WO2014008976A2 - Dispositif de charge pour une batterie haute tension de véhicule à moteur et véhicule à moteur - Google Patents

Dispositif de charge pour une batterie haute tension de véhicule à moteur et véhicule à moteur Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014008976A2
WO2014008976A2 PCT/EP2013/001802 EP2013001802W WO2014008976A2 WO 2014008976 A2 WO2014008976 A2 WO 2014008976A2 EP 2013001802 W EP2013001802 W EP 2013001802W WO 2014008976 A2 WO2014008976 A2 WO 2014008976A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
voltage
charging
battery
motor vehicle
charging device
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/EP2013/001802
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
WO2014008976A3 (fr
Inventor
Siegfried Achhammer
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Audi AG
Original Assignee
Audi AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Audi AG filed Critical Audi AG
Publication of WO2014008976A2 publication Critical patent/WO2014008976A2/fr
Publication of WO2014008976A3 publication Critical patent/WO2014008976A3/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/18—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules
    • B60L58/20—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules having different nominal voltages
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/10—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles characterised by the energy transfer between the charging station and the vehicle
    • B60L53/14—Conductive energy transfer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/20—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles characterised by converters located in the vehicle
    • B60L53/22—Constructional details or arrangements of charging converters specially adapted for charging electric vehicles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2210/00—Converter types
    • B60L2210/30—AC to DC converters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/54—Drive Train control parameters related to batteries
    • B60L2240/547—Voltage
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/54—Drive Train control parameters related to batteries
    • B60L2240/549—Current
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/7072—Electromobility specific charging systems or methods for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/72—Electric energy management in electromobility
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02T90/10—Technologies relating to charging of electric vehicles
    • Y02T90/14—Plug-in electric vehicles

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a charging device for a high voltage battery of a motor vehicle, comprising at least one AC voltage connection to an AC voltage source to be used for charging and a conversion device converting the AC voltage into a charging voltage, wherein the conversion device comprises a voltage doubler circuit.
  • high voltage batteries are used to operate an electric motor and / or other systems, such as air conditioning systems.
  • the high-voltage battery has a higher voltage than the usually existing low-voltage battery, the voltage can be for example 12 V.
  • the voltage of a high-voltage battery, which usually supplies a high-voltage network inside the motor vehicle is above 12 V.
  • Such a high-voltage battery must, in particular in the case of pure electric motor vehicles, be charged frequently in order to ensure the corresponding functionalities, in particular the driving operation of an electric motor vehicle.
  • an AC voltage source for example, a public AC voltage network is used.
  • a charging device is necessary, which converts the AC voltage into a suitable charging voltage, thus a DC voltage.
  • charging devices are known which have a rectifier stage, which generates a DC voltage from the AC voltage which is applied to a DC intermediate circuit. sen.
  • the DC voltage of the DC link is used via a DC-DC converter (DC / EC converter) for charging the high-voltage battery from the DC link.
  • the charging device has a very high weight and a very large size.
  • DE 600 28 854 T2 discloses a battery charger for a hybrid vehicle. It is assumed that a charger having a DC / AC inverter, which converts a DC input voltage into an AC voltage and drives the AC voltage to a predetermined voltage level, in addition, a voltage doubling section is provided, the output AC voltage of the DC / AC inverter or an input AC voltage drives up without the DC / AC inverter is connected to a doubled voltage. In addition, a rectification is made possible by the voltage doubling section. Thus, the local main battery can be charged with both a DC power supply and an AC power supply.
  • the battery charger described therein may further include an electrical terminal for an external input and output signal disposed between the converter section and the voltage doubler section so that an AC voltage of an external power supply can be applied.
  • DE 600 28 854 T2 discloses a voltage doubling section in which a first capacitor is initially charged during a half-cycle of an external AC voltage, during which the voltage of this first capacitor is shifted to a second capacitor during the second, negative half-cycle so that DC pulses spaced from one another are summarized which have a negative impact on the high-voltage battery or other components of the overall system. tems, in particular the charging device, can have. The transferable power is therefore not optimal. Another problem of this prior art is that one of the AC potentials is at a DC potential of the high voltage network, so that the potential hazard is increased in the event of a fault when touching a DC potential of the high voltage network.
  • the invention is therefore based on the object to provide a charging device in which a more uniform charging voltage and a higher usable power are available.
  • the invention provides, in a charging device of the type mentioned at the beginning, that the voltage doubler circuit has at least two capacitors connected in such a way that one half-wave of the alternating voltage charges an associated capacitor.
  • each half-wave is assigned a capacitor to be charged in the voltage doubler circuit.
  • diodes can be used.
  • both half-waves of an AC voltage are rectified in each case a capacitor, wherein the circuit of the capacitors is such that the total voltage of the arrangement of both capacitors, which are in particular connected in series, can charge in the unloaded state up to twice the voltage amplitude of the AC voltage ,
  • the battery voltage should be naturally less than twice the voltage amplitude of the AC voltage to load the half-waves of the alternating voltage alternately in each case one of the capacitors and feed it via the serial arrangement with simultaneous discharge of each another capacitor a pulsed, described by the charging voltage DC current in the high-voltage battery, as soon as after switching on in the capacitors at least the battery voltage is reached.
  • a charging current flows into the high-voltage battery at each half-wave, so that a total of a higher power is transferable.
  • a more uniform, pulsed DC voltage is generated as a charging voltage whose negative effects on the battery and / or the remaining electronics are lower.
  • a connecting line in particular a connecting line per phase
  • the AC voltage terminal is grounded so that none of the charging lines of the high voltage battery is connected to ground.
  • a lying on ground point or lying on ground line can therefore be sent selected so that there is no direct connection of charging lines of the high voltage battery and thus the high voltage network of the motor vehicle to ground.
  • not one of the AC potentials is directly on a DC potential of the high-voltage network, so that the potential hazard in case of failure in contact with a DC potential of the high-voltage network during charging is lower.
  • a central, lying on ground first connecting line of the AC voltage terminal is connected via a respective capacitor to the charging lines of the high voltage battery, wherein the second connecting line of the AC voltage terminal via each one of two diodes whose directions of passage are opposite, each with a charge connected.
  • the other connecting lead is coupled via diodes of the voltage doubler circuit connected in the opposite direction to the charging leads of the high-voltage battery (and thus also to the capacitors on the other terminal side).
  • the charging device has at least one inductor, in particular two inductors, for smoothing the charging current profile and / or as a current limiting element.
  • provision can be made, for example, for a first inductance to be provided in a line connecting the first connecting line to the capacitors and / or a second inductance to be arranged in an output line of the converting device connected to a charging line of the high-voltage battery.
  • Such inductors serve two different purposes. On the one hand, high current surges at the time of switching on can be avoided, after which any instantaneous value of the alternating voltage is then switched to an, for example, uncharged capacitor.
  • the inductance acts as a current limiter, in this case, for example, the first inductance.
  • the inductances also serve to smooth the pulsed charging voltage characteristic and the charging current characteristic resulting therefrom during the charging process.
  • the at least one inductance thus advantageously reduces the current in the switch-on or when matching the capacitors to the battery voltage when switching on and also ensures a smoothing of the current flow. It is also expedient if the AC voltage source is a three-phase AC voltage source and / or an AC voltage network.
  • the alternating voltage network can be a public alternating voltage network with particular advantage, which means that a user can load his built-in particular in an electric motor vehicle high voltage battery via a simple connection to a power outlet.
  • a controller is provided to control the charging operation.
  • the control device is designed for charging, for example, for closing provided on the high-voltage battery or at the output of the voltage doubler circuit contactors. It is also conceivable, moreover, to provide a switching means for the AC voltage source in order to realize a further switching possibility here.
  • the present invention also relates to a motor vehicle, comprising a high-voltage battery and a charging device according to the invention.
  • All statements relating to the charging device according to the invention can be analogously transferred to the motor vehicle according to the invention, with which therefore also the advantages mentioned can be obtained.
  • the motor vehicle can also be a control part which forms part of the charging device or is provided separately. include device, which controls the charging process, in particular by controlling appropriate switching means, such as shooters.
  • the charging device but in particular at least the voltage doubler circuit, can also be integrated into the high-voltage battery itself.
  • Fig. 2 shows a charging device according to the invention
  • Fig. 3 shows the charging current waveform in the high voltage battery.
  • the motor vehicle 1 shows a schematic diagram of a motor vehicle 1 according to the invention, which is designed here as an electric motor vehicle 1.
  • the motor vehicle 1 comprises an electric motor 2 which is connected to a high-voltage battery 4 via an only indicated high-voltage network 3.
  • a low-voltage network powered by a low-voltage battery, the voltage is lower than that of the high-voltage battery may be provided, which is not shown in detail for reasons of clarity.
  • the charging device comprises a converter device 6, which converts via an AC voltage connection 7 from an external AC voltage source 8 supplied AC voltage into a charging voltage and thus a charging current for the high-voltage battery 4.
  • the motor vehicle 1 further comprises a battery control device 9, which controls the battery 4 in general and also the charging process in particular.
  • the more detailed structure of the charging device 5 is shown in FIG.
  • the AC voltage source 8 is connected via the AC voltage terminal 7 and corresponding connection lines 10 to the converter device 6 as part of the charging device 5.
  • the converter device 6 comprises a voltage doubler circuit 11, via which a suitable rectification of the AC voltage is to take place.
  • a central connection line 10 is coupled via a first inductance L1 to a connection point 12 lying between two capacitors C1 and C2. As shown, this first connecting line is grounded 17.
  • the second lower connecting line 10 in FIG. 2 is also coupled to the capacitors C1 and C2 via diodes D1 and D2 connected in an opposite forward direction. In this way, the capacitor C1 is charged during the positive half cycle through the diode D2, during the negative half cycle via the diode D1, the capacitor C2.
  • External connection points 13 of the series connection of the capacitors C1 and C2 are connected to the high-voltage network and thus charge lines 14 of the high-voltage battery 4, usually via a contactor 15 here comprehensive switching means 16, which can be controlled by the control unit 9.
  • a second inductance L2 is presently provided.
  • the inductance L1 acts as a current limiter, so that the not yet charged capacitors C1 and C2 are spared.
  • the voltage curve of the charging voltage generated by the voltage doubler circuit 11 is shown in FIG.
  • the capacitors C1 and C2 are alternately charged by the respective half-waves. This is how a DC voltage builds up. If this DC voltage now exceeds the battery voltage of the high-voltage battery 4, the Charging process: Whenever one of the capacitors C1 and C2 is charged by the respective half-waves, this results in a charge current charging the high-voltage battery 4 and discharging the respective other capacitor C2, C1.
  • the charging current is a periodically slightly fluctuating direct current, as shown in FIG. 3, which is, however, smoothed by the inductors L1 and L2.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
  • Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)

Abstract

Dispositif de charge (5) pour une batterie haute tension (4) de véhicule à moteur (1), qui comporte au moins une borne de connexion (7) à une source de tension alternative (8) utilisée pour la charge et un dispositif transformateur (6) transformant la tension alternative en une tension de charge, le dispositif transformateur (6) comportant un circuit doubleur de tension (11), le circuit doubleur de tension (11) comportant au moins deux condensateurs (C1, C2) ainsi branchés qu'une demi-onde de la tension alternative charge un condensateur (C1, C2) associé.
PCT/EP2013/001802 2012-07-13 2013-06-18 Dispositif de charge pour une batterie haute tension de véhicule à moteur et véhicule à moteur Ceased WO2014008976A2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102012013890.3A DE102012013890A1 (de) 2012-07-13 2012-07-13 Ladeeinrichtung für eine Hochspannungsbatterie eines Kraftfahrzeugs und Kraftfahrzeug
DE102012013890.3 2012-07-13

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2014008976A2 true WO2014008976A2 (fr) 2014-01-16
WO2014008976A3 WO2014008976A3 (fr) 2014-05-22

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/EP2013/001802 Ceased WO2014008976A2 (fr) 2012-07-13 2013-06-18 Dispositif de charge pour une batterie haute tension de véhicule à moteur et véhicule à moteur

Country Status (2)

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DE (1) DE102012013890A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2014008976A2 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN113195297A (zh) * 2018-12-14 2021-07-30 戴姆勒股份公司 用于机动车尤其是混合动力车或电动车的电路装置

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102022200344A1 (de) 2022-01-14 2023-07-20 Robert Bosch Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Batterie und Energiesystem aufweisend eine solche Batterie

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE60028854T2 (de) 1999-04-09 2006-12-28 Fuji Jukogyo K.K. Batterieladegerät für ein Hybridfahrzeug

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1604066A (en) * 1978-05-26 1981-12-02 Chloride Group Ltd Battery charges in variable reluctance electric motor systems
JPH0865904A (ja) * 1994-06-06 1996-03-08 Nippondenso Co Ltd 電気自動車用充電装置
DE19652950A1 (de) * 1996-12-19 1998-07-02 Ask Antriebs Steuerungs Und In Verfahren und Vorrichtung für die Ausführung eines batteriegestützten elektrischen Drehstromantriebssystems mit Batterieladeeinrichtung
DE19721450C1 (de) * 1997-05-22 1998-06-25 Siemens Ag Trafolose Einspeiseschaltung für ein Wechselstromfahrzeug
JP3396655B2 (ja) * 2000-02-29 2003-04-14 株式会社シマノ 自転車用電源装置
JP5736768B2 (ja) * 2010-12-24 2015-06-17 株式会社豊田中央研究所 バッテリの充電装置

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE60028854T2 (de) 1999-04-09 2006-12-28 Fuji Jukogyo K.K. Batterieladegerät für ein Hybridfahrzeug

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN113195297A (zh) * 2018-12-14 2021-07-30 戴姆勒股份公司 用于机动车尤其是混合动力车或电动车的电路装置

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DE102012013890A1 (de) 2014-01-16
WO2014008976A3 (fr) 2014-05-22

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