WO2013144392A1 - Knee prosthesis with adjustable mobility - Google Patents
Knee prosthesis with adjustable mobility Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2013144392A1 WO2013144392A1 PCT/ES2013/000080 ES2013000080W WO2013144392A1 WO 2013144392 A1 WO2013144392 A1 WO 2013144392A1 ES 2013000080 W ES2013000080 W ES 2013000080W WO 2013144392 A1 WO2013144392 A1 WO 2013144392A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- rotation
- ball joint
- adjustable
- angle
- knee
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/30—Joints
- A61F2/38—Joints for elbows or knees
- A61F2/3836—Special connection between upper and lower leg, e.g. constrained
- A61F2/384—Special connection between upper and lower leg, e.g. constrained hinged, i.e. with transverse axle restricting the movement
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/30—Joints
- A61F2/38—Joints for elbows or knees
- A61F2/3836—Special connection between upper and lower leg, e.g. constrained
- A61F2/384—Special connection between upper and lower leg, e.g. constrained hinged, i.e. with transverse axle restricting the movement
- A61F2/385—Special connection between upper and lower leg, e.g. constrained hinged, i.e. with transverse axle restricting the movement also provided with condylar bearing surfaces
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/30—Joints
- A61F2002/30001—Additional features of subject-matter classified in A61F2/28, A61F2/30 and subgroups thereof
- A61F2002/30316—The prosthesis having different structural features at different locations within the same prosthesis; Connections between prosthetic parts; Special structural features of bone or joint prostheses not otherwise provided for
- A61F2002/30535—Special structural features of bone or joint prostheses not otherwise provided for
- A61F2002/30617—Visible markings for adjusting, locating or measuring
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/30—Joints
- A61F2002/30001—Additional features of subject-matter classified in A61F2/28, A61F2/30 and subgroups thereof
- A61F2002/30621—Features concerning the anatomical functioning or articulation of the prosthetic joint
- A61F2002/30624—Hinged joint, e.g. with transverse axle restricting the movement
- A61F2002/30632—Hinged joint, e.g. with transverse axle restricting the movement with rotation-limiting stops, e.g. projections or recesses
Definitions
- the invention is framed within the field of medicine, and more particularly within the field of knee prostheses.
- the object of the invention is a novel knee prosthesis that allows to regulate the angle of rotation allowed without the need for external devices or the replacement of the prosthesis, even total knee arthrodesis can be achieved.
- knee arthrodesis surgical procedure that aims to complete and definitive fixation of the knee joint, as the only alternative to resolve the serious complications that may arise during these complex procedures, although it should be always the last option to achieve the absence of pain and stability at the expense of nullifying mobility.
- knee arthrodesis surgical procedure that aims to complete and definitive fixation of the knee joint
- knee prosthesis models are used primarily in primary replacement surgery (in cases of severe antomicofunctional joint deterioration), and more often in revision surgery after the failure of an arthroplasty previously implanted
- the first type which is the most widely used, is generically called a "rotational hinge", and seeks to achieve joint stabilization through central mechanisms that join the femoral and tibial component, allowing both flexion-extension and rotational movement in the axial leg plane.
- the second type is usually called "pure hinge”, and has a single transverse axis that only allows knee flexion extension.
- joint replacement implants in addition to pain control with an adequate range of mobility, is to partially replace the bone loss of the epiphyseometaphyseal regions and compensate for the insufficiencies of the capsuloligamentary structures responsible for joint stability, elements often incompetent because of the pathological process itself by which primary arthroplasty was indicated and that will continue to deteriorate in a way inevitable in successive surgical rescue interventions.
- arthrodesis complete and definitive fixation of the knee joint
- current techniques require the removal of implanted prosthetic components (which undoubtedly involves adding another major surgical gesture to the patient) as a prior step to the arthrodesis procedure itself, which is usually based in the implantation of another endomedular device or an osteotax (the latter is also always provisional, therefore requiring another surgical intervention for its removal once bone fusion is achieved). Therefore, as stated above, the clinical scenario shown by a patient with severe knee arthropathy or after a previous failed knee arthroplasty is often complex:
- Arthrodesis In general, a rescue prosthesis constrains the patient's knee movements more than the previous prosthesis. Sometimes a situation can be reached in which it is necessary to completely immobilize the patient's knee with the leg fully extended, thus preventing any type of flexoextension. This situation of joint stiffness is called arthrodesis.
- the possibility of dispensing with external immobilizers that are currently used during the first days or weeks of convalescence after the installation of a prosthesis is opened.
- the surgeon may initially set the prosthesis as an arthrodesis, and subsequently expand the angle of rotation allowed during the following days or weeks. In this way, the duration of time that the patient must spend in bed is reduced, which is of great importance in very elderly patients (most in this type of operations).
- An adjustable knee prosthesis according to the invention basically comprises:
- a base piece adapted for fixing to the upper end of the tibia of a patient, and which is rotatably attachable to the ball joint by means of a transverse axis, where the maximum angle of rotation allowed between the ball joint piece and the base piece is adjustable.
- this regulation establishes lower and upper configurable limit angles between which the knee can move freely.
- the lower limit angle is 0 or , that is, a position equivalent to an arthrodesis in which the leg is fully extended, the upper limit angle can be configured at will.
- the transverse axis is non-rotatably coupled to the base piece, for example using means known in the art, and at least one end of said transverse axis comprises first means of limiting rotation of the ball piece.
- the non-rotating coupling between the regulating bushing and the lateral channel of the ball joint preferably allows the coupling of the regulating bushing according to different turning positions, thus allowing greater flexibility in the configuration of the minimum and maximum angles of spin allowed. More preferably, it comprises an external longitudinal teeth of the regulating sleeve (protruding or "male” teeth) and a complementary internal longitudinal teeth (incoming or "female” teeth) of the lateral channel of the ball joint.
- the first turning limitation means are radial projections projecting outwardly from at least one end of the transverse axis
- the second turning limiting means are radial projections protruding internally from the inner hole of the regulating bushing.
- the second projections are in the form of radial sectors, so that the position of the regulating shells and the angular amplitude of said second projections determine the lower limit and the upper limit of the maximum permitted angle of rotation.
- This configuration shown in greater detail in Figs. 5 and 6 attached, requires the replacement of a regulating bushing with a different one in order to vary the permitted angle of rotation.
- the regulating bushing has internal longitudinal radial projections comprising at least one removable part and a fixed part, the removable part being connectable in different radial positions of the internal orifice of the regulating bushing to modify the angle of rotation. permitted.
- This configuration which is shown in greater detail in the attached Fig. 7, allows a single regulating bushing to be used, varying the angle of rotation permitted by changing the position of the second turning limitation means.
- Fig. 1 shows an exploded view of a knee prosthesis according to the prior art.
- Figs. 2 and 3 show two profile views of the knee prosthesis of the prior art of Fig. 1.
- Fig. 4 shows an exploded view of a first example of knee prosthesis in accordance with the present invention.
- Figs. 5a and 5b respectively show a profile view of the prosthesis and a detail of the rotation limitation zone of the prosthesis of Fig. 4 according to the invention with the leg stretched.
- Figs. 6a and 6b respectively show a profile view of the prosthesis and a detail of the rotation limitation zone of the prosthesis of Fig. 4 according to the invention with the leg rotated 30 °.
- Fig. 7 shows a detail of a second embodiment of regulating bushing (5) according to the invention where the internal longitudinal radial projections are formed by a fixed part and a removable part ..
- a support piece (115) provided with a curved surface is coupled to the base piece (105), introducing a projection (1 16) through a transverse hole (117) of the central channel (11) and through a transverse hole (18) of the shaft (104), thus preventing rotation of said shaft (104) when it is mounted.
- the curved surface of the support piece (1 15) serves as support for the front area of the ball joint (102) to allow the prosthesis (100) to have some lateral play.
- This prosthesis (100) therefore, belongs to the type of "rotational hinge".
- this known prosthesis (100) is mechanically simple, as seen in Figs. 2 and 3.
- the kneecap piece (102) can rotate around the axis (104), despite said axis (104) being immobilized, due to to that the lateral channels (103) slide around the shaft (104) (and / or the plastic bushings (1 12) surrounding the ends of the shaft (104) to minimize friction).
- This prosthesis (100) therefore, in principle does not pose limitation to the patient's knee rotation.
- Fig. 4 shows a perspective view of a prosthesis (1) according to the invention, where reference numbers similar to those of Fig. 1 denote similar parts. It is appreciated how the prosthesis (1) of the invention has essentially the same parts as that belonging to the prior art of Fig. 1, although only those that are relevant for the operation of the prosthesis (1) of the invention have been numbered , such as the ball joint (2) for coupling to the femur of a patient that is provided with lateral channels (3) to allow the passage of the transverse shaft (4) and a base piece (5) for coupling to the tibia of the patient.
- the ball joint (2) for coupling to the femur of a patient that is provided with lateral channels (3) to allow the passage of the transverse shaft (4) and a base piece (5) for coupling to the tibia of the patient.
- base piece (5) only the upper part of a larger group of pieces (equivalent to 105, 113, 1 14, 115 in Fig. 1), said term It is intended to refer to the part or pieces that connect the patient's tibia and the transverse axis of rotation, regardless of the way in which said connection is made, or the number of intermediate pieces used.
- the prosthesis (1) of the invention comprises, in addition to the above parts, at least one regulating bushing (6) designed to be non-rotatably coupled to the side channels (3) of the ball joint (2).
- This regulating bushing (6) can be considered as a new part, or as a modification of the plastic bushings (112) shown in Fig. 1.
- the non-rotating coupling between the side channels (3) and the regulating bushing ( 6) it can be carried out in different ways, such as by means of a key or the like, although in this example the regulating bushing (6) has an external longitudinal teeth (7) complementary to an internal longitudinal teeth (8) of the side channels (3).
- the bushing (6) can be inserted by moving it according to a lateral or transverse direction of the prosthesis (1), so that when inserted into said lateral channel (3) it is integral with the ball joint (2).
- the regulating bushing (6) also has a central longitudinal hole provided with a second means (9) for limiting rotation, which in this example are internal longitudinal radial projections in the shape of a circumferential sector that protrude into said hole.
- the transverse axis (4) has, at least at its ends, first turning limit means (10), which in this example are specifically four external longitudinal projections covering at least a length approximately equal to that of the side channels (3) of the ball joint (2).
- the internal longitudinal radial projections (9) of the bushing (6) cooperate with the internal longitudinal radial projections (10) of the shaft ends (4) to limit the rotation of the bushing ( 6), and therefore of the ball joint (2), at an angle that is determined by the shape of said projections (9, 10).
- the internal longitudinal radial projections (9) cover a certain angle by another different regulating bushing (6) where they cover a different angle.
- the total knee arthrodesis of the patient could be achieved.
- Fig. 5a shows a position in which the patient has the leg fully extended, the lower connecting rod to the tibia and the upper connecting rod to the femur being parallel.
- one side of each of the four internal longitudinal radial projections (9) of the regulating bushing (6) is supported on a corresponding surface of each of the four projections radial (10) external longitudinal axis (4), thus being limited the angle of rotation of said bushing (6), which in turn is integral with the ball joint (2), according to that direction of rotation.
- the other side of said internal longitudinal radial projections (9) has a space or play that allows a certain angle of rotation in the opposite direction, in this example of about 30 °.
- FIG. 6a shows the prosthesis (1) after turning the entire angle allowed by this particular regulating bushing (6), in this example 30 °. This is best seen in the detail of Fig. 6b, where a black tooth (7) serves as a reference to check the rotation of the bushing (6). It can be clearly seen how the inner radial projections (9) of the bushing (6) have rotated until they hit the other side of the outer radial projections (10) of the shaft (4), which prevent said bushing (6) from rotating more than 30 °.
- This concrete example of prostheses (1) has four radial longitudinal protrusions (10) and four radial longitudinal protrusions (9) in order to distribute the tensions as much as possible.
- this limits the maximum angle of rotation of the prosthesis which in this case will necessarily be somewhat less than 90 °. It is understood, however, that other designs would be possible where the number of radial projections (9, 10) was smaller, for example three or even two, thus achieving a greater range of angles of rotation.
- this example also shows external longitudinal radial projections (10) that only cover a part of the length of the shaft ends (4), specifically that which will be housed within the side channels (3) of the part ball joint (2).
- these radial longitudinal projections (10) it is also understood that it would be possible for these radial longitudinal projections (10) to be continuous along the entire axis (4).
- a suitable regulating bushing (6) would be one in which the angular amplitude of the inner radial projections (9) was greater than in the example of the figures, being between interior projections (9) and others a space equivalent to the width of the radial longitudinal projections (10) of the external axis (4). Subsequently, once the surgeon considers that e!
- FIG. 7 shows a second embodiment of adjustable bushing (5 ') comprising inner longitudinal radial projections having a fixed part (9a') and a removable part (9b ').
- the fixing of the removable part (9b ') is achieved by means of a series of essentially radial grooves (9c') arranged in the longitudinal hole of the bushing (6 '), each of which corresponds to a specific turning angle.
- the removable part (9b ') of the internal longitudinal radial projections is essentially in the form of a parallelepiped from which a sheet that is inserted into said grooves (9c') protrudes in the desired position.
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Description
PRÓTESIS DE RODILLA CON MOVILIDAD REGULABLE KNEE PROSTHESIS WITH ADJUSTABLE MOBILITY
OBJETO DE LA INVENCIÓN La invención se enmarca dentro del campo de la medicina, y más particularmente dentro del campo de las prótesis de rodilla. OBJECT OF THE INVENTION The invention is framed within the field of medicine, and more particularly within the field of knee prostheses.
El objeto de la invención es una novedosa prótesis de rodilla que permite regular el ángulo de giro permitido sin necesidad de dispositivos externos ni de la sustitución de la prótesis, pudiendo conseguirse incluso la artrodesis total de la rodilla. The object of the invention is a novel knee prosthesis that allows to regulate the angle of rotation allowed without the need for external devices or the replacement of the prosthesis, even total knee arthrodesis can be achieved.
ANTECEDENTES DE LA INVENCIÓN BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
La artroplastia total de rodilla, o sustitución de las estructuras de la rodilla de un paciente por una prótesis artificial, consigue más del 95% de éxitos al cabo de 15 años de seguimiento (en lo que a una mejoría espectacular y duradera de la calidad de vida se refiere). Total knee arthroplasty, or replacement of a patient's knee structures with an artificial prosthesis, achieves more than 95% success after 15 years of follow-up (in terms of spectacular and lasting improvement in the quality of life refers).
Sin embargo, después de la implantación de una primera prótesis de rodilla (artroplastia primaria), algunos pacientes continúan con los trastornos previos a la cirugía y otros desarrollan nuevos problemas. Estas situaciones requerirán la retirada de la prótesis primariamente implantada y la sustitución por otra prótesis denominada secundaria o de rescate, generalmente más compleja. However, after the implantation of a first knee prosthesis (primary arthroplasty), some patients continue with the pre-surgery disorders and others develop new problems. These situations will require the removal of the primarily implanted prosthesis and replacement with another prosthesis called secondary or rescue, generally more complex.
Esta cirugía de rescate, recambio o revisión protésica, constituye hoy día la principal problemática de los modernos servicios de cirugía ortopédica, siendo una de las intervenciones más laboriosas, costosas y desmoralizantes para pacientes y familiares, además de un autentico desafío para el cirujano ortopédico. This rescue surgery, replacement or prosthetic revision, is today the main problem of modern orthopedic surgery services, being one of the most laborious, expensive and demoralizing interventions for patients and families, as well as a real challenge for the orthopedic surgeon.
Se ha estimado que en los próximos 20 años, el número de prótesis de rodilla que será necesario recambiar se multiplique por seis, y todo ello debido al creciente número de prótesis primarias realizadas (solamente en Estados Unidos se prevé que en el año 2030 se realizarán más de tres millones de artroplastias primarias de rodilla), y por otra parte a la mayor esperanza de vida de la población en los países desarrollados. It has been estimated that in the next 20 years, the number of knee prostheses that will need to be replaced is multiplied by six, and all this due to the increasing number of primary prostheses performed (only in the United States is it expected that in 2030 they will be performed more than three million primary knee arthroplasties), and on the other hand the greatest life expectancy of the Population in developed countries.
Las tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad asociada a los procedimientos de rescate protésico de rodilla son significativamente superiores a las registradas en la cirugía primaria. De la misma manera, la probabilidad de necesitar un nuevo rescate aumenta con cada procedimiento de revisión, de modo que no es raro encontrar pacientes que han sido sometidos a más de seis reintervenciones de rescate, con procedimientos quirúrgicos mayores, tras el fracaso de la primera prótesis. Tampoco es infrecuente, tener que recurrir a la artrodesis de rodilla (procedimiento quirúrgico que tiene por objetivo la fijación completa y definitiva de la articulación de la rodilla, como única alternativa para resolver las graves complicaciones que pueden surgir durante estos complejos procedimientos, aunque debe ser siempre la última opción para conseguir la ausencia de dolor y estabilidad a expensas de anular la movilidad. Actualmente la indicación más frecuente de artrodesis de rodilla es la infección recurrente de una prótesis con baja reserva ósea, mala calidad de partes blandas o insuficiencia del aparato extensor. The morbidity and mortality rates associated with prosthetic knee rescue procedures are significantly higher than those recorded in primary surgery. In the same way, the probability of needing a new rescue increases with each review procedure, so it is not uncommon to find patients who have undergone more than six rescue reoperations, with major surgical procedures, after the failure of the first prosthesis. It is also not uncommon to have to resort to knee arthrodesis (surgical procedure that aims to complete and definitive fixation of the knee joint, as the only alternative to resolve the serious complications that may arise during these complex procedures, although it should be always the last option to achieve the absence of pain and stability at the expense of nullifying mobility.Currently the most frequent indication of knee arthrodesis is the recurrent infection of a prosthesis with low bone reserve, poor quality of soft tissues or insufficiency of the extensor apparatus .
En la actualidad se dispone fundamentalmente de dos tipos de modelos de prótesis de rodilla utilizados en la cirugía de reemplazo primaria (en casos de graves deterioros antómicofuncionales de la articulación), y más a menudo en la cirugía de revisión tras el fracaso de una artoplastia previamente implantada. El primer tipo, que es el más utilizado, se denomina genéricamente de "bisagra rotacional", y busca conseguir la estabilización articular mediante mecanismos centrales que unen el componente femoral y tibial, permitiendo tanto el movimiento de flexo-extensión como el de rotación en el plano axial de la pierna. El segundo tipo se suele denominar de "bisagra pura", y tiene un único eje transversal que solamente posibilita la flexoextensión de la rodilla. At present, two types of knee prosthesis models are used primarily in primary replacement surgery (in cases of severe antomicofunctional joint deterioration), and more often in revision surgery after the failure of an arthroplasty previously implanted The first type, which is the most widely used, is generically called a "rotational hinge", and seeks to achieve joint stabilization through central mechanisms that join the femoral and tibial component, allowing both flexion-extension and rotational movement in the axial leg plane. The second type is usually called "pure hinge", and has a single transverse axis that only allows knee flexion extension.
La finalidad de estos implantes de sustitución articular, además de la del control del dolor con un adecuado arco de movilidad, es la de sustituir en parte la pérdida ósea de las regiones epifisometafisarias y compensar las insuficiencias de las estructuras capsuloligamentarias responsables de la estabilidad articular, elementos a menudo incompetentes a causa del propio proceso patológico por el que se indicó ta artroplastia primaria y que van a seguir deteriorándose de forma inevitable en las sucesivas intervenciones quirúrgicas de rescate. The purpose of these joint replacement implants, in addition to pain control with an adequate range of mobility, is to partially replace the bone loss of the epiphyseometaphyseal regions and compensate for the insufficiencies of the capsuloligamentary structures responsible for joint stability, elements often incompetent because of the pathological process itself by which primary arthroplasty was indicated and that will continue to deteriorate in a way inevitable in successive surgical rescue interventions.
Hay que tener en cuenta que el paciente candidato a la sustitución protésica de rodilla presenta una artropatía evolucionada (de etiología variada) con dolor e importante deterioro funcional, suele sobrepasar ios 65 años de edad y a menudo aqueja otras patologías sistémicas de base que pueden influir negativamente en los resultados finales de esta cirugía (obesidad, diabetes mellitus, artritis reumatoidea, enfermedad vascular periférica, insuficiencia renal crónica, tratamiento inmunosupresor, corticoterapia, inmunodeficiencia, malnutrición,...). Por tanto, debe considerársele como un paciente de elevado riesgo quirúrgico que tendrá que afrontar habitualmente numerosos procedimientos de cirugía ortopédica mayor (la cirugía de rescate protésico de rodilla es de larga duración y el paciente intervenido suele necesitar transfusiones de sangre, bien antes, durante o tras la cirugía). It should be borne in mind that the patient who is a candidate for prosthetic knee replacement has an evolved arthropathy (of varied etiology) with pain and significant functional impairment, usually exceeds 65 years of age and often suffers from other basic systemic pathologies that can negatively influence in the final results of this surgery (obesity, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, peripheral vascular disease, chronic renal failure, immunosuppressive treatment, corticosteroid therapy, immunodeficiency, malnutrition, ...). Therefore, it should be considered as a patient of high surgical risk who will usually have to face numerous procedures of major orthopedic surgery (prosthetic knee rescue surgery is long-lasting and the intervened patient usually needs blood transfusions, well before, during or after surgery).
En este tipo de cirugía, se asocian con frecuencia otros complejos procedimientos reconstructivos de las estructuras articulares y periarticulares (desbridamientos, colgajos musculares pediculados para cobertura de defectos de partes blandas, injertos alogénicos parciales o totales del mecanismo extensor, aloinjertos óseos en defectos segmentarios o cavitarios de hueso,...) que suelen precisar en el postoperatorio la inmovilización temporal de la rodilla afectada. Estas inmovilizaciones provisionales se realizan habitualmente con vendajes de escayola, con ortesis confeccionadas en material termoplástico y ocasionalmente con dispositivos de fijación externa (osteotaxos). In this type of surgery, other complex reconstructive procedures of the articular and periarticular structures are frequently associated (debridements, pediculated muscle flaps for coverage of soft tissue defects, partial or total allogeneic grafts of the extensor mechanism, bone allografts in segmental or cavitary defects of bone, ...) that usually require in the postoperative period the temporary immobilization of the affected knee. These provisional immobilizations are usually performed with plaster bandages, with orthotics made of thermoplastic material and occasionally with external fixation devices (osteotaxes).
No obstante, la aplicación de estos artilugios inmovilizadores no está exenta de inconvenientes, ya que no garantizan la estabilidad adecuada permitiendo desplazamientos indeseables, dificultan el cuidado de la herida y el manejo en general del paciente, imposibilitan la carga precoz del miembro y la rehabilitación de articulaciones adyacentes, aumentan el riesgo de complicaciones tromboembólicas, provocan úlceras por presión, favorecen el desarrollo de atrofias musculares y óseas, son mal aceptados por el paciente y la infección de los trayectos de los clavos usados en la fijación externa suele ser la norma. Las cosas aún pueden ir más lejos cuando estos dispositivos de inmovilización externa necesitan ser utilizarlos de manera indefinida (inestabilidad residual o contraindicaciones médicas para la artrodesis quirúrgica). However, the application of these immobilizing devices is not without inconveniences, since they do not guarantee adequate stability allowing undesirable displacements, hinder wound care and general patient management, make it impossible for the limb to be loaded early and to rehabilitate Adjacent joints, increase the risk of thromboembolic complications, cause pressure ulcers, favor the development of muscle and bone atrophies, are poorly accepted by the patient and infection of the nail paths used in external fixation is usually the norm. Things can still go further when these devices External immobilization need to be used indefinitely (residual instability or medical contraindications for surgical arthrodesis).
Por todo ello, cuando los intentos por rescatar una prótesis complicada fracasan, ha de considerarse la artrodesis (fijación completa y definitiva de la articulación de la rodilla), a veces como única alternativa a la amputación del miembro por encima de la rodilla. Para conseguir la fusión de los extremos óseos articulares, las técnicas actuales exigen la retirada de los componentes protésicos implantados (lo que sin duda supone añadir otro gesto quirúrgico mayor al paciente) como paso previo al propio procedimiento de artrodesis, que por lo general se fundamenta en la implantación de otro dispositivo endomedular o de un osteotaxo (este último además siempre es provisional, necesitando por tanto de otra intervención quirúrgica para su retirada una vez conseguida la fusión ósea). Por tanto, así expuesto, el escenario clínico que muestra un paciente con grave artropatía de rodilla o tras una artroplastia previa de rodilla fracasada es a menudo complejo: Therefore, when attempts to rescue a complicated prosthesis fail, arthrodesis (complete and definitive fixation of the knee joint) must be considered, sometimes as the only alternative to amputation of the limb above the knee. To achieve the fusion of joint bone ends, current techniques require the removal of implanted prosthetic components (which undoubtedly involves adding another major surgical gesture to the patient) as a prior step to the arthrodesis procedure itself, which is usually based in the implantation of another endomedular device or an osteotax (the latter is also always provisional, therefore requiring another surgical intervention for its removal once bone fusion is achieved). Therefore, as stated above, the clinical scenario shown by a patient with severe knee arthropathy or after a previous failed knee arthroplasty is often complex:
- Paciente de alto riesgo quirúrgico general y locoregional (edad avanzada y a menudo con patología de base) que tiene necesidad de una cirugía de reemplazo o rescate protésico - Patient of high general and locoregional surgical risk (old age and often with basic pathology) who needs replacement surgery or prosthetic rescue
- Severo deterioro de las estructuras anatómicas necesarias para un adecuado funcionamiento de la articulación de la rodilla (ya dañadas por el propio proceso patológico que justificó la artroplastia inicial y agravadas por las sucesivas intervenciones quirúrgicas de rescate) - Severe deterioration of the anatomical structures necessary for proper functioning of the knee joint (already damaged by the pathological process that justified the initial arthroplasty and aggravated by the successive surgical rescue interventions)
- Necesidad de numerosos procedimientos quirúrgicos complejos tanto específicos de la cirugía protésica, como otros asociados para la reconstrucción de estructuras articulares y periarticulares (a veces cada uno de estos requiere varios tiempos quirúrgicos realizados de manera secuencial) - Need for numerous complex surgical procedures, both specific to prosthetic surgery, and other associated ones for the reconstruction of joint and periarticular structures (sometimes each of these requires several surgical times performed sequentially)
- Exigencia, en determinadas técnicas quirúrgicas de reemplazo primario o de rescate, de inmovilización externa temporal o definitiva del miembro intervenido (lo que condiciona una mayor dificultad para el manejo del paciente, la aparición de úlceras por presión, aumento del riesgo de tromboembolismo venoso,...) - Requirement, in certain surgical techniques of primary or rescue replacement, of temporary or permanent external immobilization of the intervened member (which determines a greater difficulty for the management of the patient, the appearance of pressure ulcers, increased risk of thromboembolism venous,...)
- Necesidad de complejos procedimientos de cirugía mayor cuando han fracasado otras alternativas (artrodesis con implantes endomedulares tras previa extracción quirúrgica de los implantes de revisión) - Need for complex major surgery procedures when other alternatives have failed (arthrodesis with endomedular implants after prior surgical removal of revision implants)
Esta complicada situación demanda soluciones que, de forma preferente, ayuden a reducir la exposición quirúrgica en un paciente de aíto riesgo que necesite una cirugía ortopédica mayor de reemplazo o rescate protésico de rodilla. DESCRIPCIÓN DE LA INVENCIÓN This complicated situation demands solutions that, preferably, help reduce surgical exposure in a high-risk patient who needs major orthopedic replacement surgery or prosthetic knee rescue. DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
En primer lugar se describen una serie de términos que se utilizan a lo largo de la descripción de la presente invención: First, a series of terms that are used throughout the description of the present invention are described:
Prótesis primaria: se trata de la primera prótesis que se instala en el paciente. Se trata normalmente de una prótesis que pretende conservar la mayor cantidad de tejidos articulares y periarticulares sanos posibles, apenas constriñe los movimientos de la rodilla del paciente, y suele durar entre 10 y 15 años, momento en que suele ser necesaria su sustitución por otra (generalmente más compleja) debido tanto al empeoramiento del estado de los tejidos del paciente como al deterioro de los propios materiales del implante. Primary prosthesis: this is the first prosthesis that is installed in the patient. It is usually a prosthesis that aims to conserve as many healthy articular and periarticular tissues as possible, hardly constrains the patient's knee movements, and usually lasts between 10 and 15 years, at which time it is usually necessary to replace it with another ( generally more complex) due to both the deterioration of the patient's tissue state and the deterioration of the implant materials themselves.
Prótesis secundaria, de rescate o de revisión: se trata de la segunda o sucesivas prótesis que se implantan en el paciente como consecuencia del deterioro de los tejidos y/o de los materiales protésicos implantados. Normalmente constriñe los movimientos de la rodilla del paciente más que la prótesis primaria, siendo los tipos más habituales el de "bisagra rotacional" y el de "bisagra pura" mencionados anteriormente. No obstante, estos modelos protésicos destinados generalmente a cirugías de rescate, pueden requerirse de manera primaria en presencia de artropatias severas de rodilla. Secondary, rescue or revision prostheses: these are the second or successive prostheses that are implanted in the patient as a result of the deterioration of the tissues and / or implanted prosthetic materials. Normally constrain the patient's knee movements more than the primary prosthesis, the most common types being "rotational hinge" and "pure hinge" mentioned above. However, these prosthetic models generally intended for rescue surgery may be required primarily in the presence of severe knee arthropathies.
Artrodesis: De manera general, una prótesis de rescate constriñe los movimientos de la rodilla del paciente más que la prótesis anterior. En ocasiones se puede llegar a una situación en que es necesario inmovilizar completamente la rodilla del paciente con la pierna completamente extendida, impidiendo así cualquier tipo de flexoextensión. A esta situación de rigidez articular se denomina artrodesis. Arthrodesis: In general, a rescue prosthesis constrains the patient's knee movements more than the previous prosthesis. Sometimes a situation can be reached in which it is necessary to completely immobilize the patient's knee with the leg fully extended, thus preventing any type of flexoextension. This situation of joint stiffness is called arthrodesis.
Ángulo de giro: Este documento se centra en la limitación adecuada del arco de movilidad o ángulo de flexoextensión de la rodilla, independientemente def posible ángulo de giro rotacional que pueda tener la prótesis en el propio eje axial de la pierna. El término "ángulo de giro" hace referencia a este ángulo de flexoextensión. Angle of rotation: This document focuses on the adequate limitation of the mobility arch or flexion extension angle of the knee, regardless of the possible rotational angle of rotation that the prosthesis may have on the axial axis of the leg. The term "angle of rotation" refers to this angle of flexion extension.
La presente invención describe una prótesis que permite una regulación del ángulo de giro permitido a la rodilla del paciente que va desde un bloqueo total en extensión, equivalente a una artrodesis, hasta virtualmente cualquier ángulo que se desee, requiriéndose únicamente una o dos pequeñas incisiones a los lados de la rodilla del paciente para poder modificar el ángulo de giro permitido a voluntad. Se evita así la necesidad de someter al paciente a agresivos procedimientos quirúrgicos de extracción de un implante para poder ser sustituido por otro (artroplastias de rescate, enclavados endomedulares u osteotaxos para artrodesis,... ) imprescindibles para proporcionar una función aceptable e indolora a la articulación dañada . Para ello el cirujano sólo tiene que ir ajusfando el ángulo de giro permitido en función del objetivo perseguido por la cirugía (como sería el caso de la artrodesis), o como ayuda en otros procedimientos quirúrgicos asociados que requieren por lo general, durante la evolución del proceso, de una movilidad progresiva pero controlada. The present invention describes a prosthesis that allows a regulation of the angle of rotation allowed to the patient's knee that ranges from a total extension block, equivalent to an arthrodesis, to virtually any desired angle, requiring only one or two small incisions to the sides of the patient's knee to be able to modify the angle of rotation allowed at will. This avoids the need to subject the patient to aggressive surgical procedures to remove an implant in order to be replaced by another (rescue arthroplasties, endomedular interlocks or osteotaxes for arthrodesis, ...) essential to provide an acceptable and painless function to the damaged joint. To do this, the surgeon only has to adjust the angle of rotation allowed depending on the objective pursued by the surgery (as would be the case of arthrodesis), or as an aid in other associated surgical procedures that usually require, during the evolution of the process of progressive but controlled mobility.
Además, se abre la posibilidad de prescindir de los inmovilizadores externos que actualmente se emplean durante los primeros días o semanas de convalecencia después de la instalación de una prótesis. En efecto, el cirujano puede dejar configurada inicialmente la prótesis como una artrodesis, e ir ampliando posteriormente el ángulo de giro permitido durante los días o semanas siguientes. De ese modo, se disminuye la duración del tiempo que el paciente debe pasar en cama, lo cual es de gran importancia en pacientes de edad muy avanzada (la mayoría en este tipo de operaciones). In addition, the possibility of dispensing with external immobilizers that are currently used during the first days or weeks of convalescence after the installation of a prosthesis is opened. In effect, the surgeon may initially set the prosthesis as an arthrodesis, and subsequently expand the angle of rotation allowed during the following days or weeks. In this way, the duration of time that the patient must spend in bed is reduced, which is of great importance in very elderly patients (most in this type of operations).
Una prótesis de rodilla regulable según la invención comprende fundamentalmente: An adjustable knee prosthesis according to the invention basically comprises:
- una pieza de rótula adaptada para su fijación al extremo inferior del fémur de un paciente, y - a ball joint piece adapted for fixing to the lower end of the femur of a patient, and
- una pieza de base adaptada para su fijación al extremo superior de la tibia de un paciente, y que es acoplable de manera giratoria a la pieza de rótula por medio de un eje transversal, donde el ángulo de giro máximo permitido entre la pieza de rótula y la pieza de base es regulable. - a base piece adapted for fixing to the upper end of the tibia of a patient, and which is rotatably attachable to the ball joint by means of a transverse axis, where the maximum angle of rotation allowed between the ball joint piece and the base piece is adjustable.
Preferentemente, esta regulación establece unos ángulos límites configurares inferior y superior entre los cuales la rodilla puede moverse libremente. Normalmente, el ángulo límite inferior es de 0o, es decir, una posición equivalente a una artrodesis en la cual la pierna está totalmente extendida, pudiendo configurarse a voluntad el ángulo límite superior. Preferably, this regulation establishes lower and upper configurable limit angles between which the knee can move freely. Normally, the lower limit angle is 0 or , that is, a position equivalent to an arthrodesis in which the leg is fully extended, the upper limit angle can be configured at will.
En principio, existen diferentes mecanismos capaces de regular de este modo el ángulo de giro permitido de la articulación protésica. En esta invención se ha tratado de que el mecanismo de regulación sea accesible del modo más sencillo y rápido posible cuando la prótesis está instalada en la rodilla de un paciente, como por ejemplo a través de una o dos incisiones menores en la cara lateral o lateral y medial de la rodilla del paciente. Esto se consigue preferentemente mediante una modificación del eje transversal empleado en la técnica anterior y añadiendo además un novedoso casquillo regulador. A continuación, se describen estas piezas con mayor detalle: In principle, there are different mechanisms capable of regulating the permitted angle of rotation of the prosthetic joint. In this invention it has been tried that the regulation mechanism is accessible in the simplest and fastest way possible when the prosthesis is installed in the knee of a patient, such as through one or two minor incisions in the lateral or lateral face and medial of the patient's knee. This is preferably achieved by a modification of the transverse axis used in the prior art and also adding a novel regulating bushing. These pieces are described in more detail below:
- Eje transversal - Transverse axis
El eje transversal es acoplable de manera no rotativa a la pieza de base, por ejemplo utilizando medios conocidos en la técnica, y al menos un extremo de dicho eje trasversal comprende unos primeros medios de limitación de giro de la pieza de rótula. The transverse axis is non-rotatably coupled to the base piece, for example using means known in the art, and at least one end of said transverse axis comprises first means of limiting rotation of the ball piece.
- Casquillo regulador - Regulating bushing
Se trata de un casquillo acoplable de manera no giratoria a unos canales laterales de la pieza de rótula, y que tiene un orificio interior dotado de unos segundos medios de limitación de giro de la pieza de rótula complementarios con dichos primeros medios de limitación de giro, de tal modo que los primeros y segundos medios de limitación de giro cooperan para limitar el ángulo de giro permitido a dicha pieza de rótula con relación a la pieza de base. It is a bushing that can be rotatably coupled to lateral channels of the ball joint, and which has an inner hole provided with a second means of limiting the rotation of the ball joint complementary to said first rotation limiting means, such that the first and second means of limiting Turn cooperate to limit the angle of rotation allowed to said ball joint in relation to the base piece.
Normalmente, se utilizarán dos casquilios, uno correspondiente a cada canal lateral de la pieza de rótula (uno a cada lado de la rodilla), para que las tensiones generadas por la limitación de movimientos estén equilibradas, aunque se podría concebir una prótesis donde sólo se utilizase un único caequillo. Normally, two shells will be used, one corresponding to each lateral channel of the kneecap piece (one on each side of the knee), so that the tensions generated by the limitation of movements are balanced, although a prosthesis could be conceived where only use a single tip.
Por otro lado, el acoplamiento no giratorio entre el casquillo regulador y el canal lateral de la pieza de rótula, preferentemente permite el acoplamiento del casquillo regulador según diferentes posiciones de giro, permitiendo así una mayor flexibilidad en la configuración de los ángulos mínimo y máximo de giro permitido. Más preferentemente, comprende un dentado longitudinal exterior del casquillo regulador (dientes salientes o "machos") y un dentado longitudinal interior complementario (dientes entrantes o "hembras") del canal lateral de la pieza de rótula. On the other hand, the non-rotating coupling between the regulating bushing and the lateral channel of the ball joint, preferably allows the coupling of the regulating bushing according to different turning positions, thus allowing greater flexibility in the configuration of the minimum and maximum angles of spin allowed. More preferably, it comprises an external longitudinal teeth of the regulating sleeve (protruding or "male" teeth) and a complementary internal longitudinal teeth (incoming or "female" teeth) of the lateral channel of the ball joint.
Preferentemente, los primeros medios de limitación de giro son unos salientes radiales que sobresalen exteriormente de al menos un extremo del eje trasversal, y los segundos medios de limitación de giro son unos salientes radiales que sobresalen interiormente del orificio interior del casquillo regulador. De ese modo, para variar el ángulo de giro máximo permitido de la prótesis el cirujano sólo tendría que abrir la zona lateral de la rodilla del paciente, y sustituir el, o los, casquilios reguladores por otros con diferente tamaño o posición de los salientes radiales. Preferably, the first turning limitation means are radial projections projecting outwardly from at least one end of the transverse axis, and the second turning limiting means are radial projections protruding internally from the inner hole of the regulating bushing. Thus, in order to vary the maximum permitted angle of rotation of the prosthesis, the surgeon would only have to open the patient's lateral knee area, and replace the or the regulating shells with others with a different size or position of the radial projections. .
Más preferentemente, los segundos salientes tienen forma de sectores radiales, de modo que la posición de los casquilios reguladores y la amplitud angular de dichos segundos salientes determinan el límite inferior y el límite superior del ángulo de giro máximo permitido. Esta configuración, que se muestra con mayor detalle en las Figs. 5 y 6 adjuntas, requiere la sustitución de un casquillo regulador por otro diferente para conseguir variar el ángulo de giro permitido. En otra realización preferida de la invención, el casquillo regulador tiene unos salientes radiales longitudinales interiores que comprenden al menos una parte desmontable y una parte fija, siendo la parte desmontable conectable en diferentes posiciones radiales del orificio interior del casquillo regulador para modificar el ángulo de giro permitido. Esta configuración, que se muestra con mayor detalle en la Fig. 7 adjunta, permite utilizar un único casquillo regulador, variando el ángulo de giro permitido por medio del cambio de posición de los segundos medios de limitación de giro. BREVE DESCRIPCIÓN DE LAS FIGURAS More preferably, the second projections are in the form of radial sectors, so that the position of the regulating shells and the angular amplitude of said second projections determine the lower limit and the upper limit of the maximum permitted angle of rotation. This configuration, shown in greater detail in Figs. 5 and 6 attached, requires the replacement of a regulating bushing with a different one in order to vary the permitted angle of rotation. In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the regulating bushing has internal longitudinal radial projections comprising at least one removable part and a fixed part, the removable part being connectable in different radial positions of the internal orifice of the regulating bushing to modify the angle of rotation. permitted. This configuration, which is shown in greater detail in the attached Fig. 7, allows a single regulating bushing to be used, varying the angle of rotation permitted by changing the position of the second turning limitation means. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
La Fig. 1 muestra una vista de despiece de una prótesis de rodilla según la técnica anterior. Fig. 1 shows an exploded view of a knee prosthesis according to the prior art.
Las Figs. 2 y 3 muestran sendas vistas de perfil de la prótesis de rodilla de la técnica anterior de la Fig. 1. Figs. 2 and 3 show two profile views of the knee prosthesis of the prior art of Fig. 1.
La Fig. 4 muestra una vista de despiece de un primer ejemplo de prótesis de rodilla de acuerdo con la presente invención. Fig. 4 shows an exploded view of a first example of knee prosthesis in accordance with the present invention.
Las Figs. 5a y 5b muestran respectivamente una vista de perfil de la prótesis y un detalle de la zona de limitación de giro de la prótesis de la Fig. 4 según la invención con la pierna estirada. Figs. 5a and 5b respectively show a profile view of the prosthesis and a detail of the rotation limitation zone of the prosthesis of Fig. 4 according to the invention with the leg stretched.
Las Figs. 6a y 6b muestran respectivamente una vista de perfil de la prótesis y un detalle de la zona de limitación de giro de la prótesis de la Fig. 4 según la invención con la pierna girada 30°. Figs. 6a and 6b respectively show a profile view of the prosthesis and a detail of the rotation limitation zone of the prosthesis of Fig. 4 according to the invention with the leg rotated 30 °.
La Fig. 7 muestra un detalle de una segunda realización de casquillo regulador (5) de acuerdo con la invención donde los salientes radiales longitudinales internos están formados por una parte fija y una parte desmontable.. Fig. 7 shows a detail of a second embodiment of regulating bushing (5) according to the invention where the internal longitudinal radial projections are formed by a fixed part and a removable part ..
REALIZACIÓN PREFERIDA DE LA INVENCIÓN PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION
La Fig. 1 muestra una vista en perspectiva de un ejemplo de prótesis (100) de rodilla de acuerdo con la técnica anterior que comprende una pieza de rótula (102) acoplada de manera giratoria a una pieza de base (105) a través de un eje transversal (104). La pieza de rótula (102) tiene un vástago (110) superior adaptado para fijarse al extremo inferior del fémur de un paciente. Además, se aprecia cómo la pieza de base (105) tiene un canal central (111 ) diseñado para permitir el paso del eje transversal (104), que también pasa a través de unos caequillos (112) de material plástico para minimizar los rozamientos del conjunto. Este eje pasa también a través de unos canales laterales (103) de la pieza de rótula (102), conectando así dicha pieza de rótula (102) a la pieza de base (105) de manera giratoria. Fig. 1 shows a perspective view of an example of knee prosthesis (100) according to the prior art comprising a ball joint. (102) rotatably coupled to a base piece (105) through a transverse axis (104). The ball joint (102) has an upper rod (110) adapted to be attached to the lower end of a patient's femur. In addition, it can be seen how the base piece (105) has a central channel (111) designed to allow the passage of the transverse axis (104), which also passes through some plastic bushings (112) to minimize the friction of the set. This axis also passes through lateral channels (103) of the ball joint (102), thus connecting said ball joint (102) to the base piece (105) in a rotating manner.
La pieza de base (105), a su vez, está acoplada a una pieza de soporte The base piece (105), in turn, is coupled to a support piece
(113) , la cual a su vez está fijada, normalmente mediante rosca, a un vástago(113), which in turn is fixed, usually by thread, to a rod
(114) , que está destinado a fijarse al extremo superior de la tibia de un paciente. Una pieza de apoyo (115) dotada de una superficie curva se acopla a la pieza de base (105), introduciendo un saliente (1 16) a través de un orificio trasversal (117) del canal central (1 11 ) y a través de un orificio transversal ( 18) del eje (104), impidiendo así la rotación de dicho eje (104) cuando éste está montado. Además, la superficie curva de la pieza de apoyo (1 15) sirve de apoyo para la zona frontal de la pieza de rótula (102) para permitir que la prótesis (100) tenga algo de juego lateral. Esta prótesis (100), por tanto, pertenece al tipo de "bisagra rotacional". (114), which is intended to be attached to the upper end of a patient's tibia. A support piece (115) provided with a curved surface is coupled to the base piece (105), introducing a projection (1 16) through a transverse hole (117) of the central channel (11) and through a transverse hole (18) of the shaft (104), thus preventing rotation of said shaft (104) when it is mounted. In addition, the curved surface of the support piece (1 15) serves as support for the front area of the ball joint (102) to allow the prosthesis (100) to have some lateral play. This prosthesis (100), therefore, belongs to the type of "rotational hinge".
El funcionamiento de esta prótesis (100) conocida es mecánicamente sencillo, como se aprecia en las Figs. 2 y 3. Una vez montada la prótesis (100) e instalada para sustituir la rodilla de un paciente, la pieza de rótula (102) puede rotar alrededor del eje (104), a pesar de estar dicho eje (104) inmovilizado, debido a que los canales laterales (103) deslizan alrededor del eje (104) (y/o de los caequillos (1 12) plásticos que rodean los extremos del eje (104) para minimizar la fricción). Esta prótesis (100), por tante, en principio no plantea limitación al giro de la rodilla del paciente. The operation of this known prosthesis (100) is mechanically simple, as seen in Figs. 2 and 3. Once the prosthesis (100) is mounted and installed to replace the knee of a patient, the kneecap piece (102) can rotate around the axis (104), despite said axis (104) being immobilized, due to to that the lateral channels (103) slide around the shaft (104) (and / or the plastic bushings (1 12) surrounding the ends of the shaft (104) to minimize friction). This prosthesis (100), therefore, in principle does not pose limitation to the patient's knee rotation.
Es necesario remarcar que éste es sólo un ejemplo de prótesis, aunque como se ha comentado existe una gran variedad de modelos relativamente diferentes según el fabricante. Sin embargo, ya sean de tipo "bisagra pura" o "bisagra rotacional", todas ellas tienen en común la imposibilidad de modificar el ángulo de giro permitido. Es decir, una vez instalada una prótesis, ya sea sin limitación de ángulo de giro como la mostrada o con limitación de ángulo de giro, en caso de que fuese necesario modificar dicho ángulo habría que operar para extraer la prótesis en cuestión e instalar una nueva. It is necessary to emphasize that this is only an example of prostheses, although as mentioned there is a great variety of relatively different models according to the manufacturer. However, whether they are of the "pure hinge" or "rotational hinge" type, they all have in common the impossibility of modifying the angle of rotation allowed. That is, once a prosthesis is installed, either without limitation of rotation angle as shown or with limitation of rotation angle, in case it was necessary to modify this angle it would be necessary to operate to remove the prosthesis in question and install a new one.
La Fig. 4 muestra una vista en perspectiva de una prótesis (1 ) según la invención, donde números de referencia similares a los de la Fig. 1 denotan partes similares. Se aprecia cómo la prótesis (1 ) de la invención tiene fundamentalmente las mismas partes que la perteneciente a la técnica anterior de la Fig. 1 , aunque únicamente se han numerado aquellas que son relevantes para el funcionamiento de la prótesis (1 ) de la invención, como la pieza de rótula (2) para el acoplamiento al fémur de un paciente que está dotada de unos canales laterales (3) para permitir el paso del eje (4) transversal y una pieza de base (5) para el acoplamiento a la tibia del paciente. Fig. 4 shows a perspective view of a prosthesis (1) according to the invention, where reference numbers similar to those of Fig. 1 denote similar parts. It is appreciated how the prosthesis (1) of the invention has essentially the same parts as that belonging to the prior art of Fig. 1, although only those that are relevant for the operation of the prosthesis (1) of the invention have been numbered , such as the ball joint (2) for coupling to the femur of a patient that is provided with lateral channels (3) to allow the passage of the transverse shaft (4) and a base piece (5) for coupling to the tibia of the patient.
Nótese que, aunque por simplicidad se ha denominado "pieza de base" (5) sólo a la pieza superior de un grupo de piezas más amplio (equivalentes a las 105, 113, 1 14, 115 en la Fig. 1 ), dicho término pretende hacer referencia a la pieza o piezas que conectan la tibia del paciente y el eje transversal de giro, independientemente del modo en que se lleve a cabo dicha conexión, o del número de piezas intermedias que se utilicen. Note that, although for simplicity it has been called "base piece" (5) only the upper part of a larger group of pieces (equivalent to 105, 113, 1 14, 115 in Fig. 1), said term It is intended to refer to the part or pieces that connect the patient's tibia and the transverse axis of rotation, regardless of the way in which said connection is made, or the number of intermediate pieces used.
La prótesis (1 ) de la invención comprende, además de las piezas anteriores, al menos un casquillo regulador (6) diseñado para acoplarse de manera no giratoria a los canales laterales (3) de la pieza de rótula (2). Este casquillo regulador (6) puede considerarse como una pieza nueva, o bien como una modificación de los caequillos (112) de material plástico mostrados en la Fig. 1. El acoplamiento no giratorio entre los canales laterales (3) y el casquillo regulador (6) se puede llevar a cabo de diferentes modos, como por ejemplo por medio de una chaveta o similar, aunque en este ejemplo el casquillo regulador (6) tiene un dentado longitudinal exterior (7) complementario con un dentado longitudinal interior (8) de los canales laterales (3). Así, el casquillo (6) se puede insertar desplazándolo según una dirección lateral o transversal de la prótesis (1 ), de modo que cuando está insertado dentro de dicho canal lateral (3) es solidario con la pieza de rótula (2). The prosthesis (1) of the invention comprises, in addition to the above parts, at least one regulating bushing (6) designed to be non-rotatably coupled to the side channels (3) of the ball joint (2). This regulating bushing (6) can be considered as a new part, or as a modification of the plastic bushings (112) shown in Fig. 1. The non-rotating coupling between the side channels (3) and the regulating bushing ( 6) it can be carried out in different ways, such as by means of a key or the like, although in this example the regulating bushing (6) has an external longitudinal teeth (7) complementary to an internal longitudinal teeth (8) of the side channels (3). Thus, the bushing (6) can be inserted by moving it according to a lateral or transverse direction of the prosthesis (1), so that when inserted into said lateral channel (3) it is integral with the ball joint (2).
El casquillo (6) regulador tiene también un orificio longitudinal central dotado de unos segundos medios (9) de limitación de giro, que en este ejemplo son unos salientes radiales longitudinales internos con forma de sector de circunferencia que sobresalen hacia dentro de dicho orificio. Por otro lado, el eje (4) transversal tiene, al menos en sus extremos, unos primeros medios (10) de limitación de giro, que en este ejemplo son concretamente cuatro salientes longitudinales externos que abarcan al menos una longitud aproximadamente igual a la de los canales laterales (3) de la pieza de rótula (2). The regulating bushing (6) also has a central longitudinal hole provided with a second means (9) for limiting rotation, which in this example are internal longitudinal radial projections in the shape of a circumferential sector that protrude into said hole. On the other hand, the transverse axis (4) has, at least at its ends, first turning limit means (10), which in this example are specifically four external longitudinal projections covering at least a length approximately equal to that of the side channels (3) of the ball joint (2).
De este modo, cuando la prótesis (1 ) está montada los salientes (9) radiales longitudinales internos del casquillo (6) cooperan con los salientes (10) radiales longitudinales internos de los extremos del eje (4) para limitar el giro del casquillo (6), y por tanto de la pieza de rótula (2), a un ángulo que está determinado por la forma de dichos salientes (9, 10). Así, para modificar el ángulo de giro permitido al paciente bastaría con cambiar un casquillo regulador (6) donde los salientes radiales (9) longitudinales internos cubren un determinado ángulo por otro casquillo regulador (6) diferente donde cubran un ángulo diferente. De hecho, utilizando un casquillo regulador (6) adecuado se podría conseguir la artrodesis total de la rodilla del paciente. Thus, when the prosthesis (1) is mounted the internal longitudinal radial projections (9) of the bushing (6) cooperate with the internal longitudinal radial projections (10) of the shaft ends (4) to limit the rotation of the bushing ( 6), and therefore of the ball joint (2), at an angle that is determined by the shape of said projections (9, 10). Thus, to modify the angle of rotation allowed to the patient it would be enough to change a regulating bushing (6) where the internal longitudinal radial projections (9) cover a certain angle by another different regulating bushing (6) where they cover a different angle. In fact, using a suitable regulating sleeve (6) the total knee arthrodesis of the patient could be achieved.
La naturaleza de la interacción entre los salientes radiales (9) longitudinales internos del casquillo regulador (6) y los salientes radiales (10) longitudinales externos del eje (4) se aprecia mejor haciendo referencia a las Figs. 5a, 5b, 6a y 6b. The nature of the interaction between the internal longitudinal radial projections (9) of the regulating bushing (6) and the external longitudinal radial projections (10) of the shaft (4) is best appreciated by referring to Figs. 5a, 5b, 6a and 6b.
La Fig. 5a muestra una posición en que el paciente tiene la pierna completamente extendida, siendo por tanto paralelos el vástago inferior de conexión a la tibia y el vástago superior de conexión al fémur. En esta posición, como se aprecia en el detalle de la Fig. 5b, un lado de cada uno de los cuatro salientes radiales (9) longitudinales internos del casquillo regulador (6) está apoyado sobre una superficie correspondiente de cada uno de los cuatro salientes radiales (10) longitudinales extemos del eje (4), estando así limitado el ángulo de giro de dicho casquillo (6), que a su vez es solidario con la pieza de rótula (2), según ese sentido de giro. El otro lado de dichos salientes radiales (9) longitudinales internos, sin embargo, presenta un espacio o juego que permite un determinado ángulo de giro en el sentido opuesto, en este ejemplo de unos 30°. La Fig. 6a muestra la prótesis (1) después de haber girado todo el ángulo permitido por este casquillo regulador (6) particular, en este ejemplo 30°. Esto se aprecia mejor en el detalle de la Fig. 6b, donde un diente (7) negro sirve de referencia para comprobar el giro del casquillo (6). Se puede apreciar claramente cómo los salientes radiales (9) interiores del casquillo (6) han girado hasta chocar contra el otro lado de los salientes radiales (10) exteriores del eje (4), que impiden que dicho casquillo (6) gire más de 30°. Fig. 5a shows a position in which the patient has the leg fully extended, the lower connecting rod to the tibia and the upper connecting rod to the femur being parallel. In this position, as can be seen in the detail of Fig. 5b, one side of each of the four internal longitudinal radial projections (9) of the regulating bushing (6) is supported on a corresponding surface of each of the four projections radial (10) external longitudinal axis (4), thus being limited the angle of rotation of said bushing (6), which in turn is integral with the ball joint (2), according to that direction of rotation. The other side of said internal longitudinal radial projections (9), however, has a space or play that allows a certain angle of rotation in the opposite direction, in this example of about 30 °. Fig. 6a shows the prosthesis (1) after turning the entire angle allowed by this particular regulating bushing (6), in this example 30 °. This is best seen in the detail of Fig. 6b, where a black tooth (7) serves as a reference to check the rotation of the bushing (6). It can be clearly seen how the inner radial projections (9) of the bushing (6) have rotated until they hit the other side of the outer radial projections (10) of the shaft (4), which prevent said bushing (6) from rotating more than 30 °.
Este ejemplo concreto de prótesis (1 ) tiene cuatro salientes radiales (10) longitudinales externos y cuatro salientes radiales (9) longitudinales internos con el objeto de repartir las tensiones lo máximo posible. Sin embargo, es obvio que ello limita el ángulo máximo de giro de la prótesis, que en este caso será necesariamente de algo menos de 90°. Se entiende, sin embargo, que serian posibles otros diseños donde el número de salientes radiales (9, 10) fuese menor, por ejemplo tres o incluso dos, consiguiéndose así un mayor rango de ángulos de giro. This concrete example of prostheses (1) has four radial longitudinal protrusions (10) and four radial longitudinal protrusions (9) in order to distribute the tensions as much as possible. However, it is obvious that this limits the maximum angle of rotation of the prosthesis, which in this case will necessarily be somewhat less than 90 °. It is understood, however, that other designs would be possible where the number of radial projections (9, 10) was smaller, for example three or even two, thus achieving a greater range of angles of rotation.
Por otro lado, este ejemplo muestra también unos salientes radiales (10) longitudinales externos que sólo abarcan una parte de la longitud de los extremos del eje (4), en concreto aquella que quedará alojada dentro de los canales laterales (3) de la pieza de rótula (2). Sin embargo, se entiende también que sería posible que estos salientes radiales (10) longitudinales exteriores fuesen continuos a lo largo de todo el eje (4). On the other hand, this example also shows external longitudinal radial projections (10) that only cover a part of the length of the shaft ends (4), specifically that which will be housed within the side channels (3) of the part ball joint (2). However, it is also understood that it would be possible for these radial longitudinal projections (10) to be continuous along the entire axis (4).
Además, aunque en este ejemplo se muestran dos casquillos (6) reguladores, se entiende que mecánicamente sería posible conseguir el mismo efecto con un único casquillo regulador (6), en cuyo caso bastaría una única incisión para modificar el ángulo de giro permitido. In addition, although two regulating bushes (6) are shown in this example, it is understood that mechanically it would be possible to achieve the same effect with a single regulating bushing (6), in which case a single incision would suffice to modify the permitted angle of rotation.
De ese modo, el cirujano puede instalar la prótesis (1 ) de la invención inicialmente con un casquillo regulador (6) que no permita ningún ángulo de giro al paciente, a todos los efectos como una artrodesis, quedando inmovilizada la rodilla durante el tiempo de convalecencia adecuado en cada caso. Es fácil ver que un casquillo regulador (6) adecuado para ello sería aquel en que ta amplitud angular de los salientes radiales (9) interiores fuese mayor que en el ejemplo de las figuras, quedando entre unos salientes (9) interiores y otros un espacio equivalente a la anchura de los salientes radiales (10) longitudinales externos del eje (4). Posteriormente, una vez el cirujano considere que e! paciente puede comenzar a realizar movimientos, basta con realizar dos pequeñas incisiones en los lados de la rodilla para acceder a los casquillos reguladores (6), que sustituye por otros que permitan un ángulo de giro mayor, por ejemplo de 10°. Este procedimiento puede continuar indefinidamente para establecer en cada momento el grado de movilidad más adecuado al estado del paciente, pudiendo volver a restringirse el giro o incluso volver a la artrodesis si fuese necesario. In this way, the surgeon can install the prosthesis (1) of the invention initially with a regulating sleeve (6) that does not allow any angle of rotation to the patient, for all purposes as an arthrodesis, the knee being immobilized during the time of adequate convalescence in each case. It is easy to see that a suitable regulating bushing (6) would be one in which the angular amplitude of the inner radial projections (9) was greater than in the example of the figures, being between interior projections (9) and others a space equivalent to the width of the radial longitudinal projections (10) of the external axis (4). Subsequently, once the surgeon considers that e! patient can begin to perform movements, it is enough to make two small incisions on the sides of the knee to access the regulating caps (6), which replaces others that allow a greater angle of rotation, for example 10 °. This procedure can continue indefinitely to establish at all times the degree of mobility most appropriate to the patient's condition, and the rotation can be restrained or even return to arthrodesis if necessary.
Por último, la Fig. 7 muestra una segunda realización de caequillo regulable (5') que comprende unos salientes radiales longitudinales interiores que tienen una parte fija (9a') y una parte desmontable (9b'). La fijación de la parte desmontable (9b') se consigue por medio de una serie de ranuras (9c') esencialmente radiales dispuestas en el orificio longitudinal del casquillo (6'), cada una de las cuales corresponde a un ángulo de giro concreto. La parte desmontable (9b') de los salientes radiales longitudinales internos tiene esencialmente forma de paralelepípedo del que sobresale una lámina que se inserta en dichas ranuras (9c') en la posición deseada. Así, ya no sería necesario tener varios casquillos reguladores diferentes, uno por ángulo deseado, sino que bastaría con un único modelo de casquillo regulador (6'). Para cambiar el ángulo, el cirujano, una vez realizada la incisión y extraído el casquillo regulador (6'), sólo tendría que cambiar de sitio la parte desmontable (9b') de los salientes radiales longitudinales y volver a insertar el casquillo (6') en su posición. Nótese que, al igual que se describió anteriormente, no es necesario que se utilicen exactamente cuatro salientes radiales longitudinales internos, sino que se pueden utilizar tres o dos. Finally, Fig. 7 shows a second embodiment of adjustable bushing (5 ') comprising inner longitudinal radial projections having a fixed part (9a') and a removable part (9b '). The fixing of the removable part (9b ') is achieved by means of a series of essentially radial grooves (9c') arranged in the longitudinal hole of the bushing (6 '), each of which corresponds to a specific turning angle. The removable part (9b ') of the internal longitudinal radial projections is essentially in the form of a parallelepiped from which a sheet that is inserted into said grooves (9c') protrudes in the desired position. Thus, it would no longer be necessary to have several different regulating bushings, one per desired angle, but a single model of regulating bushing (6 ') would suffice. To change the angle, the surgeon, once the incision has been made and the regulating bushing (6 ') removed, would only have to change the removable part (9b') of the longitudinal radial projections and reinsert the bushing (6 ' ) in position. Note that, as described above, it is not necessary that exactly four internal longitudinal radial projections be used, but three or two may be used.
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| ES201230481A ES2429390B1 (en) | 2012-03-29 | 2012-03-29 | KNEE PROSTHESIS WITH ADJUSTABLE MOBILITY |
| ESP201230481 | 2012-03-29 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2013144392A1 true WO2013144392A1 (en) | 2013-10-03 |
Family
ID=49258282
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/ES2013/000080 Ceased WO2013144392A1 (en) | 2012-03-29 | 2013-03-21 | Knee prosthesis with adjustable mobility |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| ES (1) | ES2429390B1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2013144392A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP3216425A1 (en) * | 2016-03-09 | 2017-09-13 | WALDEMAR LINK GmbH & Co. KG | Jointed structure |
Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1328497A (en) * | 1969-09-16 | 1973-08-30 | Nat Res Dev | Artificial knee joint |
| ES2120367A1 (en) * | 1996-06-13 | 1998-10-16 | Levante Ind Quirurgicas | Knee substitution prosthesis |
| EP1721585A2 (en) * | 2005-05-09 | 2006-11-15 | Aesculap AG & Co. KG | Hinged knee prosthesis |
| ES2271368T3 (en) * | 2001-12-21 | 2007-04-16 | SMITH & NEPHEW, INC. | ARTICULATED ARTICULATION SYSTEM. |
| ES2299114T3 (en) * | 2005-05-09 | 2008-05-16 | AESCULAP AG & CO. KG | KNEE ENDOPROTESIS WITH A FLEXION HINGE. |
| WO2011017421A2 (en) * | 2009-08-05 | 2011-02-10 | Biomet Manufacturing Corp. | Knee joint prosthesis system and method for implantation |
-
2012
- 2012-03-29 ES ES201230481A patent/ES2429390B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2013
- 2013-03-21 WO PCT/ES2013/000080 patent/WO2013144392A1/en not_active Ceased
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1328497A (en) * | 1969-09-16 | 1973-08-30 | Nat Res Dev | Artificial knee joint |
| ES2120367A1 (en) * | 1996-06-13 | 1998-10-16 | Levante Ind Quirurgicas | Knee substitution prosthesis |
| ES2271368T3 (en) * | 2001-12-21 | 2007-04-16 | SMITH & NEPHEW, INC. | ARTICULATED ARTICULATION SYSTEM. |
| EP1721585A2 (en) * | 2005-05-09 | 2006-11-15 | Aesculap AG & Co. KG | Hinged knee prosthesis |
| ES2299114T3 (en) * | 2005-05-09 | 2008-05-16 | AESCULAP AG & CO. KG | KNEE ENDOPROTESIS WITH A FLEXION HINGE. |
| WO2011017421A2 (en) * | 2009-08-05 | 2011-02-10 | Biomet Manufacturing Corp. | Knee joint prosthesis system and method for implantation |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP3216425A1 (en) * | 2016-03-09 | 2017-09-13 | WALDEMAR LINK GmbH & Co. KG | Jointed structure |
| WO2017153322A1 (en) * | 2016-03-09 | 2017-09-14 | Waldemar Link Gmbh & Co. Kg | Joint configuration |
| RU2721591C2 (en) * | 2016-03-09 | 2020-05-20 | Вальдемар Линк Гмбх Унд Ко. Кг | Connecting structure |
| AU2017229259B2 (en) * | 2016-03-09 | 2021-04-01 | Waldemar Link Gmbh & Co. Kg | Joint configuration |
| US10973643B2 (en) | 2016-03-09 | 2021-04-13 | Waldemar Link Gmbh & Co. Kg | Joint configuration |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ES2429390A2 (en) | 2013-11-14 |
| ES2429390R1 (en) | 2014-02-17 |
| ES2429390B1 (en) | 2014-11-25 |
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