Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
  • B65B—MACHINES, APPARATUS OR DEVICES FOR, OR METHODS OF, PACKAGING ARTICLES OR MATERIALS; UNPACKING
  • B65B61/00—Auxiliary devices, not otherwise provided for, for operating on sheets, blanks, webs, binding material, containers or packages
  • B65B61/24—Auxiliary devices, not otherwise provided for, for operating on sheets, blanks, webs, binding material, containers or packages for shaping or reshaping completed packages
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
  • B65B—MACHINES, APPARATUS OR DEVICES FOR, OR METHODS OF, PACKAGING ARTICLES OR MATERIALS; UNPACKING
  • B65B31/00—Packaging articles or materials under special atmospheric or gaseous conditions; Adding propellants to aerosol containers
  • B65B31/006—Adding fluids for preventing deformation of filled and closed containers or wrappers
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
  • B65B—MACHINES, APPARATUS OR DEVICES FOR, OR METHODS OF, PACKAGING ARTICLES OR MATERIALS; UNPACKING
  • B65B31/00—Packaging articles or materials under special atmospheric or gaseous conditions; Adding propellants to aerosol containers
  • B65B31/04—Evacuating, pressurising or gasifying filled containers or wrappers by means of nozzles through which air or other gas, e.g. an inert gas, is withdrawn or supplied
  • B65B31/06—Evacuating, pressurising or gasifying filled containers or wrappers by means of nozzles through which air or other gas, e.g. an inert gas, is withdrawn or supplied the nozzle being arranged for insertion into, and withdrawal from, the mouth of a filled container and operating in conjunction with means for sealing the container mouth
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B67—OPENING, CLOSING OR CLEANING BOTTLES, JARS OR SIMILAR CONTAINERS; LIQUID HANDLING
  • B67C—CLEANING, FILLING WITH LIQUIDS OR SEMILIQUIDS, OR EMPTYING, OF BOTTLES, JARS, CANS, CASKS, BARRELS, OR SIMILAR CONTAINERS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; FUNNELS
  • B67C3/00—Bottling liquids or semiliquids; Filling jars or cans with liquids or semiliquids using bottling or like apparatus; Filling casks or barrels with liquids or semiliquids
  • B67C3/02—Bottling liquids or semiliquids; Filling jars or cans with liquids or semiliquids using bottling or like apparatus
  • B67C3/04—Bottling liquids or semiliquids; Filling jars or cans with liquids or semiliquids using bottling or like apparatus without applying pressure
  • B67C3/045—Apparatus specially adapted for filling bottles with hot liquids
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B67—OPENING, CLOSING OR CLEANING BOTTLES, JARS OR SIMILAR CONTAINERS; LIQUID HANDLING
  • B67C—CLEANING, FILLING WITH LIQUIDS OR SEMILIQUIDS, OR EMPTYING, OF BOTTLES, JARS, CANS, CASKS, BARRELS, OR SIMILAR CONTAINERS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; FUNNELS
  • B67C3/00—Bottling liquids or semiliquids; Filling jars or cans with liquids or semiliquids using bottling or like apparatus; Filling casks or barrels with liquids or semiliquids
  • B67C3/02—Bottling liquids or semiliquids; Filling jars or cans with liquids or semiliquids using bottling or like apparatus
  • B67C3/22—Details
  • B67C2003/226—Additional process steps or apparatuses related to filling with hot liquids, e.g. after-treatment

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a system and method for pressurizing a plastic container.
• Thin walled plastic containers can be used for many purposes, including being filled with "hot” or “cold” contents.
• containers With “hot-fill” packages, containers are commonly filled with a heated or “hot” liquid product and capped while the product contents remain at an elevated temperature. As the product contents cool, the associated reduction in the volume of the contents can create a vacuum pressure within the container - i.e., an internal pressure that is less than the surrounding atmospheric pressure. If the container is comprised of a molded plastic, portions of the container walls may distort inwardly as the contents cool.
• some conventional containers are filled with an inert gas, such as nitrogen, prior to capping. This method adds internal pressure and external rigidity for a time. Further, some containers provide ribs, grooves, or relatively thicker wall portions on the container walls to strengthen the walls so as to reduce the effects of distortion. Still others may additionally utilize one or more vacuum panels to help account for or otherwise control the amount of distortion associated with an anticipated vacuum pressure.
• some or all of the aforementioned measures may be seen as aesthetically displeasing and/or may require additional material, which can contribute to increased weight and cost.
• a system for manufacturing a plastic container which may include a thin-walled container, includes an actuator and a base unit.
• the actuator may include a body portion and a holding/securing member configured to hold or secure a portion of a container.
• the base unit includes a heating surface and may optionally include an insert.
• the actuator may be configured to apply a force or pressure on a container to contact the base unit, the base unit may be configured to receive a base portion of the container, the heating surface may be configured to convey energy or heat to a portion of the base portion of said container, and, for some embodiments, the headspace of the container may additionally be dosed (e.g., with liquid nitrogen or an inert gas) prior to capping.
• Embodiments of a method for manufacturing a filled plastic container and for providing a thin-walled plastic container are also disclosed.
• FIG. 1 is a perspective view representation of an embodiment of a system for pressurizing a container
• FIG. 2A is a general representation of a portion of an actuator that may used in connection with systems according to an embodiment, the holding/securing portion of the actuator shown in a first position;
• FIG. 2B is a general representation of a portion of an actuator that may used in connection with systems according to an embodiment, the holding/securing portion of the actuator shown in a second position;
• FIG. 3 is a general representation of an actuator of the type illustrated in FIGS. 2A and 2B shown holding/securing a plastic container;
• FIG. 4 is a general representation of a base unit according to an embodiment of the disclosure.
• FIGS. 5A through 5C generally illustrate process stages associated with a system in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure
• FIG. 6 generally illustrates a side elevation view of a plastic container of the type that may be used in connection with embodiments of the disclosure
• FIG. 7 is a bottom plan view of a container base portion according to an embodiment of the disclosure.
• FIG. 8 A is a side view outline of a container base portion according to an embodiment of the disclosure, shown prior to incurring internal vacuum pressure;
• FIG. 8B is a side view outline of a container base portion according to an embodiment of the disclosure, shown after the effect of internal vacuum pressure;
• FIG. 9A is a chart generally illustrating temperature and pressure profiles associated with a process in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure.
• FIG. 9B is a chart generally illustrating temperature and pressure profiles associated with a process in accordance with another embodiment of the disclosure.
• FIG. 10 is a front elevation view of an embodiment of a system for pressurizing a container;
• FIG. 1 1 is a top view of the system illustrated in FIG. 10;
• FIG. 12 is a sectional view of the system illustrated in FIG. 10, viewed in the direction of section 12-12;
• FIG. 13 is a side elevation view of the system illustrated in FIG. 10;
• FIG. 14 is a perspective assembly/exploded view of an embodiment of a system
• FIG. 15 is a perspective assembly/exploded view of the embodiment of a system shown in FIG. 14, shown from a different direction;
• FIG. 16 is a flowchart generally describing an embodiment of a system that involves dosing the headspace of a container prior to capping.
• FIG. 17 is a side perspective illustration of an embodiment of a dosing mechanism and container.
• FIG. 1 generally illustrates a pressurizing system 10 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• the system 10 includes an upper component, or actuator 20, and a lower component, or base unit 30.
• the actuator 20 may include a holding/securing member 40 for holding and/or securing a portion of a container 50
• the base unit 30 may include principal heating surface 32 and a centering formation 60 that may, for example, take the form of a centering pin.
• Embodiments of the system and the methods disclosed herein may be employed in connection with various types of plastic containers, including thin-walled plastic containers.
• Such "thin-walled" plastic containers may include, for example, containers with wall thicknesses from about from about 0.12 mm (about 4.724409 mil) to about 0.31 mm (12.20472 mil), or less, and would include containers with walls within a subset range of from about 0.17 mm (6.692913 mil) to about 0.26 mm (10.23622 mil) thick.
• the actuator 20 may move in at least one direction (e.g., linearly up-and-down) and may be controlled by various known power-control
• movement associated with the actuator 20 may be pneumatically controlled, hydraulically controlled, servo controlled, and/or controlled by an electric motor or drive system.
• the actuator may include a holding/securing member 40.
• the holding/securing member 40 may, for example, be in the form of an open-faced (e.g., "C"- shaped) formation that is configured to hold and/or secure a portion of a container - such as an upper/neck portion of a container.
• the holding/securing member 40 may be provided in different configurations and, if desired to facilitate its holding/securing function, may be controllably translated or moved relative to an associated actuator body, generally designated 70.
• the holding/securing member 40 may be movable (e.g., back and forth) along at least one direction relative to the actuator body 70.
• the holding/securing member 40 is generally shown in FIG. 2A in a first (e.g., comparatively "retracted") position, and is shown in FIG. 2A in a second (e.g., comparatively "extended") position.
• Such "retracted" positioning may be beneficial or desirable for holding/securing during processing, while such comparatively
• extended positioning may be beneficial for acquiring or releasing a container.
• the actuator 20 may be configured such that a holding/securing member 40 is configured to retain and/or support a support flange 80 of an upper portion of container 50.
• the holding/securing member 40 may be integral or formed in a unitary manner with the actuator body 70; the holding/securing member 40 may be configured to slide underneath a support flange 80; and/or a closure 90 associated with the container 50 may, upon being retained and/or supported by the holding/securing member, at some point thereafter be in (or may be urged into) contact with a lower surface 100 of the actuator body 70.
• FIG. 4 generally illustrates an embodiment of a base unit 30. As shown in the illustrated embodiment, the base unit 30 may include a centering formation 60. In an
• the centering formation 60 may be adjustable - e.g., in a vertical direction - with respect to the base unit 30.
• the centering formation 60 may be spring-loaded or otherwise outwardly biased in a vertical direction such that when a base of a container comes into contact with the centering formation 60, the centering formation 60 will adjust (i.e., provide a measure of "give" toward the base unit 30) while remaining in contact with the base of the container.
• the centering formation may be configured to, among other things, operatively engage a portion of the base of a container (e.g., a container base dome) to prevent or reduce the amount of horizontal movement or sway associated with the container.
• the head or tip 62 of the centering formation 60 may be configured to interface for a more rigid or firm engagement with a portion of the base of an associated container.
• an insert 1 10 may be included with the base unit 30.
• An insert 1 10 can, be optionally included, for example, to configure the associated system to accommodate containers with different vertical lengths. If desired, the insert can be firmly, yet removably connected to the base unit 30, such as for example via one or more screw holes 1 12.
• at least a portion of the insert 1 10 can be configured to provide (e.g., conduct) energy or heat provided from the base unit 30 to a base portion of a container - for instance via portions of surface 1 14.
• the energy or heat may be electrically-derived heat or may comprise other forms of conductive-type energy or heat.
• FIG. 6 generally depicts an embodiment of a plastic container 50 that might, for example, be accommodated by an embodiment of the system 10.
• the plastic container 50 includes a base portion 52, such as that generally illustrated in FIG. 7.
• the base portion 52 may include an annular support surface 54 that can be configured to support a plastic container 50 on an external surface.
• the base portion 52 may also include a central portion 56, which may include a domed or elevated portion - including those provided in connection with various conventional container base designs.
• the base portion 52 may optionally include one or more various other formations, such as, by way of example, structural reinforcing formations 58.
• the base portion may include a transition segment or portion (generally designated 120) between the annular support surface 54 and the central portion 56.
• the transition segment or portion 120 may, as generally illustrated, include one or more steps 122, and may include one or more flexible or inversion segments or portions 124.
• FIG. 8A generally illustrates a side view outline of a container base portion 52 according to an embodiment providing hot-filled contents to the container, shown prior to incurring internal vacuum pressure.
• FIG. 8B generally illustrates the base portion 52 after incurring an internal vacuum pressure, such that the illustrated inversion section or portion 124 has moved upwardly (e.g., to be more concave) in response to at least a portion of the vacuum pressure.
• the base unit, or insert 1 10 may be configured to conduct energy or heat to specific/select portions of the base portion 52 of a container 50.
• the conducting surface - whether that of a base unit or insert - that contacts the base portion 52 of the container 50 may be configured to supply energy or heat to all or a part of a portion or segment disposed between annular support surface 54 and a central portion 56.
• the aforementioned contacting surface of the base unit (or insert) may be in contact with a substantial portion of a flexible or inversion segment or portion (e.g., 124 in FIGS. 8A and 8B). The system thus permits the controllable application of energy or heat to a select portion or portions of base portion 52.
• FIGS. 5A through 5C A method or process associated with an embodiment of the invention is generally represented in FIGS. 5A through 5C.
• an actuator including a holding/securing member 40 may acquire a container 50 having a base portion 52.
• the container 50 has been filled with contents (e.g., at an elevated temperature from at least 150 °F to 210 °F (65 °C to 98.9 °C), and for some embodiments at an elevated temperature from at least 170 °F to 180 °F (77 °C to 82 °C)), and the container has been sealed and a closure (e.g., closure 90) has been applied.
• contents e.g., at an elevated temperature from at least 150 °F to 210 °F (65 °C to 98.9 °C)
• a closure e.g., closure 90
• the container 50 may be cooled to a degree - to for example, for some embodiments between about 70 °F (21.1 °C) and about 120 °F (49 °C), and for other embodiments between about 80 °F (27°C) and about 120 °F (49 °C), which may result in just a slight container deformation. It is noted that, depending upon the areas of "least resistance,” portions of the sidewall of the container may distort (e.g., be pulled or sucked inwardly) in response to internal vacuum pressures associated with the cooling of the contents of the container 50. The container 50 may then be moved into position with respect to a base unit 30 and centering formation 60.
• the illustrated system 10 is shown involving the use of an insert 1 10, which may be optional for a number of applications.
• the insert 1 10 is shown provided about the centering formation 60 on the base unit 30.
• the vertical distance (or travel spacing) between the lowermost portion of the base portion 52 of the container 50 and the top of the base unit 30 (or the insert 1 10, if present) may, without limitation, be three inches or less.
• longer stroke cylinders may be employed. It is noted that by minimizing or reducing the distance that the container base 52 must to travel to contact or engage the base unit 30, cycle time may be correspondingly be reduced.
• the actuator 20 may move container 50 toward the base unit 30 and a centering formation 60.
• the base portion 52 of the container 50 eventually will contact and/or engage the centering formation 60, which may be configured to retract (or provide a measure of "give” until the base portion 52 comes into operative communication/contact with the base unit 30 and/or insert 1 10 (to the extent that an insert is provided).
• portions of the container 50 may be moved into operative contact or communication with the actuator 20 and the base unit 30 and/or insert 1 10.
• the actuator 20 may exert a measure of downward pressure or force on a portion of the container 50 (e.g., closure 90) and at least a portion of the base portion 52 of the container may come into contact with a conductive portion or region of the base unit 30 and/or insert 1 10 that is configured to conduct energy or heat.
• a heat or energy with a temperature of at least about 200 °F is applied from the base unit 30 to the container base portion 52.
• the conductive portion may provide about 450 °F to the select area of the base portion 52.
• the base unit 30 may apply heat to the container base for about 1 to 6 seconds, and for some embodiments for about one second or less.
• the actuator 20 may, for example, apply a downward top pressure of from about 30 pounds-force (133 N) to about 190 pounds-force (845 N). Without limitation, some embodiments will nominally apply about 125 pounds-force (556 N).
• Such top pressure/force may, among other things, help to stabilize internal pressure and urge the sidewalls of the container back into place, as well as help make the base more rigid (due to associated plastic memory, the walls of the base will now tend not to push back) and generally increase container strength.
• the system thus provides a measure of controllable downward pressure and application of energy and/or heat that can be controlled or adjusted separately or in various combinations.
• the total cycle time associated with the processes generally illustrated in FIGS. 5 A through 5C may be two to eight seconds (and may be three to four seconds, or less), and the time in which the base portion 52 of the container 50 is in contact with the base unit 30 and/or insert 1 10 may be as little as one second or less.
• FIG. 9A A chart generally illustrating temperature and pressure profiles that may be associated with a process in accordance with a "hot-fill" embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIG. 9A.
• the fill site may, for instance, be at or about an atmospheric pressure of, for example, 979.056 mbar (14.2 psi).
• the container may be filled with contents at an elevated temperature and then may be sealed/capped (the maximum temperature for some embodiments may be about 80 °C (176 °F)).
• the container may begin an assisted cooling (e.g., in connection with a cooling tunnel or cold bath), with the temperature dropping from, for example, about 80 °C (176 °F) to about 30 °C (86 °F) in five to six minutes or less.
• assisted cooling e.g., in connection with a cooling tunnel or cold bath
• the decline in temperature may correspond with the internal pressure becoming negative, and producing an internal vacuum, with the pressure, for example, dropping to at or about 786.002 mbar (1 1.4 psi) (near point D).
• the temperature for the illustrated embodiment is now around or about 25°C (77 °F).
• the container base portion is inverted with the application of pressure and/or heat - for example in connection with the previously described system.
• the charted embodiment shows the internal pressure spiking at this "moment of inversion" to, for example, about 2220.1 12 mbar (32.2 psi) and quickly subsequently dropping off. It is noted that, depending on the configuration of the container, it may not be necessary to use this much pressure to invert the base portion.
• the pressure begins to normalize to about 917.003 mbar (13.3 psi). Moreover, due to the associated inversion associated with the container base, the pressure will start to stabilize closer to atmospheric pressure.
• FIG. 9B includes a chart generally illustrating temperature and pressure profiles that may be associated with a process in accordance with another embodiment of the system.
• FIG. 10 generally illustrates a pressurizing system 10 in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
• the system 10 includes an upper component, or actuator 20, and a lower component, or base unit 30.
• the actuator 20 may include a holding/securing member 40 for holding and/or securing a portion of a container 50.
• FIG. 1 1 illustrates a top view of the system shown in FIG. 10.
• FIG. 12 provides a sectional view of the system 10 shown in FIG. 10, and shows aspects of the base unit 30 in additional detail.
• an embodiment of the base unit may include a spacer 130, a top insulator 132, a heater or heating element (e.g., a ceramic heater) 134, and a cap 136.
• a heater or heating element e.g., a ceramic heater
• a cap 136 e.g., a ceramic heater
• embodiments of the system may employ several types of heaters including, without limitation, resistant, inductive, or gas (which could come in the form of rod, coil, band, or disk), and which may be comprised of several materials (including ceramic, metal, or composite).
• FIG. 13 shows the system 10 from a different (side) view.
• the illustrated system 10 shows an actuator 20 that includes, inter alia, a hanger block 140, a bottle neck spacer 142, and a holding/securing member 40 (in the form of spaced grippers) for holding and/or securing a portion of bottle 50.
• the spacer 142 can be configured to provide a sufficient space S for accepting an uppermost portion of the container 50.
• the space S provided in connection with a 500 ml bottle might be in the order of .880 inches.
• the base unit 30 of the illustrated embodiment is shown including centering ring 150 and a sleeve 152.
• the assembly 10 may have a total height H that, for some embodiments may be less than 12 inches. However, the assembly is not limited to a specific height, and the height (as well as other dimensions of the system) can be configured/adjusted to accommodate an intended container size.
• FIGS. 14 and 15 show assembly/exploded views of an embodiment of the system 10, shown from two different perspectives.
• the figures show elements of the system 10, including embodiments of an actuator 20 and a base unit 30 in further detail.
• the actuator 20 may include a multi-component holding/securing member 40 (shown with left and right components), a track roller/stud mount 160, a shoulder screw 162, and a spring 164 (e.g., a compression spring).
• a multi-component holding/securing member 40 shown with left and right components
• a track roller/stud mount 160 shown with left and right components
• a shoulder screw 162 e.g., a compression spring
• an embodiment of the base unit 30 may include dowel pins 170, screws 172 (e.g., thumb screws), a base unit spacer 174, a screw head (e.g., a socket head cap screw) 176, an insulator 178, and a cap 180 (which may, for example be secured by a screw 182).
• FIG. 15 also shows a cap screw 190 and dowel pin 192.
• an initial vacuum pressure may, for example and without limitation, be about -3 psi. It is, however, noted that the initial value will change depending upon the resistance associated with the respective container, i.e., containers that are more structurally rigid may require a higher initial internal vacuum.
• Embodiments of process associated with the invention can help maintain the encountered pressure within +1- 2 psi from atmospheric pressure. That is, the desired final filled container internal pressurization may be within the range of -2.0 psi to 2.0 psi of atmospheric pressure. Moreover, for some
• the final filled internal pressure may be maintained within +/- 1 psi from atmospheric pressure.
• a positive atmospheric pressure is considered more desirable than a negative one.
• the present system and process can provide a resulting filled and closed container that has an internal pressure within the range of 12.0 psi and 16.0 psi, and may provide for containers with such internal pressures between 13.0 psi and 15.0 psi.
• system and/or methods of the type disclosed herein may additionally include a step, which may be optional, for injecting or dosing ("dosing") the headspace of a container with contents prior to capping or closure.
• the headspace may be dosed with an inert gas (e.g., nitrogen in liquid form).
• An embodiment of a device 200 (which may include a dispensing nozzle) configured for dosing a container is generally illustrated in FIG. 17.
• the device 200 may comprise, for example and without limitation, a pressure gravity liquid fill to level nozzle that employs a vacuum.
• a dispensing portion, or dispensing nozzle 210, associated with the device may be configured for insertion into a neck/dispensing opening of a container.
• the device 200 may additionally include a plug or insert 220 that is configured to correspond to a certain size or range of container openings.
• the dosing may increase the internal pressure of the container for at least a period of time.
• the internal pressure may, for example, reach 5 to 7 psi.
• Such an increase in pressure in combination with the base-forming techniques previously disclosed, may provide a filled container that can withstand increased drop distances and/or vending.
• less vacuum- absorbing features such as those provided in an upper portion, or dome, of a container may be necessary or desired.
• dosing may be optional. That is, a system may be configured so that containers may be dosed, or may instead be conveyed to by-pass or skip a dosing step.
• a dosing option may only be involved with containers that hold 20 ounces or more.
• the dispensed dosing medium e.g., liquid nitrogen
• the dispensed dosing medium may come to rest on the top of the product contents.
• all or a significant portion of the associated oxygen in the headspace may be eliminated or displaced from the headspace of the sealed container.
• product quality/life may be increased and, with potentially lower fill levels.
• the use of lower fill levels may improve customer convenience with opening and pouring, as well as possibly providing potential package weight savings.
• Embodiments of the system and process can permit the provision of a plastic container, e.g., a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) container, that due to the handling of internal pressures via the container base portion requires a reduced amount of material in portions of the container and/or may require less (or no) structures, such as vacuum panels, to accommodate anticipated vacuum pressure.
• PET polyethylene terephthalate
• Embodiments of the system and process can provide a plastic container, e.g., a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) container, that given the handling of internal pressures via the container base portion, may require a reduced amount of material in portions of the container and/or may require less (or no) structures or treatment with inert gas to accommodate anticipated drop forces.
• PET polyethylene terephthalate
• embodiments of the system and process can provided for significantly increased efficiencies in a production environment. While just a single system (which may be said to be a unit or station) is illustrated in FIG. 1 , embodiments of the invention contemplate devices that provide a plurality of such systems.
• Embodiments of the invention may provide a system or apparatus that include a plurality of systems for example, a plurality of actuators and base units may be provided in paired equidistantly-spaced, radially-extending sets about the outer periphery of a rotary wheel. With such multi-set systems or apparatus, each individual system (which in this instance may be referred to as a sub-system or station) may include an associated base unit and corresponding actuator.
• Such a rotary system could includes as many as 6 to 48 sub-systems or more. Further, cycle times for such a rotary system could, for instance, be timed to run at about 4 seconds or 15 revolutions per minute.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
• Containers Having Bodies Formed In One Piece (AREA)

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Publications (1)

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Cited By (1)

Citations (4)

• 2013
  • 2013-05-21 WO PCT/US2013/042002 patent/WO2013177150A1/fr not_active Ceased

Patent Citations (4)

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