Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
  • C10B53/00—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
  • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
  • F23G1/00—Furnaces for cremation of human or animal carcasses
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
  • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
  • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
  • F23G5/02—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
  • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
  • F23J15/00—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes
  • F23J15/02—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes of purifiers, e.g. for removing noxious material
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F26—DRYING
  • F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
  • F26B5/00—Drying solid materials or objects by processes not involving the application of heat
  • F26B5/04—Drying solid materials or objects by processes not involving the application of heat by evaporation or sublimation of moisture under reduced pressure, e.g. in a vacuum
  • F26B5/06—Drying solid materials or objects by processes not involving the application of heat by evaporation or sublimation of moisture under reduced pressure, e.g. in a vacuum the process involving freezing
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
  • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
  • F23G2201/00—Pretreatment
  • F23G2201/30—Pyrolysing
  • F23G2201/301—Treating pyrogases
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
  • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
  • F23G2201/00—Pretreatment
  • F23G2201/30—Pyrolysing
  • F23G2201/303—Burning pyrogases
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
  • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
  • F23G2201/00—Pretreatment
  • F23G2201/80—Shredding
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
  • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
  • F23G2201/00—Pretreatment
  • F23G2201/90—Cooling
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
  • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
  • F23G2206/00—Waste heat recuperation
  • F23G2206/10—Waste heat recuperation reintroducing the heat in the same process, e.g. for predrying
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
  • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
  • F23G2209/00—Specific waste
  • F23G2209/20—Medical materials
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
  • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
  • F23G2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for incinerators
  • F23G2900/70—Incinerating particular products or waste
  • F23G2900/7009—Incinerating human or animal corpses or remains
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
  • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
  • F23J2215/00—Preventing emissions
  • F23J2215/60—Heavy metals; Compounds thereof
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
  • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
  • F23J2219/00—Treatment devices
  • F23J2219/70—Condensing contaminants with coolers

Definitions

• a method and apparatus for treating human remains
• the invention relates to a method and apparatus for treating human remains.
• the invention relates to a method and apparatus for treating the human remains for burial or other means of disposal.
• the problems associated with burial include ecological problems, namely that the toxins in the body eventually make their way into the ground and water table. These toxins include formalin, which is toxic and has recently been recognised as a carcinogen, mercury (which is present in dental fillings), and numerous other carcinogens.
• the body may also contain microbiological pathogens, including bacteria such as E.coli and S.aureus, viral pathogens and prions.
• a further problem associated with burial is that the conditions prevent mouldering of the body, with the result that the body rots under the influence of sulphur-producing bacteria, taking 80 years or more to fully decompose.
• Cremation is perceived as a cleaner, and more ecologically friendly, commitment process, and involves burning the remains at a high temperature of approximately 900°C for a period of one to a few hours, depending on the size of the body. Any remaining skeletal bones may be crushed to provide the final ash, which is placed in an urn for final disposition. This is an energy intensive process, producing flue gases which are released into the atmosphere. These flue gases are known to include many toxins, including mercury.
• US Patent 4067091 (Backman - 1976) - describes a process of treating human remains which involves cryogenically cooling the remains in liquid nitrogen, size reducing the remains using mechanical means, freeze-drying the particulate matter to remove about 95% of water, and depositing the freeze-dried material in a storage container.
• EP1234151 (Promessa AB - 2000) - describes a process for treating organic matter, including vegetable and animal waste, which employs cryogenically cooling and freeze-drying steps, and an additional intermediate step in which the chilled matter is subjected to a splitting process in which the chilled matter is perforated with high pressure water, steam or oil, or a high energy laser.
• freeze-drying is recognised as being an energy intensive process, which is inefficient in terms of the process time and the amount of energy required to adequately remove water from the body.
• freeze-drying fails to kill all microbial pathogens, including virus and prions, which results in these microorganisms remaining in the dried tissue and generally being put back into the environment. Attempts have been made to address this issue by chemical (peroxide) treatment of the freeze-dried particulate matter, however while this has partially addressed the microbial contamination issue, it results in more toxic chemicals being employed in the process. Additionally, the methods of the prior art have failed to address the issue of formalin and mercury contamination.
• the invention provides a process for treating human remains comprising the steps of subjecting the remains to pyrolysis in a pyrolysis chamber under conditions that convert the remains to biochar remains.
• the. process results in remains (biochar) that is free from mercury and other heavy metals, the toxic metals having been removed from the remains as a vapour to be subsequently condensed and stored away from the environment. Furthermore, the process of pyrolysis results in all microbial pathogens being destroyed.
• the process comprises a further step of oxidation of the biochar subsequent to the pyrolysis step.
• This further step results in any volatile hydrocarbons in the biochar being oxidised, and also the removal of tar from the biochar by oxidation which facilitates subsequent handling of the biochar.
• the remains are dried prior to pyrolysis.
• Methods of drying the remains are described below, and include evaporative drying and freeze-drying. Other methods will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
• aqueous fractions mainly water but also toxic aqueous fractions, for example formalin, are removed from the remains to reduce the water content of the remains.
• the remains are dried until the water content of the remains is 1-20%, preferably 5-10%, more preferably 7-9%, and ideally about 8% (w/w).
• the remains are fragmented prior to pyrolysis.
• the fragmentation step may take place after drying, or preferably prior to drying. Methods of fragmenting the remains are described below, and other methods will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
• the remains are chilled prior to fragmentation by subjecting the remains, ideally the intact remains, to a cryogenic environment to reduce the temperature of the remains to a core temperature of -20°C or below.
• the process involves the steps of subjecting the remains to a cryogenic environment to reduce the temperature of the remains to a core temperature of -20°C or below, subjecting the frozen remains to a fragmentation step to provide a frozen fragmented material, and drying of the frozen fragmented material ideally by evaporative drying, typically to a water content of 5-10% (w/w).
• the method of this preferred embodiment of the invention has a number of advantages.
• the method of the invention employs an initial evaporation step which removes a substantial amount of water from the corpse, followed by a pyrolysis step which converts the organic matter to biochar and, combustible gas byproducts.
• the process includes a step of removing gas byproducts from the pyrolysis chamber.
• gas by-products generated during pyrolysis include methane.
• the gas by-products may be stored for recycling, or they may be directly recycled to power the evaporation and/or pyrolysis steps.
• the gas by-products are fractionated to separate combustible gases from non-combustible gases.
• the temperature and time of pyrolysis may be varied, but generally the temperature of operation will be at least 800°C, and generally higher. In one embodiment, pyrolysis is carried out at a temperature of 900°C, for a typical period from 30 minutes to four hours. Further, it will be appreciated that if a lower temperature is employed, the pyrolysis time may be increased, and vice- versa. It will also be appreciated that the pyrolysis conditions may be varied depending on the amount of particulate and the desirable features of the biochar to be produced (which of course depends on the size and composition of the remains).
• the process of pyrolysis includes an initial step of hydrous pyrolysis and a subsequent step of anhydrous pyrolysis.
• the drying step reduces the water content of the remains by 87-97%, preferably about 95%. This ensures that the remains include some water (generally about 5-10%, preferably 7-9%, and ideally about 8% (w/w) is desired) so that the initial pyrolysis step is anhydrous pyrolysis, ideally ablative flash pyrolysis.
• drying is achieved by heating the remains, which is generally in the form of a frozen fragmented material, ideally by evaporative drying, to a temperature of generally above 100"C, typically about 150°C- to 250°C, for a period of time suitable to reduce to water content of the remains to the desired level.
• Evaporated liquid is generally continually removed from the evaporation chamber, and is ideally condensed and either ⁇ ll Dr ⁇ Orlr ⁇ er jr ⁇ e ⁇ e ⁇ one embodiment, the liquid is distilled to remove toxic components such as, for example, formalin, which may be recycled to provide energy for the pyrolysis process. In another embodiment, the water removed from the particulate is subjected to a flash evaporation step.
• the process of the invention includes a further step of separating mercury (optionally including other heavy metals) from the gaseous products of pyrolysis.
• This may be achieved by means of a water based cleaning process, where the mercury (and/or any other condensable toxic vapour) is removed by means of a water spray system, whereby the flue gas is sprayed with water and heavy mercury vapour (and any other condensable toxic vapour) will condense and be recovered.
• mercury and other condensable toxic vapours may be removed from the combustion gases before they are allowed to exhaust to atmosphere. It will be appreciate that there are other methods of removing electrically conducting gas or vapour such as mercury from a mixture of other components.
• the invention includes a further step of depositing the biochar remains in a container which may be sealed against ambient air.
• the invention also provides a process for treating human remains to remove mercury or other heavy metals from the remains comprising the step of subjecting the remains to pyrolysis in a pyrolysis chamber under conditions that convert the particulate material to biochar remains, wherein flue gases expelled from the pyrolysis chamber are sprayed with an aqueous liquid, typically water, to condense the mercury or other metals for recovery.
• aqueous liquid typically water
• the method involves the steps of:
• the gases are subjected to a water based spray cleaning step to condense the heavy metals from the gases.
• a water based spray cleaning step to condense the heavy metals from the gases.
• an electrostatic precipitation process may also be employed to remove the heavy metals or mercury from the gases.
• the biochar remaining is free from mercury.
• the invention also provides an apparatus for treating a human remains comprising a cryogenic chamber for subjecting the remains (generally intact remains) to cryogenic conditions, optionally means for providing a cryogenic fluid to the cryogenic chamber, a fragmentation apparatus adapted to receive the remains from the cryogenic chamber and capable of fragmenting the remains to a fragmented material, a drying chamber capable of removing liquid from matter contained therein (ideally by evaporative drying) and removing the liquid, and a pyrolysis chamber adapted for thermally decomposing the particulate matter in the absence of oxygen.
• the apparatus of the invention may be employed to treat animal as well as human waste, and may also be employed to treat biological material such as, for example, medical and clinical waste and biohazardous waste.
• drying chamber and pyrolysis chamber may be provided as a single chamber, adapted to perform an initial de-watering step and a subsequent pyrolysis step.
• the drying chamber is operably connected to a source of inert gas and includes means for charging the chamber with this inert gas. This enables a process of pyrolysis to occur, as charging the chamber with inert gas ensures that no oxygen remains within the chamber.
• the process of the invention includes a flash evaporation apparatus operably connected to the drying chamber and capable of performing flash evaporation on the evaporated water removed from the drying chamber.
• the drying chamber may be operably connected to a gas storage device and includes means for removing combustible gas by-products of the pyrolysis process during the pyrolysis process and storing the gas by-products in the gas storage device.
• the drying chamber comprises a burner for heating the chamber, wherein the apparatus includes means for re-cycling gas from the gas storage device to the burner for heating the drying chamber.
• the gas storage device is omitted and the gaseous by-products of the pyrolysis are directly fed back to combustion for heating the pyrolysis chamber and/or the drying chamber.
• the apparatus includes a water spray adapted to remove heavy metal vapours, especially mercury, from the evolved gases.
• the invention provides a process for treating human remains to remove embalming fluid from the remains comprising the step of treating the remains with heat to evaporate volatile components of the embalming fluid and optionally water vapour from the remains.
• the method of the invention results in remains which are substantially free of toxic volatile components such as formaldehyde, thus preventing these toxic components being returned to the environment.
• the volatile components are recovered by condensation or dissolution in a solvent.
• the recovered volatile components are recycled to power the evaporation step, or another step in the process such as pyrolysis or fragmentation.
• the dehydrated remains are subjected to pyrolysis to convert the remains to a biochar.
• the recovered volatile components are recycled to power the evaporation step, the pyrolysis step, or both.
• the recovered volatile components are stored prior to recycling.
• the remains are fragmented prior to the evaporation step.
• the remains are subjected to a cryogenic environment to reduce the core temperature of the remains to a temperature below -20°C prior to fragmentation.
• the evaporation step reduces the water content of the remains to 1-20% (w/w), more preferably to 6-10% (w/w), and ideally to about 8% (w/w).
• the volatile components, evaporated water vapour and other liquid by-products of the evaporation step are combined prior to separation by distillation.
• the volatile components, evaporated water vapour and liquid by-products of the pyrolysis step are combined prior to separation by distillation.
• the invention provides a process for treating human remains to remove embalming fluid from the remains comprising the steps of subjecting the remains to a cryogenic environment to reduce the core temperature of the remains to a temperature below - 20°C, and subjecting the chilled remains to a size reduction step to provide a chilled particulate material.
• Volatile components of embalming fluid and water vapour are then evaporated from the chilled particulate material to reduce the water content of the chilled particulate material, generally until about 8% (w/w) is retained in the remains, and the partially de-watered particulate is then ideally subjected to pyrolysis to generate biochar and gaseous by-products of pyrolysis.
• the vapour fractions, including formaldehyde gas are preferably condensed and subsequently distilled to remove toxic materials from the environment, including formaldehyde.
• treating fluid should be understood to mean the fluid that is employed by undertakers to preserve and fix a corpse prior to burial or commitment.
• These fluids exist under various trade names, and contain active ingredients usually including but not limited to alcohols, phenols and formalin, which is a solution of formaldehyde gas in water.
• process of the invention involves removal of formalin from the body as part of the aqueous fractions (which may be removed as formalin vapour, water vapour, and gaseous formaldehyde), and then subsequent distillation of the aqueous fractions to separate out and remove the formaldehyde for recycling.
• the process of the invention provides remains that are effectively free of water and embalming fluids.
• the problem of toxic or carcinogenic embalming fluids, or toxic or carcinogenic components thereof, being put back into the environment is obviated.
• the process of the invention also results in recovery of embalming fluids, or components thereof, in a purified form, and thus allows for re-cycling of the toxic components away from the environment.
• the evaporation step reduces the water content of the remains to about 8% by weight. This ensures that the remains include some water (generally about 5-15%, 8-12%, and ideally about 8% is desired) to facilitate the pyroiysis process step.
• Evaporation is achieved by heating the remains to an elevated temperature (i.e. a temperature greater than body temperature) of generally above 100°C, typically from 150°C to 250°C, for a period of time suitable to reduce to water content of the remains to approximately 8%.
• Evaporated aqueous fractions are generally continually removed from the evaporation chamber, and are then optionally condensed before further processing.
• the aqueous fractions and the liquid by-products may be combined prior to distillation.
• the water removed from the particulate is subjected to a flash evaporation step.
• the process includes a step of removing gas byproducts from the pyroiysis chamber.
• gas by-products generated during pyroiysis include carbon containing gases such as C0 2 , CO, and methane.
• the gas by-products may be stored for recycling, or they may be directly recycled to power the evaporation and/or pyroiysis steps.
• the gas by-products are fractionated to separate combustible gases from non- combustible gases, wherein the combustible gases may be recycled to power the evaporation and/or pyroiysis steps.
• the temperature and time of pyroiysis may be varied, but generally the temperature of operation will be at least 250°C, 30(rC, 350°C, 400°C, 45CTC, 50CTC, 550°C, 600°C, 650°C, 700°C, or 800°C.
• pyroiysis is carried out at a temperature of from 300°C to 1200°C, 400°C to 1200°C, 500°C to 1200°C, 600°C to 1200°C, 700°C to 1200"C, or 800°C to 1200°C.
• pyroiysis is carried out for a period of from 1 minute onwards, 1-24, 2-12, 3-10, 4-8 hours.
• the pyroiysis time may be increased, and vice- versa. It will also be appreciated that the pyroiysis conditions and duration may be varied depending on the amount of particulate (which of course depends on the mass and volume of the funereal remains).
• the process of the invention includes a further step of separating mercury or other heavy metals from the biochar remains.
• This may be achieved by means of a condensation process, whereby the vaporised mercury is condensed by lowering its temperature to below 450°C in temperature and the mercury (and any other vaporised metals present) will condense and be recovered.
• this may be achieved by using a water scrubbing process to lower the temperature of the flue gases.
• a heat exchanger is employed to recover energy from the flue gases, thereby reducing the gas temperature to below 450°C and condensing the mercury vapour from the flue gas stream.
• the invention includes a further step of depositing the biochar remains in a container which may be sealed against ambient air.
• the invention also provides an apparatus suitable for treating human remains comprising (a) a heating chamber adapted to receive human remains and heat the remains to evaporate water vapour and volatile components of embalming fluids from the remains, (b) optionally a pyrolysis chamber adapted to receive the dehydrated remains, subject the dehydrated remains to pyrolysis, and remove a liquid fraction by-product from the remains, (c) a distillation apparatus adapted to receive the evaporated water vapour and volatile components from the heating chamber and optionally the liquid fraction by-products from the pyrolysis chamber and distil the evaporated water vapour, volatile components and optionally the liquid fraction by-products to separate out and recover the volatile components, and (d) optionally a volatile component storage vessel adapted to receive and store the recovered volatile component.
• the invention also provides an apparatus suitable for treating human remains comprising (a) a heating chamber adapted to receive human remains and heat the remains to evaporate water vapour and volatile components of embalming fluids from the remains, (b) a pyrolysis chamber adapted to receive the dehydrated remains, subject the dehydrated remains to pyrolysis, and remove a liquid fraction by-product from the remains, (c) a distillation apparatus adapted to receive the evaporated water vapour and volatile components from the heating chamber and the liquid fraction by-products from the pyrolysis chamber and distil the evaporated water vapour, volatile components and the liquid fraction by-products to separate out and recover the volatile components, and (d) optionally a volatile component storage vessel adapted to receive and store the recovered volatile component.
• the apparatus includes a condensation apparatus adapted to condense the evaporated water vapour and volatile components prior to distillation.
• the heating chamber and the pyrolysis chamber are provided as a single chamber adapted to perform evaporation and subsequently pyrolysis on the human remains.
• the apparatus further includes a flash evaporation apparatus operably connected to the heating chamber and capable of performing flash evaporation on the evaporated aqueous fraction removed from the heating chamber.
• a flash evaporation apparatus operably connected to the heating chamber and capable of performing flash evaporation on the evaporated aqueous fraction removed from the heating chamber.
• the pyrolysis chamber is operably connected to a source of an inert gas and includes means for charging the chamber with an inert gas.
• the pyrolysis chamber is operably connected to a gas storage device and includes means for removing combustible gas by-products of pyrolysis and storing the gas by-products in the gas byproducts storage device.
• the pyrolysis combustion chamber comprises a burner, wherein the apparatus includes means for re-cycling the gas-by-products from the pyrolysis retort device to the combustion chamber burner for heating the pyrolysis chamber.
• the invention provides an apparatus for treating human remains to remove embalming fluids, or toxic or carcinogenic components thereof, from the corpse, the apparatus comprising: a cryogenic chamber adapted to receive human remains and subject them to cryogenic conditions;
• a size reduction device adapted to receive the chilled remains from the cryogenic chamber and size reduce those remains to a chilled particulate material
• a heating chamber adapted to receive the particulate from the size reduction device, evaporate volatile components and optionally water vapour from particulate material and remove the volatile components and water vapour;
• a pyrolysis chamber adapted to receive the at least partially de-watered particulate material from the heating chamber, subject the particulate matter to pyrolysis, and remove a gaseous by-product of pyrolysis;
• a distillation apparatus adapted to receive the evaporated volatile components and optionally water vapour from the heating chamber and subject them to distillation to separate out and recover some toxic materials
• a storage vessel for receiving formaldehyde gas from the distillation apparatus and appropriately storing the material for recycling.
• the apparatus comprises a dispensing apparatus for placing the remaining bio char in an urn or pod for final disposition.
• the pyrolysis chamber is operably connected to a source of an inert gas and includes means for charging the chamber with an inert gas. This enables a process of pyrolysis to occur, as charging the chamber with inert gas ensures that no oxygen remains within the chamber.
• the pyrolysis chamber is operably connected to a gas storage device and includes means for removing combustible gas by-products of pyrolysis and storing the gas by-products in the gas byproducts storage device.
• the pyrolysis chamber comprises a burner, wherein the apparatus includes means for re-cycling the gas-by-products from the pyrolysis chamber to the burner for heating of the pyrolysis chamber to the correct temperature, typically about 900°C.
• the apparatus comprises a condensation process adapted to receive combustion gases from the heating chamber and remove heavy metals such as mercury from the gas by means of a heat exchanger or a water scrubbing process. It will be appreciated that other methods of removal of metal vapour such as electrostatic precipitation might be employed instead of, or as well as the water scrub or heat exchanger.
• human remains should be understood to mean a deceased human body, typically intact.
• cryogenic treatment refers to bringing the remains into contact with a cryogenic fluid, such as nitrogen or helium, having a temperature of not greater than -100°C, ideally not greater than -150°C.
• cryogenic fluid should be understood to mean a fluid that exists in a liquid or gaseous form at least -100°C, preferably at least -150°C.
• core temperature should be understood to mean the temperature at the core of the remains. In humans, this would be, for example, the temperature in the centre of the torso. Generally this will be the highest temperature recorded within the remains during the cooling process.
• fragmentation should be understood to mean the process in which a mass is size-reduced into smaller particles.
• fragment material should be understood to mean composed of particles that are produced as a result of size reduction or fragmentation.
• the particulate may be of any size, but generally has an average particle size of 10mm or less (i.e. the particles have a diameter when measured at their widest of 10mm or less). Ideally, the particulate has a particle size of less than 10mm. Examples of fragmentation of frozen human remains are described in the documents referenced above, and include mechanical fragmentation, milling, grinding, exposure to ultrasonic sound waves, or exposure to pressure waves. When the human remains have been frozen to a core temperature of -20°C or below, the remains will be very brittle and prone to shattering upon the application of force.
• pyrolysis is an art-recognised term and should be understood to mean the process of thermochemical decomposition of matter in the absence of oxygen. It is generally achieved by heating in the absence of oxygen to a temperature of at least 300°C, and often much higher, resulting in the long chain hydrocarbons being converted to short chain hydrocarbons, and a great increase in the elemental carbon content of the matter.
• biochar which should be understood to mean the matter that remains when biomass is subjected to pyrolysis.
• combustible gases are produced, and these gases may be removed from the pyrolysis chamber, and optionally combusted to power the pyrolysis process.
• these gases are lower alkane gases, such as methane or ethane.
• the gas by-products removed from the pyrolysis chamber may be fractionated to separate the lower alkanes from other gases produced.
• the gases removed may be stored. Methods and apparatus for performing pyrolysis are described in the literature, for example in WO2012012191 and US20110278149.
• the term "heavy metals” should be understood to mean mercury, cadmium, lead, chromium, arsenic, gold, silver and platinum.
• flash evaporation should be understood to mean an evaporation process when a saturated liquid stream undergoes a reduction in pressure by passing through a throttling valve or other throttling device.
• inert gas should be understood to mean a gas that does not undergo oxidation or hydrolysis reactions, for example nitrogen.
• domestic animal should be understood to means domestic pets, for example, dogs, cats, and rodents.
• biological material should be understood to mean waste material that contains biological subject matter such as blood, serum, cells, tissue, organs or limbs. Examples of such material include clinical and medical waste material, waste from hospitals, and other types of biohazardous waste.
• aqueous components should be understood to mean water, aqueous solutions such as embalming fluids (i.e. formalin and polyethylene glycol-based embalming solutions), and components of embalming fluids that are susceptible to evaporation (for example formaldehyde, alcohols, phenols etc.).
• embalming fluids i.e. formalin and polyethylene glycol-based embalming solutions
• components of embalming fluids that are susceptible to evaporation for example formaldehyde, alcohols, phenols etc.
• human remains should be understood to mean a deceased human body, typically intact.
• fractional distillation should be understood to mean the process of separating components (fractions) of a liquid mixture on the basis of their differing boiling points.
• a fluid containing a mixture of water and formalin can be separated into its components parts using fractional distillation, where the water will boil at or about 100°C and the formaldehyde will boil off at or about 96°C, depending on its concentration in the formalin.
• fractional distillation should be understood to mean composed of particles that are produced as a result of size reduction.
• the particulate may be of any size, but generally has an average particle size of 10mm or less (i.e. the particles have a diameter when measured at their widest of 10mm or less. Ideally, the particulate has a particle size of less than 40mm, 30mm, 20mm, 15mm or 10mm.
• electrolysis should be understood to mean the decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen due to an electric current being passed through the water.
• an electrical power source is connected to two electrodes made from an inert metal such as platinum, which are placed in the water. Hydrogen will appear at the negative electrode and oxygen at the positive electrode.
• an electrolyte such as salt is added to the water prior to electrolysis to increase the electrical conductivity of the water.
• Such equipment is commercially available and can provide the required quantities of hydrogen and oxygen gas.
• the process of the invention is intended primarily for treatment of human remains, but it may also be employed for treatment of animal remains, such as domestic pets, and biological material such as hazardous biological waste from a clinical or medical environment.
• animal remains such as domestic pets, and biological material such as hazardous biological waste from a clinical or medical environment.
• the term "domestic animal” should be understood to means domestic pets, for example, dogs, cats, and rodents.
• animal remains should be understood to mean agricultural animals such as cows, sheep, goats and poultry, and larger animals such as elephants and giraffes, where the remains are, typically, substantially intact.
• biological material should be understood to mean waste material that contains biological subject matter such as blood, serum, cells, tissue, organs or limbs. Examples of such material include clinical and medical waste material, waste from hospitals, and other types of biohazardous waste.
• FIG. 1 is a flow diagram illustrating the process according to a first embodiment of the invention
• Fig. 2 is a flow diagram illustrating the process according to an alternative embodiment of the invention.
• Fig. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating the process according to a further alternative embodiment of the invention.
• Fig. 4 is an illustration of an apparatus according to another aspect of the invention.
• Fig. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating a process according to another aspect of the invention.
• Fig. 6 is a flow diagram illustrating a process according to another aspect of the invention;
• Fig. 7 is an illustration of an apparatus according to another aspect invention.
• a flow chart is provided illustrating the process of the invention, indicated generally by the reference numeral 1.
• the process involves an initial freezing stage 20, where the remains are subject to a freezing process, a subsequent fragmentation stage 30, where the frozen remains are treated to size reduce them to a particulate material, a drying stage 40 where the particulate material is heat treated to evaporate water from the particulate matter, and then a pyrolysis stage 50 where the partially de-watered particulate matter is subjected to thermal decomposition conditions in the absence of oxygen to provide a biochar, which once cooled is deposited in an urn.
• the remains are placed in a cooling bath in a cooling vessel, and liquid nitrogen at a temperature of -196°C is poured into the bath until the remains are completely immersed in liquid nitrogen.
• the remains are left immersed in the liquid nitrogen for a period of 1 hour, which is sufficient to reduce their core temperature to -100°C or less.
• the chilled remains are then removed from the bath and cooling vessel for further processing. It will be appreciated that other methods of cooling the remains will be available, for example immersing them in liquid helium or liquid hydrogen or other cryogenic liquids or gases.
• the chilled remains are subjected to a size reduction process where the remains are converted to a particulate matter having a particle size of about 10mm.
• the chilled remains are subjected to a milling process which converts the remains to a particulate matter, which is then passed through one or more screens to ensure that the particulate matter has the desired average particle diameter of about 10mm.
• the screening also removes large metal objects from the particulate, for example metal prostheses such as replacement hips or joints.
• the particulate matter may also be subjected to a magnetic screen to remove ferrous metal objects from the coarse particulate, prior to further processing. It will be appreciated that other methods of size reducing the remains are possible, for example subjecting the remains to ultrasound frequency or high pressure shock waves generated by the initiation of combustible gases.
• the particulate matter generated during the size-reduction stage is subjected to a heat treatment to remove aqueous fractions, including water and water soluble toxins such as embalming fluids and components of embalming fluids.
• the particulate matter is placed in a heater chamber, and heated at a temperature of up to 250°C for a period of 30 minutes, whereupon most of the water (about 96%) in the particulate is removed by evaporation at atmospheric pressure.
• Aqueous fractions removed from the particulate are condensed 41 and collected 42.
• This evaporation step has been found to be particularly beneficial insofar as it reduces the energy input required to convert the particulate matter to biochar during the subsequent pyrolysis step.
• the remains have about 8% water (w/w) at the end of the drying stage.
• the at least partially de-watered particulate is placed in a pyrolysis chamber and heated in the absence of oxygen to a temperature of 900°C for a period of 1 hour.
• the particulate matter is thermally decomposed to biochar having an initially high elemental carbon content.
• the pyrolysis process denatures/destroys all bacteria, virus, and prions. Further, the resultant biochar is provided in a form free of mercury.
• the biochar is placed in an urn capable of being sealed to the environment, before being provided to the relatives for final disposition.
• the process involves a further stage of mercury removal 70, which occurs after the pyrolysis stage 50.
• Mercury removal involves cleaning the gases generated by the pyrolysis or oxidation process in a spray as the gases exit the pyrolysis retort or combustion chamber in a flue, and thus condensing the mercury vapour to separate heavy metals from the rest of the gases on the basis of mass differential.
• Another embodiment of the same invention would remove the mercury and other toxic metals from the gas stream by cleaning it after the combustion process.
• the process involves a further stage of latent heat recovery 80, where gases produced during the pyrolysis process are removed from the pyrolysis chamber, and are recycled back into the pyrolysis unit to power combustion or are stored in a gas storage chamber 81.
• the gases removed from the pyrolysis chamber may be fractionated prior to recycling, to separate out lower alkane combustible gases such as methane or ethane.
• the apparatus 100 comprises a cooling vessel 120 having a freezing bath 121 into which the remains (not shown) are placed.
• a cryogenic fluid line 122 is provided for conveying liquid nitrogen from a liquid nitrogen storage or production system 123 to the cooling bath.
• Conveyor means 124 are provided to convey the chilled remains from the chamber 120 to a size reduction device 130, in this case a mechanical fragmentation device 131, where the frozen remains are fragmented to a particulate having a particle diameter of 10mm.
• a conveyor 132 screens the particulate to separate any matter having a particle size greater than 10mm.. The particulate matter is then subjected to a magnetic separation step 134 where any magnetic ferrous metal objects, are removed from the particulate.
• a conveyor 136 conveys the particulate matter to a drying chamber 140, where the particulate is heated to evaporate water from the particulate.
• the heating chamber 140 includes a water vapour removal line 141 from which water vapour in the chamber is removed and conveyed to a condenser 142 and water storage chamber 143.
• a conveyor 144 conveys the de-watered particulate to a pyrolysis chamber 150.
• the pyrolysis chamber 150 includes an inert gas supply line 151 for charging the chamber with an inert gas prior to the start of the pyrolysis process, and optionally a gas removal line 152 for removing gaseous pyrolysis by-products from the pyrolysis chamber during the pyrolysis process to a gaseous by-product storage chamber 153.
• a further gas line 154 is provided for supply of gas by-products to the pyrolysis chamber for combustion.
• the apparatus 100 optionally also includes a water spray 160 adapted to clean gases evolved in the pyrolysis chamber 150 via a heat exchanger and flue system 161 and remove heavy metals, especially mercury, from the gases through condensation.
• a water spray 160 adapted to clean gases evolved in the pyrolysis chamber 150 via a heat exchanger and flue system 161 and remove heavy metals, especially mercury, from the gases through condensation.
• a flow chart is provided illustrating a process according to an embodiment of the invention relating to formalin removal.
• the process involves an initial cooling stage 220, where the remains are subject to a cooling process, a subsequent size reduction (fragmentation) stage 230, where the chilled remains are treated to size reduce them to a particulate material, an evaporation stage 240 where the particulate material is heat treated to evaporate volatile components from embalming fluids and water vapour (including aqueous fractions from the remains) from the particulate matter, and then a pyrolysis stage 250 where the partially de-watered particulate matter is subjected to thermal decomposition conditions in the absence of oxygen to provide a biochar, which once cooled is deposited in an urn.
• a distillation step 260 aqueous fractions are distilled to separate and recover embalming fluids and toxic components thereof.
• the remains are placed in a cooling bath in a cooling chamber, and liquid nitrogen at a temperature of -196°C is poured into the bath until the remains are completely immersed in liquid nitrogen.
• the remains are left immersed in the liquid nitrogen for a period of 1 hour, which is sufficient to reduce their core temperature to -20°C or less.
• the chilled remains are then removed from the bath and cooling chamber for further processing. It will be appreciated that other methods of cooling the remains will be available, for example immersing them in liquid helium or liquid hydrogen or another cryogenic liquids or gases.
• the frozen remains are subjected to a size reduction process where they are converted to a particulate matter by means of a pressure wave generated through initiation of an oxygen and hydrogen gas mixture .
• the frozen particulate matter is then optionally screened to ensure that the particulate matter has the desired average particle size.
• the screening also removes large metal objects from the particulate, for example metal prostheses such as replacement hips or joints.
• the particulate matter may also be subjected to a magnetic screening process to remove small ferrous metal objects from the coarse particulate, prior to further processing.
• the particulate matter generated during the size-reduction stage is subjected to a heat treatment to remove aqueous fractions, including water and water soluble toxins such as embalming fluids and components of embalming fluids.
• the particulate matter is placed in a heater chamber, and heated at a temperature of up to 250°C for a period of 30 minutes, whereupon most of the water (about 96%) in the particulate is removed by evaporation at atmospheric pressure.
• Aqueous fractions removed from the particulate are condensed 241 and collected 242. This evaporation step has been found to be particularly beneficial insofar as it reduces the energy input required to convert the particulate matter to biochar during the subsequent pyrolysis step.
• the at least partially de-watered particulate is placed in a pyrolysis chamber and heated in the absence of oxygen to a temperature of 900°C for a period of from 1 minute to 1 hour.
• the particulate matter is thermally decomposed to biochar having an initially high elemental carbon content.
• the pyrolysis process denatures/destroys all bacteria, virus and prions. Further, the resultant biochar is provided in a form free of mercury.
• the aqueous fraction from the de-watering stage 240 is subjected to fractional distillation to separate out embalming fluids (i.e. formalin) or components of the embalming fluids (i.e. formaldehyde) from the water.
• embalming fluids i.e. formalin
• components of the embalming fluids i.e. formaldehyde
• the pyrolysis stage 250 includes a step of removal of liquid by products 251 which are circulated to the condensation stage 241 where they combine with the aqueous fractions from the de-watering stage 240, and are then subjected to the distillation stage 260 along with the aqueous fractions.
• any embalming fluids or components thereof that remain in the particulate matter following evaporation are removed as a liquid byproduct of pyrolysis, and separated out and recovered in the distillation stage 260.
• the apparatus 200 comprises a cooling chamber 220 having a cooling bath 221 into which the remains (not shown) are placed.
• a cryogenic fluid line 222 is provided for conveying liquid nitrogen from a liquid nitrogen storage vessel 223 to the cooling bath.
• Conveyor means 224 are provided to convey the chilled remains from the cooling chamber 220 to a size reduction device 230, where the chilled remains are size reduced in a pressure wave operation to a particulate having a particle diameter of 10mm or less.
• a conveyor 232 screens the particulate to separate any particulate matter having a particle size greater than 10mm. The particulate matter is then subjected to a magnetic separation step 234 where any magnetic ferrous metal objects, are removed from the particulate.
• a conveyor 236 conveys the particulate matter to a heating chamber 240, where the particulate is heated to evaporate aqueous fractions from the particulate.
• the heating chamber 240 includes a vapour removal line 241 from which the aqueous fractions in the chamber are removed as vapour and conveyed to a condenser 242 where the vapour is condensed.
• the condensed vapours are then transferred to a fractional distillation apparatus 260 where the aqueous fractions are subjected to fractional distillation to separate out and recover the formaldehyde or formalin and other toxic materials.
• a conveyor 244 conveys the de-watered particulate to a pyrolysis chamber 250.
• the pyrolysis chamber 250 includes an inert gas supply line 251 for charging the chamber with an inert gas prior to the start of the pyrolysis process, and optionally a gas removal line 252 for removing gaseous pyrolysis by-products from the pyrolysis chamber during the pyrolysis process to a gaseous by-product storage chamber 253.
• a further gas line 254 is provided for supply of gaseous byproducts to the pyrolysis chamber for combustion.
• human remains are placed in a heating chamber, and subjected to heating at a temperature of 150°C for a period of time until the water content of the remains is determined to be approximately 8% (w/w).
• water vapour including aqueous fractions from the remains
• formaldehyde from the embalming fluid
• the formaldehyde is stored prior to re-use to power the evaporation unit, or other steps in the process. It will be appreciated that the stored formaldehyde may also be stored and packaged for re-use in industry.

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• 2013
  • 2013-05-07 US US14/398,938 patent/US20150090580A1/en not_active Abandoned
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