-01 北新集团建材股份有限公司 一种计算相变材料节能效率的系统及方法
CN111024751A (zh) * 2019-12-31 2020-04-17 中国建筑材料科学研究总院有限公司 用于测试相变潜热和相变温度的装置
CN111024751B (zh) * 2019-12-31 2022-11-11 中国建筑材料科学研究总院有限公司 用于测试相变潜热和相变温度的装置

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