Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
  • B01J13/02—Making microcapsules or microballoons
  • B01J13/06—Making microcapsules or microballoons by phase separation
  • B01J13/14—Polymerisation; cross-linking
  • B01J13/18—In situ polymerisation with all reactants being present in the same phase
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
  • B01J13/02—Making microcapsules or microballoons
  • B01J13/06—Making microcapsules or microballoons by phase separation
  • B01J13/14—Polymerisation; cross-linking
  • B01J13/18—In situ polymerisation with all reactants being present in the same phase
  • B01J13/185—In situ polymerisation with all reactants being present in the same phase in an organic phase
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
  • A61K9/50—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
  • A61K9/5005—Wall or coating material
  • A61K9/501—Inorganic compounds
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L11/00—Pulses, i.e. fruits of leguminous plants, for production of food; Products from legumes; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L11/01—Pulses or legumes in the form of whole pieces or fragments thereof, without mashing or comminuting
  • A23L11/03—Soya beans, e.g. full-fat soya bean flakes or grits
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23P—SHAPING OR WORKING OF FOODSTUFFS, NOT FULLY COVERED BY A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS
  • A23P10/00—Shaping or working of foodstuffs characterised by the products
  • A23P10/30—Encapsulation of particles, e.g. foodstuff additives
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/02—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K8/11—Encapsulated compositions
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
  • A61K8/19—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing inorganic ingredients
  • A61K8/25—Silicon; Compounds thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
  • A61K9/50—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
  • A61K9/50—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
  • A61K9/5089—Processes
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
  • A61Q13/00—Formulations or additives for perfume preparations
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B33/00—Silicon; Compounds thereof
  • C01B33/113—Silicon oxides; Hydrates thereof
  • C01B33/12—Silica; Hydrates thereof, e.g. lepidoic silicic acid
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D17/00—Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties
  • C11D17/0039—Coated compositions or coated components in the compositions, (micro)capsules
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
  • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
  • C11D3/38—Products with no well-defined composition, e.g. natural products
  • C11D3/386—Preparations containing enzymes, e.g. protease or amylase
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
  • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
  • C11D3/38—Products with no well-defined composition, e.g. natural products
  • C11D3/386—Preparations containing enzymes, e.g. protease or amylase
  • C11D3/38627—Preparations containing enzymes, e.g. protease or amylase containing lipase
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
  • C11D3/50—Perfumes
  • C11D3/502—Protected perfumes
  • C11D3/505—Protected perfumes encapsulated or adsorbed on a carrier, e.g. zeolite or clay
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
  • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
  • F28D20/00—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
  • F28D20/02—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using latent heat
  • F28D20/023—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using latent heat the latent heat storage material being enclosed in granular particles or dispersed in a porous, fibrous or cellular structure
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K2800/00—Properties of cosmetic compositions or active ingredients thereof or formulation aids used therein and process related aspects
  • A61K2800/40—Chemical, physico-chemical or functional or structural properties of particular ingredients
  • A61K2800/41—Particular ingredients further characterized by their size
  • A61K2800/412—Microsized, i.e. having sizes between 0.1 and 100 microns
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/14—Thermal energy storage

Definitions

• composition of microcapsules with a silica shell and a method for their preparation
• the present invention relates to a microcapsule composition comprising core-shell particles and a method for their preparation.
• the microcapsules comprise a core of a lipophilic liquid or viscous substance surrounded by a shell of amorphous silica of various thicknesses.
• the method is based on emulsification of the liquid or viscous substance in water using different emulsifying agents and forming the shell by a sol-gel process in which the condensation of the silica precursor is done by simultaneously adding the silica precursor (metal-silicates or silicic acid) and an acid or base to the emulsion and thus keeping the pH constant during addition in a pH range of 6 to 9.
• Polymer additives like flame retardants, UV-stabilizers, UV-protecting agents etc. can occur in solid, liquid or viscous form.
• additives are in a liquid or viscous form at room temperature or at the temperatures at which the compounding of the polymers is performed since these liquid or viscous additives often cannot be sufficiently incorporated (compounded) in the polymer matrix. Phase separation and leaching of the additives are the main problems during the compounding and storing of the material.
• Microcapsules composed of a shell prepared by a sol-gel process have been described in various publications.
• microcapsules and micromatrix bodies having an interior liquid and water-insoluble phase containing an active, water immiscible ingredient and an organopolysiloxanes forming the shell is described in US 4,931 ,362.
• US 7,758,888 discloses core-shell microcapsules with a shell material made of a metal oxid inorganic polymer, whereas microcapsules prepared by a sol-gel process are also disclosed in US 6,855,335 and WO 03/066209.
• microcapsules prepared by a sol-gel process with a sol-gel precursor consisting of an organosilicon compound or a metal alkoxide, semi-metal alkoxide, or a metal ester (monomers and partly condensed polymers).
• a sol-gel precursor consisting of an organosilicon compound or a metal alkoxide, semi-metal alkoxide, or a metal ester (monomers and partly condensed polymers).
• the process involves emulsifying the sol-gel precursor and the active ingredient in a water phase and upon pH-adjustment the silica shell or matrix body is formed.
• WO 2007/129849 discloses a method for preparing mesoporous silica, wherein water glass (sodium silicate) is added to a mixture of surfactant and HCI and wherein simultaneously the pH value is adjusted in a range from 5 to 7 at a temperature of 30 to 50°C.
• the resulted mesoporous silica can be used as heat isolator or absorbents. This document does not teach process conditions that lead to the formulation of
• microcapsules wherein the shell is essentially made of silica.
• Alkali metal silicate solution as silica precursor is also disclosed in US 6,132,773 and EP 0897414 to encapsulate a support of CaC03 with a silica shell. Additionally, EP 0143221 discloses the use of amorphous silica particles to encapsulate volatile organic liquids.
• microcapsules are used in various applications, where the active ingredient should be protected from the environment, e.g. colorants in cosmetics, food colors, sunscreen compositions or other applications, where delivery of the active is of benefit (e.g. topical delivery onto the skin or controlled release properties in medical applications).
• the active ingredient should be protected from the environment, e.g. colorants in cosmetics, food colors, sunscreen compositions or other applications, where delivery of the active is of benefit (e.g. topical delivery onto the skin or controlled release properties in medical applications).
• WO 201 1/154332 A1 describes a method for producing particles containing at least one halogen-free flameproofing agent and at least one metal oxide or semimetal oxide, wherein the particles can be core/shell particles having the flameproofing agent in the core and the metal oxide or semimetal oxide in the shell.
• the core-shell particles may be formed from an aqueous emulsion comprising the at least one flame retardant and at least one precursor compound of the metal oxide or semimetal oxide via change of the pH of the emulsion.
• This document does not teach to add a water glass solution and an acid or a silicic acid solution and a base to an aqueous dispersion comprising the flameproofing agent and to keep the pH in a range of 6 to 9 during the addition.
• US 6,221 ,326 B1 describes a method for preparing hollow particles comprising a dense silica shell, by precipitating active silica from an aqueous alkaline metal silicate on a core constituted in a material other than silica and by eliminating the material without destroying the silica shell.
• WO 2010/003762 A1 relates to particles having a core/shell/shell configuration, wherein the core present in the interior of each particle comprises at least one organic active agent that is difficult to dissolve in water, or that is water insoluble.
• the inner shell mandatorily comprises a biodegradable polymer, preferably gelatin, casein or caseinate, as protective colloide.
• This document does not teach to add a water glass solution and an acid or a silicic acid solution and a base to an aqueous dispersion comprising the organic active ingredient and to keep the pH in a range of 6 to 9 during the addition.
• a solution of sodium silicate is added to a suspension of the organic active ingredient and afterwards the pH value is adjusted only once to a value in the range of from 6 to 9.
• microcapsule composition wherein the shell is made of silica and the core comprises at least one lipophilic substance like polymer additives. Further, it is an object of the present invention to provide a microcapsule composition, wherein the shell is made of silica and the core comprises at least one lipophilic substance like polymer additives which can sufficiently be incorporated in a polymer matrix without separation and leaching of the polymer additives.
• microcapsule composition wherein the shell of the microcapsules is made of silica by an interfacial sol-gel-process using water glass or silicic acid as silica source and the core comprises at least one lipophilic substance.
• the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of a microcapsule composition, wherein the shell of the microcapsules is essentially made of silica and the core comprises at least one lipophilic component, comprising the steps of: a) providing an aqueous dispersion comprising at least one lipophilic component (A), and b1 ) adding to the aqueous dispersion provided in step a) a water glass solution and an acid, or b2) adding to the aqueous dispersion provided in step a) a silicic acid solution and a base, wherein the addition is effected such that the pH of the mixture resulting during the addition of the water glass solution in step b1 ) or during the addition of silicic acid solution in step b2) is kept in a range of 6 to 9.
• a preferred embodiment is a process, wherein a target value for the pH of the resulting mixture is predefined, the actual value of the pH is determined, when a lower or higher limit for the deviation of the actual value of the pH from the target value for the pH of the resulting mixture is reached: in the case of variant b1 ), the amount of water glass solution or acid required for adjusting the pH of the resulting mixture to the target value is determined, in the case of variant b2), the amount of silicic acid solution or base required for adjusting the pH of the resulting mixture to the target value is determined, - the required amount of the water glass solution and/or the acid or the required amount of the silicic acid solution and/or the base is added to the aqueous dispersion by the use of an adjusting means for setting the dosing rate of the water glass solution or the acid or the silicic acid solution or the base.
• the process according to the invention allows the feasible and effective preparation of a microcapsule composition, wherein the shell of the microcapsules is essentially made of silica and the core comprises at least one lipophilic component.
• the shell of the microcapsules is essentially made of silica and the core comprises at least one lipophilic component.
• lipophilic components e.g. active ingredients, like polymer additives, or components that modify/add to the physical material properties, like latent heat storage materials
• This stable form can be incorporated into or compounded with a great number of different carrier materials, e.g. a polymer matrix or a hydraulically setting mass.
• One of the objects of the present invention was to synthesize a material consisting of an encapsulated liquid or viscous substances like polymer additive (like flame retardant, UV-absorber, UV stabilizer, etc.) as a core-shell particle with a shell made of silica and the active being the core. Furthermore, these microcapsule compositions were used as polymer additives themselves, meaning they were incorporated
• a shell of the microcapsules essentially made of silica means that at least 90% by weight, preferably at least 95% by weight, in particular at least 99% by weight, of the shell material is silica (S1O2).
• the shell may contain minor amounts of further covalently bound atoms, in particular C and/or P.
• step a) an aqueous dispersion comprising at least one lipophilic component (A) and optionally at least one surfactant is provided.
• the aqueous dispersion provided in step a) does not comprise a biodegradable polymer.
• the lipophilic component (A) is liquid at least under the reaction conditions in step b1 ) or b2).
• liquid is understood in a broad sense and means a material that is flowable under the conditions of the process of the invention.
• this viscosity of the lipophilic compound is in a range of from 1 to 10 5 mPas, determined as Brookfield viscosity at 20°C with spindle.
• the lipophilic component is liquid at least at 23°C and 1013 mbar.
• lipophilic component is understood in a broad sense. It encompasses a single lipophilic compound, a mixture comprising at least two lipophilic compounds and a solution of at least one compound in a lipophilic solvent.
• the lipophilic component (A) is liquid or viscous at the time it is dispersed and usually it is liquid or viscous at ambient temperature. It can be an undiluted lipophilic component or it can be a solution of the lipophilic component in a lipophilic solvent or a dispersion of a lipophilic component in a suitable dispersant. If the lipophilic component A is solubilised in a solvent, the solvent is preferably selected from aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, e. g. toluene, decane, hexane. If the lipophilic component A is dispersed in a dispersant, the dispersant is preferably a hydrophilic solvent, in particular water.
• the lipophilic components (A) are in general components which have only limited solubility in water.
• the solubility of the lipophilic component (A) in water at 23°C and 1013 mbar is preferably ⁇ 50 mg/mL, more preferably ⁇ 5 mg/mL, in particular
• Lipophilic components (A) that are used can be various organic substances. Suitable lipophilic components are e.g. selected from lipophilic flame retardants, lipophilic UV- stabilizers, lipophilic UV-protecting agents, lipophilic fragrances, lipophilic flavours, lipophilic vitamins, lipophilic aromatic compounds, lipophilic cosmetic or therapeutic agents, etc.
• the lipophilic component (A) is selected from hydrocarbons, waxes, oils, fatty acids, fatty amines, esters, dibasic acids, 1 -halides, alcohols, aromatic
• Suitable aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds are straight-chain alkanes or paraffinic hydrocarbons, branched-chain alkanes, unsaturated hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, and alicyclic hydrocarbons such as hexane, cyclohexane, decane, chloroparaffines, fluorinated hydrocarbons, saturated or unsaturated C1-C40- hadrocarbons which are branched or linear, e. g. n-tetradecane, n-pentadecane, n-hexadecane, n-heptadecane, n-octadecane, n-nonadecane, n-eicosane,
• n-hexacosane, n-heptacosane, n-octacosane also cyclic hydrocarbons, e. g. cyclohexane, cyclodecane; halogenated hydrocarbons such as chloroparaffines, bromooctadecane, bromopentadecane, bromononadecane, bromeicosane,
• Suitable aromatic compounds are benzene, naphthalene, alkylnaphthalenes, biphenyl, o- or n-terphenyl, xylene, toluene dodecylbenzene, Ci-C4o-alkyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons, such as dodecylbenzene, tetradecyl benzene, hexadecylbenzene, hexylnaphtalene or decylnaphtalene;
• Suitable saturated or unsaturated C6-C3o-fatty acids are lauric acid, stearic acid, oleic acid or behenic acid, preferably eutectic mixtures of decanonic acid with for example myristic, palmitic or lauric acid;
• Suitable alcohols are primary, secondary alcohols, tertiary alcohols which are not soluble in water, dipentaerythritol, pentaglycerine, neopentyl glycol, tetramethylol propane, fatty alcohols, such as lauryl, stearyl, oleyl, myristryl, cetyl alcohol, mixtures, such as coconut fatty alcohol and also oxo alcohols which are obtained by
• Suitable fatty amines are C6-C3o-fatty amines, such as decylamine, dodecylamine, tertadecylamine or hexadecylamine;
• Suitable esters are esters of carboxylic acids, esters of sulfonic acid, esters of sulphuric acid or esters of phosphorous acid.
• Suitable esters of carboxylic acids are e.g. C1-C10- alkyl esters of fatty acids, mono and diesters of dicarboxylic acids, alkylene carbonates, etc.
• Preferred esters of carboxylic acids are the methyl esters and ethyl esters of fatty acids, ethylene carbonate, Ci-Cio-alkyl esters of C1-C6- dicarboxylic acids.
• Suitable waxes are natural and synthetic waxes such as montan waxes, montan ester waxes, carnauba waxes, polyethylene wax, oxidized waxes, polyvinyl ether wax, ethylene-vinyl acetate wax or hard waxes obtained from Fischer-Tropsch process;
• Suitable oils are petroleum spirit, mineral oil or natural oils;
• Suitable clathrates are semi-clathrates or gas clathrates
• a suitable anhydride is stearic anhydride;
• Suitable polymers are polyethylene, polypropylene, polypropylene glycol,
• polytetramethylene glycol polypropylene malonate, polyneopentyl glycol sebacate, polypentane glutarate, polyvinyl myristate, polyvinyl stearate, polyvinyl laurate, polyhexadecyl methacrylate, polyoctadecyl methacrylate, polyesters produced by polycondensation of glycols (or their derivatives) with diacids (or their derivatives), and copolymers, such as polyacrylate or poly(meth)acrylate with alkyl hydrocarbon side chain or with polyethylene glycol side chain and copolymers including polyethylene, polypropylene, polypropylene glycol, or polytetramethylene glycol; and mixtures of these substances.
• liquids can further comprise active compounds, such as crop protection agents or pharmaceutical dyes or color formers in dissolved or suspended form.
• the lipophilic component (A) comprises or consists of a flame retardant.
• Flame retardant compounds which are used in the invention can, for example, be organic flame retardants, such as halogen-containing flame retardants, nitrogen-based flame retardants, aromatic or aliphatic esters of the phosphoric acid or mixtures thereof.
• Suitable halogen-containing flame retardants are e.g. brominated flame retardants, preferred polybrominated bisdiphenylethers, polybrominated biphenyls or further brominated hydrocarbons.
• Preferred brominated flame retardants are
• Pentabromodiphenyl ether pentabromodiphenyl ether
• OctaBDE octabromodiphenyl ether
• DecaBDE decabromodiphenyl ether
• TBPA tetrabromobisphenol A
• HBCD hexabromocyclododecane
• Suitable halogen-containing flame retardants are also chlorinated flame retardants, in particular chlorendic acid (1 ,4,5,6,7,7-hexachlorobicyclo[2.2.1 ]-hept-5-ene-2,3- dicarboxylic acid) and chlorinated paraffins.
• Suitable nitrogen-based flame retardants are melamine and urea and mixtures thereof.
• Suitable organophosphorus flame-retardants are e.g. aromatic and aliphatic organophosphates, organophosphonates, organophosphinates or organophosphorus compounds containing at least one halogen atom.
• Preferred organophosphorus flame- retardants are tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(1 -chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), tris(1 ,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP), triphenyl phosphate (TPP), triethyl phosphate, isodecyl diphenyl phosphate, tris-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP), tri-n-butyl phosphate, tri-isobutyl phosphate, tricresyl phosphate (TCP), isopropylated triphenyl phosphate (ITP) with different isopropyl rates (e.g.
• the flame retardant compounds can perform their function as soon as they are released from the microcapsules.
• the shell made of silica has no effect on the action of the flame retardant compounds and in particular has no negative impact on the efficiency of the flame retardant compounds.
• the lipophilic component (A) can be, for example, an UV-absorber.
• UV-absorber compounds which are used in the invention can, for example, be used in coatings, paints, plastic materials, sealants, creams.
• the UV-absorber compounds can perform their function while they are encapsulated or as soon as they are decapsulated.
• the shell made of silica has no effect on the action of the UV-absorber compounds and has no negative impact on the efficiency of the UV-absorber compounds.
• the lipophilic components can be, for example, a UV stabilizer.
• UV stabilizer compounds which are used in the invention can, for example, be used in coatings, paints, plastic materials, sealants, pigments.
• the UV stabilizer compounds can perform their function while they are encapsulated or as soon as they are decapsulated.
• the shell made of silica has no effect on the action of the UV stabilizer compounds and has no negative impact on the efficiency of the UV stabilizer compounds.
• the lipophilic component (A) comprises or consists of at least one fragrance. Suitable lipophilic fragrances employed according the present invention are conventional ones known in the art. Suitable perfume compounds and
• compositions can be found in the art including U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,145,184, Brain and Cummins, issued Mar. 20, 1979; 4,209,417, Whyte, issued Jun. 24, 1980; 4,515,705, Moeddel, issued May 7, 1985; 4,152,272, Young, issued May 1 , 1979; 5,378,468 Suffis et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,081 ,000 Akimoto et al., issued Jan. 14, 1992; U.S. Pat.
• Lamparsky Perfumes Art, Science, & Technology Blackie Academic & Professional, (New York, 1994) is included herein by reference.
• Fragrances can be classified according to their volatility.
• the highly volatile, low boiling, perfume ingredients typically have boiling points of about 250°C or lower.
• the moderately volatile perfume ingredients are those having boiling of from about 250°C to about 300°C.
• the less volatile, high boiling, perfume ingredients are those having boiling points of about 300°C or higher.
• Many of the perfume ingredients as discussed hereinafter along with their odor and/or flavor characters, and their physical and chemical properties, such as boiling point and molecular weight, are given in "Perfume and Flavor Chemicals (Aroma Chemicals),” Steffen Arctander, published by the author, 1969, incorporated herein by reference.
• benzaldehyde benzyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl formate, iso-bornyl acetate, camphene, cis-citral (neral), citronellal, citronellol, citronellyl acetate, paracymene decanal, dihydrolinalool, dihydromyrcenol, dimethyl phenyl carbinol, eucalyptol, geranial, geraniol, geranyl acetate, geranyl nitrile, cis-3-hexenyl acetate,
• lavadin contains as major components: linalool; linalyl acetate, linalyl propionate, methyl anthranilate, alpha-methyl ionone, methyl nonyl acetaldehyde, methyl phenyl carbonyl acetate, laevo-menthyl acetate, menthone, iso-menthone, myrcene, lyrcenyl acetate, myrcenol, mero, meryl acetate, nonyl acetate, phenyl ethyl alcohol, alpha- pinene, beta-pinene, gamma phenene, alpha-terpineol, beta-terpineol, terpinyl acetate, and vertenex (para-tertiary-butyl cyclohexyl acetate).
• lavadin contains as major components: linalool; linalyl acetate, linalyl propionate,
• moderately volatile perfume ingredients are: amyl cinnamic aldehyde, iso- amyl salicylate, beta-caryophyllene, cedrene, cinnamic alcohol, coumarine, dimethyl benzyl carbonyl acetate, ethyl vanillin, eugenol, iso-eugenol, heliotropine, 3-cis-hexenyl salicylate, hexyl salicylate, lilial (para-tertiarybutyl-alpha-methyl hydrocinnamic aldehyde), gamma-methyl ionone, merolidol, patchouli alcohol, phenyl hexanol, geta- selinene, trichloromethyl phenyl carbonyl acetate, triethyl citrate, vanillin, and veratrum aldehyde.
• Cedar terpenes are composed mainly of alpha-cedrene, beta-cedrene, and other C15H24 sesquiterpenes.
• Examples of the less volatile, high boiling, perfume ingredients are: benzophenone, benzyl salicylate, ethylene brassylate, galaxolide (1 ,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8- hexamethyl-cyclopenta-gamma-2-benzopyran), hexyl cinnamic aldehyde, lyral (4-(4- hydroxy-4-methyl pentyl)-3-cyclohexene-10-caroxaldehyde), methyl cedrylone, methyl dihydro jasmonate, methyl-beta-naphthyl ketone, musk indanone, musk ketone, musk tibetene, and phenylethyl phenyl acetate.
• the fragrances compounds can perform their function as soon as they are released.
• the shell made of silica has no effect on the action of the fragrances compounds and has no negative impact on the efficiency of the fragrances compounds.
• the lipophilic components can be, for example, water insoluble liquid chemicals which can protect the lipophilic component, for example during storage or transport.
• the lipophilic components can be, for example, pharmaceuticals or sensitive chemical materials. Radioactively marked material can be encapsulated for cancer treatment.
• the lipophilic component A) is dispersed in an aqueous medium with the aid of a surfactant.
• the surfactant can be an anionic, cationic, amphoteric, nonionic surfactant or a mixture thereof.
• the surfactant does not comprise a biodegradable polymer.
• an aqueous dispersion is provided that comprises at least one lipophilic component (A) and at least one nonionic surfactant, wherein the nonionic surfactant comprises at least one polyether group.
• the nonionic surfactant comprising at least one polyether group is selected from alcohol polyoxyethylene esters, alkyl polyoxyalkylene ethers, aryl polyoxyalkylene ethers, alkylaryl polyoxyalkylene ethers, alkoxylated animal and/or vegetable fats and/or oils, fatty amine alkoxylates, fatty acid amide alkoxylates, fatty acid
• the nonionic surfactant comprising at least one polyether group is selected from: fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene esters, for example lauryl alcohol polyoxyethylene ether acetate, alkyl polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene ethers, e.g. of isotridecyl alcohol and fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ethers,
• alkylaryl alcohol polyoxyethylene ethers e.g. octylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, alkoxylated animal and/or vegetable fats and/or oils, for example corn oil ethoxylates, castor oil ethoxylates, tallow fatty ethoxylates,
• fatty alcohol alkoxylates and oxo alcohol alkoxylates in particular of the type RO-(R 1 0)r(R 2 0) s R 3 where R 1 and R 2 independently of one another are selected from C2H4, C3H6 and C4H8 and R 3 is selected from H or Ci-Ci2-alkyl, R is C3-C30- alkyl or C6-C3o-alkenyl, r and s independently of one another are 0 to 50, where at least one of the variables r and s is not 0, such as isotridecyl alcohol and oleyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ether,
• alkylphenol alkoxylates such as, for example, ethoxylated isooctyl-, octyl- or nonylphenol, tributylphenol polyoxyethylene ether,
• diethanolamide alkoxylates in particular their ethoxylates.
• the surfactant provided in step a) comprises or consists of at least one alkoxilated fatty alcohol.
• the surfactant is selected from Triton X 100, Plurafac LF 403, Emulan TO 2080, Lutensol TO 80, Pluronic P 123, Pluronic PE 7400, Pluronic 10300, Pluronic 10500, TWEEN 80, Tergitol NP9 and mixtures thereof.
• the aqueous dispersion provided in step a) of the process according to the invention optionally comprises at least one further surfactant.
• the additional surfactant is preferably an anionic, cationic, amphoteric, nonionic surfactant or a mixture thereof.
• the anionic surfactants include, for example, carboxylates, in particular alkali metal, and ammonium salts of fatty acids, e.g. potassium stearate, which are usually also referred to as soaps; acyl glutamates; sarcosinates, e.g.
• alkylnaphthalenesulfonat.es alkyl methyl ester sulfonates, condensation products of sulfonated naphthalene and derivatives thereof with formaldehyde, condensation products of naphthalenesulfonic acids, phenolic and/or phenolsulfonic acids with formaldehyde or with formaldehyde and urea, mono- or dialkylsuccinic acid ester sulfonates; and protein hydrolyzates and Hgnosulfite waste liquors.
• the aforementioned sulfonic acids are advantageously used in the form of their neutral or optionally basic salts.
• the cationic surfactants include, for example, quaternized ammonium compounds, in particular alkyltrimethylammonium and dialkyldimethylammonium halides and alkyl sulfates, and also pyridine and imidazoline derivatives, in particular alkylpyridinium halides.
• Additional nonionic surfactants include, for example: glycerol esters, such as, for example, glycerol monostearate,
• sorbitol esters such as, for example, sorbitan fatty acid esters (sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan tristearate), polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, alkyl polyglycosides, N-alkylgluconamides,
• alkyl dimethylphosphine oxides such as, for example, tetradecyl
• the weight ration of the surfactant and the lipophilic component in the aqueous dispersion can be between 0.1 %:30%, preferably between 1 %:20% and 5%:20%.
• the concentration of the lipophilic substance in the aqueous dispersion can be between 0.5% by weight to 20% by weight, preferably 1 % by weight to 5% by based on the weight of the oil phase.
• the concentration of the surfactant in the aqueous dispersion can be between 5% by weight to 30% by weight, preferably 10% by weight to 25% by weight based on the weight of the oil phase. If the lipophilic component is highly viscous, a phase inversion process can be used in which the oil phase is mixed with the surfactant and a small amount of water, forming a water-in-oil dispersion inverts to an oil-in-water dispersion when sheared. Further water can be added to dilute the dispersion.
• Step b1 ) or b2) In step b1 ) of the process according to the invention, a water glass solution and an acid are added to the aqueous dispersion and the addition is effected in a way that the pH value of the mixture is in the range of 6 to 9.
• a water glass solution is added to the dispersion of step a).
• step b2) of the process according to the invention a silicic acid solution and a base are added to the aqueous dispersion and the addition is effected in a way that the pH value of the mixture is in the range of 6 to 9.
• a silicic acid solution is added to the dispersion of step a).
• water glass used herein is the common name for a compound comprising sodium silicate, in particular sodium or potassium metasilicate (Na2Si03 K2SiOs), which is readily soluble in water and produces an alkaline solution. In neutral and alkaline solutions water glass is stable, but in acidic solutions the silicate ion forms silicic acid. Water glass is also characterized by the molar ration of S1O2 and alkali oxide (for example Na20). Commercial water glass has a molar ration of from 1 to 4.
• the water glass module according the invention is preferably 2.4 to 3.4. It is of a critical importance that the process of the invention a pH is in a certain range maintained.
• the technical way to produce silicic acid is to neutralize and acidifies alkalisilicate solution rapidly down to low pH , preferably ⁇ 2, where the corresponding silicic acid is formed and further polycondensation to higher oligomers and polymeric sols and gels is delayed.
• the alkali silicate solution must be added rapidly to a strong acid, preferably H2SO4 or HCI, in very fine streams during rapid stirring. Metasilicate solutions or solutions of water glass solutions can be used.
• Another way to produce silicic acid is that metasilicate solutions or solutions of water glass solutions are run over a common ionexanger. Silica is formed by increasing the pH value.
• the water glass solution employed in step b1 ) is preferably added as a solution containing 0.1 % by weight to 35% by weight S1O2, preferably 1 % by weight to 30% by weight S1O2, in particular 2% by weight to 25% by weight S1O2 based on the total weight of the water glass solution.
• the silicic acid solution employed in step b2) is preferably added as a solution containing 0.1 % by weight to 35% by weight S1O2, preferably 1 % by weight to 30% by weight S1O2, in particular 2% by weight to 25% by weight S1O2 based on the total weight of the water glass solution.
• the concentration of the water glass solution employed in step b1 ) in the aqueous dispersion can be between 35% by weight to 245% by weight, preferably 40% by weight to 185% by weight based on the weight of the oil phase.
• the concentration of the silicic acid solution employed in step b2) in the aqueous dispersion can be between 35% by weight to 245% by weight, preferably 40% by weight to 185% by weight based on the weight of the oil phase.
• maintaining the pH within the predefined range is preferably carried out by adjusting the flow rate of the water glass solution and/or the acid throughout the addition period in accordance with the actual pH value of the mixture. In another embodiment, maintaining the pH within the predefined range is carried out by adjusting the dosing volume of the water glass solution and/or the acid.
• the acid is an inorganic acid, an aqueous solution of an inorganic acid, organic acid or an aqueous solution of an organic acid.
• the inorganic or organic acid are nitric acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid, formic acid, citric acid.
• the silicic acid solution and a base are added through two separate inlets. Maintaining the pH within the predefined range is preferably carried out by adjusting the flow rate of the silicic acid solution and/or the base throughout the addition period in accordance with the actual pH value of the mixture. In another embodiment, maintaining the pH within the predefined range is carried out by adjusting the dosing volume of the silicic acid solution and/or the base. Suitable devices for controlling the pH of the resulting mixture are known to those skilled in the art. Suitable devices for adjusting the flow rate or the dosing volume are also known to those skilled in the art.
• a combination of pH controlling devices and for adjusting the addition speed or the addition volume are used.
• Suitable devices for controlling the dosing rate are selected from among flow limiters, metering valves, and metering pumps.
• a combination of at least one pump and at least one flow limiter and/or at least one metering valve is used for controlling the dosing rate.
• a metering pump is used for controlling the dosing rate.
• a metering pump delivers a precise volume of liquid in a specified time period, or providing an accurate flow rate, respectively.
• Such pumps can be, for example, diaphragm pumps or piston pumps. Suitable metering pumps are known to those skilled in the art.
• a control unit is used to regulate the dosing rate.
• the control unit compares the electronic signals received from the pH sensor with a predefined target value and converts the deviation into an appropriate increase or reduction in the flow rate of the water glass solution and or acid or of the silicid acid solution and/or the base.
• the control unit exerts a regulating effect on the system according to the invention.
• Suitable bases are alkali and alkaline-earth hydroxides, alkali and alkaline- earth carbonates and hydrogen carbonates, ammonia (NH3), primary, secondary and tertiary amines.
• the base is selected from NaOH, KOH, Mg(OH) 2 , Ca(OH) 2 , Na 2 C0 3 , K2CO3, CaCOs, NaHCOs, KHCOs, ammonia (NH 3 ), tri(Ci-C 4 alkyl)amines, e.g. trimethylamine or triethylamine, and mixtures thereof.
• the addition of the water glass solution in step b1 ) or the addition of the silicic acid solution in step b2) is carried out in a range of 10 to 80°C, preferably in a range of 20 to 75°C, in particular in a range of 25 to 70°C.
• processing time that means the addition of water glass solution and the acid employed in step b1 ) or the addition of the silicic acid solution and the base employed in step b2) into the aqueous dispersion are normally added over a period of 0.5 minutes to 24 hours, preferably for a period of 8 hours to 14 hours.
• the period of adding depends on the batch size. For example, if the batch size is between 0.1 L to 5 L the water glass solution and acid (step b1 )) or the silicic acid solution and the base (step b2)) are added over a period of 0.5 to 14 hours.
• the period of adding depends also on the concentration of the liquid substances.
• the concentration of the liquid substances is 4% by weight the water glass solution (step b1 )) and acid or the silicic acid solution and the base (step b2)) are added over a period of 0.5 to 14 hours.
• the period of adding depends also on the concentration of the water glass solution/silicic acid solution.
• the concentration of the water glass solution or silicic acid solution is 2.4% by weight the adding of it and the adding of the acid needs a period of 0.5 to 14 hours.
• the dispersion is reacted at temperature in the range of 10°C to 80°C, preferably in a range of 20°C to 75°C, in particular at in a range of 25°C to 70°C.
• the addition is effected such that the pH of the mixture is in the range of 6 to 9, preferably 7 to 9, in particular 7.5 to 8.9.
• the dispersion is reacted after the addition of the water glass solution employed in step b1 ) or the silicic acid solution employed in step b2) is complete for a period of 5 minutes to 12 hours, preferably for 30 min to 4 hours.
• the dispersion is reacted at temperature in the range of 10°C to 80°C, preferably in a range of 20°C to 75°C, in particular at in a range of 25°C to 70°C.
• the method of the present invention does not require time-consuming processes, but represents a time-efficient method allowing for the production of large quantities of microcapsule composition with a silica shell.
• the water glass solution comprises optionally at least one additive which is selected from surface modifying agents, pH regulating agents and mixtures thereof.
• surface modifying agents may be chosen from ethanolamines, polyalkylene oxides, polyalkylene oxide block copolymers with polyolefines, or fatty alcohols. Alkoxy silanes, or other metal alkoxides (e.g. Mg, Ti) can be used for surface modification.
• Appropriate pH regulating agents are known to a person skilled in the art, but buffer systems based or acetic acid, carbonate buffer systems or hydrogenphosphate/dihydrogenphosphate buffers are preferred.
• the microcapsule composition comprising core-shell particles is usually obtained as a dispersion in an aqueous solvent. Depending on the intended use, it is possible to employ this aqueous dispersion without a further isolation or purification step.
• the microcapsules may be recovered from the dispersion obtained in step b1 ) or b2). Recovery of the microcapsule composition can be achieved by any known liquid removal technique, for example by filtering, centrifugation, spray drying, spray chilling, oven drying or lyophilisation, preferably by spray drying.
• the dispersion of microcapsules obtained in step b1 ) or b2) can be subjected to a further purification step prior to the isolation of the microcapsules.
• the dispersion of microcapsules obtained in step b1 ) or b2) can be subjected to a cross-flow-filtration.
• the cross-flow-filtration can be carried out in a customary manner.
• a cross-flow is generated on the membrane surface at a speed of about 2.5 to 3 m/s.
• the membrane consists of ceramic and has a pore size of about 20 to 40 nm. The dissolved salts are separated from the solution.
• the electrical conductivity of the solution is about 30 microSiemens after the cross-flow- filtration step.
• the dispersion of microcapsules obtained in step b1 ) or b2) can be subjected to a dialysis.
• the dialysis can be carried out in a customary manner.
• the spray drying of the dispersion of microcapsules can be carried out in a customary manner.
• the inlet temperature of the hot stream is in the range from 100 to 200°C, preferably 120 to 160°C and the outlet temperature of the air stream is in the range from 30 to 90°C, preferably from 60 to 80°C.
• the spraying of the microcapsule dispersion in the hot air stream can be carried out, for example, by means of single- fluid or multifluid nozzles or by means of a rotating disk.
• the microcapsule composition is normally separated off by using cyclones or filters.
• the sprayed microcapsule dispersion and the hot air stream are preferably conveyed in concurrent.
• drying of the dispersion of microcapsules can be carried out at a temperature in the range from 20 to 100°C for a period of 30 min to 15 h, preferably drying of the dispersion of microcapsules can be carried out at a temperature in the range from 20 to 100°C for a period of 30 min to 15 h in combination with reduced pressure.
• the aqueous microcapsule compositions according to the invention can as a rule be dried to a redispersible powder. That is, by removal of the aqueous phase during the drying, a finely divided powder is obtained which can, without any bother, be redispersed in water without the occurrence of a significant change in particle size.
• a further aspect of the present invention is a microcapsule composition obtainable by the method described above.
• the particles of the microcapsule composition according to the invention have an average particle size in the range of 50 to 50000 nm, more preferably of 100 to 3000 nm, in particular of 150 to 500 nm.
• the particle size can be determined by known methods, e.g. transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atom force microscopy (AFM) or by light scattering.
• the particles in the microcapsule composition according to the invention have a shell with thickness of 1 to 50 nm, more preferably 5 to 20 nm.
• a further aspect of the present invention is the use of a microcapsule composition as defined above or obtainable by the above-mentioned process in a polymer
• composition cosmetic composition
• pharmaceutical composition home care product, an adhesive or coatings.
• a further aspect of the present invention is the use of the microcapsule composition as defined above or obtainable by the above-mentioned process for the delivery of an active substance, preferably selected from flame retardants, UV-stabilizers, UV- protecting agents, fragrances, flavors, vitamins, aromatic compounds, cosmetic or therapeutic agents, anti fouling agents.
• an active substance preferably selected from flame retardants, UV-stabilizers, UV- protecting agents, fragrances, flavors, vitamins, aromatic compounds, cosmetic or therapeutic agents, anti fouling agents.
• a further aspect of the present invention is the use of the microcapsule composition as defined above or obtainable by the above-mentioned process for the encapsulation of a latent heat storage material.
• the microcapsule composition of the present invention is particularly useful for the encapsulation of at least one flame retardant, in particular for use in a polymer composition.
• the thus encapsulated flame retardant is only released in case of need, i.e. if the article containing the microcapsule composition is exposed to fire or excessive heat.
• the microcapsule composition of the present invention can be incorporated into various polymer matrices.
• the incorporation of the microcapsule composition and optional further components into a polymer composition can be carried out by known methods, such as dry mixing in the form of a powder, or wet mixing in the form of dispersions.
• microcapsule composition and optional further components may be incorporated, for example, before or after molding or also by applying the microcapsule composition and optional further components to the polymer composition, with or without subsequent evaporation of the solvent.
• the microcapsule composition and optional further additives may be added direct into the processing apparatus (e.g.
• extruders e.g. as a dry mixture or dispersion.
• the incorporation can be carried out e.g. in any heatable container equipped with a stirrer, e.g. in a closed apparatus, such as a kneader, mixer or stirred vessel.
• Examples of processing of the compositions comprising at least one polymer and a microcapsule composition according to the invention are: extrusion, blow molding, injection blow molding, extrusion blow molding, rotomolding, in mold decoration (back injection), slush molding, injection molding, co-injection molding, forming, compression molding, pressing, film extrusion (cast film; blown film), fiber spinning (woven, non-woven), drawing (uniaxial, biaxial), annealing, deep drawing, calandering, mechanical transformation, sintering, coextrusion.
• the incorporation is preferably carried out in an extruder or in a kneader according to methods known in literature.
• the microcapsule composition of the present invention is also particularly useful as a latent storage material.
• the microcapsule composition of the present invention can be incorporated into binding building materials containing minerals, siliceous or polymeric binders.
• the microcapsule composition of the present invention can also be incorporated and/or coated on textiles.
• microcapsule compositions according to the present invention inhibit diffusion or leaching of the core which comprises of lipophilic components from the microcapsule.
• the rate of the diffusion or leaching is as low as possible.
• the decapsulating of the lipophilic components can be achieved by changing the pH value to a value of at last 13. For example, the use of ethanol will dissolve the lipophilic component due to the porous Si0 2 shell.
• Figure 1 TEM analysis (Transmission electron microscopy), encapsulation of
• RDP resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate)
• RDP encapsulated resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate)
• the particle sizes given here are weight-average particle sizes, and they can be determined by dynamic light scattering, e.g. with a Mictrotrac Nanotrac 250.
• Triton X ® 100 (Octylphenol Ethoxylate) by Dow Chemical Company
• Resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) (Fyrolflex RDP, ICL industrial products)
• Triton X 100 (corresponding to 20% of the amount of the lipophilic component) were dissolved in 714 g of demineralised water.
• 30 g resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) (RDP) (4% based on the total weight) were added while stirring.
• RDP resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate)
• This mixture was dispersed by ultrasonic treatment for 30 min. 375 ml. of a 2.36% water glass solution were added drop-wise to the tempered vessel at 60°C.
• the pH in the tempered vessel was kept constant at a value of 8 by addition of the corresponding amount of 1 M HCI.
• the resulting suspension was filtered though a glass frit (0.45 ⁇ filter) and washed several times with demineralised water. The product was dried over night (8 h) at 25°C under reduced pressure.
• Example 2 In a tempered vessel 6 g of Triton X 100 (corresponding to 20% of the amount of the lipophilic component) were dissolved in 714 g of demineralised water. 30 g resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) (RDP) (4% based on the total weight) were added while stirring. This mixture was dispersed by ultrasonic treatment for 30 min. 375 ml. of a 2.36% water glass solution were added drop-wise to the tempered vessel at 60°C. During the addition of the water glass solution the pH in the tempered vessel was kept constant at a value of 8 by addition of the corresponding amount of 1 M HNO3. After reacting 12.5 h, the resulting suspension was filtered though a glass frit (0.45 ⁇ filter) and washed several times with demineralised water. The product was dried over night (8 h) at 25°C under reduced pressure.
• Example 3 Example 3:
• Triton X 100 (corresponding to 5% of the amount of the lipophilic component) were dissolved in 99 g of demineralised water.
• 0.5 g resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) (RDP) (0.5% based on the total weight) were added while stirring.
• RDP resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate)
• This mixture was dispersed by ultrasonic treatment for 30 min. 15 mL of a 2.36% water glass solution were added drop-wise to the tempered vessel at 60°C.
• the pH increased to a value of 10.
• the pH was adjusted to pH 8 by addition of the corresponding amount of 0.1 M HCI.
• TEM was done. No particles or capsules were formed.
• Comparative Example 2 In a tempered vessel 0.025 g of Triton X 100 (corresponding to 5% of the amount of the lipophilic component) were dissolved in 99,5 g of demineralised water. 0,5 g resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) (RDP) (0,5% based on the total weight) were added while stirring. This mixture was dispersed by ultrasonic treatment for 30 min. 15ml_ of a 2.36% water glass solution were added drop-wise to the tempered vessel at 25°C. During the addition of the water glass solution the pH increased to a value 10.8. After addition, the pH was adjusted to pH 8 by addition of the corresponding amount of 0.1 M HCI. After reacting 24 h, TEM was done. Significant amounts of oily free (not encapsulated) RDP is located on the TEM grid.
• RDP resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate)
• Example 5 Efficiency of the flame retardant test according to DIN I EC 60695-1 1 -10
• a stable dispersion made of resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) (RDP) (2% in water) and Triton X 100 (0.4%) is prepared using the general procedure according to example 1 and dried as described to obtain a white powder.

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