WO2014100634A1 - Formulation unique, afficheurs réfléchissants à base de cristaux quasi photoniques, rgbk à quatre couleurs - Google Patents

Formulation unique, afficheurs réfléchissants à base de cristaux quasi photoniques, rgbk à quatre couleurs Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014100634A1
WO2014100634A1 PCT/US2013/077022 US2013077022W WO2014100634A1 WO 2014100634 A1 WO2014100634 A1 WO 2014100634A1 US 2013077022 W US2013077022 W US 2013077022W WO 2014100634 A1 WO2014100634 A1 WO 2014100634A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
formulation
reflective
weight percent
absorptive
display
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Ceased
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PCT/US2013/077022
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English (en)
Inventor
Michael P. Tate
Stacey L. DEAN
Susan J. Fitzwater
Daniel W. TRAHAN
Carol LYONS-BELL
Casey Fiting
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Dow Global Technologies LLC
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Dow Global Technologies LLC
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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/165—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field
    • G02F1/166—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect
    • G02F1/167—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect by electrophoresis
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/21—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  by interference
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F2201/00—Constructional arrangements not provided for in groups G02F1/00 - G02F7/00
    • G02F2201/08—Constructional arrangements not provided for in groups G02F1/00 - G02F7/00 light absorbing layer
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F2202/00—Materials and properties
    • G02F2202/32—Photonic crystals
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F2202/00—Materials and properties
    • G02F2202/36—Micro- or nanomaterials

Definitions

  • This invention relates to quasi-photonic crystal based color-capable reflective displays using a single formulation. More specifically, this invention relates to reflective displays using both reflective and absorptive particles, which are capable of producing all of the colors necessary to produce a full-color reflective display.
  • Photonic crystals can be used for display devices.
  • An electric field is applied to particles having electric charges or electrical polarization characteristics and/or a sumble with electrical polarization characteristics to control inter-particle distances of the particles and thereby reflect light of a certain wavelength range from the particles.
  • Color models require that a reflective display not only be able to produce a colored state, i.e., red (R), green (G), or blue (B), but also produce black (K) and white (W) in order to display the full range of colors perceived by the human eye.
  • the existing display technologies are capable of producing colored states, i.e., R, G, and B, or black and white colored states, i.e., K or W, but not both.
  • Full color is then achieved by creating a hybrid device by stacking multiple two state components in the normal to the viewing plane and assembling multiple states side by side within the plane ⁇ See Figure 1 ).
  • the term hybrid is used loosely as a RGB/transparent materia! with a biack background that wouid satisfy the RGBK color architecture requirements.
  • Reflective displays must also have the capability of producing a K color state, but do not have the option of producing such a state by "turning-off.” Instead, reflective displays must enable a K state in addition to the R, G, and B.
  • the complementary CMY color set may be used in place of the RGB color set if the reflective display uses absorption rather than scattering as the primary mechanism for reflecting different colors to the observer.
  • Photonic quasi-crystal colloids rely upon short-range structural color phenomena, in this approach, color is observed by creating a formulation of monodisperse nanoparticies (dia. 100 - 200 nm) and applying an electric field. This electric field drives the particles together using electromigration until electrostatic repulsion counteracts the movement, reaching an equilibrium.
  • the short-range order that develops within the monodisperse nanoparticies selectively allows only one wavelength to reflect back towards the observer.
  • Nanobrick demonstrated this concept in a recent publication using silica over iron oxide nanoparticies in propylene carbonate between two indium tin oxide slides ⁇ See United States Patent Application Nos. 2011023516 and 20120044128; Lee et a!., Quasi-Amorphous Colloidal Structures for Electrically Tunable Full-Color Photonic Pixels with Angle-!nterdependency, Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 4973-4977).
  • Nanobrick demonstrated only three colors, i.e., R, G and B. Thus, they fall short of fulfilling the necessary requirements to produce a full-colored display.
  • an illustrative embodiment provides a reflective display formulation, comprising a solvent, an absorptive material, and a reflective material.
  • an illustrative embodiment provides a reflective display comprising a plurality of pixels, wherein each of the plurality of pixels comprise a solvent, an absorptive material, and a reflective material.
  • an illustrative embodiment provides a method of making a reflective display, comprising providing a dispersion comprising a solvent and a plurality of particles dispersed in the solvent, wherein the plurality of particles comprise a reflective material. The method further comprises adding an absorptive material to form a reflective display formulation and filling a plurality of pixels with the reflective display formulation.
  • Figure 1 is a drawing of theoretical color architecture options for full color reflective displays from Heikenfeld et al., Review Paper: A critical review of the present and future prospects for electronic paper, Journal of the SiD, 19/2, 129-156 (201 1 ).
  • Figure 2 is a CIE Lab color mixing chart described by Tomi Koskela, LED Backlighting for LCs Requires Unique Drivers, Power Electronics Technology, May 12, 2008
  • Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of a proposed color architecture for a system with RGBK capabilities within a single formulation. :
  • Figure 4 is a photograph showing colors produced from quasi-photonic crystals in acetonitrile (a) with and (b) without absorptive fillers.
  • Figure 5 is a photograph showing colors produced from quasi-photonic crystals in propylene carbonate (a) with 0.002 weight percent carbon black, and (b) with 0.02 weight percent carbon black.
  • Figure 6 is a photograph showing colors produced from 1 10 nm commercial silica in water (a) with 0.01 weight percent carbon black, and (b) without carbon black.
  • Figure 7 is a photograph showing colors produced from quasi-photonic crystals in propylene carbonate (a) with 0.002 weight percent carbon biack, (b) 0.01 weight percent, and (c) with 0.02 weight percent carbon black.
  • Figure 8 is a photograph showing colors produced from 110 nm commercial silica particles, carbon black, and propylene carbonate at various concentrations of silica, and two different carbon biack particle sizes.
  • Figure 9 is a photograph showing colors produced from 134 nm silica particles synthesized by the inventors, with carbon black at 0.01 weight percent and propylene carbonate as a function of silica concentration.
  • a single reflective display formulation is provided, which may produce a colored state, i.e., red (R), green (G), or blue (B) and produce black (K) and white (W) in order to, in certain embodiments, display the full range of colors perceived by the human eye.
  • the reflective display formulation is suitable for use in reflective displays.
  • the reflective display formulation may comprise a solvent, an absorptive material, and a reflective material.
  • a particularly suitable reflective material is a material that is capable of reflecting light when used in a reflective display.
  • the reflective display formulation ma comprise first particles and second particles, wherein the first particl reflective material and wherein the second particl absorptive material.
  • the reflective material particles may be present in a concentration and/or size that provides for the perception of color.
  • the reflective display may comprise a plurality of pixels. Each of the piuraiity of pixels may comprise a solvent, an absorptive material, and a reflective material.
  • the reflective display formulation may comprise an absorptive material and a reflective material, wherein the concentrations and sizes of the absorptive material particles and reflective material particles cooperate so that the formulation, when in a display, is capable of reflecting light to provide for the perception of color.
  • the solvent may be, for example, acetonitriSe, propylene carbonate, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethoxyethane, mineral oil, silicon oil, ethanol, water, or blends of solvents, where the solvent blend is in a single phase.
  • the absorptive material may be, for example, carbon black, molybdenum disulfide, black dye, or black pigment.
  • the absorptive filler may be Monarch® 1100 carbon black.
  • the absorptive material may also be materials such as SKC Haas' mill base series, such as BM-82, B -100, BM-102. and B -8.
  • the reflective material may be, for example, silica, titania, zirconia, ceria, alumina, barium titanate. and blends of metal oxides, such as titan osiSicates.
  • the absorptive material may have a primary particle size between about 1 nm and about 200 nm, preferably between about 5 nm and about 30 nm, and more preferably between about 15 nm and about 20 nm.
  • Primary particle size is the size of an individual particle of the absorptive material. Carbon black particles tend to reversibly agglomerate, thus, aggregate particle size may also be measured.
  • the absorptive material may be present in a concentration of between about 0.001 weight percent and about 0.1 weight percent, preferably between about 0.002 weight percent and about 0.2 weight percent, and more preferably between about 0.005 weight percent and about 0.05 weight percent.
  • the reflective material may have a particle size of between about 75 nm and about 200 nm, preferably between about 100 nm and about 200 nm, and more preferably between about 100 nm and about 150 nm.
  • the reflective material may be present in a concentration of between about 1 weight percent and about 70 weight percent, preferably between about 2 weight percent and about 50 weight percent, and more preferably between about 5 weight percent and about 40 weight percent, in another embodiment, the reflective materia! may be present in a concentration of between about 3 weight percent and about 60 weight percent.
  • the size and/or the concentration of the reflective material may be selected so that the reflective materia! provides for a perception of color.
  • the reflective display formulation may also comprise a surface modifier.
  • the surface modifier may be, for example, silica or !ong-chain alkanes.
  • the surface modifier may be cova!ently bonded and physically bonded to a surface of the reflective material or a surface of the absorptive material to improve the stability in solution or the mobility under an applied electric field.
  • the reflective display formulation may also comprise a surfactant.
  • the surfactant may be, for example, Dow TergitolTM 15-S series surfactants, Tween® surfactants, Shell Neodai surfactants, AkzoNobel Armeen® surfactants, or Rhodia Alkamide® surfactants.
  • the refiective display formulation may also comprise dyes and/or pigments, for example, Fire Red G, Fire Red BL, or OrasoS® (all examples of red dyes).
  • the dyes and/or pigments may be of a specific color to provide selective modification of the color intensities across the visible color range by absorbing only specific wavelengths.
  • the dyes and/or pigments may substitute for the absorptive filler or may complement the absorptive filler.
  • the addition of dyes and/or pigments may provide for more subtle modification of the colors, adjusting the balance between reds, greens, and blues.
  • a method of making a reflective display may comprise providing a dispersion comprising a solvent and a plurality of particles dispersed in the solvent, wherein the plurality of particles comprise a reflective material.
  • the method may further comprise adding an absorptive material to form a refiective display formulation and filling a plurality of pixels with the reflective display formulation.
  • a method for reflecting wavelengths may comprise dispersing a plurality of reflective particles, wherein the reflective particles are capable of electrophoretic migration.
  • the plurality of reflective particles may be arranged in a short-range order.
  • the capability of the reflective particles to electrophorettcally migrate may be caused by an electric field and/or charges present on the refiective particles in system. Both electrophoretic migration and electrical polarization may be important to the tunability of the system, i.e., the ability of the system to change colors and to provide a wide range of colors.
  • the method may further comprise adding an absorptive material to form a reflective display formulation and applying the electric field to the reflective display formulation.
  • inter-particle distances between the plurality of particles are controlled and the inter-partic!e distances between the plurality of particles change, so that the wavelength of Sight reflected from the particles changes according to the changes of the inter-particle distances.
  • the change in inter-particle distances and thus the wavelength of light reflected impacts the color perceived by the human eye.
  • IPA-ST-ZL isopropanol
  • solvent e.g., propylene carbonate
  • This solution is placed in an ultrasonicator for 10 minutes, after which, the solution is centrifuged at 14,000 g for 30 minutes. Again, excess propylene carbonate is removed by pipette, and replaced with fresh propylene carbonate.
  • This solution is placed in an ultrasonicator (for example, Fisher Scientific FS30, 100 W output) for 10 minutes.
  • Photographs of the samples are taken against dark or black backgrounds on a Canon® 1Ti camera under standard laboratory fluorescent lighting.
  • the average coior for each sample is measured using a color picker tool within standard image manipulation software.
  • the average color over a circular area is reported. Care is taken not to include edge effects or other image imperfections in the area averaged.
  • the hexadecimal values reported by the software are then converted to LAB using standard mathematical algorithms for coior model conversion.
  • a device is assembled in which three primary colors are used in a single subpixel within an electronic display. Further, the addition of carbon black shows the inclusion of the K state is possible within a single pixel of an electronic display.
  • a proposed color architecture for a system with RGBK capabilities within a single formulation is shown in Figure 3. The addition of absorptive fillers allows for formulation of RGBK capable sub- pixe!s for quasi-crystalline photonic displays, which in turn enables a new color architecture. This new architecture allows for greatly simp!ified device fabrication, as only a single active iayer is required.
  • the acetonitrile is replaced with propylene carbonate.
  • Shown in Figure 5 is silica in propylene carbonate at a) 0.002 weight percent Cabot Monarch® 1100 carbon black and b) 0.02 weight percent carbon black at 40, 30, 24, 20, 16, 14, 10, and 6 weight percent silica, left to right.
  • 0.02 weight percent carbon black concentration the quality of the K state becomes truer.
  • the R, G, and B state also improve.
  • Quantifying the color states using the International Commission on Illumination's LAB color model enables a direct comparison between the quality of the K states in each of the photos lowest concentrations, in both the acetonitrile case and the propylene carbonate case, the K state of the sample improved by more than 40% through the addition of a small amount of carbon black.
  • Table 1 Average LAB Color Values for 6 wt% silica samples in Figures 4 and 5
  • water is used as the solvent instead of acetonitrile or propylene carbonate.
  • Shown in Figure 6 is silica in water at a) 0.01 weight percent Cabot Monarch® 1 100 carbon black and b) 0 weight percent carbon black at 40, 30, 24, 20, 16, 14, 10, and 6 weight percent silica, left to right.
  • Figure 6 shows that the addition of carbon biack aiso improves the coior states when water is used as a solvent.
  • This example expands upon Example 2 by including a third carbon black concentration at 0.01 weight percent.
  • Shown in Figure 7 is silica in propylene carbonate at a) 0.002 weight percent carbon Cabot Monarch® 1100 biack, b) 0.01 weight percent carbon black, and c) 0.02 weight percent carbon black at 40, 30, 24, 20, 16, 14, 10, and 6 weight percent silica, left to right.
  • Figure 7 shows that increasing the weight percent of carbon black improves the color states.
  • the type of carbon black has a significant effect on the colors produced from the formulation.
  • Shown in Figure 8 is silica in propylene carbonate at a) 15-20 nm carbon black primary particle size (40-80 nm aggregate particle size (carbon black particles tend to reversibly agglomerate together)) and b) approximately 30-120 nm carbon black primary particle size (approximately 300-700 nm aggregate particle size) at 40, 30, 24, 20, 16, 14, 10, and 6 weight percent silica, left to right.
  • the primary particle size and aggregate particle size are measured by SEM (not shown). As shown in Figure 8, the smaller carbon black particle size has less diffuse scattering.
  • 134 nm silica particles are synthesized using the Stober process, a physical chemistry process for the generation of monodispersed particles of silica. Shown in Figure 9 is 134 nm silica particles, carbon black at 0.01 weight percent, and propylene carbonate as a function of silica concentration, at 5, 8, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 weight percent silica, left to right.
  • the colors produced at the same partic!e size are significantly different from those of the 110 nm commerciai silica despite being of similar morphology.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Nonlinear Science (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Electrochromic Elements, Electrophoresis, Or Variable Reflection Or Absorption Elements (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne des formulations et des procédés pour la fabrication d'afficheurs réfléchissants. Les formulations et procédés comprennent l'addition d'une charge absorbante, tel que le noir de carbone, pour produire toutes les couleurs nécessaires pour obtenir un afficheur polychrome réfléchissant.
PCT/US2013/077022 2012-12-20 2013-12-20 Formulation unique, afficheurs réfléchissants à base de cristaux quasi photoniques, rgbk à quatre couleurs Ceased WO2014100634A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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US201261740167P 2012-12-20 2012-12-20
US61/740,167 2012-12-20

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WO2014100634A1 true WO2014100634A1 (fr) 2014-06-26

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Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7259744B2 (en) * 1995-07-20 2007-08-21 E Ink Corporation Dielectrophoretic displays
KR20110031645A (ko) * 2009-09-21 2011-03-29 주식회사 나노브릭 색 가변성 태양전지
US20120044128A1 (en) * 2009-07-22 2012-02-23 Jae Hyun Joo Display method and device using photonic crystal characteristics
US20120293858A1 (en) * 2011-05-21 2012-11-22 E Ink Corporation Electro-optic displays

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7259744B2 (en) * 1995-07-20 2007-08-21 E Ink Corporation Dielectrophoretic displays
US20120044128A1 (en) * 2009-07-22 2012-02-23 Jae Hyun Joo Display method and device using photonic crystal characteristics
KR20110031645A (ko) * 2009-09-21 2011-03-29 주식회사 나노브릭 색 가변성 태양전지
US20120293858A1 (en) * 2011-05-21 2012-11-22 E Ink Corporation Electro-optic displays

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
INSOOK LEE ET AL: "Quasi-Amorphous Colloidal Structures for Electrically Tunable Full-Color Photonic Pixels with Angle-Independency", ADVANCED MATERIALS, vol. 22, no. 44, 24 November 2010 (2010-11-24), pages 4973 - 4977, XP055113279, ISSN: 0935-9648, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201001954 *

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