WO2015131205A1 - Circuits d'extraction et d'utilisation d'énergie - Google Patents

Circuits d'extraction et d'utilisation d'énergie Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2015131205A1
WO2015131205A1 PCT/US2015/018368 US2015018368W WO2015131205A1 WO 2015131205 A1 WO2015131205 A1 WO 2015131205A1 US 2015018368 W US2015018368 W US 2015018368W WO 2015131205 A1 WO2015131205 A1 WO 2015131205A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
coupled
node
energy
circuit
voltage
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PCT/US2015/018368
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English (en)
Inventor
Jerry ESTRADA
Stanley FONG
William Toth
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Individual
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Priority to EP15755670.5A priority Critical patent/EP3111457A4/fr
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/855—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with circuits adapted for supplying loads from the battery
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/60—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries including safety or protection arrangements
    • H02J7/663—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries including safety or protection arrangements using battery or load disconnect circuits
    • H02J7/667—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries including safety or protection arrangements using battery or load disconnect circuits disconnection of loads if battery is not under charge, e.g. in vehicle if engine is not running
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/90—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
    • H02J7/96—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage in response to battery voltage
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output with intermediate conversion into AC
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output with intermediate conversion into AC by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output with intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate AC
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output with intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate AC using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output with intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate AC using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/338—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output with intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate AC using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only in a self-oscillating arrangement
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2207/00—Details of circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J2207/20—Charging or discharging characterised by the power electronics converter

Definitions

  • Embodiments consistent with the present invention generally relate to circuits and systems for extracting energy from energy storage devices, and to circuits and systems which utilize the same.
  • the first rule of power supply design is: do not design one yourself if you can buy it off the shelf.
  • a standard power supply module saves a considerable amount of design and testing time, resources which may not be available in small and large enterprises alike. This is especially true where the cycle from conception to launch is short.
  • this tendency toward incorporating off-the-shelf power supply modules can lead to some unfortunate compromises when it comes to the overall design of the final product.
  • AAA, AA, C, or D battery cells may be used interchangeably so long as they are connected the same way and can be made to fit the device housing.
  • the major difference between these batteries, apart from their physical size, is the total amount of energy which can be stored in them. It is the load, not the battery, which determines how much current actually flows. Stated another way, the difference between the battery sizes isn't voltage, and it isn't current (except under extreme circumstances where the battery is shorted out). It is the product of currenftime, which is proportional to the total energy stored.
  • an electronic device may be powered by "harvesting" energy from an ambient source.
  • Ambient sources of energy include, but are not limited to, mechanical vibrations, rotations, solar radiation, and thermal gradients.
  • the means of "harvesting” this ambient energy may take the form of an inductive, capacitive, piezoelectric, photovoltaic, or thermoelectric generator (or any combination of these) depending upon the specific ambient source being utilized.
  • the "ambient energy generator” may collect substantially more energy than is actually needed to power the associated electronic device (or its active components). It is known that the surplus energy can be stored in a battery or other electrical energy storage device so that the electronic device can be used even when the ambient source of energy is not available.
  • the inventors herein propose circuits and systems to efficiently extract and, in some embodiments utilize, power supplied by one or more direct current (DC) power sources in order to drive one or more loads.
  • DC direct current
  • the operating cycle of each power source is extended and, in other embodiments, a more compact form factor for the power source(s) is obtained.
  • a system for extracting energy from an energy storage device is configured to supply direct current (DC) energy at a nominal voltage rating and comprises a first node dimensioned and arranged to receive direct current energy from the energy storage device.
  • the system includes a self-oscillating circuit having primary and secondary windings wound around a ferrite core, wherein a positive terminal of the primary winding is tied to the negative terminal of the secondary winding at the first node, and wherein a positive terminal of the secondary winding is coupled to a second node, the second node being coupled to a load requiring power to be supplied at one of a voltage less than, equal to, or higher than the nominal voltage.
  • Some embodiments further include a transistor having the base resistively coupled to a negative terminal of the primary winding, the collector electrically coupled to the second node, and the emitter electrically coupled to ground.
  • a system for emulating a battery having a first form factor comprises a housing having a first external electrode and a second external electrode, the housing defining an interior volume dimensioned and arranged to receive a battery having a second form factor smaller than the first form factor.
  • the system further includes an energy extraction circuit configured to extract energy from a battery received within the interior volume, the received battery being configured to supply direct current (DC) energy at a nominal voltage rating.
  • the energy extraction circuit includes a first node dimensioned and arranged to receive direct current energy from the received battery, and a self-oscillating circuit.
  • the self-oscillating circuit includes a toroidal transformer having a ferrite core and primary and secondary windings about the ferrite core, wherein a positive terminal of the primary winding is tied to the negative terminal of the secondary winding at the first node, and wherein a positive terminal of the secondary winding is coupled to a second node, the second node being coupled to a load requiring power to be supplied at a voltage equal to the nominal voltage.
  • the system further includes a transistor having a base resistively coupled to a negative terminal of the primary winding and a collector coupled to the second node.
  • Figure 1 is a block diagram schematic depicting the functional elements of a DC-DC power supply arrangement employing an energy extraction circuit constructed in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating an arrangement of interconnected circuit elements for realizing a circuit for extracting energy from a low voltage energy storage device, such as a battery, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of an energy extraction circuit configured to utilize the power supplied by an external energy storage device to drive an electrical appliance at times, for example, when the electrical needs of the electrical appliance are not met by an internal battery, according to one or more embodiments;
  • Figure 4 depicts a schematic diagram of a battery emulating system configured to emulate the physical and electrical characteristics of a battery having a first form factor by extracting electrical energy from a battery having a second form factor smaller than the first form factor, according to one or more embodiments;
  • Figure 5 depicts a block diagram of a near-field communications (NFC) card utilizing an internal energy extraction circuit to provide a voltage boost and power conditioning to the output of a primary power source to increase the useful range of a communication link and/or to facilitate the use of a more compact primary power source, according to one or more embodiments;
  • NFC near-field communications
  • FIG. 6 depicts a block diagram of a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag utilizing an internal energy extraction circuit to provide a voltage boost and power conditioning to the output of a primary power source to increase the useful range of a communication link and/or to facilitate the use of a more compact primary power source, according to one or more embodiments;
  • RFID radio frequency identification
  • Figure 7 depicts a block schematic diagram of a flight data recorder system configured to utilize an internal energy extraction circuit to drive critical location- reporting (e.g., transponder) function, for example, once a determination is made that the function is not being met by an internal battery, according to one or more embodiments;
  • critical location- reporting e.g., transponder
  • Figure 8 depicts a block schematic diagram of an implanted medical monitoring and/or therapeutic stimulus delivery device powered by an internal, shielded, energy extraction circuit that extracts and filters the output of a compact internal power source, according to one or more embodiments;
  • Figure 9 depicts a block diagram schematic of a system for charging a rechargeable power storage device from which power is extracted by an energy extraction circuit, the charging being initiated once, for example, the power output of the rechargeable power storage device falls below a certain threshold in accordance with one or more embodiments,
  • Figure 10 depicts a block diagram schematic of a filtering and voltage boosting circuit arrangement in accordance with one or more embodiments
  • Figure 1 1 depicts a circuit diagram of a rechargeable, portable appliance using an energy utilization circuit to employ an unregulated power source of greater or lesser voltage than that of an internal, rechargeable battery, according to one or more embodiments;
  • Figure 12 depicts a perspective view of a flexible circuit board adapter implementation of a charging system adapter incorporating energy extraction and utilization according to one or more embodiments, the adapter being positionable between a portable appliance and a removable battery of the portable appliance;
  • Figure 1 3 depicts an electrical schematic diagram of an energy extraction system utilizing a single self-oscillating circuit and configured to extract power from a single energy storage device and drive a plurality of loads at respectively different voltages, according to one or more embodiments;
  • Figure 14 depicts an electrical schematic diagram of an energy extraction system utilizing a plurality of self-oscillating circuits and configured to extract power from a corresponding plurality of energy storage devices at respectively different voltages, according to one or more embodiments;
  • Figure 1 5 depicts an electrical schematic diagram of an energy extraction system utilizing a single self-oscillating circuit and configured to drive multiple loads, where at least one of the loads may require an alternating current input and at least one of the loads may require a direct current input, in accordance with one or more embodiments;
  • Figure 1 6 depicts an electrical schematic diagram of an energy extraction system utilizing a plurality of self-oscillating circuits and configured to extract power from a single energy storage device to drive multiple loads, where at least one of the loads may require an alternating current input and at least one of the loads may require a direct current input according to one or more embodiments;
  • Figure 1 7 depicts an electrical schematic diagram of an energy extraction system which utilizes a single self-oscillating circuit, isolating transformer, and a pair of Zener diodes configured to deliver a clipped waveform approximating a square wave;
  • Figure 1 8 depicts an electrical schematic diagram which utilizes a single self- oscillating circuit to drive a load with auto-sensing of when a rechargeable power source needs to be recharged and of when an alternate power supply should be used.
  • identical reference numerals have been used, where possible, to designate identical elements that are common to the figures.
  • the figures are not drawn to scale and may be simplified for clarity. It is contemplated that elements and features of one embodiment may be beneficially incorporated in other embodiments without further recitation.
  • Embodiments consistent with the claimed invention include a system and method for extracting and, in some embodiments utilizing, power supplied by one or more direct current (DC) power sources in order to drive one or more loads.
  • DC direct current
  • the operating cycle of at least some of the one or more sources is extended. Additionally, or alternatively, a more compact form factor for the power source(s) is obtained.
  • a number of device implementations of energy extraction systems according to one or more embodiments are also illustrated and described in the present disclosure, it being contemplated by the inventors herein that such implementations are intended to serve as illustrative and non-limiting examples only.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram schematic depicting the functional elements of a DC-DC power supply arrangement 100 constructed in accordance with an exemplary embodiment consistent with the claimed present invention.
  • the power supply arrangement 100 includes an energy source 1 10 which, in some embodiments, comprises one or more energy storage devices such, for example, as alkaline dry cell or lithium ion batteries having a nominal voltage output rating (e.g,, 1 .5v).
  • energy source 1 10 also includes one or more input terminal(s) for receiving the output of a low voltage, low power energy collector harvesting ambient energy (not shown), an AC to DC converter (also not shown), or a combination of these.
  • the input terminal(s) of energy source 1 10 may be electrically coupled to one or more solar cells or panels dimensioned and arranged to harvest incident light.
  • the power developed from solar collection may, at least part of the time, be insufficient for directly powering the device for which power supply arrangement 100 is intended.
  • power received via the one or more input terminals may be used to trickle charge one or more rechargeable energy storage device(s).
  • the rechargeable energy storage device(s) may be charged via an AC to DC converter (not shown).
  • the DC energy source 1 10 of power supply arrangement 100 may consist solely of one or more non-rechargeable batteries (or alternative storage device). It suffices to say that energy extraction and/or utilization circuits and arrangements consistent with the present disclosure may be readily adapted to work with a wide variety of low voltage energy sources.
  • the output of DC energy source 1 10 is supplied to a self-oscillating, step- up or "booster" module indicated generally at reference numeral 120.
  • the nominally rated voltage of DC energy source 1 10 is increased so as to meet the power drawn by the active circuitry of an electronic device.
  • the boost in voltage takes place only when necessary - i.e., when the voltage output by DC energy source 1 10 falls below its nominally rated output (as will occur where recharging occurs at a rate slower than the rate of discharge, or where no charging operation is performed at all).
  • the power demand causing the DC energy source 1 10 to discharge is represented conceptually in FIG. 1 as a resistive load indicated generally at reference numeral 130.
  • a resistive load indicated generally at reference numeral 130.
  • the output of booster module 120 is applied to the load, it is first passed through a rectification module 140, a filtering module 150, and a voltage regulating module 160.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating an arrangement of interconnected circuit elements for realizing power supply arrangement 100, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • energy source 1 1 0 of power supply arrangement 100 includes a rechargeable battery indicated generally at reference numeral 1 12, single pole double throw (SPDT) switch 1 14, and diode 1 1 6.
  • SPDT single pole double throw
  • switch 1 14 terminals dd and d1 are connected and a low voltage current applied to the anode of diode 16 is permitted to flow into rechargeable battery 1 12.
  • SPDT single pole double throw
  • FIG. 2 depicts an arrangement in which a single rechargeable battery is charged by a single low voltage DC power source
  • these elements may be omitted in situations where a stable source of DC power is available, or when the use of non-rechargeable batteries is preferred (e.g., for cost savings).
  • more than one battery or other energy storage device can be recharged at a time and/or more than one low-voltage DC power source (e.g., a different type or category of DC power source) may be utilized to perform the charging.
  • Booster module 120 includes a transformer 122 that has a ferrite core and a primary winding 124 and a secondary winding 126 wound around the core.
  • the ferrite core of transformer 122 is configured as a toroid. To enable the boost-inducing oscillation, the number of times a first wire is wrapped around the toroid core to form the primary winding 124 is equal to the number of times a second wire is wrapped around the toroid to form the secondary winding 126.
  • the number of turns used for each of the primary and secondary windings may be on the order of fifteen, though a larger or smaller number may be used depending upon the voltage of the energy source and degree of the boost required to power the load.
  • the primary and secondary windings are tied together at one end for electrical coupling to energy source 1 1 2 and to respective terminals of a transistor 128 operative to switch on and off to alternatively store energy within secondary winding 126 and transfer that energy to the full wave rectifier circuit 141 (i.e., at each oscillation).
  • the transistor 128 is a bipolar junction transistor such, for example as an NPN or PNP transistor.
  • a bipolar NPN transistor is exemplified and described in detail.
  • a PNP transistor may be readily substituted by reversing the polarity perspective (i.e., by reorienting the battery 1 12, bridge diodes 142, 144, 146 and 148, filtering capacitor 152, voltage regulator device 1 62, and the load 130, by 1 80°).
  • the transistor 128 may alternatively be realized by a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) or a junction gate field effect transistor (JFET), although more extensive alterations to the circuit depicted in FIG. 2 would be required.
  • MOSFET metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor
  • JFET junction gate field effect transistor
  • Each of windings 124 and 126 includes a positive terminal (indicated with a dot) and a negative terminal.
  • the positive terminal of winding 124 is connected to the negative terminal of winding 1 26 at the point indicated generally at ST.
  • Point ST is connected to the energy source 1 12 or, alternatively, to a charging source (not shown) via diode 1 1 6, via terminal d2 of switch 1 14.
  • the negative terminal of primary winding 124 is connected to one terminal of resistor 1 27.
  • the other terminal of resistor 127 is connected to the base of bipolar NPN transistor 128.
  • the positive terminal of secondary winding 126 is connected to the collector of transistor 128.
  • the emitter of transistor 128 is connected to ground.
  • rectification module 140 is implemented by a full wave rectifier circuit 141 comprising diodes 142, 144, 146, and 148.
  • Filtering module 150 in the form of capacitor 152, is connected in parallel across rectifier circuit 141 in the manner shown in FIG. 2.
  • voltage regulation module 160 is implemented in the form of a single Zener diode whose terminals are connected across the terminals of capacitor 152.
  • the terminals of the voltage regulation module are also connected across the load represented in equivalent form and indicated generally in FIG. 2 by the reference numeral 1 30.
  • the voltage delivered to full wave rectifier circuit 141 is a combination of the battery voltage plus the voltage developed within secondary winding 126.
  • the output of rectifier circuit 141 is delivered to filtering capacitor 1 52 of filtering module 150.
  • Voltage regulation module 160 regulates the voltage and delivers it across the terminals of the load 130.
  • the energy stored in the energy storing inductor represented by secondary winding 126 is transferred to the full wave rectifier circuit 141 at each oscillation.
  • the power supply arrangement of FIG 2 is considered to be in the free oscillation state until the voltage on the positive terminal of secondary winding 126 returns to a voltage value that allows transistor 128 to enter a conductive state again (the linear region of operation) and transition once more (from the linear region of operation) to operating in saturation again.
  • transistor 128 begins to conduct again, the current through primary winding 1 24 also begins to increase again and a new cycle of applying power to rectification module 140 is commenced.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an energy extraction circuit 300 configured to utilize the power supplied by an external energy storage device 310 such, for example, as one or more batteries, to drive an electrical appliance 380 when the electrical needs of the electrical appliance are not met by its internal battery 382, according to one or more embodiments.
  • the blocks 320, 340, 350 and 360 of circuit 300 correspond to blocks 120, 140, 1 50 and 160 of the arrangement 100 depicted in Figures 1 and 2.
  • booster module 320 includes a toroidal transformer 322 that has a ferrite core and a primary winding 324 and a secondary winding 326 wound around the core.
  • Each of windings 324 and 326 includes a positive terminal (indicated with a dot) and a negative terminal.
  • the positive terminal of primary winding 324 of energy extraction circuit 300 is connected to the negative terminal of winding 326 at the point indicated generally at ST.
  • Point ST is connected to the positive electrode of external battery 310.
  • the negative terminal of primary winding 324 is connected to one terminal of resistor 327.
  • the other terminal of resistor 327 is connected to the base of bipolar NPN transistor 328.
  • the positive terminal of secondary winding 326 is connected to the collector of transistor 328.
  • the emitter of transistor 328 is connected to ground.
  • rectification module 340 The collector of NPN transistor 328 and the positive terminal of secondary winding 326 are tied directly to an input of rectification module 340.
  • rectification module 340 is implemented as rectifier circuit 341 comprising diodes 342 and 348, and capacitors 344 and 346.
  • the polarity of the capacitors is such that the positive connection is coupled tot the cathode of each diode. This arrangement provides a means of doubling the output voltage.
  • filtering module 350 comprises a capacitor 352 connected in parallel across rectifier circuit 341 in the manner shown in FIG. 3.
  • FIG. 3 In an illustrative embodiment of the circuit depicted in FIG.
  • voltage regulation module 360 is implemented in the form of a single Zener diode whose terminals are connected across the terminals of capacitor 352.
  • the output of the voltage regulation module is electrically coupled to the external appliance 380 by a plug-in connection as, for example, a Universal Serial Bus (USB) adapter connection via USB cable 370.
  • USB Universal Serial Bus
  • the external energy storage device 310 may be of a voltage well below the nominal output rating of the internal storage battery 382 typically used to drive the appliance 380. Moreover, in addition to supplying the appliance 380 with sufficient power to enable operation in the event the internal storage battery 382 should fall below a critical voltage threshold, the power extraction circuit 300 is further operative to charge that battery so as to enable its normal function as the primary power source for appliance 380.
  • FIG. 4 depicts a schematic diagram of a battery emulating module or system 400 configured to emulate the nominal physical and electrical characteristics of a battery having a first form factor by extracting electrical energy from an inserted battery 410 having a second form factor smaller than the first form factor, according to one or more embodiments.
  • battery or batteries 410 supply direct current (DC) energy at a nominal voltage rating corresponding to that of the larger form factor battery emulated by battery emulator (or battery enhancement) module 400.
  • DC direct current
  • the battery emulating module 400 includes a housing 401 having a first external (e.g. negative) electrode 403 and a second (e.g., positive) external electrode 405, the housing 401 defining an interior volume 407 dimensioned and arranged to receive one or more reduced form factor battery or batteries as battery 410 as well as the booster module 420, rectifying module 440, filtering module 450, and voltage regulating module 460, each as already described with respect to corresponding counterparts in the arrangements of Figures 2 and 3, respectively.
  • a first external (e.g. negative) electrode 403 and a second (e.g., positive) external electrode 405
  • the housing 401 defining an interior volume 407 dimensioned and arranged to receive one or more reduced form factor battery or batteries as battery 410 as well as the booster module 420, rectifying module 440, filtering module 450, and voltage regulating module 460, each as already described with respect to corresponding counterparts in the arrangements of Figures 2 and 3, respectively.
  • boost module 420 includes a first node dimensioned and arranged to receive direct current energy from the received battery; a self-oscillating circuit including a transformer having a ferrite core and primary and secondary windings about the ferrite core, wherein a positive terminal of the primary winding is tied to the negative terminal of the secondary winding at the first node, and wherein a positive terminal of the secondary winding is coupled to a second node, the second node being coupled to a load requiring power to be supplied at a voltage equal to the nominal voltage; and a transistor having a base resistively coupled to a negative terminal of the primary winding and a collector coupled to the second node.
  • Modules 450 and 460 include a capacitor and Zener diode (or other suitable regulating components), respectively.
  • battery emulator module 400 may further include one or more integral circuit protector modules as, for example, a thermal fuse and/or a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) thermistor, to provide additional protection of circuit components.
  • a circuit protection module 412a electrically couples external positive electrode 405 of emulator module 400 to the external positive electrode 414 of the battery or batteries 41 0.
  • a circuit protection module 41 2b electrically couples the regulator module 460 with the external positive electrode 405 of emulator module/battery enhancement module 400.
  • the external negative electrode 41 3 of the battery or batteries 410 is directly connected to the external negative electrode 403 of the emulator 400. It will thus be readily appreciated that a variety of battery form factors can be accommodated, for a host of electrical appliances designed to use them, without the need for actually carrying the actual corresponding battery types in the invention. Thus, for example, in a situation where a lantern battery or D-cell batteries would normally be required to operate a flashlight or other emergency device, a user of one or more battery emulating modules constructed according to one or more embodiments described herein would have the option of utilizing other more ubiquitous batteries he or she may have on hand.
  • FIG. 5 depicts a block diagram of a near-field communications (NFC) card device 500 utilizing an internal energy extraction circuit 504 to provide a voltage boost and power conditioning, to the output of a primary power source forming part of a conventional power management circuit 502, in order to increase the useful range of a communication link and/or to facilitate the use of a more compact primary power source, according to one or more embodiments.
  • Energy extraction circuit is configured as circuit 300 of Figure 3, and includes the same general components of a self-oscillating circuit, rectifying module, filtering module and voltage regulating module (which have been omitted from Figure 5 for clarity.
  • the energy extraction circuit 504 receives power output from NFC power management circuitry or module 502, which is also coupled to antenna 508, and conditions the output to provide the voltage and current required to drive the remaining circuitry of the NFC card device 500.
  • the circuitry of NFC card device 500 includes a modulator/demodulator circuit 506 which, in turn is coupled to other circuitry 51 0 used to generate signals for transmission and or process the input received via antenna 508;
  • circuitry 510 includes one or more central processing units (CPUs) 512, a memory 514, and a RX/TX interface 516.
  • the energy extraction circuit 504 enhances the performance of the power source by either increasing the useful life (e.g., by providing an additional voltage boost and power conditioning to drive the internal circuitry 510) and increasing the operating range, or by facilitating a smaller overall device form factor via the utilization of a power source and/or charging capacity which is lower than what would have been required to achieve the nominally required operating range and performance characteristics.
  • Figure 6 depicts a block diagram of a radio frequency identification tag 600 utilizing an internal energy extraction circuit 604 to provide a voltage boost and power conditioning, to the output of a primary power source forming part of a conventional power management circuit 602, in order to increase the useful range of an RFID communication link and/or to facilitate the use of a more compact primary power source, according to one or more embodiments.
  • Energy extraction circuit 604 is configured as circuit 300 of Figure 3, and includes the same general components of a self-oscillating circuit, rectifying module, filtering module and voltage regulating module (which have been omitted from Figure 6 for clarity.
  • the energy extraction circuit 604 receives power output from RFID power management circuitry or module 602, which is also coupled to antenna 608, and conditions the output to provide the voltage and current required to drive the remaining circuitry of the RFID tag device 600.
  • the circuitry of RFI D tag device 600 includes a modulator/demodulator circuit 606 which, in turn is coupled to other circuitry 61 0 used to generate signals for transmission via and or process the input received via antenna 608;
  • circuitry 61 0 includes one or more central processing units (CPUs), 61 2, a memory 614, and a RX/TX interface 61 6.
  • the energy extraction circuit 604 enhances the performance of the power source by either increasing the useful life (e.g., by providing an additional voltage boost and power conditioning to drive the internal circuitry 61 0) and increasing the operating range, or by facilitating a smaller overall device form factor via the utilization of a power source and/or charging capacity which is lower than what would have been required to achieve the nominally required operating range and performance characteristics.
  • FIG. 7 depicts a block schematic diagram of a flight data recorder system 700 configured to utilize an internal energy extraction circuit 704 to drive critical location-reporting as, for example, the function of transponder 702, once a determination has been made that the power requirements of the transponder can no longer be met by a primary power source, as, for example, an internal battery 703.
  • System 700 includes the data recording unit 701 , which may have a plurality of input terminals for signals from one or more sensors as sensors Si to S n for the collection and storage of data pertaining to altitude, speed, atmospheric conditions (temperature and pressure), GPS location data, and/or control input history.
  • the data recording unit 701 may perform the functions of a cockpit voice recorder, capturing the utterances of the flight crew prior to and during an emergency event.
  • the occurrence of an emergency event causes a transponder triggering mechanism (not shown) to initiate the transmission of a homing beacon signal by transponder 702 via an integral antenna 705.
  • System 700 further includes a primary power source output monitoring module or circuit 706 which is electrically coupled to the output terminals of battery 703.
  • Monitoring module 706, provides control input to a switch controller 708, the purpose of the latter being to trigger engagement of the energy extraction circuit 704 once the output of battery 704 falls below a threshold too low to operate transponder 702 in the absence of a "boost".
  • the switch controller includes a pair of double pole, double throw switches, indicated generally at Si and S 2 .
  • the switch Si diverts power being output by battery 703 away from a direct electrical connection to data recording unit 701 and into the energy extraction unit 704.
  • the switch S 2 enables the now "boosted" output obtained from energy extraction unit 704 to be supplied to the power input terminals of the data recording unit 701 .
  • the benefits of incorporating an energy extraction circuit, as circuit 704 of Figure 7, can be viewed from at least two different perspectives.
  • enabling a "black box" unit to continue transmitting its beacon signal beyond the point at which it would otherwise be able to do so could make the difference between identifying the location of a crash site and not being able to do so.
  • the incorporation of a voltage boosting capability in accordance with one or more embodiments confers the benefit of allowing a power source of smaller charge storage capacity.
  • FIG. 8 depicts a block schematic diagram of an in vivo implantable medical monitoring and/or therapeutic stimulus delivery system 800 powered by an internal, shielded, energy extraction circuit 804 that extracts and filters the output of a compact internal power source 803, according to one or more embodiments.
  • the energy extraction circuit 804 is placed within a shielding enclosure 808 that prevents the release of any electromagnetic energy, developed by circuit 804, which might otherwise have the potential to interfere with the safe and expected operation of the diagnostic monitoring and/or therapeutic stimulus delivery device 802 that is powered by it.
  • a filter is also disposed within the shielding enclosure 808, the filter serving to electrically interconnect the energy extraction circuit 804 with implantable monitoring and/or therapeutic stimulus delivery unit 802.
  • the monitoring and/or therapeutic stimulus delivery unit 802 may be comprised of any electrically powered device intended to be implantable into or onto the body of a human or animal.
  • the device may comprise a heart monitoring unit adapted to periodically transmit updates to a nearby docking station or remote monitoring base station.
  • the device 802 may incorporate a pace making function for ensuring that the heart muscle of a patient maintains a desired rhythm.
  • the device 802 may comprise an insulin dispensing mechanism adapted to monitor the blood sugar level of a patient and/or inject a bolus of insulin into the patient at a required time or interval.
  • the application of energy extraction may either relax the charge storage requirements associated with the power source as battery 802, or result in a longer operating and/or replacement cycle.
  • FIG. 9 depicts a block diagram schematic of a system 900 for charging a rechargeable power storage device 903 such, for example, as a low voltage battery, from which power is extracted by an energy extraction circuit 904.
  • the energy extraction circuit 904 directly powers a device load 901 as, for example, the active circuitry of a portable media player, mobile terminal, or other electrical appliance.
  • the charging of the power storage device 903 is initiated once the power output by the rechargeable power storage device 903 falls below a certain threshold in accordance with one or more embodiments.
  • System 900 includes a switch controller 908 which is responsive to the output of a low voltage detector circuit 906 to initiate the recharging operation when the voltage received at load 901 falls below a threshold.
  • the threshold is an output voltage below which the active circuitry of the load cannot function, though the threshold may alternatively be greater than this amount.
  • the output of an energy harvesting circuit and/or external AC to DC power source is supplied to the energy storage device 903 and recharging is commenced.
  • the switch S1 ' is opened by switch controller 908 and the charging operation is terminated.
  • the system of Figure 9 can avoid the premature degradation of energy storages due to improper recharging procedures.
  • a typical battery recharging operation it is not uncommon for an appliance user to plug in the device well before charging is actually required, and/or well past the point where a fully charged status has been reached.
  • Such charging operations can prematurely degrade the output performance characteristics of a battery, necessitating an early replacement.
  • FIG. 10 depicts a block diagram schematic of a filtering and voltage boosting circuit arrangement 1 000 in accordance with one or more embodiments.
  • an alternate energy source 1010 is connected to a diode 101 1 whose cathode is connected to an energy storage device 1003 which is connected to switch 101 3..
  • switch 1013 connects the energy storage device 1003 in parallel to energy extraction circuit 1004.
  • Energy extraction circuit 1004 is connected to and drives load 1001 .
  • alternative energy source 1010 comprises a solar cell, a wind generator, a thermo-electric effect device, piezo electric current generator, a combination of any two or more of these, or some other energy source having a time varying DC voltage and current (depending, for example, on wind velocity, solar insolation, time of day, application of pressure, and/or temperature).
  • the energy storage device 1 003 is any device capable of storing electrical energy such, for example, as one or more capacitors or batteries.
  • the alternate energy source 1010 derives from its designed input source, the ability for its voltage to rise increases.
  • the voltage rises to the level required to turn on diode 101 1 current flows through diode 1 01 1 and into energy storage device 1003.
  • switch 1013 is in the open position and diode 101 1 is turned on, current flows from alternate energy source 1010 to the energy storage device 1003 until either the voltage from the alternate energy source 101 0 decreases such that it can no longer keep diode 101 1 on or the energy storage device has reached its charge storage capacity.
  • FIG. 1 0 may be thought of as a filtering implementation because the integrated nature of the energy extraction circuit 1004 facilitates both (a) the delivery of a required output voltage to drive a load as load 1001 without exceeding the voltage requirements of the load.
  • Zener diode 1016 in turn, protects the energy extraction circuit 1004 from an over voltage condition.
  • FIG. 1 1 depicts a circuit diagram of a rechargeable, portable appliance 1 100 such, for example, as a mobile device (e.g. a smart phone, media player, digital camera, digital voice recorder, or the like).
  • the appliance 1 100 includes a housing dimensioned and arranged to receive a rechargeable battery 1 1 80 and an energy extraction circuit - comprising a self-oscillating circuit 1 120 having a primary winding 1 124 and a secondary winding 1 126, a rectifying module 1 140 comprising diodes 1 142, 1 144, 1 146, and 1 148, a filtering module 1 150 including capacitor 1 152, and a voltage regulator 1 162 -- to accommodate an unregulated power source 1 1 03 of greater or lesser voltage than that of an internal, rechargeable battery 1 180, according to one or more embodiments.
  • the portable appliance includes a charging port or docking station connector indicated generally at 1 106 which is configurable to establish an electrical interconnection with the unregulated power source 1 1 03.
  • the charging port 1 106 is configured as a USB port, the USB port having a positive terminal for electrically coupling the unregulated power supply 1 103 to the node ST of self oscillating circuit 1 120.
  • the negative terminal of the USB port is connected to the emitter of transistor 1 128.
  • Interconnecting the energy utilization circuit and the rechargeable battery is a blocking diode 1 1 70 which ensures that current supplied via the energy extraction circuit (i.e. across the terminals of voltage regulator 1 162) and current from rechargeable battery 1 180 does not flow back into the energy extraction circuit.
  • unregulated power source 1 1 03 provides voltage and current at charging port 1 106
  • the energy extraction circuit becomes active and begins providing a voltage and current output great enough to charge rechargeable battery 1 180.
  • unregulated power source 1 103 provides sufficient voltage and current to drive the energy extraction circuit and as the rechargeable battery 1 180 remains at a lower voltage than that across the output terminals of the voltage regulator 1 162.
  • the current can no longer flow into rechargeable battery 1 103 and is instead sunk through the voltage regulator.
  • portable appliance may be further configured with a circuit protector 1 1 1 2 such, for example, as a fuse or a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) thermistor, to provide additional protection of circuit components.
  • PTC positive temperature coefficient
  • FIG. 12 depicts a perspective view of a flexible circuit board implementation of a charging system incorporating energy extraction and utilization according to one or more embodiments, the charging system 1200 including an adapter 1205 positionable between the battery bay 1209 of a portable appliance and a removable battery (not shown) of the portable appliance.
  • the flexible circuit adapter 1 205 has the ability to bend at minimum of a 90 degree angle and incorporates an energy extraction circuit 1206, battery contacts 1207, and chassis contacts 1208.
  • the device chassis defines a bay 1209 having a set of mating contacts 1210 which are dimensioned and arranged for electrical engagement with chassis contacts 1 208 when the flexible adapter 1205 is interposed between the battery and appliance battery bay 1209.
  • the appliance's battery is inserted into the chassis bay 1209 such that the battery's contacts make a physical connection to battery contacts 1207.
  • the energy extraction circuit 1206 is electrically coupled between the device's battery and the appliance chassis.
  • an appliance on/off switch or push button operator (not shown)
  • Figure 1 3 depicts an electrical schematic diagram of an energy extraction system 1300 utilizing a single self-oscillating circuit 1320 and configured to extract power from a single power storage device 131 0 to drive a plurality of loads at respectively different voltages, according to one or more embodiments.
  • the respective rectifying, filtering, and regulating modules 1340-1 to 1 340-n, 1350-1 to 1350-n, and 1360-1 to 1 360-n correspond to the structures 140, 150, and 160 depicted in Figures.
  • FIG. 14 depicts an electrical schematic diagram of an energy extraction system 1400 utilizing a plurality of self-oscillating circuits as 1420-1 , 1420-2, and 1420-n, the system 1400 being configured to extract power from a corresponding plurality of energy storage devices as batteries 1410-1 , 1410-2, and 1410-n, at respectively different voltages, according to one or more embodiments.
  • each energy extraction stage is driven at a different voltage as voltages V 1 ; V 2 and V n .
  • the output of each stage employs a corresponding voltage regulator 1460-1 , 1460-2 and 1460-n to ensure that the voltage output by each stage is equal.
  • each stage utilizes a diode 1480-1 , 1480-2 and 1480-n, at the output of its voltage regulator, to ensure that current flows not from one stage into any of the other stages but rather into the load.
  • FIG. 1 5 depicts an electrical schematic diagram of an energy extraction system 1500 utilizing a single power supply 151 0, a single self-oscillating circuit 1520, and a plurality of transformer stages to corresponding plurality of loads.
  • At least one of the loads requires a direct current output and at least one of the loads, as V A c Load m may require an alternating current output.
  • the output voltage supplied to the DC voltage rectifier modules 1560-1 and 1560-2 and/or to the AC voltage waveform shaping module 1560-m can be either increased (performing a boost function) or decreased (performing a step down function).
  • Figure 1 6 depicts an electrical schematic diagram of an energy extraction system 1600 utilizing a plurality of self-oscillating circuit modules as modules 1620-1 to 1 620-n and configured to extract power from a single energy storage device 1610 to drive multiple loads, where at least one of the loads, as loads V D c Loads 1 and 2 may require a direct current input and at least one of the loads may require an alternating current input according to one or more embodiments.
  • the single power supply 1610 is employed to drive multiple independent energy extraction stages.
  • a separate transformer 1690-1 to 1690-n is used in each stage to provide the desired output voltage and also isolation between each load and the power supply.
  • a toroidal transformer is respectively chosen for each stage according to the independent power requirements applicable to that stage.
  • each stage's toroid core may have a different size, shape, and material, and the number of turns used in each of the primary and secondary windings may be varied, in accordance with the specifications required for the particular stage of the circuit to drive that stage's load.
  • Figure 1 7 depicts an electrical schematic diagram of an energy extraction system 1700 which utilizes a single self-oscillating circuit 1720, isolating transformer 1790, and a pair of Zener diodes 1760-1 and 1760-2 configured to deliver a clipped waveform approximating a square wave.
  • a voltage is applied to the toroid and transistor stage of the self-oscillating circuit 1720, an alternating current signal is generated, producing an oscillation. This oscillation is applied to the primary stage 1792 of the transformer 1790. The signal is then amplified or attenuated depending upon the number of primary and secondary turns of transformer 1790.
  • the output of the secondary stage 1794 of the transformer 1790 is applied to the Zener diode 1760-1 and 1760-2.
  • a waveform approaching a square wave may be generated as V ou t-
  • FIG. 18 depicts a schematic diagram of an energy extraction system 1800 wherein multiple stages of an energy extraction system are connected to drive a load.
  • all power sources as power sources V 1 ; V 2 and V n are rechargeable.
  • the input voltage sources may all be connected to the load simultaneously, a subset of these may be connected to the load at any given time, or a single one of them may be connected to the load at any single moment in time.
  • a plurality of self- oscillating circuit modules as modules 1820-1 to 1820-n extract the power from any of energy storage devices ⁇ to V n .
  • sensing circuitry causes the connection to the input of the circuitry to be disengaged and instead to commence receiving charging energy from recharging source 1880.
  • rechargeable power sources ⁇ to V n are determined to be fully charged, they are automatically switched back to provide energy to drive the circuitry and provide power to the load.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un système d'extraction d'énergie à partir d'un dispositif de stockage d'énergie conçu pour fournir de l'énergie à courant continu (CC) à une certaine tension nominale qui comprend un premier nœud dimensionné et agencé de manière à recevoir de l'énergie à courant continu provenant du dispositif de stockage d'énergie. Des modes de réalisation comprennent un circuit auto-oscillant présentant des enroulements primaire et secondaire bobinés autour d'un noyau de ferrite, une borne positive de l'enroulement primaire étant reliée à la borne négative de l'enroulement secondaire au niveau du premier nœud, et une borne positive de l'enroulement secondaire étant couplée à un second nœud, ledit second nœud étant couplé à une charge nécessitant que de l'énergie soit fournie à une tension soit inférieure, soit égale, soit supérieure à la tension nominale. Certains modes de réalisation comprennent en outre un transistor ayant une base couplée de manière résistive à une borne négative de l'enroulement primaire et un collecteur couplé au second nœud.
PCT/US2015/018368 2014-02-28 2015-03-02 Circuits d'extraction et d'utilisation d'énergie Ceased WO2015131205A1 (fr)

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US61/945,887 2014-02-28

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CN107264315A (zh) * 2016-11-14 2017-10-20 罗正华 一种新能源电动车自发电系统
CN108258811A (zh) * 2018-01-29 2018-07-06 宁波大学 一种复合能量采集电路
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CN113241954A (zh) * 2021-05-07 2021-08-10 国家电网有限公司 一种高电位管母的取能装置

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