WO2015135983A1 - Katalysatorsystem für benzinverbrennungsmotoren mit dreiwegekatalysatoren und scr-katalysator - Google Patents
Katalysatorsystem für benzinverbrennungsmotoren mit dreiwegekatalysatoren und scr-katalysator Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015135983A1 WO2015135983A1 PCT/EP2015/055061 EP2015055061W WO2015135983A1 WO 2015135983 A1 WO2015135983 A1 WO 2015135983A1 EP 2015055061 W EP2015055061 W EP 2015055061W WO 2015135983 A1 WO2015135983 A1 WO 2015135983A1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9459—Removing one or more of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, or hydrocarbons by multiple successive catalytic functions; systems with more than one different function, e.g. zone coated catalysts
- B01D53/9477—Removing one or more of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, or hydrocarbons by multiple successive catalytic functions; systems with more than one different function, e.g. zone coated catalysts with catalysts positioned on separate bricks, e.g. exhaust systems
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9404—Removing only nitrogen compounds
- B01D53/9409—Nitrogen oxides
- B01D53/9431—Processes characterised by a specific device
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- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9445—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides making use of three-way catalysts [TWC] or four-way-catalysts [FWC]
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- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9445—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides making use of three-way catalysts [TWC] or four-way-catalysts [FWC]
- B01D53/945—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides making use of three-way catalysts [TWC] or four-way-catalysts [FWC] characterised by a specific catalyst
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
- B01J23/44—Palladium
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
- B01J23/46—Ruthenium, rhodium, osmium or iridium
- B01J23/464—Rhodium
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features
- F01N13/009—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/0807—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
- F01N3/0814—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents combined with catalytic converters, e.g. NOx absorption/storage reduction catalysts
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/101—Three-way catalysts
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion
- F01N3/206—Adding periodically or continuously substances to exhaust gases for promoting purification, e.g. catalytic material in liquid form, NOx reducing agents
- F01N3/2066—Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
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- B01D2251/00—Reactants
- B01D2251/20—Reductants
- B01D2251/206—Ammonium compounds
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- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/10—Noble metals or compounds thereof
- B01D2255/102—Platinum group metals
- B01D2255/1023—Palladium
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- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/10—Noble metals or compounds thereof
- B01D2255/102—Platinum group metals
- B01D2255/1025—Rhodium
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- B01D2255/20—Metals or compounds thereof
- B01D2255/209—Other metals
- B01D2255/2092—Aluminium
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B01D2255/9022—Two layers
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- B01D2255/908—O2-storage component incorporated in the catalyst
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- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/90—Physical characteristics of catalysts
- B01D2255/911—NH3-storage component incorporated in the catalyst
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B01D2257/402—Dinitrogen oxide
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01D—SEPARATION
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- B01D2257/40—Nitrogen compounds
- B01D2257/406—Ammonia
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- B01D2258/014—Stoichiometric gasoline engines
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- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9404—Removing only nitrogen compounds
- B01D53/9409—Nitrogen oxides
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
- Y02A50/20—Air quality improvement or preservation, e.g. vehicle emission control or emission reduction by using catalytic converters
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02C—CAPTURE, STORAGE, SEQUESTRATION OR DISPOSAL OF GREENHOUSE GASES [GHG]
- Y02C20/00—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases
- Y02C20/10—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases of nitrous oxide (N2O)
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
Definitions
- the present invention is directed to a catalyst system for reducing harmful exhaust gas constituents of gasoline-fueled internal combustion engines and to a corresponding process for exhaust gas purification.
- the system is characterized by a special arrangement of catalysts and is used in engines that are mainly operated with average stoichiometric air / fuel mixture.
- the exhaust gas of internal combustion engines in motor vehicles typically contains the noxious gases carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NO x ) and possibly sulfur oxides (SO x ), as well as particles consisting predominantly of soot residues and optionally adhering organic agglomerates.
- CO, HC and particulates are products of incomplete combustion of the fuel in the combustion chamber of the engine.
- Nitrogen oxides are produced in the cylinder from nitrogen and oxygen in the intake air when the combustion temperatures locally exceed 1400 ° C. Sulfur oxides result from the combustion of organic sulfur compounds, which are always present in small amounts in non-synthetic fuels.
- a variety of catalytic exhaust gas purification technologies have been developed, the basic principle of which is usually that the exhaust gas to be purified is passed over a catalyst resulting from a flow-through ) or a wall-flow honeycomb body (wall-flow) and a catalytically active coating applied thereto. This catalyst promotes the chemical reaction of various exhaust gas components to form innocuous products such as carbon dioxide and water.
- compositions used as a catalytically active coating contain components in which, under certain operating conditions, one or more abrasions are used. gas components temporarily bound and can be selectively released in a suitable change in operating conditions again. Components having such a capacity are hereinafter referred to generally as memory materials.
- oxygen-storing materials are used in three-way catalysts for removing CO, HC and NO x from the exhaust gas of petrol engines (gasoline engines) operated predominantly in the middle stoichiometric air / fuel mixture.
- the best known oxygen storage materials are cerium-zirconium mixed oxides which may be doped with further oxides, in particular with rare earth metal oxides such as lanthanum oxide, praseodymium oxide, neodymium oxide or yttrium oxide (car exhaust gas catalysts, basics - production - development - recycling - ecology, Christian Hagelüken, 2nd edition, 2005, p. 49; Catalytic Air Pollution Control, Commercial Technology, R. Heck et al., 1995, pp. 73-1 12).
- the oxygen storage materials contained in the catalyst compensate for these deviations to a certain extent by absorbing oxygen from the exhaust gas as required or releasing it into the exhaust gas (Catalytic Air Pollution Control, Commercial Technology, R. Heck et al., 1995, p. 90). Due to the dynamic operation of the engine in the vehicle, however, other deviations from this condition occur at times. For example, during extreme accelerations or when braking in overrun operating states of the engine and thus the exhaust gas can be adjusted, which may be over-or substoichiometric on average. However, the gasoline engines described here have an exhaust gas, which predominantly, that is operated in the majority of the combustion operation with an average stoichiometric air / fuel ratio.
- Modern systems for avoiding harmful exhaust gases in stoichiometrically operated internal combustion engines often already work with at least two three-way catalysts, one being positioned close to the engine for faster heating and the other being in the colder underbody area (Ball, D., Moser, D., SAE Technical Paper 2012-01-12, 2012). With such an arrangement, a larger temperature range can be covered by the activity windows of the three-way catalysts.
- the direct injection of the fuel into the combustion chamber of gasoline engines and the turbocharger arranged according to the outlet valve lead to a constant cooling of the exhaust gas temperature. These low temperatures are no longer sufficient, especially in urban driving and overground driving, to operate the underfloor catalyst with sufficient conversion efficiency.
- DE10201 1 121848 A1 likewise relates to an exhaust gas system consisting of three-way catalyst followed by an ammonia-SCR catalyst.
- the ammonia-SCR catalyst has (1.) a base metal ion-substituted zeolite and / or a base metal ion-substituted silicon aluminum phosphate, and (2.) an oxygen storage material selected from the group consisting of a metal oxide or a mixed metal oxide having an oxygen storage and release capacity.
- the series arrangement of the TWC and the ammonia-SCR catalyst enhances the conversion of NOx to N2 in the low oxygen content exhaust gas flow produced by the engine. It is mentioned in the disclosure of this document that the downstream ammonia-SCR catalyst basically all or one Replace part of a second three-way catalyst in a two-way catalyst system. As already indicated, the ammonia-SCR catalyst has an oxygen storage material.
- the present invention has set itself the task of providing a comparison with the prior art improved exhaust system, which in addition to the reduction of the primary noxious gases and the greatest possible avoidance of secondary emissions, in particular NH3 and N2O in mind.
- the present catalyst system accordingly consists of at least three different aggregates: a three-way catalyst close to the engine, an SCR catalyst in the underbody, storing ammonia and a further three-way catalyst arranged downstream therefrom (FIG. 1). It should be noted that the three-way catalyst arranged close to the engine differs from the three-way catalyst located downstream of the SCR catalyst, at least with regard to the oxygen storage capacity.
- Oxygen storage capability is understood according to the invention to be the ability to take up oxygen from oxygen-rich, surrounding exhaust gas into the crystal lattice of the oxygen storage material and release it to the surrounding exhaust gas when there are excess reducing compounds.
- the oxygen storage capacity is expressed according to the invention by the amount of oxygen absorbed per gram / mole of catalytically active coating or catalyst volume (ie mg / L cat). Adjusting the ratio of oxygen storage capacity of a catalyst may thus be accomplished by using more or less of a material capable of storing oxygen. On the other hand, it is also possible to use different materials which differ in the oxygen storage capacity (measured in ⁇ g of stored O2 / mmol storage component). The expert knows how he has to accomplish this. It is preferred in the fresh state when the three-way close-coupled catalyst accounts for> 50%, preferably> 60% and very particularly preferably> 70% of the total oxygen storage capacity (in mg / L of catalyst) of the catalyst system according to the invention.
- Oxygen-storing materials therefore have redox properties and can react with oxidizing components such as oxygen or nitrogen oxides in an oxidizing atmosphere or with reducing components such as hydrogen or carbon monoxide in a reducing atmosphere.
- oxygen-storing materials include cerium and praseodymium or corresponding mixed oxides, which may additionally contain the following components selected from the group of zirconium, neodymium, yttrium and lanthanum. Frequently, these oxygen-storing materials are doped with precious metals such as Pd, Rh and / or Pt, which can modify the storage capacity and memory characteristics.
- EP191 1506 describes the execution of the exhaust after-treatment of a substantially lean-burn internal combustion engine. Used there is a provided with an oxygen storage material particulate filter.
- an oxygen storage material particulate filter Used there is a provided with an oxygen storage material particulate filter.
- Favorable Way according to the invention consists of such an oxygen-storing material of a cerium / zirconium mixed oxide. Other oxides of, in particular, rare earth metals may be present.
- preferred embodiments of the oxygen storage material according to the invention additionally contain lanthanum oxide or neodymium oxide. Cerium oxide is most commonly used, which can be present both as Ce2Ü3 and as CeÜ2.
- Such oxygen-storing materials are also preferably used in the three-way catalysts according to the invention.
- a filled oxygen storage prevents HC and CO breakthroughs occurs when the exhaust gas passes into the grease for a short time, since under rich exhaust conditions, the stored oxygen first reacts with the excess HC and CO, before it comes to breakthrough.
- ⁇ sensors DE19941051 A1, DE102008002734 A1, DE10216724 C1 are used, wherein in real driving operation only full and empty oxygen storage is differentiated between the two extreme states.
- the oxygen storage capacity correlates with the aging state of the entire three-way catalyst.
- the determination of the storage capacity is used in OBD (On Board Diagnosis) to detect the current activity and thus the aging state of the catalytic converter.
- the three-way catalysts used are well known to those skilled in the art. It should be noted that the three-way catalysts used here can either consist of one carrier body or can comprise a plurality of individual three-way catalysts adjacent in the flow direction. Under adjacent is an arrangement according to the invention to understand in which the three-way catalyst constituting supporting body are arranged in abutment or at a certain distance from each other. This is true for both the near-engine and underfloor three-way catalyst, and most preferably no catalytic unit other than the SCR catalyst is present between the cc-TWC and the uf-TWC. However, preferred is an arrangement in which the respective three-way catalysts (cc, uf) making up supporting body positioned contiguous and thus arranged directly one behind the other (on impact).
- the individual support body is thereby prepared so that the respective catalytic coating is present on or in the support or the support bodies (see EP1974809A or EP2308592A for expense and EP2042226A2 for Inwandbeschich- tion).
- the three-way catalyst close to the engine consists of preferably two support bodies, which are arranged directly behind one another (on impact) in a housing.
- the reduction of the gaseous pollutants described here can also be realized by a single homogeneously or optionally zoned coated close-coupled three-way catalyst.
- the catalyst unit arranged in the underbody advantageously consists of a support body with the SCR coating and a following support body with the three-way coating. The latter are advantageously also arranged directly one behind the other (on impact) in a housing.
- Such a system is shown schematically for example in FIG.
- the catalytically active coating which is presently used in the engine-side (cc) or uf TWC is recruited from the materials which are well known to the person skilled in the art for this purpose (MV Twigg, Catalysis Today 201 1, 163, 33-41; EP1 158146A2; EP0870531A1; EP0601314A1; EP0662862A1; EP0582971A1; EP0314058A1; EP0314057A1).
- the catalytic coating may be zoned in a different composition and / or may be present in one or more, optionally differently configured catalytic coatings one above the other on the carrier (s) (WO081 13445A1, WO08000449A2; WO081 13457A1; US8323599B2 ).
- Common three-way coatings often also have additional functionalities, such as hydrocarbon feedstock. rather or nitrogen oxide storage (4-way catalyst).
- the present three-way catalysts which can also have these functions, have a material storing the oxygen in the automobile exhaust gas, which as described above is capable of storing oxygen in the lean region ( ⁇ > 1) and in the rich region ( ⁇ ⁇ 1).
- the oxygen storage capacity in mg / L cat of a catalyst located between two ⁇ probes or a system is calculated by the time offset of the two probe signals occurring in air jumps (eg between lambda 0.95-1 .05) (autocatalysts, basics - production - development - Recycling - Ecology, Christian Hagelüken, 2nd edition, 2005, p. 62).
- the oxygen storage capability is measured at exhaust gas temperatures in the range of 400-650 ° C before the catalyst inlet and exhaust gas mass flows of 30-100 kg / h.
- the appropriate evaluation of the signals of both probes is described in detail in DE4128823A1.
- the three-way catalysts according to the invention are advantageously used in the form that at least 1 but preferably 2 or more different catalytically active coatings are arranged one above the other in at least 1 or 2 or more areas in the catalysts. In at least two areas, these are either located on a support body in at least two separate zones or are distributed over at least two individual support bodies positioned one behind the other (for example Fig. 5). If several zones / supporting bodies are present, they can advantageously have an at least 1-layered or 2-layered construction. Corresponding layer structures also apply to three-way catalysts with 1 area / zone.
- the cc-TWC according to the invention consists of a homogeneously coated monolith or of at least two contiguously positioned support bodies, each of which is preferably coated with a two-layer three-way catalyst, which is constructed as described above.
- the catalyst system has a special three-way catalyst (uf-TWC) downstream of the SCR catalyst.
- This three-way catalyst is characterized by the fact that he has two different superimposed catalytic coatings, wherein it is preferred that the lower layer (layer directly on the support body) has no oxygen storage material. It is likewise preferred that the lower layer comprises exclusively palladium as the catalytically active metal, which is advantageously deposited on barium oxide-stabilized, high-surface-area aluminum oxide (see EP 1 181970 A1). In the top layer (layer facing the exhaust gas) of the uf TWC, both palladium and rhodium may advantageously be present.
- the metals in the catalytic top layer are on high surface area alumina which is optionally stabilized by lanthana, praseodymia, baria or yttria and on high surface area ceria, cerium zirconia or on high surface area by rare earth oxides such as lanthana, praseodymia, neodymia or yttria doped cerium zirconium oxide deposited before (EP1974809B1, US8394348 B1).
- a three-way catalyst generally comprises metals from the group consisting of platinum, palladium, rhodium and mixtures thereof deposited on high-surface area metal oxides optionally stabilized by doping.
- metals palladium and rhodium are used in the three-way catalysts (cc and uf-TWC) used according to the invention.
- composition of the particularly preferred catalytically active coatings is advantageously as follows: cc-TWC:
- Pd 0.35-1 1.0 g / l preferably 0.70-7.06 g / l bes. Preferably 1 .00-5.30 g / l
- AI2O3 20-120 g / l preferably 30-100 g / l bes.
- 40-90 g / l OSM 20-120 g / l preferably 30-100 g / l bes.
- Rh 0.04-0.71 g / l preferably 0.07-0.50 g / l bes.
- AI2O3 20-160 g / l preferably 50-150 g / l bes.
- Preferably 70-140 g / l upper layer (OSM oxygen storage material):
- Rh 0.04-0.71 g / l preferably 0.07-0.50 g / l bes.
- 0.1 1 -0.37 g / l Al2O3 20-120 g / l preferably 30-100 g / l bes.
- OSM 20-120 g / l preferably 30-100 g / l bes.
- the NH3-storing SCR catalyst located in the underbody (uf) can be designed according to types known to the person skilled in the art. As a rule, this is a support body provided with a material catalytically active for the SCR reaction or a support body which has been extruded from a catalytically active material.
- the catalytically active material is commonly understood as the "washcoat" with which the carrier body is provided, but in addition to the catalytically active component it can also comprise other materials such as binders of transition metal oxides and high-surface-area carrier oxides such as titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, in particular gamma A Os, zirconium or cerium oxide contained.
- the actually catalytically active material used according to the invention is preferably selected from the group of transition-metal-exchanged zeolites or zeolite-like materials.
- Such compounds are well known to those skilled in the art.
- Preferred in this regard are materials from the group consisting of chabazite, SAPO-34, ALPO-34, zeolite beta and ZSM-5.
- Particular preference is given to zeolites or zeolite-like chabazite-type materials, especially CHA or SAPO-34.
- These materials are preferably provided with transition metals from the group consisting of iron, copper, manganese and silver to ensure sufficient activity. Copper is particularly advantageous in this context.
- zeolites or the zeolite-like material with the transition metals (EP324082A1, W0130927071 1A1, PCT / EP2012 / 061382 and literature cited therein) in order to be able to provide good activity against the reduction of nitrogen oxides with ammonia , Furthermore, it is also possible to use vanadium compounds, cerium oxides, cerium / zirconium mixed oxides, titanium dioxide and also tungsten-containing compounds and mixtures thereof as catalytically active material.
- zeolites such as mordenite (MOR), Y zeolites (FAU), ZSM-5 (MFI), ferrierites (FER), chabazites (CHA), and ⁇ -zeolites ( BEA) and zeolite-like materials, such as aluminum phosphates (AIPO) and silicon aluminum phosphate SAPO or mixtures thereof are used (EP0324082 A1).
- MOR mordenite
- FAU Y zeolites
- MFI ZSM-5
- FER ferrierites
- CHA chabazites
- BEA ⁇ -zeolites
- zeolite-like materials such as aluminum phosphates (AIPO) and silicon aluminum phosphate SAPO or mixtures thereof are used (EP0324082 A1).
- the ammonia storage capacity can be determined by means of a synthesis gas plant.
- the catalyst is first conditioned at 600 ° C with NO-containing synthesis gas to completely remove ammonia residues in the core.
- the gas After cooling the gas to 200 ° C is then, at a space velocity of, for example, 30,000 h "1 , see dosed long ammonia into the synthesis gas until the ammonia storage of the core is completely filled and the measured ammonia concentration downstream of the core corresponds to the input concentration.
- the ammonia storage capacity results from the difference between the total metered and the downstream measured amount of ammonia based on the catalyst volume.
- the synthesis gas is typically composed of 450 ppm N H3, 5% oxygen, 5% water and nitrogen.
- the SCR catalyst has no ability to store oxygen. In this case, the uf SCR catalyst does not contain any oxygen-storing material.
- these catalysts should be operated in a temperature range of 200 ° C to 800 ° C. Preferably, this range is tared to 250 ° C to 600 ° C. In the optimal case, however, the catalyst combination (uf-SCR and uf-TWC) operates in a temperature window of 250-450 ° C.
- the person skilled in the art knows how to influence the temperature of the exhaust gas and the catalysts in the underbody of a vehicle, so that such a temperature range can be realized as simply as possible and cost-effectively.
- a relatively simple measure, for example, is to maintain a certain distance from the cc-TWC positioned close to the engine.
- a preferred embodiment is therefore based on the assumption that the distance between the close-coupled catalyst close to the engine and the uf SCR catalytic converter is selected such that a temperature of 250 ° C. to 450 ° C. is aimed at the uf SCR catalytic converter during driving operation.
- close to the engine is understood to mean a distance from the engine outlet of less than 80 cm, preferably less than 60 cm and very preferably less than 50 cm, to the catalyst inlet.
- the skilled person understands a position below the cab at a distance of 30 - 200 cm, preferably 40 - 150 cm and more preferably 50 - 120 cm from the outlet of the engine-near support body.
- the present invention is also directed to a method of reducing harmful exhaust gases from vehicles having predominantly stoichiometric gasoline internal combustion engines, wherein the exhaust gas is passed during driving through a system as described above. It goes without saying that the advantageous embodiments described for the system also obtain validity within the scope of the claimed method.
- the catalytic converters mentioned herein consist of one or more adjacent support bodies, on top of or into which the -. in the porous wall structures - the catalytically active coating is applied.
- the person skilled in the art knows which carriers may be present. What is meant are so-called flow monoliths or particle filters (Christian Hagelüken, Autoabgaskatalysatoren, 2005, 2nd edition, pp. 27-46).
- Such aggregates are also well-known to the person skilled in the art (eg for filters DE102010055147A1, US20100293929, US20110252773, US20110158871, DE102012105822A1, EP13014467A1, DE102012015840A1, WO13014467A1), also provided with an SCR or TWC-active coating.
- filter bodies known in the art may be constructed of metal and / or ceramic materials. These include, for example, metallic woven and knitted filter bodies, sintered metal bodies and foam structures made of ceramic materials. Porous wall flow filter substrates of cordierite, silicon carbide or aluminum titanate are preferably used.
- These wall-flow filter substrates have inflow and outflow channels, wherein the outflow-side ends of the inflow channels and the inflow-side ends of the outflow ducts are sealed off from one another with gas-tight "plugs."
- the exhaust gas to be purified which flows through the filter substrate, passes through Due to the porosity, pore / radius distribution, and thickness of the wall, the filtration property can be designed for particulates.
- the catalytically active coating is interposed in and / or on the porous walls
- Preferred TWC filter substrates can be found in the European Patent Application EP2650042A1, EP2042225A1, EP2042226A2, and SCR filter substrates to be used with preference can be found in European Patent Application EP21 17681A and EP1961933A1.
- Flow monoliths are conventional catalyst carriers in the art which may be made of metal or ceramic materials. Preference is given to using refractory ceramics such as cordierite.
- the ceramic monoliths usually have a honeycomb structure consisting of through channels, which is why they are also referred to as channel flow monoliths or flow monoliths.
- the exhaust gas can flow through the channels and comes into contact with the channel walls, which are provided with a catalytically active coating.
- the number of channels per area is characterized by the cell density, which is usually between 300 and 900 cells per square inch (cpsi).
- the wall thickness of the channel walls is between 0.5 and 0.05 mm for ceramics.
- carrier bodies are ceramic honeycomb bodies, both flow-through substrates and ceramic filter bodies of e.g. Cordierite, as well as analogous metal supports (see above). Round or oval beams with a diameter of 63.5-152.1 mm and a length of 76.6-152.4 mm are preferred.
- a close-coupled catalyst with one or two coating zones, or a plurality of serially arranged close-coupled catalysts with the corresponding coatings can be used.
- the catalysts placed close to the engine are preferably mounted in a common housing and on impact.
- the catalysts located in the underbody preferably form a further pile-mounted trailer, which is also accommodated in a housing.
- the present invention makes it possible to effectively lower the primary emissions of a gasoline engine operated predominantly on average stoichiometrically.
- Fig. 1 Conceivable catalyst systems for reducing the gaseous pollutants according to the invention hydrocarbons THC, carbon monoxide CO, nitrogen oxides NOx and the secondary emissions nitrous oxide N2O and ammonia NH3 in gasoline-powered internal combustion engines.
- Fig. 2 Experimental setup used for the engine test bench and vehicle tests.
- Fig. 3 Shows the gaseous pollutants emitted at FTP-75 tests on the engine test bench hydrocarbons THC (black), carbon monoxide CO (dark gray) and nitrogen oxides NOx (light gray) in mg / mile for the systems 1 -4 examined.
- Fig. 4 Shows the secondary emissions emitted by FTP-75 tests on the engine test stand ammonia NH3 (black) and nitrous oxide N2O (gray) in mg / mile for the systems 1 -4 investigated.
- Fig. 5 Shows the gaseous pollutants emitted by FTP-75 tests on the 1.4L vehicle hydrocarbons THC (black), carbon monoxide CO (dark gray) and nitrogen oxides NOx (light gray) in mg / mile for the systems 1 -3 investigated.
- Fig. 6 Shows the secondary emissions of FTP-75 tests on the 1.4L vehicle ammonia NH3 (black) and nitrous oxide N2O (gray) in mg / mile for the investigated systems 1 -3.
- Fig. 7 Shows the temperature inside the underfloor catalyst UFC at an FTP 75 test on the engine test bench, measured 1 inch after the inlet of the ceramic monolith.
- Fig. 8 Shows the temperature inside the underfloor catalyst UFC at an FTP 75 test on the 1.4L vehicle, measured 1 inch after the inlet of the ceramic monolith.
- Fig. 9 Shows the cumulative emissions of a system according to the invention in comparison with 2 catalyst arrangements not according to the invention. Examples: Example 1
- the ceramic substrates were coated according to the current state of the art with the various washcoats to the catalysts shown in Fig. 2.
- the catalytic converters were then aged in a ZDAKW aging on the engine test bench, so that a mileage in the vehicle of 160,000 km was simulated.
- the aging is characterized by regular fuel cut-off phases, which then leads to a bed temperature of over 1000 ° C with temporarily lean exhaust gas composition. These conditions cause irreversible damage to the oxygen storage material and the precious metals.
- the underfloor catalysts were aged due to the low exhaust gas temperature at a bed temperature of 800 ° C. These catalysts were subsequently tested on a highly dynamic engine test bench, on a current 2nd OL four-cylinder application, in the dynamic FTP-75 drive cycle (FIG. 2).
- the distance of the close-coupled catalysts from the underfloor catalysts was chosen so that the bed temperature of the underfloor converters did not exceed 400 ° C.
- the measurement of the pollutant concentrations of THC, CO and NOx was carried out by continuous modal analysis. Nitrous oxide and ammonia were determined by FTIR measurement. After completion of the test, the modal concentrations were cumulated and the resulting pollutant masses weighted according to the current US legislation. The results are shown in Figs. 3-4.
- the systems 3 and 4 show over the system 1 significant advantages in the nitrogen oxide emissions. However, system 4 is characterized by significantly lower ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions compared to system 3.
- Example 2 According to the current state of the art, the ceramic substrates were coated with the various washcoats to form the catalysts shown in FIG. 2.
- the catalytic converters close to the engine were then aged at the engine test bench in a ZDAKW aging system, simulating a mileage of 160,000 km in the vehicle.
- the aging is characterized by regular fuel cut-off phases, which then leads to a bed temperature of over 1000 ° C with temporarily lean exhaust gas composition. These conditions cause irreversible damage to the oxygen storage material and the precious metals.
- the underfloor catalysts were due to the low exhaust gas temperature at a bed temperature of 800 ° C aged. These catalysts were subsequently tested on a current 1.4L four-cylinder turbo application with direct gasoline injection in the dynamic FTP-75 drive cycle (FIG.
- the ceramic substrates were coated according to the current state of the art with the various washcoats to the catalysts shown in Fig. 2.
- the close-coupled catalysts were then aged in a ZDAKW aging on the engine test bench, so that a mileage in the vehicle of 160,000 km was simulated.
- the aging is characterized by regular fuel cut-off phases, which then leads to a bed temperature of over 1000 ° C with temporarily lean exhaust gas composition. These conditions cause irreversible damage to the oxygen storage material and the precious metals.
- the underfloor catalysts were aged due to the low exhaust gas temperature at a bed temperature of 800 ° C.
- three different downstream of the SCR catalyst arranged three-way catalysts were investigated.
- the two entries 1 and 2 comprise three-way catalysts arranged downstream of the SCR catalyst, which have more or equal oxygen storage capacity, calculated in mg per liter of catalyst volume, than the three-way catalyst close to the engine.
- the three-way catalyst arranged downstream of the SCR catalyst has a lower oxygen storage capacity than the three-way catalyst close to the engine.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US15/124,481 US10022672B2 (en) | 2014-03-13 | 2015-03-11 | Catalyst system for gasoline combustion engines, having three-way catalysts and SCR catalyst |
| KR1020167028207A KR102404833B1 (ko) | 2014-03-13 | 2015-03-11 | 3원 촉매 및 scr 촉매를 갖는, 가솔린 연소 엔진용 촉매 시스템 |
| EP15709181.0A EP3116630B1 (de) | 2014-03-13 | 2015-03-11 | Katalysatorsystem für benzinverbrennungsmotoren mit dreiwegekatalysatoren und scr-katalysator |
| JP2016557051A JP6842921B2 (ja) | 2014-03-13 | 2015-03-11 | 三元触媒及びscr触媒を有する、ガソリン燃焼エンジン用触媒システム |
| CN201580013578.3A CN106102870B (zh) | 2014-03-13 | 2015-03-11 | 包含三元催化器和scr催化器的用于汽油内燃机的催化系统 |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102014204682.3 | 2014-03-13 | ||
| DE102014204682.3A DE102014204682A1 (de) | 2014-03-13 | 2014-03-13 | Katalysatorsystem zur Reduzierung von Schadgasen aus Benzinverbrennungsmotoren |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2015135983A1 true WO2015135983A1 (de) | 2015-09-17 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2015/055061 Ceased WO2015135983A1 (de) | 2014-03-13 | 2015-03-11 | Katalysatorsystem für benzinverbrennungsmotoren mit dreiwegekatalysatoren und scr-katalysator |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US10022672B2 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP3116630B1 (de) |
| JP (2) | JP6842921B2 (de) |
| KR (1) | KR102404833B1 (de) |
| CN (1) | CN106102870B (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102014204682A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2015135983A1 (de) |
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| WO2017082563A1 (ko) * | 2015-11-10 | 2017-05-18 | 희성촉매 주식회사 | 화학양론적 작동 가솔린 엔진용 배기정화촉매 |
| WO2018234141A1 (de) * | 2017-06-19 | 2018-12-27 | Volkswagen Ag | Abgasnachbehandlungssystem sowie verfahren zur abgasnachbehandlung eines verbrennungsmotors |
| EP3642460B1 (de) * | 2017-06-19 | 2021-02-17 | Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft | Abgasnachbehandlungssystem sowie verfahren zur abgasnachbehandlung eines verbrennungsmotors |
| US11220942B2 (en) | 2017-06-19 | 2022-01-11 | Volkswagen Akiihngesellschaft | System and method for exhaust-gas aftertreatment of an internal combustion engine |
| DE102020215507A1 (de) | 2020-12-09 | 2022-06-09 | Robert Bosch Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung | Abgasnachbehandlungsanordnung und Verfahren zur Nachbehandlung eines Abgases einer Brennkraftmaschine |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP3116630A1 (de) | 2017-01-18 |
| US10022672B2 (en) | 2018-07-17 |
| JP2017515030A (ja) | 2017-06-08 |
| DE102014204682A1 (de) | 2015-10-01 |
| EP3116630B1 (de) | 2018-06-06 |
| KR20160132091A (ko) | 2016-11-16 |
| KR102404833B1 (ko) | 2022-06-07 |
| JP2020034001A (ja) | 2020-03-05 |
| CN106102870B (zh) | 2020-02-07 |
| JP6842921B2 (ja) | 2021-03-17 |
| CN106102870A (zh) | 2016-11-09 |
| US20170014766A1 (en) | 2017-01-19 |
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