Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
  • C10B49/00—Destructive distillation of solid carbonaceous materials by direct heating with heat-carrying agents including the partial combustion of the solid material to be treated
  • C10B49/02—Destructive distillation of solid carbonaceous materials by direct heating with heat-carrying agents including the partial combustion of the solid material to be treated with hot gases or vapours, e.g. hot gases obtained by partial combustion of the charge
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
  • C10G1/06—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal by destructive hydrogenation
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
  • C10G1/08—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal with moving catalysts
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/04—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L9/00—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion
  • C10L9/08—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion by heat treatments, e.g. calcining
  • C10L9/083—Torrefaction
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
  • C10B53/00—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form
  • C10B53/02—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form of cellulose-containing material
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
  • C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
  • C10G2300/1011—Biomass
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
  • Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
  • Y02P20/141—Feedstock
  • Y02P20/145—Feedstock the feedstock being materials of biological origin
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P30/00—Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry
  • Y02P30/20—Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry using bio-feedstock
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
  • Y02T50/00—Aeronautics or air transport
  • Y02T50/60—Efficient propulsion technologies, e.g. for aircraft
  • Y02T50/678—Aviation using fuels of non-fossil origin

Definitions

• the present invention relates generally to the production of fuels and chemicals from biomass feedstocks, and more particularly to thermochemical processing of biomass feedstocks to produce fuels and chemicals.
• a feedstock is defined as any renewable, biological material that can be used directly as a fuel, or converted to another form of fuel or energy product.
• Biomass feedstocks are the plant and algal materials used to derive fuels like ethanol, butanol, biodiesel, and other hydrocarbon fuels.
• Examples of biomass feedstocks include crop residues such as corn stover and sugarcane bagasse, energy grass crops, forestry residues, short-rotation forest crops, by-product glycerol from biodiesel production, municipal solid waste, manures, pulp and paper residues, and spoils from demolition and disaster recovery operations.
• FIG.1 A Van Krevelen diagram is shown in FIG.1 and compares the hydrogen index versus the oxygen index for various products including wood, lignin and cellulose.
• the diagram cross plots the hydrogen: carbon as a function of the oxygen:carbon atomic ratio of carbon compounds.
• the region on this diagram shows the general path from the high oxygen biomass feedstocks to lower oxygen fuels produced in nature and by prior art.
• the present invention breaks away from this region of the van Krevelen diagram by reducing oxygen with lower losses of carbon and hydrogen fuel values.
• thermochemical and biochemical While neither one of these platforms has progressed to demonstrate commercial viability, the present invention is primarily focused on using the thermochemical platform.
• the primary process categories under investigation within the thermochemical platform are gasification, pyrolysis, and direct liquefaction.
• One classification of gasification methods is based on the agent employed to treat the feedstock.
• the most elementary gasifier is the air-blown type, with downdraft, updraft, sidedraft, stratified, bubbling- and circulating-fluid bed, entrained-flow, etc., types investigated.
• Oxygen-blown and steam-blown are the next most commonly discussed types.
• Air-blown gasifiers suffer from low fuel value of gas produced, low quality of gas produced, including contamination with water, ash, feedstock fines, tars, and C02. Effective gas-cleaning technology has yet to emerge to resolve these issues, despite extensive research into water scrubbing, oil scrubbing, thermal cracking, catalytic cracking, dry filtration, and wet electrostatic filtration methods.
• Oxygen- and steam-blown systems offer higher fuel value, but have similar gas quality issues, and additionally require significant investment in auxiliary systems to provide the agent employed. More exotic dual and plasma gasification approaches have not yet demonstrated economic operation of their more capital- intensive systems.
• Pyrolysis systems are broadly classified into carbonization, conventional, fast, flash, ultra, vacuum, hydro-, and methano-pyrolysis. Like gasification, pyrolysis converts a feedstock containing gas, liquid, and solid matter to products consisting of gas, liquid, and solid matter. In the most promising of these, fast pyrolysis, liquids are the primary products. However, as produced, these liquids do not find a ready market as fuels or chemicals. Oxygen content, viscosity, and storage stability are among the weaknesses of bio-oils produced by fast pyrolysis in finding a ready market.
• One limitation in pyrolysis processes in the current art is that liquids produced rely on gases produced to move them out of the reactive zone before being converted to char.
• thermochemical derivatives its utility does not appear to have been recognized.
• a process for producing fuels and chemicals from biomass feedstock includes (a) drying the biomass feedstock using heated dry carbon monoxide gas; (b) devolatilizing the feedstock by reductive torrefaction with heated dry carbon monoxide gas; (c) pulverizing the feedstock; and (d) pyrolyzing the feedstock by reductive pyrolysis with high pressure or high temperature carbon monoxide gas.
• an integrated system for producing fuel and chemicals from a biomass feedstock includes a fixed bed; a source of heated dry carbon monoxide gas for drying the feedstock; a source of heated dry carbon monoxide gas for devolatilizing the feedstock; a means for pulverizing the feedstock and a source of high pressure or high temperature carbon monoxide gas for pyrolyzing the feedstock by reductive pyrolysis.
• a means for producing fuel and chemicals is provided.
• the means includes (a) drying the biomass feedstock using heated dry carbon monoxide gas; (b) devolatilizing the feedstock by reductive torrefaction with heated dry carbon monoxide gas; (c) pulverizing the feedstock; and (d) pyrolyzing the feedstock by reductive pyrolysis with high pressure or high temperature carbon monoxide gas.
• FIG. 1 presents a Van Krevelen diagram and compares the hydrogen index versus the oxygen index for various biomass feedstock products including wood, lignin and cellulose.
• the present invention relates to a method for processing biomass feedstock for fuel production.
• the biomass feedstock is dried using a portion of carbon monoxide gas, super critical carbon monoxide or liquid expanded with carbon monoxide.
• carbon monoxide herein may refer to carbon monoxide being either solo or in mixtures with e.g., fuel gases, hydrogen, water, carbon dioxide etc., as might be present in gas from gasification or reforming natural gas, coal bed methane or biogas.
• Dried feedstock can be further processed, pulverized for combustion fuel use, or densified for storage or transport.
• Wet carbon monoxide can alternatively be dried and recycled to continue to dry feedstock, stored to dry feedstock at a later time, or shifted to produce hydrogen in a water gas shift reactor.
• carbon monoxide gas, supercritical carbon monoxide, or liquid expanded with carbon monoxide is used to reductively devolatilize dried biomass feedstock.
• Devolatilized feedstock similar to torrefied feedstock, can be further processed, pulverized for combustion fuel use, or densified for storage or transport.
• Carbon dioxide produced by removal of oxygen from feedstock and its oxygenated decomposition products can be separated and used to convert carbon in feedstock char residues to generate carbon monoxide for use in drying or devolatilization of feedstock.
• carbon monoxide gas, supercritical carbon monoxide, or liquid expanded with carbon monoxide is used to reductively gasify devolatilized biomass feedstock.
• Gas and liquids produced in reducing environment offered by carbon monoxide are low in oxygen content and thereby compatible with conventional gas and liquid fuels, as is known in the art for hydrogen treatment to upgrade pyrolysis oils.
• Feedstock gasification residues, char of desired characteristics can be further processed, pulverized for combustion fuel use, or densified for storage or transport.
• Carbon dioxide produced by removal of oxygen from feedstock and its oxygenated decomposition products can be separated and used to convert carbon in feedstock char residues to generate carbon monoxide for use in drying, devolatilization, or gasification of feedstock.
• carbon monoxide gas, supercritical carbon monoxide, or liquid expanded with carbon monoxide is used to reductively pyrolyze devolatilized biomass feedstock.
• Gas and liquids produced in reducing environment offered by carbon monoxide are low in oxygen content and thereby compatible with conventional gas and liquid fuels, as is known in the art for hydrogen treatment to upgrade pyrolysis oils.
• Feedstock gasification residues, char of desired characteristics can be further processed, pulverized for combustion fuel use, or densified for storage or transport.
• Carbon dioxide produced by removal of oxygen from feedstock and its oxygenated decomposition products can be separated and used to convert carbon in feedstock char residues to generate carbon monoxide for use in drying, devolatilization, gasification, or pyrolysis of feedstock.
• carbon monoxide gas, supercritical carbon monoxide, or liquid expanded with carbon monoxide is used to reductively liquefy devolatilized biomass feedstock.
• Gas and liquids produced in reducing environment offered by carbon monoxide are low in oxygen content and thereby compatible with conventional gas and liquid fuels, as is known in the art for hydrogen treatment to upgrade pyrolysis oils.
• Feedstock gasification residues, char of desired characteristics can be further processed, pulverized for combustion fuel use, or densified for storage or transport carbon dioxide produced by removal of oxygen from feedstock and its oxygenated decomposition products can be separated and used to convert carbon in feedstock char residues to generate carbon monoxide for use in drying, devolatilization, gasification, pyrolysis, or liquefaction of feedstock.
• near critical carbon monoxide gas, supercritical carbon monoxide, or liquid expanded with carbon monoxide is used to extract or extractively convert feedstock polymers, oligomeric decomposition products, and monomeric products of depolymerization of feedstock polymers.
• Transport of cellulosic decomposition products such as levoglucosan from reactive char matrix allows production of sugars in high yield.
• the process is carried out in fixed bed mode with a batch of feedstock solids.
• a batch process may be performed:
• the process steps may be carried out using a cascade reactor in a continuous flow process as described in U.S. Patent No. 3,801 ,469, the disclosure of which is fully incorporated herein.
• the process may be carried out, in part using an aggressive convective dryer.
• the process may be carried out in a containment vessel having for example, superquadratic geometry as described in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 13/774,600 entitled “Containment Vessel and Scale-Up Method for Chemical Processes," the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
• biomass feedstock is dried with hot, dry carbon monoxide gas, then devolatilized by reductive torrefaction with hot, dry carbon monoxide gas, then pulverized, then converted to methane, naptha- and diesel- range liquid fuels, and char by reductive pyrolysis with high pressure or high temperature carbon monoxide gas.
• Any char that is produced is used as adsorbant in purification of liquids and gases produced by reductive pyrolysis reaction, then oxidatively converted to ash and carbon monoxide by treatment with high
• Carbon monoxide generated beyond that needed for feedstock drying, torrefaction, and conversion is used to generate heat and electricity for process use or external sale.
• Wet carbon monoxide produced in drying and devolatilization/torrefaction is shifted to carbon dioxide and hydrogen, for process use or external sale.
• Gases and liquids produced in reductive pyrolysis are separated and purified for sale as hydrocarbon-compatible fuels, pipeline quality gas, and low calorific value fuel gas to generate heat and electricity for process use or external sale.
• Low calorific value gas streams produced in startup, shutdown, purging, and similar auxiliary operations is combusted to control emissions and recover heat.
• Ash produced in char oxidation is fortified with missing elements and pelletized for sale as fertilizer.
• the advantages of the present invention include, without limitation, simple, flexible, direct conversion of biomass feedstocks to desirable hydrocarbon fuel analogues, including pipeline quality natural gas, clean syngas, gasoline, diesel fuel, aviation fuel, milspec fuels, fuel oils, lubricants, etc., using materials native to the process as transformation agent. Further advantages include reduced yields of undesired co-products; reduced processing temperatures, allowing construction from less costly alloys, especially for high halide containing feedstocks; reduced production of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins, other refractory organic compounds, and high viscosity by-products.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
• Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Materials Engineering (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Thermal Sciences (AREA)
• Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
• Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)

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• 2013
  • 2013-03-11 WO PCT/US2013/030218 patent/WO2013134770A1/fr not_active Ceased
  • 2013-03-11 US US13/794,042 patent/US20130232856A1/en not_active Abandoned

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