WO2014165258A1 - Compositions et procédés pour abaisser la quantité d'urée dans le sol - Google Patents

Compositions et procédés pour abaisser la quantité d'urée dans le sol Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014165258A1
WO2014165258A1 PCT/US2014/024997 US2014024997W WO2014165258A1 WO 2014165258 A1 WO2014165258 A1 WO 2014165258A1 US 2014024997 W US2014024997 W US 2014024997W WO 2014165258 A1 WO2014165258 A1 WO 2014165258A1
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Prior art keywords
acids
composition according
urea
acid
chosen
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Ceased
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PCT/US2014/024997
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English (en)
Inventor
Burt R. Sookram
John W. VEENSTRA
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NBIP LLC
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NBIP LLC
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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D3/00—Improving or preserving soil or rock, e.g. preserving permafrost soil

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to compositions, methods and equipment that are effective in removing or reducing the urea content of soil.
  • Urea generally refers to an organic compound typically found in the urine of mammals.
  • several edible crops are constantly in demand.
  • several fertilizers have been employed. More than 90% of world production of urea is destined for use as a nitrogen- release fertilizer.
  • Urea has the highest nitrogen content of all solid nitrogenous fertilizers in common use and it has the lowest transportation costs per unit of nitrogen nutrient. Therefore, urea based fertilizers are used in large quantities throughout the world.
  • Urea is highly soluble in water and is, therefore, also very suitable for use in fertilizer solutions such as a 'foliar feed' fertilizers.
  • Urea fertilizer has become more popular than its cousin ammonium nitrate. It contains 46 percent nitrogen and involves almost no explosive hazard, making it easier to handle. It is the most inexpensive form of nitrogen per pound, and it lends itself to a variety of applications and blending. Urea can also be dissolved in water as a 50/50 mix to use as a foliar spray
  • Urea is a popular solid nitrogen fertilizer because of its high nitrogen content which can be measured at up to be 46%. Most world output is in a solid form, either prills or granules, or crystalline for specialized small-volume uses. For industrialized countries, a liquid form of the product is consumed in the production of nitrogen solution fertilizers. It is usually applied to the soil at rates of between 40 and 300 kg per hectare but these rates vary. Smaller applications incur lower losses due to leaching. During summer, urea is often spread just before, or during rain to minimize its losses. Urea is not compatible with other fertilizers.
  • urea is often applied at the time of the last cultivation before planting. In high rainfall areas and on sandy soils where nitrogen can be lost through leaching and where good in-season rainfall is expected, urea can be side- or top-dressed during the growing season. Top-dressing is also popular on pasture and forage crops. For irrigated crops, urea can be applied dry to the soil, or dissolved and applied through the irrigation water. Urea will dissolve in its own weight in water. But it becomes increasingly difficult to dissolve as the concentration increases..
  • Urea absorbs moisture from the atmosphere and therefore must be stored either in closed/sealed bags on pallets. In bulk it must be covered and stored in a cool, dry, well- ventilated area.
  • Urea amidohydrolase is the urease of choice that is used. This enzyme increases the rate where hydrolysis of the urea occurs, producing carbon dioxide and ammonia.
  • the enzyme, urea amidohydrolase is a nickel metallo-enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of urea to ammonia and carbamine acid which decomposes to generate a second molecule of ammonia and carbon dioxide. This decomposition reaction is expressed as [00011] Urea (NH 2 ) 2 CO and the addition of Water (H 2 0) produces -» Carbon
  • ammonia volatilization One of the most commonly cited problems involving increased residue and nitrogen (N) fertilizers is ammonia volatilization.
  • urea When urea is applied to the soil, it is broken down by chemical reaction with water to form ammonium (NH4+) by the enzyme urease. If conditions are right like poor soil contact and little or no rainfall for several days after the fertilizer application, the ammonium salt, NH 4 + may be rapidly converted to ammonia N3 ⁇ 4 which can be lost by volatilization, at the soil surface.
  • the present disclosure relates to compositions, methods and equipment that are effective in removing or reducing the urea content of soil and the ammonia byproduct of such removal.
  • compositions encompass the use of an enzyme, an ammonia removal system and in an aqueous carrier. That composition is mixed in the urea contaminated soil to remove the urea and the byproducts of the decomposition of the urea.
  • the ammonia removal system comprises an organic acid with a pH buffer.
  • the enzyme is an urease product.
  • Soil rejuvenation process must be effective in reducing urea and the byproducts of the decomposition of urea with the urease enzyme and then removal or reduction of the ammonia present in the soil. To achieve that goal, the process must achieve the following:
  • the soil must first be exposed to adequate amounts of urease, for a long enough period of time, to allow for full conversion of any urea to its byproducts.
  • an ammonia removal system must be applied in adequate amounts, and for a long enough period of time, to convert the ammonia left after the urease application to a non-detectable odor level.
  • Ranges may be expressed herein as from “about” one particular value, and/or to "about” another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another aspect includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent "about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms another aspect. It will be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint. [00022] A weight percent of a component, unless specifically stated to the contrary, is based on the total weight of the formulation or composition in which the component is included.
  • contacting means an instance of applying a composition to the soil.
  • sufficient amount and “sufficient time” as used herein means an amount and time needed to achieve the desired result or results.
  • Mixture or “blend” as used herein means a physical combination of two or more different components.
  • Controlled release as used herein means the use of a material to regulate the release of another substance.
  • Cutting refers to the mechanical or manual process for plowing the soil.
  • Enzyme refers to any urease suitable to decompose urea.
  • Organic acid refers to weak acids that do not dissociate completely in water but are generally soluble in organic solvents and are mostly carboxylic acids.
  • pH buffer refers to a mixture that adjust the pH level in a product.
  • Ammonia removal system refers to a system to remove any ammonia byproduct from the decomposition of the urea present in the soil previously treated.
  • compositions effective in removing urea, and the byproducts of the decomposition of urea from the soil non-limiting examples of which include the use of suitable enzymes such as a urease.
  • suitable enzymes such as a urease.
  • Urea amidohydrolase is the urease of choice.
  • compositions comprise the Ammonia removal system.
  • This system comprises an organic acid and a pH buffer.
  • the neutralizing diffusion of organic acids is similar to that of sulfuric acid.
  • the first group of suitable organic acids is Lactic, Acetic, Formic, Fumaric, Citric, Oxalic, Adipic and Uric.
  • the second group of suitable organic acids is the carboxylic acids, whose acidity is associated with their carboxyl group -COOH.
  • Sulfonic acids, containing the group -S0 2 OH, are relatively stronger acids.
  • the relative stability of the conjugate base of the acid determines its acidity. In some biological systems more complex organic acids such as L-lactic, citric, and D-glucuronic acids are formed. These use the hydroxyl or carboxyl group.
  • the third group of suitable organic acids are Humic, Sebacic, Stearic, Gallic, Palmitic, Caffeic, Glyoxylic, Fulvic, Carnosic, Anthranilic, Ellagic, Lipoic,
  • the fourth group of suitable organic acids is fruit acids.
  • the acids in fruits are chiefly acetic, malic, citric, tartaric, oxalic, and in some instances boric.
  • Malic acid is present in apples, pears, currants, blackberries, raspberries, quince, pineapple, cherries, and rhubarb.
  • Citric acid is found in lemons, oranges, grapefruit, lemons, limes, quince, gooseberry, strawberry, raspberry, currant, and cranberry.
  • Tartaric acid occurs in grapes.
  • Boric acid is found in many fresh fruits and vegetables. Mandelic acid is present in almonds.
  • the fifth group of suitable organic acids is beta hydroxy acids, which is a type of phenolic acid.
  • Salicylic acid is a colorless crystalline organic acid whose main active ingredient obtained from this source is a monohydroxiybenzoic acid.
  • a dermal, non-corrosive acid composition that is able to keep the organic acid in the proper pH environment, having a maximum proton count of 1.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 25, an embodied conductivity range of from 250 mV to 1500mV and a 0.1% solution of the composition having a pH of under 2.0.
  • a surfactant component includes ingredients that modify the water in the system making it suitable from use with several types of water such as hard water, soft water, sulfite contaminated water, rain water, pond water, well water or calcium rich water. Quaternary ammonium compounds which are more compatible with anionic surfactants generally have an inadequate conditioning effect.
  • dialkyl diallyl ammonium chloride/acrylic acid-type polymers is added.
  • This method for improving the stickiness properties of the composition encompasses adding an effective amount of a polymer comprising: i.
  • quaternary diallyl dialkyl ammonium monomer wherein alkyl groups are independently selected from alkyl groups of 1 to 18 carbon atoms, preferably C i -4 alkyl, and wherein said quaternary diallyl dialkyl ammonium monomer's counterion is selected from the group consisting of conjugate bases of acids having an ionization constant greater than 10 13 , more preferably selected from the group consisting of fluoride, chloride, bromide, hydroxide, nitrate, acetate, hydrogen sulfate, and primary phosphates; ii.
  • the polymer base can also be a combination of one or more bases, for example, glycerol in combination with ethoxylated partial glyceride fatty acid esters.
  • bases for example, glycerol in combination with ethoxylated partial glyceride fatty acid esters.
  • bases include branched chain esters, ethoxylated partial glyceride fatty acid esters, protein derivatives, lanolin and lanolin derivatives, and fatty alcohol ethoxylates, emollient oils, fatty acids, fatty alcohols and their esters.
  • suitable bases include glycerine, sortibal aloe, poylglycols, polyethylene glycol, polyoxyethylene and polyethylene oxide.
  • the balance of the disclosed compositions comprises a carrier.
  • the carrier can be any suitable material that can dissolve the active ingredients and co-ingredients and deliver the ammonia removal system to the soil.
  • Water is a convenient carrier for liquid embodiments of the disclosed composition.
  • compositions can be used for various applications with the application methods and dosage regimens dictated by the frequency of contamination and infection.
  • Spray applications usually consist of a composition that is adequate to cover the entire soil that has been tilled.
  • the ammonia removal system must make contact with all the surfaces.
  • Foam applications are effective where the foam composition can be applied directly to the tilled or unearth soil in order to insure it is thoroughly coated with the foam.
  • a Draegar Pump and ammonia detection Draegar tubes were used to determine the presence of any ammonia gas levels.
  • the Draegar pump is a standard bellow style gas sampling pump. It drags the gas a calibrated 100 ml sample through a short-term Draegar tubes.
  • Table A shows the results of ammonia expressed as parts per million (ppm). Any ammonia present is represented as before and after a spray application was done on soil sample. The study times were; less than 1 hour and 5 days after the initial application was done. Table 3 below shows those results:

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Soil Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Paleontology (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Fertilizers (AREA)
  • Soil Conditioners And Soil-Stabilizing Materials (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne des compositions, procédés et équipements permettant de réduire ou d'éliminer efficacement la teneur en urée dans le sol et les produits secondaires à base d'ammoniac d'une telle élimination. Les compositions divulguées mettent en œuvre l'utilisation d'une enzyme et d'un système d'élimination de l'ammoniac. Le système d'élimination d'ammoniac selon l'invention comprend un acide organique, un tampon pH et un agent tensioactif, tous dans un support aqueux.
PCT/US2014/024997 2013-03-12 2014-03-12 Compositions et procédés pour abaisser la quantité d'urée dans le sol Ceased WO2014165258A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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US201361778197P 2013-03-12 2013-03-12
US61/778,197 2013-03-12

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WO2014165258A1 true WO2014165258A1 (fr) 2014-10-09

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Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4276377A (en) * 1979-11-05 1981-06-30 Eastman Kodak Company Creatinine iminohydrolase free from urease activity
US20100210745A1 (en) * 2002-09-09 2010-08-19 Reactive Surfaces, Ltd. Molecular Healing of Polymeric Materials, Coatings, Plastics, Elastomers, Composites, Laminates, Adhesives, and Sealants by Active Enzymes
US7841806B2 (en) * 2005-12-15 2010-11-30 Terrafusion, Inc. Soil stabilization system
WO2010142004A2 (fr) * 2009-06-10 2010-12-16 Katholieke Universifeit Leuven Système d'élevage aquatique biologiquement sûr contrôlé dans un environnement confiné

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4276377A (en) * 1979-11-05 1981-06-30 Eastman Kodak Company Creatinine iminohydrolase free from urease activity
US20100210745A1 (en) * 2002-09-09 2010-08-19 Reactive Surfaces, Ltd. Molecular Healing of Polymeric Materials, Coatings, Plastics, Elastomers, Composites, Laminates, Adhesives, and Sealants by Active Enzymes
US7841806B2 (en) * 2005-12-15 2010-11-30 Terrafusion, Inc. Soil stabilization system
WO2010142004A2 (fr) * 2009-06-10 2010-12-16 Katholieke Universifeit Leuven Système d'élevage aquatique biologiquement sûr contrôlé dans un environnement confiné

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