WO2013128097A1 - Conduite tubulaire flexible pour le transport d'hydrocarbures corrosifs - Google Patents
Conduite tubulaire flexible pour le transport d'hydrocarbures corrosifs Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2013128097A1 WO2013128097A1 PCT/FR2013/050347 FR2013050347W WO2013128097A1 WO 2013128097 A1 WO2013128097 A1 WO 2013128097A1 FR 2013050347 W FR2013050347 W FR 2013050347W WO 2013128097 A1 WO2013128097 A1 WO 2013128097A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- sheath
- pressure
- permeance
- pipe
- flexible tubular
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
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Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B17/00—Drilling rods or pipes; Flexible drill strings; Kellies; Drill collars; Sucker rods; Cables; Casings; Tubings
- E21B17/01—Risers
- E21B17/015—Non-vertical risers, e.g. articulated or catenary-type
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L11/00—Hoses, i.e. flexible pipes
- F16L11/04—Hoses, i.e. flexible pipes made of rubber or flexible plastics
- F16L11/08—Hoses, i.e. flexible pipes made of rubber or flexible plastics with reinforcements embedded in the wall
- F16L11/081—Hoses, i.e. flexible pipes made of rubber or flexible plastics with reinforcements embedded in the wall comprising one or more layers of a helically wound cord or wire
- F16L11/083—Hoses, i.e. flexible pipes made of rubber or flexible plastics with reinforcements embedded in the wall comprising one or more layers of a helically wound cord or wire three or more layers
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L11/00—Hoses, i.e. flexible pipes
- F16L11/04—Hoses, i.e. flexible pipes made of rubber or flexible plastics
- F16L11/10—Hoses, i.e. flexible pipes made of rubber or flexible plastics with reinforcements not embedded in the wall
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L11/00—Hoses, i.e. flexible pipes
- F16L11/04—Hoses, i.e. flexible pipes made of rubber or flexible plastics
- F16L11/12—Hoses, i.e. flexible pipes made of rubber or flexible plastics with arrangements for particular purposes, e.g. specially profiled, with protecting layer, heated, electrically conducting
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L11/00—Hoses, i.e. flexible pipes
- F16L11/04—Hoses, i.e. flexible pipes made of rubber or flexible plastics
- F16L2011/047—Hoses, i.e. flexible pipes made of rubber or flexible plastics with a diffusion barrier layer
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a flexible underwater pipe for the transport of hydrocarbons comprising corrosive agents, in particular water and acid gases.
- the present invention is more particularly directed to flexible pipes of the unbonded type, as described in the normative documents API 17J "Specification for Unbonded Flexible Pipe” and API RB 17B "Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe” by the American Petroleum Institute.
- These flexible pipes usually comprise, from the inside to the outside, an internal carcass, an internal sealing sheath, a pressure vault, a plurality of tensile armor plies and an outer protective sheath.
- the main function of the internal carcass is the recovery of the radial forces of crushing, for example those related to the hydrostatic pressure. It is made from a profiled stainless steel strip and wound at short pitch to form contiguous turns stapled together.
- the internal sealing sheath generally called pressure sheath, is an extruded polymeric sheath whose function is the confinement of the fluid flowing in the pipe.
- the pressure vault (English language)
- it is generally formed of a metal wire wrapped short pitch in contiguous turns around the inner sealing sheath. It thus makes it possible to take up the radial forces related to the pressure of the fluid flowing in the pipe.
- the traction armor plies have the function of resuming the traction forces exerted on the pipe. These plies are made of generally metallic armor wires wound helically with a long pitch around the pressure vault. Finally, an outer protective sheath of polymeric material is extruded around the tensile armor.
- the term "short pitch” characterizes the helical windings having a helix angle of absolute value between 70 ° and 90 °.
- the term “long pitch” characterizes meanwhile the helical windings having an absolute value helix angle less than or equal to 60 °.
- the inner carcass and the pressure vault have helix angles of absolute value generally close to 85 °.
- the flexible pipes generally comprise one or two pairs of cross plies of tensile armor, said plies having a helix angle of absolute value typically between 20 ° and 60 °, and preferably between 25 ° and 55 °.
- the inner pressure sheath is tight to hydrocarbons and other transported fluids such as water, small amounts of gas can slowly diffuse through it, especially when the temperature and pressure thereof are high.
- This phenomenon mainly concerns small molecules, in particular water in the vapor phase, and gases of carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and methane (CH4).
- CO2 carbon dioxide
- H2S hydrogen sulphide
- CH4 methane
- these wires can be subjected to high static and dynamic loads, which can cause a phenomenon of fatigue.
- the most severe loadings are generally observed in the upper part of risers connecting a subsea equipment located at great depth to a floating production support located at the surface.
- the tensile armors are subjected to a high static tension stress related to the weight of the pipe, to which are added dynamic stresses in tension and in transverse flexion related to the movements of the production unit. under the effect of waves and waves.
- the son of the pressure vault and tensile armor must therefore be designed to withstand durably the phenomena of corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement under applied stress, said stress can be static or dynamic depending on the loading conditions.
- the tensile armor have high mechanical characteristics, otherwise the structure weighed down by its great length, is difficult to install and requires a floating support production oversized compared traditional media, which generates very significant additional costs.
- WO 03/074206 discloses a flexible pipe having carbon steel armor covered with a anti-corrosion coating made of titanium, titanium alloy, stainless steel, nickel or nickel alloy.
- a anti-corrosion coating made of titanium, titanium alloy, stainless steel, nickel or nickel alloy.
- Solutions are also known consisting in filling all or part of the annular space with a water-repellent liquid, for example based on glycol and methanol, and / or with a corrosion inhibitor liquid.
- a water-repellent liquid for example based on glycol and methanol
- a corrosion inhibitor liquid for example based on glycol and methanol
- the patent application WO2005 / 028198 discloses a solution of adding in the conduit an intermediate layer both flexible and very low gas permeability so as to reduce the diffusion of gas to the annular space.
- This intermediate layer located under the pressure vault consists of a thin metal film having been bonded to an extruded sheath of polymer material. The bonding between this film and this sheath makes it possible to avoid the formation of gas pockets at their common interface, the presence of such gas pockets being able to have a detrimental effect on the integrity of the internal layers of the pipe, especially when stopping and rapid decompression phases (risk of collapse of the internal carcass and the pressure sheath).
- this pipe can not be wound to a small radius of curvature, otherwise the bonding between the film and the sheath could break, which would then promote the formation of pockets of gas.
- the same problem may also occur in the dynamic areas at which the pipe is highly stressed in bending, especially in the upper part of rising pipe.
- a problem that arises and that aims to solve the present invention is to provide a flexible pipe inexpensive and easy to manufacture that can sustainably transport corrosive hydrocarbons while being subjected to high static and dynamic loads.
- the present invention proposes a flexible tubular pipe of the unbound type intended for the transport of fluids in the field of offshore oil exploitation, said pipe comprising at least from inside to outside a sheath pressure device, an intermediate sheath, tensile armors and an outer sheath, characterized in that the water permeance of said intermediate sheath is at least two times smaller than the water permeance of said pressure sheath, and in that the hydrogen sulfide permeance of said intermediate sheath is at least twice as great as the hydrogen sulphide permeance of said pressure sheath, and in that the carbon dioxide permeance of said intermediate sheath is at least twice as great as the carbon dioxide permeance of said pressure sheath, and in that the methane permeance of said intermediate sheath is at least twice as large as the methane permeance of said pressure sheath.
- the permeance to a molecule of a polymeric sheath is equal to the ratio between, on the one hand, the coefficient of permeability of said sheath with respect to said molecule, and on the other hand the thickness of said sheath. It characterizes the ability of this sheath to be traversed radially by this molecule, all other conditions having been fixed elsewhere, in steady state, the mass flow rate of a stream of molecules traversing radially said sheath is substantially proportional to the permeance to this molecule of said sheath.
- the coefficients of permeability with respect to water, hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide and methane are measured in the laboratory on duct samples with the equipment described. lower.
- the conditions for measuring the permeability coefficients, namely the temperature and the pressure, are also defined below.
- the characteristic that the intermediate sheath has a water permeance at least two times lower than the water permeance of the pressure sheath has the technical effect of greatly limiting the diffusion of water towards the annular space situated between the intermediate sheath and the outer sheath, so that the partial pressure of the water having diffused into the annular space remains durably below saturation vapor pressure.
- the addition of such an intermediate sheath makes it possible to avoid the phenomenon of condensation of the water having diffused, and consequently to ward off the corrosion of the tensile armor.
- corrosion in the annular space occurs only in the presence of water in liquid form. As long as the water remains in the vapor phase, corrosion remains negligible, even in the presence of H2S gas, and / or CO2 and / or CH4.
- the invention makes it possible in particular to solve the problem of corrosion fatigue in the upper part of dynamic risers.
- This phenomenon which occurs when the wires are stressed in the presence of a corrosive medium comprising water in liquid form, largely determines the characteristics of the tensile armor particularly in the case of risers intended to be operated at great depth (2000m and more).
- the present invention thus makes it possible to push back the limits of use of carbon steel wires.
- CH4 have the technical effect of avoiding an accumulation of these gases at the interface between the pressure sheath and the intermediate sheath. Indeed, since the permeance of the intermediate sheath vis-à-vis these gases is significantly greater than that of the pressure sheath, it follows that such gases having already diffused through the pressure sheath diffuse then easily through the intermediate sheath to join the annular space between the intermediate sheath and the outer sheath. These gases can then if necessary circulate along the pipe to reach one of the two end caps of the pipe to be evacuated to the outside. Indeed, because of the low helix angle of the tensile armor, the pressure losses are low and the gases can therefore flow easily along the annular space. In addition means for evacuating these gases to the outside can be easily arranged at the ends of the pipe, these means may additionally be equipped with valves so as to limit and control the gas pressure in the annular space.
- the intermediate sheath is in contact with the pressure sheath.
- the intermediate sheath is extruded directly onto the pressure sheath.
- These two sheaths are not glued together, the flexible pipe being of unbound type. This lack of bonding between these two sheaths has the advantage of facilitating the manufacture of the pipe and increasing its reliability in service. This avoids having to add an intermediate link layer. This also avoids the coextrusion process, certainly feasible but complex process to implement to achieve sheaths of large diameter.
- the two sheaths are advantageously extruded on one another, in two successive stages, with conventional extrusion means.
- the particular properties of permeance of these two sheaths make it possible to avoid the formation of gas pockets at the interface between these two sheaths, without the need to stick them together.
- the invention is not dependent on the quality of a bond and its lifetime, which gives it a better reliability than that of the solutions of the prior art which use a bonding to avoid the formation of pockets of gas.
- the concept of the present invention is that of a selective screen vis-à-vis the permeation phenomena, so as to strongly limit the diffusion of water to prevent condensation in the annular space, while leaving the H2S, CO2 and CH4 diffuse easily to the annular space.
- these gases frequently have high partial pressures in the hydrocarbons, and it is therefore easier to facilitate their diffusion and then to evacuate them to the end pieces than to try to confine them by taking the risk of forming pockets of gas.
- the water is either in the liquid phase with a very low saturation vapor pressure, or in the vapor phase with a partial pressure that is generally much lower than that of the other gases, so that in practice the water is Partial pressure of the water vapor at the interface between the pressure sheath and the intermediate sheath remains low and far from the risk zone.
- the thickness of the intermediate sheath is preferably greater than or equal to 3 mm.
- the intermediate sheath is made of polyethylene.
- This material has a coefficient of permeability vis-à-vis water three to ten times lower than that of other materials generally used to achieve the pressure sheath of flexible pipes, namely mainly polyamides 11 or 12 and polymers fluorinated vinylidene fluoride, and especially based on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF).
- the polyethylene has a coefficient of permeability vis-à-vis CO2, H2S and CH4 significantly higher than that of other materials used to make the pressure sheath. Polyethylene therefore offers a good barrier against the permeation of water, while not excessively limiting the permeation of CO2, H2S and CH4. It is also an inexpensive material and easy to extrude.
- the intermediate sheath is made of polypropylene.
- the flexible tubular conduit may comprise an internal carcass located inside the pressure sheath.
- the flexible tubular conduit may include a pressure vault surrounding the pressure sheath.
- the pressure vault surrounds the intermediate sheath.
- the water permeance of the intermediate sheath is at least three times smaller than the water permeance of the pressure sheath, and the hydrogen sulphide permeance of the intermediate sheath. is at least twice as large as the hydrogen sulphide permeance of the pressure sheath, and the carbon dioxide permeance of the intermediate sheath is at least twice as great as the carbon dioxide permeance of the sheath of pressure, and finally the methane permeance of the intermediate sheath is at least two times greater than the methane permeance of the pressure sheath.
- the selective screen effect imparted by the intermediate sheath is even more favorable.
- the polymeric intermediate sheath does not comprise any chemically active filler capable of reacting with water and / or hydrogen sulphide and / or carbon dioxide and / or methane.
- the intermediate sheath produces barrier effects against the permeation of these molecules which are solely related to diffusion and absorption / desorption phenomena. As a result, these barrier effects are stable and durable, which is not the case when chemically active agents are added to the intermediate sheath.
- Figure 1 is a partial perspective view of a flexible pipe according to the invention.
- Figure 2 is a sectional view of a device for measuring the permeability coefficient of a sheath sample against H2S or CO2 or CH4.
- FIG. 3 is an example of a measurement made with the device of FIG. 2.
- FIG. 4 is a sectional view of a device for measuring the coefficient of permeability of a sheath sample with respect to water.
- the flexible tubular pipe (1) shown in FIG. 1 comprises from inside to outside an internal carcass (2), a pressure sheath (3), an intermediate sheath (4), a pressure vault (5) , tensile armor (6,7), and an outer sheath (8).
- the inner carcass (2) is formed from a profiled stainless metal strip and wound short pitch to form contiguous turns stapled together.
- the main function of the internal carcass (2) is the recovery of the radial forces of crushing, for example those related to the hydrostatic pressure or those exerted by external equipment, especially during installation at sea of the pipe.
- the pipe (1) shown in Figure 1 is called “rough bore”("roughbore” in English) because of the presence and geometry of the inner carcass (2).
- the present invention could also apply to driving having no carcass, such a pipe being called “smooth bore”("smoothbore” in English), because its first layer from the inside is the pressure sheath (3), this sheath being in fact a extruded polymeric tube having a smooth inner wall.
- the pressure sheath (3) is an extruded polymeric sheath whose function is the confinement of the hydrocarbon circulating inside the pipe (1), the inner carcass (2) not being leakproof.
- the polymer material constituting the pressure sheath (3) is chosen in particular according to the chemical composition, the temperature and the pressure of the hydrocarbon that must transport the pipe.
- the most used polymers for producing the pressure sheath (3) are polyamide-11 (PA 11), polyamide-12 (PA 12), polyamide-6-12 (PA 6-12), crosslinked polyethylene and fluorinated polymers based on vinylidene fluoride, and in particular those based on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF).
- thermoplastic polymer combining at least two fluorinated monomers, one of these two monomers bearing at least one alkoxy function, for example a copolymer or a terpolymer combining tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and a another fluorinated monomer, especially a fluorinated cyclic ether or a fluorinated aldehyde, as taught in the patent application WO96 / 30687.
- the pressure sheath (3) could also be made with other high performance engineering polymers, used alone or in combination, such as polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyimide (PI), polysulfone ( PSU), polyethersulfone (PES), polyphenylsulfone (PPSU), polyetherimide (PEI), polyphthalamide (PPA), phenylene polysulfide (PPS), or liquid crystal polymers (LCP).
- PEEK polyetheretherketone
- PI polyimide
- PSU polyethersulfone
- PES polyethersulfone
- PPSU polyphenylsulfone
- PEI polyetherimide
- PPA polyphthalamide
- PPS phenylene polysulfide
- LCP liquid crystal polymers
- the pressure vault (5) consists of one or more wires having a cross-section in the form of Z, T, C, X, or K, the one or more yarns being wound helically with short pitch and stapled. between them.
- This layer has the main function of taking up radial forces related to the pressure of the hydrocarbon circulating in the pipe, the pressure sheath (3) not being able to withstand itself a high pressure and must therefore be supported by the pressure vault.
- the pipe (1) also comprises a pair of traction armor plies (6, 7) made of metal wires wound with a long pitch, and whose function is to take up the traction forces exerted on the pipe.
- the two armor plies are crossed, that is to say that they have substantially opposite helix angles, so as to balance the structure in torsion, that is to say so as to limit its tendency to rotate under the effect of traction.
- the tensile armor wires generally have a substantially rectangular section, but they can also have a circular or T-shaped section.
- these wires are advantageously made of hardened carbon steel, which gives them
- the ultimate tensile strength of tensile armor yarns is advantageously greater than 1000 MPa, more preferably greater than 1200 MPa, preferably greater than 1400 MPa.
- the carbon content of the steels used is generally of the order of 0.3% to 0.4%. Steels with a high carbon content, typically more than 0.8%, can also be used in order to obtain a tensile rupture limit greater than 1700 MPa, as is especially taught by the patent application WO2011 / 105428. .
- the outer sheath (8) is an extruded polymeric sheath for protecting the inner layers of the pipe (1). It is generally made of polyethylene, elastomeric thermoplastic or polyamide. In order to economically reduce the weight of the pipe (1), it is particularly advantageous to achieve the tensile armor (6,7) with carbon steels with high mechanical strength, but it turns out that the resistance to fatigue corrosion of such steels may prove to be insufficient in certain critical cases, especially in the upper part of certain dynamic risers. To solve this problem, the pipe (1) comprises a polymeric intermediate sheath (4) located between the pressure sheath (3) and the pressure vault (5).
- this intermediate sheath (4) are chosen so that firstly the water permeance of the intermediate sheath (4) is at least two times smaller than the water permeance of the pressure sheath (3), and secondly the H2S permeance of the intermediate sheath (4) is at least twice as large as the H2S permeance of the pressure sheath (3), and thirdly the C02 permeance the intermediate sheath (4) is at least twice as large as the CO2 permeance of the pressure sheath (3), and fourthly the CH4 permeance of the intermediate sheath (4) is at least twice as large as the CH4 permeance of the pressure sheath (3).
- the presence of the intermediate sheath (4) limits the diffusion of water from the inside of the pipe to the annular space between the intermediate sheath (4) and the outer sheath (8), This makes it possible to avoid the phenomenon of condensation of the diffused water and consequently to solve the problem of fatigue corrosion of the tensile armor (6,7).
- the intermediate sheath (4) was extruded directly onto the pressure sheath (3) with conventional extrusion means. These two sheaths are not bonded together which facilitates the manufacture of the pipe (1). This absence of bonding, however, is not detrimental to the behavior of the pipe because the intermediate sheath (4) has high permeances vis-à-vis the H2S, CO2 and CH4, which prevents the risk of formation of pockets of gas at the interface between the pressure sheath (3) and the intermediate sheath (4).
- the thickness of the intermediate sheath (4) is advantageously greater than or equal to 3 mm, typically between 3 mm and 12 mm, preferably between 4 mm and 8 mm.
- the intermediate sheath (4) is advantageously made of polyethylene, especially when the pressure sheath (3) consists of polyamide or PVDF. Examples are detailed below.
- the pressure vault (3) can be omitted, but in this case the armor plies (6, 7) have a helix angle of absolute value close to 55 °, which gives the tensile armor the ability to withstand both the axial tensile forces and the radial forces related to the internal pressure.
- FIG. 2 represents a device making it possible to measure the coefficient of permeability of a polymer sheath with respect to a gas of the H2S or CO2 or CH4 type.
- This device called a cell, comprises a hollow metal enclosure (10) inside which is disposed a membrane-shaped sheath sample (11) of thickness L.
- the enclosure (10) can be dismounted so as to be able to introduce it the membrane-shaped sample (11).
- the enclosure (10) typically comprises two complementary covers (12, 13) interconnected by screws (14, 15) or other equivalent means of attachment.
- the membrane (11) separates in two the central cavity of the enclosure (10), so as to form two separate cavities (18, 19) located on either side of the membrane (11).
- the two cavities (18, 19) are cylindrical, coaxial, and have the same internal diameter D.
- the membrane (11) is disposed perpendicular to the axis of the two cavities (18, 19).
- the periphery of the membrane (11) is attached to the cell (10) by clamping between the two covers (12, 13) with the screws (14, 15).
- Sealing means (16, 17) of the O-ring type are disposed between the periphery of the membrane (11) and the covers (12, 13).
- upstream cavity (18) The first of the two cavities (18, 19), called upstream cavity (18), is connected by an upstream pipe (20) to a reservoir (25) containing the gas vis-à- the permeability measurement must be made, ie H2S or CO2 or CH4.
- This reservoir has a volume much greater than that of the upstream cavity (18), so that the pressure P1 of the gas in the upstream cavity (18) remains substantially constant despite the phenomenon of permeation of this gas through the membrane ( 11).
- An upstream pressure measuring sensor (26) makes it possible to measure the pressure P1 in the upstream cavity (18).
- downstream cavity (19) The second of the two cavities (18, 19), called downstream cavity (19), is connected by a downstream pipe (21) to the inlet of the valve (22) whose opening and closing can be controlled by means electric or pneumatic not shown.
- the outlet of the valve (22) opens to evacuation and pumping means (23).
- a downstream pressure measurement sensor (24) makes it possible to measure the pressure P2 in the downstream cavity (19).
- the downstream pressure measuring sensor (24) is connected to the electric or pneumatic means for controlling the opening and closing of the valve (22).
- the upstream pressure P1 is much greater than the downstream pressure P2 so as to reproduce the operating conditions in a flexible pipe, namely conditions in which the pressure inside the pipe is much greater than the pressure in space ring of the pipe wall.
- the membrane (11) is generally not able to withstand the pressure difference P1-P2 without damaging it alone.
- the downstream cavity (19) is filled with a gas manifold (28), this manifold being a porous piece highly permeable to gases capable of mechanically supporting the membrane (11) to prevent damage to it effect of the pressure difference P1-P2.
- the collector (28) is a sintered stainless steel piece having a high compressive strength.
- the coefficients of permeability of the collector (28) vis-à-vis the H2S, CO2 and CH4 are much higher than those of the membrane (11), typically at least a hundred times higher, so that circulation of these gases in the downstream cavity (19) is not disturbed by the presence of the collector (28).
- the cell (0) is equipped with a sensor (27) for measuring the temperature T and means not shown for heating and temperature control.
- the temperature T and the pressures P1 and P2 are recorded as a function of time using means not shown.
- FIG. 3 illustrates a recording made by the cell of FIG. 2.
- the ordinate axis (41) corresponds to a pressure and the abscissa axis (42) to time.
- the curve (40) solid line is an example of recording the pressure P2 in the downstream cavity (19) as a function of time t.
- the valve (22) is closed and the downstream cavity (19) is under partial vacuum, P2 being close to 0 bar.
- the cell (10) is then at the test temperature.
- the upstream cavity (18) is rapidly filled with a gas (H2S or CO2 or CH4) under a constant high pressure P1, for example 50 bar, P1 pressure which then remains constant throughout the duration of the recording.
- the gas then begins to slowly diffuse through the membrane (11) from the upstream cavity (18) to the downstream cavity (19).
- the pressure P2 in the downstream cavity (19) remains at first zero for a certain time and then begins to increase once the first gas molecules have passed through the membrane (11).
- the control means of the valve (22) are programmed to automatically open the latter when the pressure P2 reaches a predefined threshold Ps, then to close automatically once the downstream cavity (19) has been emptied and the vacuum initial partial recovery.
- This evacuation operation is performed automatically by the evacuation and pumping means (23).
- a complete sequence of opening the valve (22), depressurizing the downstream cavity (19) and finally closing the valve (22) lasts less than one minute, which remains negligible compared to the total duration of the recording which is of the order of several days because of the slowness of the diffusion phenomena.
- the first depressurization sequence of the downstream cavity (9) takes place at time t1 and corresponds to the vertical section of curve (44). Then, the pressure P2 starts to increase slowly due to the diffusion phenomenon, which corresponds to the curve section (45). Then, as P2 reaches again Ps, a second depressurization sequence is triggered automatically at time t2, which corresponds to the curve section (46). The phenomenon repeats itself until the end of the recording, the pressure P2 varying according to a sawtooth curve alternating slow ascents (45, 47, 49) and almost instantaneous descents (44, 46, 48, 51).
- the predefined pressure threshold Ps is much lower than the pressure P1, Ps being typically equal to 2% of P1.
- P2 since P2 is always less than or equal to Ps, P2 remains much smaller than P1, so that the pressure difference P1-P2 remains substantially equal to P1.
- P1 being kept constant throughout the test, it follows that P1-P2 also remains substantially constant.
- the instant t0 0 corresponds to the beginning of the test while the instants t1, t2, t3, t4, and so on correspond to the successive sequences of depressurization of the downstream cavity (19).
- the cumulative pressure P2c is proportional to the total number n of moles of gas having diffused through the membrane (11) since the beginning of the test. Indeed, by applying the batch of perfect gases, we obtain the following formula:
- V '2 R is the universal constant of perfect gases
- T is the temperature of the gas measured by the sensor (27)
- V2 is the volume occupied by the gas in the downstream cavity (19) and in the downstream pipe (21) when the valve (22) is closed.
- V2 is smaller than the internal volume of the downstream cavity (19) due to the presence of the collector (28), which reduces the volume available for the gas.
- V2 is measured prior to the test. In this way, it is possible to determine at each instant t the total number n of moles of gas having diffused through the membrane since the beginning of the test.
- the cumulative curve (50) of pressure P2c generally comprises three parts. At the beginning of the test, the cumulative pressure P2c remains zero for a certain time. Then, when the first gas molecules have passed through the membrane (11), P2c first increases non-linearly. Finally, when the steady state is reached, P2c increases linearly.
- the permeability coefficient Pe with respect to one of the gases H2S, CO2 or CH4 is determined when the steady state is reached. It is given by the following formula:
- A is the surface of the membrane (11) through which the gas diffuses
- L is the thickness of the membrane (11).
- P1 and P2 are respectively the gas pressures upstream and downstream of the membrane (11).
- ⁇ is the number of moles of gas that passed through the membrane (11) during the time interval ⁇ .
- the surface through which the gas diffuses is a disc of diameter D.
- ⁇ 2 ⁇ / ⁇ is the slope of the curve (50) of the cumulative pressure P2c, this slope being constant in steady state.
- FIG. 4 represents a device making it possible to measure the coefficient of permeability of a polymeric sheath with respect to water.
- the measuring cell (30) comprises a cylindrical metal enclosure (32) of internal diameter D and substantially vertical axis by ground ratio.
- the metal wall of the enclosure (32) extends only on its cylindrical side face (37) and on its flat upper face (33).
- the lower face of the enclosure (32) is closed by a sheath sample (31) in the form of a flat membrane of thickness L.
- the membrane (31) is arranged perpendicularly to the axis of the enclosure (32), that is to say substantially parallel to the ground.
- the periphery of the membrane (31) is attached to the enclosure (32) by dismountable means, for example a flange (36) held by screws (38, 39) which clamp the membrane (31) against the wall of the enclosure (32).
- Sealing means (35) of the O-ring type are interposed between the periphery of the membrane (31) and the enclosure (32).
- the cylindrical cavity (34) inside the enclosure has been totally or partially filled with water (52) before the membrane (31) is installed. This water filling is done at atmospheric pressure and at room temperature. During the test, the pressure outside the enclosure (32) remains equal to the atmospheric pressure.
- the cell (30) is equipped with means (not shown) for heating, regulating and measuring the temperature T of the water and the membrane (31).
- the pressure inside the enclosure (32) is not regulated and may vary depending on the temperature T.
- the evolution of the mass m of the cell (30) as a function of time t is recorded.
- the mass m varies non-linearly as a function of time t. Then, as soon as the steady state is reached, m decreases linearly as a function of t.
- A is the surface of the membrane (31) through which the gas diffuses.
- L is the thickness of the membrane (31).
- the surface through which the gas diffuses is a disc of diameter D.
- the SI unit of a permeability coefficient Pe 'vis-à-vis the water is kg. s "1. m” 1, but it is generally preferred to use the g. s "1 cm “ 1 .
- the membranes (11, 31) used to measure the permeability coefficients vis-à-vis the H2S, CO2, CH4 and water gases were machined in samples taken from the sheath of the pipe during manufacture, after extrusion thereof.
- the sheath is made of a semi-crystalline polymer, for example PVDF
- the membrane samples (11, 31) can also be made by a molding compression process subject to using the same raw material than that used to extrude the sheath of which one seeks to measure the coefficients of permeability.
- the polymer is semi-crystalline, the orientation of the molecular chains generated by the extrusion process has no significant influence on the permeability coefficients, so that it is possible to achieve representative sample by compression molding.
- the diameter D of the membranes (11, 31) of FIGS. 2 and 4 is typically between 50 mm and 100 mm, for example 70 mm.
- the thickness L of the membranes (11, 31) is typically between 0.5 mm and 3 mm, for example of the order of 2 mm for the measurements of the permeability coefficients with respect to H2S, CO2 or CH4, and of the order of 1 mm for the measurement of the permeability coefficient vis-à-vis water.
- Table 1 specifies the conditions for measuring the permeability coefficients of the sheaths making it possible to implement the present invention.
- Example number 1 The first example concerns a flexible pipe of internal diameter
- 250mm can be submerged up to 1300m deep and can carry corrosive hydrocarbons pressure 300 bar and temperature of the order of 65 ° C.
- This pipe essentially comprises, from the inside towards the outside, an internal carcass of thickness 10mm in stainless steel, a pressure sheath of thickness 7mm in polyamide 11 (PA 11), an intermediate sheath of thickness 3mm in polyethylene (PE), a total thickness of 17.5mm pressure vault, two cross plies of tensile armor with a total thickness of 8mm and an outer sheath made of polyethylene (PE) 9mm thick.
- the pressure vault consists of the superposition of two layers wound at short pitch, namely on the one hand a stapled layer formed from a wire in the form of "zeta" thickness 10mm, and other from a non-stapled layer formed from a wire of rectangular section and thickness 7.5mm.
- the pressure vault and the tensile armor are both made with carbon steels having a carbon content of the order of 0.35%.
- the intermediate PE sheath and the PA1 pressure sheath are not bonded together, the structure being of unbound type.
- Table 2 gives the different coefficients of permeability of PA11 and PE, these coefficients having been measured with the experimental means described above and under the measurement conditions described in Table 1.
- Table 2 also specifies the permeances of the pressure sheath and the intermediate sheath of this flexible pipe vis-à-vis the H2S, the
- the permeance of a sheath vis-à-vis a molecule is calculated by making the ratio between the permeability coefficient of this sheath vis-à-vis this molecule and the thickness of the sheath. this sheath.
- Table 2 The last line of Table 2 compares molecule by molecule permeances of the intermediate sheath and the pressure sheath.
- the H2S permeance of the intermediate sheath is equal to 3.53 times the H2S permeance of the pressure sheath.
- the CO2 permeance of the intermediate sheath is 4.51 times the CO2 permeance of the pressure sheath.
- the CH4 permeance of the intermediate sheath is 12.72 times the CH4 permeance of the pressure sheath.
- the H2O permeance of the intermediate sheath is equal to 0.21 the H20 permeance of the pressure sheath, that is to say that it is almost 5 times smaller than the latter.
- Moldi Tm a finite element calculation software described in an article entitled "Moldi Tm : a Fluid Permeation Model to Calculate the Annulus Composition in Flexible Pipes" written by Z. Benjelloum-Dabaghi, has been used.
- the medium in which the pressure vault and the tensile armor are located is much less corrosive so that the pressure vault and the armor can durably withstand the stresses. to which they are subject.
- the problem of fatigue corrosion of tensile armor is also solved.
- the second example relates to a flexible pipe of internal diameter 150mm which can be submerged up to 1600m deep and can carry corrosive hydrocarbons pressure 550 bar and temperature of the order of 110 ° C.
- This pipe essentially comprises, from the inside towards the outside, an internal carcass of thickness 6mm in stainless steel, a pressure sheath 6.5mm thick polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), an intermediate sheath 4mm thick in polyethylene (PE), a pressure vault of total thickness 13.7mm, two cross plies of tensile armor of total thickness 8mm and an outer sheath made of polyethylene (PE) 6mm thick.
- the pressure vault consists of the superposition of two layers wound with a short pitch, namely on the one hand a stapled layer formed from a wire in the form of "zeta" of thickness 6.2 mm, and of on the other hand, a non-stapled layer formed from a wire of rectangular section and thickness 7.5 mm.
- Both the pressure vault and the tensile armor are made of carbon steels having a carbon of the order of 0.35%.
- the intermediate PE sheath and the PVDF pressure sheath are not bonded together, the structure being of unbound type.
- Table 3 gives the different coefficients of permeability of PVDF and PE, these coefficients having been measured with the experimental means described above and under the measuring conditions described in Table 1. Table 3 also specifies the permeances of the pressure sheath. and the intermediate sheath of this flexible pipe.
- the H2S permeance of the intermediate sheath is equal to 15.02 times the H2S permeance of the pressure sheath.
- the CO 2 permeance of the intermediate sheath is equal to 2.58 times the C02 permeance of the pressure sheath.
- the CH4 permeance of the intermediate sheath is 18.80 times the CH4 permeance of the pressure sheath.
- the H20 permeance of the intermediate sheath is equal to 0.27 the H20 permeance of the pressure sheath, that is to say that it is almost 4 times smaller than the latter.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Rigid Pipes And Flexible Pipes (AREA)
- Earth Drilling (AREA)
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB1414924.9A GB2517842B (en) | 2012-03-01 | 2013-02-19 | Flexible tubular pipe for transporting corrosive hydrocarbons |
| BR112014021437A BR112014021437B8 (pt) | 2012-03-01 | 2013-02-19 | Tubo flexível tubular |
| DK201470596A DK178465B1 (en) | 2012-03-01 | 2014-09-29 | Flexible tubular pipe for transporting corrosive hydrocarbons |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1200623 | 2012-03-01 | ||
| FR1200623A FR2987666B1 (fr) | 2012-03-01 | 2012-03-01 | Conduite tubulaire flexible pour le transport d'hydrocarbures corrosifs |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2013128097A1 true WO2013128097A1 (fr) | 2013-09-06 |
Family
ID=47901204
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/FR2013/050347 Ceased WO2013128097A1 (fr) | 2012-03-01 | 2013-02-19 | Conduite tubulaire flexible pour le transport d'hydrocarbures corrosifs |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| BR (1) | BR112014021437B8 (fr) |
| DK (1) | DK178465B1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2987666B1 (fr) |
| GB (1) | GB2517842B (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2013128097A1 (fr) |
Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2016097630A1 (fr) * | 2014-12-18 | 2016-06-23 | Technip France | Conduite tubulaire flexible legere pour le transport d'hydrocarbures corrosifs et son procede de fabrication |
| CN109153230A (zh) * | 2016-04-06 | 2019-01-04 | 泰克尼普法国公司 | 包含含聚丙烯嵌段共聚物的护套的水下管道 |
| WO2019110946A1 (fr) | 2017-12-08 | 2019-06-13 | Arkema France | Gaine externe de flexible offshore comportant au moins un copolymere a blocs |
| WO2020055704A1 (fr) | 2018-09-14 | 2020-03-19 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Compositions de vulcanisat thermoplastique pour des gaines internes/sous pression polymères de tuyaux souples pour des applications dans le pétrole et le gaz |
| WO2020068409A1 (fr) | 2018-09-24 | 2020-04-02 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Mélanges élastomériques-polymères réticulés |
| US11377536B2 (en) | 2014-11-05 | 2022-07-05 | Arkema France | Transformation-stable composition comprising viscous polyamide, production thereof and use of same |
| CN115503121A (zh) * | 2022-11-05 | 2022-12-23 | 四川省第一建筑工程有限公司 | 一种建筑施工钻孔装置 |
| US11820101B2 (en) | 2016-04-06 | 2023-11-21 | Technip France | Underwater pipe comprising a sheath made of a polypropylene homopolymer |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR3116099B1 (fr) * | 2020-11-09 | 2023-12-08 | Technip N Power SAS | Conduite flexible de transport de fluide et procédés associés |
| FR3146501A1 (fr) | 2023-03-10 | 2024-09-13 | Technipfmc Subsea France | Conduite sous-marine comprenant une gaine interne d’étanchéité en polyaryléthercétone |
| FR3146478A1 (fr) | 2023-03-10 | 2024-09-13 | Arkema France | Granulés constitués d’une composition comprenant un mélange non-délaminant de polymères |
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| US3543805A (en) * | 1966-06-24 | 1970-12-01 | Moore & Co Samuel | Composite tubing |
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| EP0844429A1 (fr) | 1996-11-22 | 1998-05-27 | Institut Francais Du Petrole | Gaine à perméabilité limitée et application aux conduites sous pression |
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| WO2010128238A1 (fr) | 2009-05-04 | 2010-11-11 | Technip France | Procede de fabrication d'une conduite tubulaire flexible de grande longueur |
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-
2012
- 2012-03-01 FR FR1200623A patent/FR2987666B1/fr active Active
-
2013
- 2013-02-19 BR BR112014021437A patent/BR112014021437B8/pt active IP Right Grant
- 2013-02-19 WO PCT/FR2013/050347 patent/WO2013128097A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2013-02-19 GB GB1414924.9A patent/GB2517842B/en active Active
-
2014
- 2014-09-29 DK DK201470596A patent/DK178465B1/en active IP Right Maintenance
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| WO1996030687A1 (fr) | 1995-03-29 | 1996-10-03 | Coflexip | Conduite tubulaire flexible a gaine d'etancheite interne polymerique |
| EP0844429A1 (fr) | 1996-11-22 | 1998-05-27 | Institut Francais Du Petrole | Gaine à perméabilité limitée et application aux conduites sous pression |
| WO2000017479A1 (fr) | 1998-09-24 | 2000-03-30 | Nkt Flexibles A/S | Tuyau tubulaire souple renforce a renvoi du liquide de fuite |
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| WO2005019715A1 (fr) | 2003-08-14 | 2005-03-03 | Technip France | Methode d' evacuation des gaz de permeation d'une conduite tubulaire flexible et conduite adaptee a sa mise en ceuvre |
| WO2005028198A1 (fr) | 2003-09-19 | 2005-03-31 | Nkt Flexibles I/S | Tuyau souple a structure partiellement non liee, et son procede de production |
| WO2008119677A1 (fr) | 2007-04-02 | 2008-10-09 | Solvay Advanced Polymers, L.L.C. | Nouveau tuyau souple |
| WO2009153451A1 (fr) | 2008-06-18 | 2009-12-23 | Ifp | Conduite avec gaine a permeabilite reduite aux composes acides |
| EP2228578A1 (fr) | 2009-03-13 | 2010-09-15 | NV Bekaert SA | Fil d'acier inoxydable à taux élevé de nitrogène pour tuyau flexible |
| WO2010128238A1 (fr) | 2009-05-04 | 2010-11-11 | Technip France | Procede de fabrication d'une conduite tubulaire flexible de grande longueur |
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| T.S. TAYLOR; M.W. JOOSTEN; F, SMITH: "Technical solutions applied for the treatment of damaged dynamic risers", PROCEEDINGS DE LA « 21ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON OFFSHORE MECHANICS AND ARCTIC ENGINEERING, JUNE 23-28, 2002, OSLO, NORWAY, 28 June 2002 (2002-06-28) |
| Z. BENJELLOUM-DABAGHI; JC DE HEMPTINNE; J. JARRIN; JM LEROY; JC AUBRY; JN SAAS; C. TARAVEL-CONDAT: "MoldiTm: a Fluid Permeation Model to Calculate the Annulus Composition in Flexible Pipes", 2002, IL & GAS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY |
Cited By (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US11377536B2 (en) | 2014-11-05 | 2022-07-05 | Arkema France | Transformation-stable composition comprising viscous polyamide, production thereof and use of same |
| WO2016097630A1 (fr) * | 2014-12-18 | 2016-06-23 | Technip France | Conduite tubulaire flexible legere pour le transport d'hydrocarbures corrosifs et son procede de fabrication |
| FR3030678A1 (fr) * | 2014-12-18 | 2016-06-24 | Technip France | Conduite tubulaire flexible legere pour le transport d'hydrocarbures corrosifs et son procede de fabrication |
| CN109153230A (zh) * | 2016-04-06 | 2019-01-04 | 泰克尼普法国公司 | 包含含聚丙烯嵌段共聚物的护套的水下管道 |
| CN109153230B (zh) * | 2016-04-06 | 2020-08-18 | 泰克尼普法国公司 | 包含含聚丙烯嵌段共聚物的护套的水下管道 |
| US10890275B2 (en) | 2016-04-06 | 2021-01-12 | Technip France | Underwater pipe comprising a sheath comprising a polypropylene block copolymer |
| US11820101B2 (en) | 2016-04-06 | 2023-11-21 | Technip France | Underwater pipe comprising a sheath made of a polypropylene homopolymer |
| WO2019110946A1 (fr) | 2017-12-08 | 2019-06-13 | Arkema France | Gaine externe de flexible offshore comportant au moins un copolymere a blocs |
| WO2020055704A1 (fr) | 2018-09-14 | 2020-03-19 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Compositions de vulcanisat thermoplastique pour des gaines internes/sous pression polymères de tuyaux souples pour des applications dans le pétrole et le gaz |
| WO2020068409A1 (fr) | 2018-09-24 | 2020-04-02 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Mélanges élastomériques-polymères réticulés |
| CN115503121A (zh) * | 2022-11-05 | 2022-12-23 | 四川省第一建筑工程有限公司 | 一种建筑施工钻孔装置 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| BR112014021437A2 (pt) | 2017-06-20 |
| GB2517842B (en) | 2016-03-23 |
| BR112014021437B1 (pt) | 2021-08-10 |
| DK201470596A (en) | 2014-09-29 |
| GB2517842A (en) | 2015-03-04 |
| FR2987666B1 (fr) | 2014-02-28 |
| GB201414924D0 (en) | 2014-10-08 |
| DK178465B1 (en) | 2016-04-04 |
| FR2987666A1 (fr) | 2013-09-06 |
| BR112014021437B8 (pt) | 2022-03-03 |
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