Classifications

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  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
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  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
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  • C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
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  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
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  • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
  • C10L10/08—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving lubricity; for reducing wear
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  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
  • C10L1/1291—Silicon and boron containing compounds
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  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
  • C10L1/1616—Hydrocarbons fractions, e.g. lubricants, solvents, naphta, bitumen, tars, terpentine
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  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/1817—Compounds of uncertain formula; reaction products where mixtures of compounds are obtained
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  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/182—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof
  • C10L1/1822—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms
  • C10L1/1824—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms mono-hydroxy
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  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/182—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof
  • C10L1/183—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof at least one hydroxy group bound to an aromatic carbon atom
  • C10L1/1832—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof at least one hydroxy group bound to an aromatic carbon atom mono-hydroxy
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  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/19—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
  • C10L1/222—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond
  • C10L1/2222—(cyclo)aliphatic amines; polyamines (no macromolecular substituent 30C); quaternair ammonium compounds; carbamates
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  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
  • C10L1/222—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond
  • C10L1/223—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond having at least one amino group bound to an aromatic carbon atom
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  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
  • C10L1/222—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond
  • C10L1/224—Amides; Imides carboxylic acid amides, imides
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  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
  • C10L1/234—Macromolecular compounds
  • C10L1/236—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derivatives thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/24—Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium
  • C10L1/2431—Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium sulfur bond to oxygen, e.g. sulfones, sulfoxides
  • C10L1/2437—Sulfonic acids; Derivatives thereof, e.g. sulfonamides, sulfosuccinic acid esters
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  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
  • C10L2200/02—Inorganic or organic compounds containing atoms other than C, H or O, e.g. organic compounds containing heteroatoms or metal organic complexes
  • C10L2200/0259—Nitrogen containing compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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  • C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
  • C10L2200/02—Inorganic or organic compounds containing atoms other than C, H or O, e.g. organic compounds containing heteroatoms or metal organic complexes
  • C10L2200/0272—Silicon containing compounds
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  • C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
  • C10L2200/04—Organic compounds
  • C10L2200/0407—Specifically defined hydrocarbon fractions as obtained from, e.g. a distillation column
  • C10L2200/0438—Middle or heavy distillates, heating oil, gasoil, marine fuels, residua
  • C10L2200/0446—Diesel
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  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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  • C10L2230/00—Function and purpose of a components of a fuel or the composition as a whole
  • C10L2230/08—Inhibitors
  • C10L2230/081—Anti-oxidants
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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  • C10L2230/00—Function and purpose of a components of a fuel or the composition as a whole
  • C10L2230/14—Function and purpose of a components of a fuel or the composition as a whole for improving storage or transport of the fuel
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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  • C10L2230/00—Function and purpose of a components of a fuel or the composition as a whole
  • C10L2230/20—Function and purpose of a components of a fuel or the composition as a whole for improving conductivity
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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  • C10L2250/00—Structural features of fuel components or fuel compositions, either in solid, liquid or gaseous state
  • C10L2250/04—Additive or component is a polymer
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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  • C10L2270/00—Specifically adapted fuels
  • C10L2270/02—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines
  • C10L2270/026—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines for diesel engines, e.g. automobiles, stationary, marine
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  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L2290/00—Fuel preparation or upgrading, processes or apparatus therefore, comprising specific process steps or apparatus units
  • C10L2290/42—Fischer-Tropsch steps
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L2300/00—Mixture of two or more additives covered by the same group of C10L1/00 - C10L1/308
  • C10L2300/30—Mixture of three components

Definitions

• This invention relates to the use of certain compounds in diesel fuel formulations, and in diesel fuel additive compositions, for new purposes.
• Hydrocarbon fuels are prone to degradation through oxidation, especially at high temperatures. This degradation manifests itself as changes in the colour and acidity of the fuel, and in extreme cases in the
• Stability of hydrocarbon fuels is a balance between the natural propensity of the hydrocarbon to oxidize versus the level of natural antioxidancy present. In the case of synthetic
• paraffinic fuels paraffin molecules are inherently highly stable towards oxidation, but there is a low level of natural antioxidant. Provided there are no factors to promote oxidation, such fuels have excellent stability.
• antioxidant additives in fuel formulations to mitigate the above described problems.
• Many such additives are known and commercially available; examples include hindered phenols and aromatic amines. It can be desirable to improve the performance of such antioxidant additives, and/or to provide alternative antioxidant additives with comparable or ideally superior performance, so as in turn to improve the oxidative stability of vulnerable fuel formulations.
• a diesel fuel formulation containing synthetically- derived paraffinic hydrocarbons and also an antioxidant for the purpose of increasing the oxidative stability of the formulation.
• the increase in stability may be measured relative to that achieved using the antioxidant alone (ie in the absence of species (i), (ii) or (iii)), at the same concentration.
• species (i), (ii) or (iii) with an antioxidant, in a relatively high paraffin content diesel fuel formulation also appears to lead to an overall antioxidant effect which is greater than might be predicted from the sums of the antioxidant effects of the relevant individual additive components.
• species (i) , (ii) or (iii) may be used in the diesel fuel formulation for the purpose of increasing the oxidative stability of the formulation by an amount which is greater than the sum of the increases in oxidative stability caused by species (i) , (ii) or (iii) and the antioxidant individually.
• species (i) , (ii) or (iii) may be used to increase the effectiveness of the antioxidant, and its presence may allow the use of a lower
• an antioxidant is a
• antioxidants inhibit the oxidation of other molecules by removing free radical intermediates, a process which involves their own oxidation: they are therefore usually reducing agents.
• an exemplary antioxidant may be selected from phenolic antioxidants, in particular hindered phenols such as butylated hydroxytoluene ;
• quinones ; hydroquinones ; amines, in particular aromatic amines; and mixtures thereof. It may be selected from phenolic antioxidants, in particular hindered phenols; amines, in particular aromatic amines; and mixtures thereof .
• the antioxidant is a phenolic antioxidant, in particular a hindered phenol. It may for example be selected from 2, 6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol
• antioxidant also known as 2, 6-di-t-butyl-p-cresol, 3, 5-di-t-butyl-4- hydroxytoluene or butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) ) ; 2,4- dimethyl-6-t-butylphenol ; 2 , 6-di-t-butylphenol ; and mixtures of t-butylphenols .
• the antioxidant may in particular be BHT.
• Such phenolic antioxidants may in particular be used (a) when the diesel fuel formulation comprises a Fischer- Tropsch derived diesel fuel component (as described below) , a hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO) , or a mixture thereof, and a detergent (i) is used to increase the oxidative stability of the formulation; (b) when the diesel fuel formulation comprises a Fischer-Tropsch derived diesel fuel component, or a combination of a HVO and a Fischer-Tropsch derived diesel fuel component, and a mixture (ii) is used to increase oxidative stability; or (c) when the diesel fuel formulation comprises a Fischer-Tropsch derived diesel fuel component, or a combination of a HVO and a Fischer-Tropsch derived diesel fuel component, and a combination (iii) is used to increase oxidative stability.
• a Fischer- Tropsch derived diesel fuel component as described below
• HVO hydrogenated vegetable oil
• the antioxidant is an amine. It may be an aromatic amine, in particular a phenylene diamine containing one or more alkyl and/or aryl groups.
• N, ' -di-2-butyl-l 4- phenylenediamine ; N-isopropyl- ' -phenyl-p-phenylene diamine; N- (1, 3-dimethyl butyl ) - ' -phenyl-p-phenylene diamine ; N- ( 1-methylheptyl ) - ' -phenyl-p-phenylene diamine; N-cyclohexyl- ' -phenyl-p-phenylene diamine;
• it is N, ' -di-t-butyl-1, 4-phenylenediamine .
• Such amine antioxidants may be used when a mixture (ii) or a combination (iii), more particularly a mixture (ii), is used to increase the oxidative stability of the fuel formulation. They may in particular be used when the fuel formulation comprises a Fischer-Tropsch derived diesel fuel component and/or a HVO, more particularly a Fischer-Tropsch derived diesel fuel component.
• Such amine antioxidants may be used (a) when the diesel fuel formulation comprises a Fischer-Tropsch derived diesel fuel component or a combination of a
• Fischer-Tropsch derived diesel fuel component and a HVO and a detergent (i) is used to increase the oxidative stability of the formulation; (b) when the diesel fuel formulation comprises a Fischer-Tropsch derived diesel fuel component and/or a HVO and a mixture (ii) is used to increase oxidative stability; or (c) when the diesel fuel formulation comprises a HVO, or a combination of a HVO and a Fischer-Tropsch derived diesel fuel component, and a combination (iii) is used to increase oxidative stability .
• the antioxidant is selected from BHT; N, ' -di-t-butyl-1 , 4-phenylenediamine ; and mixtures thereof.
• the diesel fuel is a liquid fuel
• formulation may contain a mixture of two or more
• the antioxidant may for example be used in the diesel fuel formulation at an (active matter)
• concentration of up to 1,000 ppmw or up to 750 or 500 ppmw may for example be used at a concentration of 10 ppmw or greater, or 50 or 100 or 200 or 250 ppmw or greater, for example from 10 to 1,000 ppmw or from 50 to 500 ppmw. It may be used at a concentration below its normal treat rate, due to the additional stabilising effect of the species (i) , (ii) or (iii) .
• the diesel fuel formulation in which species (i) , (ii) or (iii) is used contains an antioxidant and also 10% v/v or more of paraffinic hydrocarbons.
• it may be any type of diesel fuel formulation, typically in liquid form, suitable and/or adapted for use as a combustible fuel in a compression ignition fuel- consuming system.
• It may be hydrocarbon-based, ie comprising a major proportion (for example 80% v/v or more, or 85 or 90 or 95% v/v or more) of hydrocarbon fuel components such as alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes and aromatic hydrocarbons.
• the hydrocarbon fuel components may be mineral-derived, or derived from a biological source, or synthetic.
• Such a formulation may contain one or more fuel components in addition to its hydrocarbon fuel components, for example selected from oxygenates and fuel additives.
• a diesel fuel formulation may be suitable and/or adapted for use in a diesel fuel-consuming system such as an engine (in particular an internal combustion engine) or a heating appliance. It may be selected from
• automotive diesel fuel formulations marine diesel fuel formulations, industrial gas oil formulations, and heating oil formulations. In an embodiment, it is an automotive diesel fuel formulation.
• the diesel fuel formulation suitably comprises a diesel base fuel.
• a diesel base fuel may be any fuel component, or mixture thereof, which is suitable and/or adapted for combustion within a compression ignition fuel-consuming system. It may be a liquid hydrocarbon middle distillate fuel, for example, a gas oil. It may be petroleum-derived (ie mineral) . It may be or contain a kerosene fuel component . It may be or contain a synthetic fuel component, for instance a product of a Fischer-Tropsch condensation process as described below. It may be or contain a fuel component derived from a biological source.
• It may be or contain an oxygenate such as a fatty acid alkyl ester, in particular a fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) such as rapeseed methyl ester (RME) or palm oil methyl ester (POME) .
• FAME fatty acid methyl ester
• RME rapeseed methyl ester
• POME palm oil methyl ester
• a diesel base fuel will typically boil in the range from 150 or 180 to 370°C (ASTM D86 or EN ISO 3405) . It will suitably have a measured cetane number (ASTM D613) of from 40 to 70 or from 40 to 65 or from 51 to 65 or 70.
• a diesel fuel formulation prepared or used according to the invention may comprise a diesel base fuel at a concentration of 50% v/v or greater, or 60 or 70 or 80% v/v or greater, or 85 or 90 or 95 or 98% v/v or greater.
• the base fuel concentration may be up to 99.99% v/v, or up to 99.95% v/v, or up to 99.9 or 99.8 or 99.5% v/v. It may be up to 99% v/v, for example up to 98 or 95 or 90% v/v, or in cases up to 85 or 80% v/v.
• the diesel fuel formulation comprises an oxygenate and/or a biologically derived component such as a FAME
• its concentration may be 1% v/v or greater, or 2 or 5% v/v or greater, based on the overall formulation, or in cases 7 or 10% v/v or greater.
• the FAME concentration may be up to 30% v/v, or up to 25 or 20% v/v. Oxidative stability can be more of an issue in fuel formulations containing oxygenates, and the present invention may therefore be of particular use in such cases.
• the FAME concentration may be between 1 and 5% v/v, or between 5 and 10% v/v, or between 10 and 20% v/v.
• a diesel fuel formulation prepared or used according to the invention will suitably comply with applicable current standard diesel fuel specification ( s ) such as for example EN 590 (for Europe) or ASTM D975 (for the USA) .
• the overall formulation may have a density from 820 to 845 kg/m 3 at 15°C (ASTM D4052 or EN ISO 3675); a T95 boiling point (ASTM D86 or EN ISO 3405) of 360°C or less; a measured cetane number (ASTM D613) of 40 or greater, ideally of 51 or greater; a kinematic viscosity at 40°C (VK40) (ASTM D445 or EN ISO 3104) from 2 to 4.5 centistokes (mm 2 /s); a flash point (ASTM D93 or EN ISO 2719) of 55°C or greater; a sulphur content (ASTM
• IP 219 of less than -10°C
• PAH polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
• Relevant specifications may however differ from country to country, from season to season and from year to year, and may depend on the intended use of the formulation.
• a formulation prepared or used according to the invention may contain individual fuel components with properties outside of these ranges .
• a diesel fuel formulation prepared or used according to the invention may comprise, in addition to the antioxidant and species (i) , (ii) or (iii) , one or more fuel or refinery additives.
• fuel or refinery additives are known and commercially available and may be present in a base fuel, or may be added to the formulation at any point during its preparation.
• Non-limiting examples of additives which can be included in a diesel base fuel or diesel fuel formulation include cetane improvers, antistatic additives, lubricity additives, cold flow additives, detergents, and combinations thereof, as well as solvents, diluents and carriers therefor.
• Such additives may be included in the fuel formulation at a concentration of up to 4,000 ppmw (parts per million by weight), or up to 3,000 or 2,000 or 1,000 or 500 or 300 ppmw, for example from 50 to 4,000 ppmw or from 50 to 1,500 ppmw or from 50 to 1,000 ppmw or from 50 to 500 ppmw or from 50 to 300 ppmw.
• the diesel fuel formulation contains a Fischer-Tropsch derived diesel fuel component or mixture thereof. It may for instance contain 15% v/v or greater, or 25% v/v or greater, or 50% v/v or greater of a Fischer-Tropsch derived diesel fuel component or mixture thereof. It may contain up to 50% v/v of such a component or mixture, or up to 75% v/v, or up to 100% v/v. It may contain, for example, from 15 to 25% v/v, or from 25% to 50% v/v, or from 40 to 60% v/v, or from 50% to 75% v/v, or from 75% to 100% v/v of a
• the diesel fuel formulation consists essentially of one or more Fischer-Tropsch derived diesel fuel components, ie in addition to the antioxidant, the species (i) , (ii) or (iii) and any optional diesel fuel additives, it contains only Fischer- Tropsch derived diesel fuel components.
• Fischer-Tropsch derived diesel fuel component is meant a hydrocarbon mixture that is, or derives from, a synthesis product of a Fischer- Tropsch condensation process.
• the Fischer-Tropsch reaction converts carbon monoxide and hydrogen into longer chain, usually
• n (CO + 2H 2 ) (-CH 2 -) n + nH 2 0 + heat, in the presence of an appropriate catalyst and typically at elevated temperatures (e.g., 125 to 300°C, preferably 175 to 250°C) and/or pressures (e.g., 5 to 100 bar, preferably 12 to 50 bar) .
• elevated temperatures e.g., 125 to 300°C, preferably 175 to 250°C
• pressures e.g., 5 to 100 bar, preferably 12 to 50 bar
• Ratios of hydrogen to carbon monoxide other than 2:1 may be employed if desired.
• the carbon monoxide and hydrogen may themselves be derived from organic or inorganic, natural or synthetic sources, typically either from natural gas or from organically derived methane.
• a middle distillate fuel product may be obtained directly from the Fischer-Tropsch reaction, or indirectly for instance by fractionation of a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis product or from a hydrotreated Fischer-Tropsch synthesis product. Hydrotreatment can involve
• hydrocracking to adjust the boiling range of the product (see, e. g. GB2077289 and EP0147873) and/or
• hydroisomerisation which can improve cold flow properties by increasing the proportion of branched paraffins.
• EP0583836 describes a two-step hydrotreatment process in which a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis product is firstly subjected to hydroconversion under conditions such that it undergoes substantially no isomerisation or hydrocracking (this hydrogenates the olefinic and oxygen- containing components), and then at least part of the resultant product is hydroconverted under conditions such that hydrocracking and isomerisation occur to yield a substantially paraffinic hydrocarbon fuel.
• the desired middle distillate fuel fraction (s) may subsequently be isolated for instance by distillation.
• Typical catalysts for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of paraffinic hydrocarbons comprise, as the catalytically active component, a Group VIII metal, in particular ruthenium, iron, cobalt or nickel. Suitable catalysts are described for instance in EP0583836.
• SMDS Shell Middle Distillate Synthesis
• Fischer-Tropsch middle distillate fuels are described in Technical Specification CEN TS 15940.
• a Fischer-Tropsch derived diesel fuel component may suitably have a cetane number (ISO 5165) of 70 or greater; a density at 15°C (ISO 3675) of from 770 to 800 kg/m 3 ; a sulphur content (ISO 14596) of 3.0 mg/kg or less; a total aromatics content (EN 12916) of 0.5% w/w or less; a polycyclic aromatics content (EN 12916) of 0.1% w/w or less; a total olefin content (ASTM D1159) of 0.1% w/w or less; a paraffin content of 97% w/w or more; a kinematic viscosity at 40°C (ISO 3104) of from 2.0 to 4.5 mm 2 /s; a flash point (EN 2719) of 68°C or greater; and/or a cold filter plugging point (EN 116) of -9°C or lower or (in particular for use in or as a winter grade fuel) of - 20°
• 250°C is 65% v/v or less; the recovery at 350°C is 85% v/v or greater; and/or 95% v/v recovery is achieved at 360°C or less.
• a diesel fuel formulation prepared or used according to the invention may comprise a mixture of (a) one or more Fischer-Tropsch derived diesel fuel components and (b) one or more other diesel fuel components, for example petroleum-derived, optionally with one or more diesel fuel additives.
• the volume ratio of the Fischer-Tropsch derived diesel fuel component (s) to the other diesel fuel component (s) may for example be from 1:10 to 10:1; or from 1:5 to 5:1; or from 1:4 to 4:1; or from 1:3 to 3:1; or from 1:2 or 2:1.
• the diesel fuel formulation comprises a 1:1 v/v mixture of (a) one or more Fischer-Tropsch derived diesel fuel components and (b) one or more other diesel fuel components, for example petroleum-derived diesel fuel components.
• the diesel fuel formulation contains 0.5% v/v or greater, or 1 or 5% v/v or greater, of non-Fischer-Tropsch paraffinic diesel components such as hydrotreated vegetable oils or fats or a mixture thereof (hereafter referred to as HVO) .
• HVO is also known as “Hydrogenation-Derived Renewable Diesel” (HDRD) and, in the context of the U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard, as “Non-ester renewable diesel” (ref. 40CFR Part 80:
• the diesel fuel formulation consists essentially of one or more hydrogenated vegetable oils, ie in addition to the antioxidant, the species (i) , (ii) or (iii) and any optional diesel fuel additives, it contains only HVO diesel fuel components.
• the HVO component or mixture should be suitable and/or adapted for use as a diesel fuel component.
• Such products are commercially available, for example the NExBTL renewable diesel products ex Neste Oil . They may be used in the form of a blend containing two or more HVOs selected for example from soybean, palm, canola and rapeseed oils; animal tallow; vegetable oil waste and brown trap grease; and mixtures thereof.
• the HVO component or mixture will, in certain embodiments, have a paraffin content of at least 97% by weight, a cetane number of at least 70, a density at 15°C of between 770 and 790 kg/m3, an aromatics content of not greater than 1% by weight, a polyaromatics content of not greater than 0.1% by weight, a sulfur content of not greater than 5 ppm, and a flash point of at least 59°C.
• the diesel fuel formulation may comprise a mixture of (a) one or more HVO diesel fuel components and (b) one or more other diesel fuel components, for example petroleum-derived, optionally with one or more diesel fuel additives.
• the volume ratio of the HVO diesel fuel component (s) to the other diesel fuel component (s) may for example be from 1:200 to 3:1, or from 1:20 to 2:1, or from 1:20 to 1:1, such as about 1:1.
• the diesel fuel formulation comprises a 1:1 v/v mixture of (a) one or more HVO diesel fuel components and (b) one or more other diesel fuel
• components for example petroleum-derived diesel fuel components .
• the diesel fuel formulation comprises a mixture of (a) one or more Fischer-Tropsch derived diesel fuel components and (b) one or more HVO diesel fuel components, optionally with one or more diesel fuel additives.
• the volume ratio of the Fischer-Tropsch derived diesel fuel is a mixture of (a) one or more Fischer-Tropsch derived diesel fuel components and (b) one or more HVO diesel fuel components, optionally with one or more diesel fuel additives.
• component (s) to the HVO diesel fuel component (s) may for example be from 1:10,000 to 10,000:1, or from 1:990 to
• the diesel fuel 990:1, or from 1:99 to 99:1, or from 1:9 to 9:1, or from 1:5 to 5:1, or from 1:3 to 3:1, or from 1:2 to 2:1, such as about 1:1.
• the diesel fuel 990:1, or from 1:99 to 99:1, or from 1:9 to 9:1, or from 1:5 to 5:1, or from 1:3 to 3:1, or from 1:2 to 2:1, such as about 1:1.
• formulation comprises a 1:1 v/v mixture of (a) one or more Fischer-Tropsch derived diesel fuel components and
• the diesel fuel formulation is selected from (1) a formulation consisting essentially of one or more Fischer-Tropsch derived diesel fuel components; (2) a formulation consisting essentially of one or more HVO diesel fuel components; (3) a mixture of one or more Fischer-Tropsch derived diesel fuel components and one or more HVO diesel fuel components; and (4) a mixture of one or more
• Fischer-Tropsch derived diesel fuel components and one or more petroleum-derived diesel fuel components may be selected from (1) a formulation consisting essentially of one or more Fischer-Tropsch derived diesel fuel components; (2) a formulation consisting essentially of one or more HVO diesel fuel components; and (3) a mixture of one or more Fischer-Tropsch derived diesel fuel components and one or more HVO diesel fuel components.
• a paraffinic hydrocarbon is a saturated hydrocarbon (alkane) ; it may be a straight chain (normal) paraffin or a branched chain
• the diesel fuel formulation suitably comprises a mixture of normal and isoparaffins, since such mixtures can provide a suitable balance between low freezing point (isoparaffins ) and good ignition quality (normal paraffins) .
• isoparaffins low freezing point
• normal paraffins good ignition quality
• hydrocarbon mixture employed in a diesel fuel formulation will be from 0.5 to 10, preferably from 1 to 9.
• a paraffinic hydrocarbon will typically contain from 5 to 40 carbon atoms, for example from 9 to 30 carbon atoms.
• the diesel fuel formulation contains 20% v/v or more of paraffinic hydrocarbons. It may contain 30 or 40 or 50 or 60% v/v or more of paraffinic hydrocarbons. It may for example contain up to 99% v/v of paraffinic hydrocarbons, or up to 90 or 80 or 75% v/v, such as from 20 to 99% v/v or from 30 or 50 or 60 to 99% v/v. In an embodiment, it consists essentially of paraffinic hydrocarbons, ie it contains at least 99% v/v, or at least 99.5 or 99.8 or 99.9 or 99.95% v/v, of paraffinic hydrocarbons, together with relatively small concentrations of the antioxidant and other optional diesel fuel additives.
• diesel fuel formulations that include the species (i) , (ii) or (iii) that such formulations do not to contain a
• a species (i) , (ii) or (iii) may be used in the diesel fuel formulation to enhance its oxidative stability beyond what is achieved by the already-present antioxidant.
• species (i) , (ii) or (iii) may be used in the diesel fuel formulation to enhance its oxidative stability beyond what is achieved by the already-present antioxidant.
• the species (i) is a detergent, by which is meant an agent (suitably a surfactant) which, when added to a fuel formulation, can act to remove, and/or to prevent the accumulation of, deposits such as combustion-related deposits within a fuel-consuming system in which the formulation is used, in particular within a fuel
• Detergents suitable for use in fuel formulations include those disclosed in WO-A-2009/50287, which is incorporated herein by reference.
• Suitable detergents typically have at least one hydrophobic hydrocarbon radical having a number average molecular weight (Mn) of from 85 to 20,000 and at least one polar moiety selected from:
• polyoxy-C2- to -C4-alkylene groups which are terminated by hydroxyl groups, mono- or polyamino groups, in which at least one nitrogen atom has basic properties, or by carbamate groups;
• the hydrophobic hydrocarbon radical in the above detergents which ensures adequate solubility in the base fluid, has a number average molecular weight (Mn) of from 85 to 20,000, especially from 113 to 10,000, in
• Typical hydrophobic hydrocarbon radicals especially in conjunction with the polar moieties (1), (3) and (4), include polyalkenes
• polyolefins such as polypropenyl, polybutenyl or polyisobutenyl radicals each having Mn of from 300 to 5000, or from 500 to 2500, or from 700 to 2300, such as from 700 to 1000.
• Detergents comprising mono- or polyamino groups (1) may be polyalkenemono- or polyalkenepolyamines based on polypropene or conventional (ie having predominantly internal double bonds) polybutene or polyisobutene having Mn of from 300 to 5000.
• Suitable detergents comprising monoamino groups (1) are the hydrogenation products of the reaction products of polyisobutenes having an average degree of polymerisation of from 5 to 100, with nitrogen oxides or mixtures of nitrogen oxides and oxygen, as described in particular in WO-A-97/03946.
• polyisobutene epoxides by reaction with amines and subsequent dehydration and reduction of the amino alcohols, as described in particular in DE-A-196 20 262.
• Detergents comprising polyoxy-C2-to-C4-alkylene moieties (2) may be polyethers or polyetheramines which are obtainable by reaction of C2- to C60-alkanols, C6- to
• C30-alkanediols mono- or di-C2-to-C30-alkylamines, Cl- to-C30-alkylcyclohexanols or Cl-C30-alkylphenols with from 1 to 30 mol of ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide and/or butylene oxide per hydroxyl group or amino group and, in the case of the polyether-amines, by subsequent reductive amination with ammonia, monoamines or
• polyamines Such products are described in particular in EP-A-310 875, EP-A-356 725, EP-A-700 985 and US Pat. No. 4,877,416.
• polyethers such products also have carrier oil properties. Typical examples of these are tridecanol butoxylates, isotridecanol butoxylates, isononylphenol butoxylates and polyisobutenol butoxylates and propoxylates and also the corresponding reaction products with ammonia.
• Detergents comprising moieties (3) derived from succinic anhydride and having hydroxyl and/or amino and/or amido and/or imido groups may be corresponding derivatives of polyisobutenylsuccinic anhydride which are obtainable by reacting conventional or highly reactive polyisobutene having Mn of from 300 to 5000 with maleic anhydride by a thermal route or via the chlorinated polyisobutene.
• derivatives with aliphatic polyamines such as ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine , triethylenetetramine or
• Detergents comprising moieties (4) obtained by Mannich reaction of substituted phenols with aldehydes and mono- or polyamines may be reaction products of polyisobutene-substituted phenols with formaldehyde and mono- or polyamines such as ethylenediamine ,
• the polyisobutenyl-substituted phenols may stem from
• polyisobutene having Mn of from 300 to 5000.
• polyisobutene-Mannich bases are described in particular in EP-A-831 141.
• a detergent (i) used in the diesel fuel formulation is a nitrogen- containing detergent, in particular an amine- or
• polyamine-containing detergent contains a hydrophobic hydrocarbon radical having a number average molecular weight in the range from 300 to 5000.
• the nitrogen-containing detergent may be selected from the group comprising polyalkene
• the detergent (i) is a detergent of the type referred to as (1) above, for example a polyisobutenyl (PIB) succinimide.
• PIB polyisobutenyl
• a mixture of two or more detergents (i), for example of the types defined above, may be used in the diesel fuel formulation.
• the detergent (i) may for example be used in the diesel fuel formulation at an (active matter)
• concentration of up to 1,500 ppmw or up to 1,000 or 500 ppmw may for example be used at a concentration of 250 ppmw or greater, or 500 or 1,000 ppmw or greater, for example from 250 to 1,500 ppmw or from 250 to 1,000 ppmw.
• a mixture (ii) of a lubricity improver and a conductivity improver may be used in the diesel fuel formulation to enhance its oxidative stability.
• lubricity improver is meant an agent which is capable of improving the lubricity of a diesel fuel formulation to which it is added, and/or imparting anti-wear effects when such a formulation is used in an engine or other fuel-consuming system.
• Many such compounds are known and commercially available for use as diesel fuel additives, for example the "R" series of additives ex Infineum (trade mark) or the Hitec (trade mark) additives ex Afton.
• lubricity improvers include acid-based, ester- based and amide-based agents. They can be available in the form of lubricity additives, which may contain one or more additional active ingredients as well as the lubricity improver, for example dehazers, anti-rust agents, conductivity improvers, and combinations thereof.
• An acid-based lubricity improver comprises an acid, typically a mono-acid, more typically an organic acid, as a lubricity-enhancing active ingredient.
• the acid may for example be a carboxylic acid, such as a fatty acid or aromatic acid, in particular the former.
• Such fatty acids may be saturated or unsaturated (which includes polyunsaturated) . They may contain from 1 or 2 to 30 carbon atoms, or from 10 to 22 carbon atoms, or from 12 to 22 or from 14 to 20 carbon atoms, or from 16 to 20 or 16 to 18 carbon atoms, such as 18 carbon atoms.
• Examples include oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, linolic acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid and myristic acid. Of these, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids may be used, in particular oleic and linoleic acids.
• acid-based lubricity additives are known and commercially available, for example as R650 (trade mark) , ex Infineum; products in the Lz 539 (trade mark) series, ex Lubrizol; and ADX4101BTM (ex Adibis) .
• An ester-based lubricity improver comprises, as a lubricity-enhancing active ingredient, an ester such as a carboxylic acid ester, in particular an ester of a fatty acid.
• an ester such as a carboxylic acid ester, in particular an ester of a fatty acid.
• fatty acids may be as described above in connection with acid-based lubricity improvers.
• Ester- based lubricity improvers may alternatively be based on ester-functionalised oligomers or polymers (eg olefin oligomers) .
• Such esters may be mono-alcohol esters such as methyl esters, or more suitably may be polyol esters such as glycerol esters.
• an ester-based lubricity improver contains a mono-, di- or tri-glyceride of a fatty acid, or a mixture of two or more such species.
• An amide-based lubricity improver may for example comprise, as a lubricity-enhancing active ingredient, a fatty acid amide.
• the fatty acid element of such an ingredient may be as described above in connection with acid-based lubricity improvers.
• the ingredient may for example be a fatty acid amide of a mono- or in particular di-alkanolamine such as diethanolamine .
• WO-A-94/17160 certain esters of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol wherein the acid has from 2 to 50 carbon atoms and the alcohol has 1 or more carbon atoms, particularly glycerol monooleate and di-isodecyl adipate, as fuel additives for wear reduction in a diesel engine injection system;
• the lubricity improver used in the mixture (ii) is an ester-based lubricity improver. In an embodiment, it is used in the form of the lubricity-enhancing additive R662 (trade mark) , ex Infineum, which is described by the supplier as a combination of ester chemistry lubricity improver and conductivity additives .
• a mixture of two or more lubricity improvers may be used in the diesel fuel formulation.
• the lubricity improver may for example be used in the diesel fuel formulation at a concentration of up to 1,000 ppmw or up to 750 or 500 ppmw. It may for example be used at a concentration of 50 ppmw or greater, or 100 or 150 or 250 ppmw or greater, for example from 50 to
• conductivity improver is meant an agent which is capable of increasing the electrical conductivity of a diesel fuel formulation to which it is added. Also referred to as “static dissipaters” or “antistatic additives”, they reduce the risk of electrostatic charge accumulation, which can occur for example during pumping of a fuel and can increase fire and explosion hazards during subsequent fuel handling.
• Low conductivity fuels include in particular those which are low in polar fuel components such as aromatics and sulphur- or nitrogen-containing compounds : Fischer-Tropsch derived fuels can fall into this
• a conductivity improver may for example comprise an active ingredient selected from organic acids, in particular (benzene ) sulphonic acids; amines, in
• polysulphones and other hydrocarbon-soluble (co) polymers such as vinyl (co) polymers, in particular those
• conductivity improvers include those having components selected from aliphatic amines- fluorinated polyolefins (US 3,652,238); chromium salts and amine phosphates (US 3,758,283); alpha-olefin- sulphone copolymer clas s—polysulphone and quaternary ammonium salt (US 3,811,848); polysulphone and quaternary ammonium salt amine/epichlorhydrin adducts;
• Tolad 3514 contains a hydrocarbon-soluble copolymer of an alkylvinyl monomer and a cationic vinyl monomer.
• a conductivity improver may be included in a diesel fuel additive package in combination with one or more additional active ingredients, such as a lubricity improver .
• the conductivity improver used in the mixture (ii) is a sulphonic acid, in particular a naphthyl sulphonic acid, more particularly an alkylnaphthyl sulphonic acid such as dinonylnaphthyl sulphonic acid.
• it is used in the form of the combined lubricity-enhancing and conductivity- improving additive R662 (trade mark) , ex Infineum.
• a mixture of two or more conductivity improvers may be used in the diesel fuel formulation.
• the conductivity improver may for example be used in the diesel fuel formulation at a concentration of up to 10 ppmw or up to 5 or 3 or 2 or 1 ppmw . It may for example be used at a concentration of 0.1 ppmw or greater, or 0.5 ppmw or greater, for example from 0.1 to
• the two components may be added to the diesel fuel formulation together (for example as part of a multi ⁇ functional additive package) or separately. In an embodiment, they are added together. They may be added in the form of an additive composition which contains one or more other fuel additives in addition to the lubricity improver and the conductivity improver.
• the mixture (ii) is a mixture of an ester-based lubricity improver and a sulphonic acid (in particular a naphthyl sulphonic acid) conductivity improver.
• a sulphonic acid in particular a naphthyl sulphonic acid
• it may be the commercially available combined lubricity-enhancing and conductivity- improving additive R662.
• the weight ratio of the lubricity improver to the conductivity improver may for example be up to 2,500, or up to 1,000, or up to 500 or 250.
• the ratio may for example be 20 or greater, or 50 or 75 or 100 or greater, such as from 100 to 250.
• a combination (iii) of a detergent (i) and a lubricity improver/conductivity improver mixture (ii) may be used to enhance the
• (ii) may be as described above.
• the species (i) and (ii) may be used in the diesel fuel formulation at concentrations as described above. However, due to their combined effect on antioxidant activity, it may be possible to use a lower concentration of either or both of the individual species (i) and (ii) .
• the two component species (i) and (ii) may be added to the diesel fuel formulation together (such as part of a multi-functional additive package) or
• the weight ratio of the detergent (i) to the mixture (ii) may for example be from 0.5:1 to 10:1, or from 0.5:1 to 2:1, or from 2:1 to 4:1, or from 4:1 to 6:1, or from 6:1 to 8:1, or from 8:1 to
• the ratio may for example be 0.5:1 or greater, or 1:1 or greater, or 2:1 or greater.
• the ratio may for example be 10:1 or less, 5:1 or less, 2:1 or less.
• a detergent (i) is used to increase the oxidative stability of the diesel fuel formulation.
• a mixture (ii) of a lubricity improver and a conductivity improver is used to increase the oxidative stability of the diesel fuel formulation.
• a combination (iii) of a detergent (i) and a mixture (ii) of a lubricity improver and a conductivity improver is used to increase the oxidative stability of the diesel fuel formulation.
• the weight ratio, in the diesel fuel formulation, of the antioxidant to the species (i) , (ii) or (iii) may for example be up to 0.02, or up to 0.1, or up to 0.4, or up to 0.6, or up to 0.8 or up to 1.
• the ratio may for example be less than 1, or less than 0.8, or less than 0.6, or less than 0.4, or less than 0.2, or less than 0.1, or less than 0.05.
• the ratio may be between 0.02 and 1, alternatively between 0.02 and 0.1, or between 0.1 and 0.2, or between 0.2 and 0.4, or between 0.4 and 0.6, or between 0.6 and 0.8, or between 0.8 and 1.
• the species (i) , (ii) or (iii) may be used to achieve any degree of improvement in the oxidative stability of the diesel fuel formulation, and/or to achieve or exceed a desired target level of oxidative stability.
• Oxidative stability may be determined using any suitable method, for instance ASTM D7545-09 "Standard test method for oxidation stability of middle distillate fuels: Rapid small-scale oxidation test (RSSOT)", as in the examples below.
• RSSOT Rapid small-scale oxidation test
• Another suitable test method is EN
• CEN European Committee for Standardisation
• D2274-03 Another potentially suitable test method is the standard test method ASTM D2274-03, which measures residues of oxidation products generated in a test fuel under specified conditions, a lower residue indicating a higher oxidative stability.
• D2274-03 is equivalent to IP 388 (Energy Institute, London) and EN ISO 12205:1996 (CEN) .
• the oxidative stability of a fuel formulation may be assessed with reference to the generation of an oxidation product, such as a carboxylic acid or peroxide, in the formulation.
• an oxidation product such as a carboxylic acid or peroxide
• CEN Test Method EN 15751:2009 “Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) fuel and blends with diesel fuel - Determination of oxidation stability by accelerated oxidation method” (also known as a "Modified Rancimat” test method) may be used to assess oxidative stability.
• the invention may additionally or alternatively be used to adjust any property of the diesel fuel
• oxidative stability may be associated with reduced deposit
• species (i), (ii) or (iii) may be added to the diesel fuel formulation at any suitable time and location. It may be premixed with the antioxidant and the resultant premix then added to the fuel formulation, or alternatively species (i) , (ii) or (iii) may be added separately, to a diesel fuel formulation which already contains, and/or is
• a premixed additive composition comprising species (i), (ii) or (iii) and an antioxidant may constitute an essential element for the carrying out of the present invention.
• Such an additive composition may comprise one or more appropriate solvents or carriers, as described below in connection with the second aspect of the invention. It may contain one or more additional diesel fuel additives.
• the present invention provides the use of a species selected from (i) , (ii) and (iii) as defined above, in a diesel fuel additive composition containing an antioxidant, for the purpose of increasing the antioxidant activity of the composition.
• a diesel fuel additive composition is a composition which contains a diesel fuel additive and which is suitable and/or adapted and/or intended, in particular suitable and/or adapted, for use in a diesel fuel formulation, for instance a diesel fuel formulation of the type described above in connection with the first aspect of the invention.
• a diesel fuel additive composition prepared or used according to the second aspect of the invention may be suitable and/or adapted and/or intended, in particular suitable and/or adapted, for use in a diesel fuel formulation containing 10% v/v or more of paraffinic hydrocarbons.
• An increase in the antioxidant activity of the additive composition means that the composition causes a greater increase in the oxidative stability of a diesel fuel formulation to which it is added. The increase may be measured relative to that achieved using the
• antioxidant alone (ie in the absence of species (i) , (ii) or (iii)), at the same concentration.
• An additive composition prepared or used according to the second aspect of the invention may comprise a solvent or other carrier, or mixture thereof, for the additives present in it.
• Suitable such solvents are well known and commercially available. They may in particular be liquid carriers . They may conveniently be of low polarity, and/or hydrophobic, and/or non-aqueous, to render them suitable for use in diesel fuel formulations.
• additive solvents include hydrocarbon solvents such as alkanes, alkenes and aromatic
• hydrocarbons hydrocarbons; mixtures of hydrocarbons such as in distillate fractions; and more polar solvents such as alcohols and ethers.
• the nature of the carrier or carrier mixture used in the additive composition may be chosen to suit the natures and polarities of the additives present, as well as of a diesel fuel formulation in which the additive composition is to be used, so as to optimise the
• a detergent (i) may be used in the additive
• composition at a concentration sufficient to provide a level of detergent in the finished fuel of 100 ppmw or greater, or 250 ppmw or greater, or 500 ppmw or greater, or 1000 ppmw or greater. It may be used at a concentration sufficient to provide a level of detergent in the finished fuel of 100 ppmw or greater, or 250 ppmw or greater, or 500 ppmw or greater, or 1000 ppmw or greater. It may be used at a concentration sufficient to provide a level of detergent in the finished fuel of 100 ppmw or greater, or 250 ppmw or greater, or 500 ppmw or greater, or 1000 ppmw or greater. It may be used at a concentration sufficient to provide a level of detergent in the finished fuel of 100 ppmw or greater, or 250 ppmw or greater, or 500 ppmw or greater, or 1000 ppmw or greater. It may be used at a concentration sufficient to provide a level of detergent in the finished fuel of 100 ppmw or greater, or 250 pp
• a mixture (ii) of a lubricity improver and a conductivity improver may be used in the additive composition at a concentration sufficient to provide a level of (ii) in the finished fuel of 25 ppmw or greater, or of 50 ppmw or greater, or 100 ppmw or greater, or 200 ppmw or greater, or 300 ppmw or greater.
• the antioxidant may be used in the additive
• composition at a concentration sufficient to provide a level in the finished fuel of 20 ppmw or greater, or 50 ppmw or greater, or 100 ppmw or greater, or 250 ppmw or greater. It may be used at a concentration of up to 50 ppmw, or up to 100 ppmw, or up to 250 ppmw, or up to 500 ppmw, for example from 10 to 500 ppmw, or from 20 to 250 ppmw, or from 20 to 100 ppmw.
• An additive composition prepared or used according to the second aspect of the invention may for example be included in a diesel fuel formulation at a concentration of 100 ppmw or greater, or 250 ppmw or greater, or 500 ppmw or greater, or 750 ppmw or greater, or 1000 ppmw or greater. Its concentration may for example be up to 250 ppmw, or up to 500 ppmw, or up to 750 ppmw, or up to 1000 ppmw, or up to 2000 ppmw, such as from 100 to 2000 ppmw, or from 500 to 1000 ppmw, or from 750 to 1250 ppmw, or from 1000 to 2000 ppmw.
• the invention provides a method for preparing a diesel fuel formulation, the method comprising (a) providing a diesel fuel component (for example a diesel base fuel) or mixture thereof, which contains 10% v/v or greater of paraffinic
• hydrocarbons and also an antioxidant hydrocarbons and also an antioxidant; (b) optionally assessing the oxidative stability of the component or mixture; (c) adding to the component or mixture species
• Step (d) may be carried out in order to assess the effect of species (i), (ii) or (iii) on the oxidative stability of the diesel fuel formulation and/or on the activity of the antioxidant.
• species (i) , (ii) or (iii) is added to the diesel fuel component, or mixture thereof, in the form of an additive composition prepared according to the second aspect.
• One or more additional diesel fuel additives may also be added to the fuel component or mixture, either with or separately to species (i) , (ii) or (iii) .
• species (i) , (ii) or (iii) can act to improve the activity of an antioxidant present in a diesel fuel formulation containing 10% v/v or greater of paraffinic hydrocarbons, it can make possible the use of lower concentrations of the, or other, antioxidant additives in the formulation or in an additive
• composition for use in the formulation, without or without undue reduction in the oxidative stability of the formulation. This can in turn reduce the cost and complexity of preparing the formulation or composition, and/or can provide greater versatility in diesel fuel or additive formulation practices.
• the invention provides the use of species (i) , (ii) or (iii) as defined above, in a diesel fuel additive composition or in a diesel fuel formulation containing 10% v/v of paraffinic hydrocarbons, in combination with an antioxidant, for the purpose of reducing the concentration of the or an antioxidant present in the composition or formulation.
• the term "reducing" embraces any degree of reduction, including reduction to zero.
• the reduction may for instance be 10% or more of the original
• concentration of the antioxidant or 25 or 50 or 75 or 90% or more.
• the reduction may for instance be 2 ppmw or more, or 5 or 10 ppmw or more, or in cases 25 or 50 or 75 ppmw or more.
• the reduction may be as compared to the concentration of the antioxidant which would otherwise have been incorporated into the composition or
• This may be the concentration of the antioxidant which was present in the composition or formulation prior to the realisation that species (i) , (ii) or (iii) could be used in the way provided by the present invention, and/or which was present in an otherwise analogous additive composition or diesel fuel formulation which was intended (eg marketed) for use in an analogous context, prior to adding species (i), (ii) or (iii) to it in accordance with the invention.
• the reduction in concentration of the antioxidant may be as compared to the concentration of the
• antioxidant which would be predicted to be necessary to achieve a desired property or performance (for instance a desired level of oxidative stability) for the composition or formulation in the absence of species (i), (ii) or
• a method of operating a diesel fuel- consuming system, and/or apparatus for example a vehicle, or a heating appliance which is driven by such a system, the method comprising introducing into the system a diesel fuel formulation prepared according to the first, third or fourth aspect of the invention, or an additive composition prepared according to the second or the fourth aspect.
• This method may comprise introducing the formulation or the additive composition into a combustion chamber of a fuel-consuming system.
• the system may for example be an internal combustion engine.
• a method according to the fifth aspect of the invention may be carried out with the intention of increasing the oxidative stability of the diesel fuel formulation, or of a diesel fuel formulation containing the additive composition, following its introduction into the diesel fuel-consuming system.
• "use" of species (i) , (ii) or (iii) as defined above in a diesel fuel formulation means incorporating the relevant species into the formulation, typically as a blend (ie a physical mixture) with one or more diesel fuel components, for example diesel base fuels, and optionally in combination with one or more additional diesel fuel additives.
• Species (i) , (ii) or (iii) will conveniently, although not necessarily, be incorporated before the formulation is introduced into a fuel-consuming system.
• the use of species (i) , (ii) or (iii) may involve running a diesel fuel-consuming system on a diesel fuel formulation containing the relevant species, typically by introducing the formulation into a combustion region of the system. It may involve running a vehicle or other apparatus which is driven by a diesel fuel-consuming system, on a diesel fuel formulation containing the relevant species.
• “Use” of species (i), (ii) or (iii) in the ways described above may also embrace supplying the relevant species together with instructions for its use in a diesel fuel formulation for one or more of the purposes described above in connection with the first to the fifth aspects of the invention.
• the species (i) , (ii) or (iii) may itself be supplied as part of a composition which is suitable and/or adapted for use as a diesel fuel
• additive in particular an additive composition prepared according to the second aspect of the invention.
• species (i) , (ii) or (iii) may be included in such a composition for any one or more of the purposes described above in connection with the first to the fifth aspects of the invention.
• species (i) , (ii) or (iii) may be used, in a diesel fuel formulation, in the form of an additive composition which has been prepared according to the second aspect of the invention, ie in which species (i) ,
• (iii) may therefore comprise use of such an additive composition.
• "Use" of species (i), (ii) or (iii) in an additive composition means incorporating the relevant species into the composition, typically as a blend (ie a physical mixture) with one or more solvent carriers and optionally in combination with one or more additional diesel fuel additives.
• Species (i) , (ii) or (iii) will conveniently, although not necessarily, be incorporated before the composition is introduced into a diesel fuel formulation or into a diesel fuel-consuming system.
• the use of species (i) , (ii) or (iii) may involve running a diesel fuel-consuming system on a diesel fuel formulation containing the relevant species in the additive composition, typically by introducing the formulation into a combustion region of the system. It may involve running a vehicle or other apparatus which is driven by a diesel fuel-consuming system, on a diesel fuel formulation containing species (i), (ii) or (iii) in the additive composition.
• composition or a diesel fuel formulation may be taken to embrace addition or incorporation at any point during the production of the composition or formulation or at any time prior to its use.
• the present invention may be used to produce at least 1,000 litres of an additive composition or diesel fuel formulation containing a species (i) , (ii) or (iii) , or at least 5,000 or 10,000 or 20,000 or 50,000 litres.
• a diesel fuel formulation which is prepared or used according to the invention may be marketed with an indication that it benefits from an improvement due to the inclusion of species (i) , (ii) or (iii), for example increased oxidative stability and/or a lower
• the marketing of such a formulation may comprise an activity selected from: (a) providing the formulation in a container that comprises the relevant indication; (b) supplying the formulation with product literature that comprises the indication; (c) providing the indication in a publication or sign (for example at the point of sale) that describes the formulation; and (d) providing the indication in a commercial which is aired for instance on the radio, television or internet.
• the improvement may be attributed, in such an indication, at least partly to the presence of species (i) , (ii) or (iii) .
• inventions may involve assessing the relevant property of the formulation during or after its preparation. It may involve assessing the relevant property both before and after incorporation of species (i), (ii) or (iii), for example so as to confirm that the species contributes to the relevant improvement in the formulation.
• a diesel fuel additive composition prepared or used according to the invention may be marketed with an indication that it benefits from an improvement due to the inclusion of species (i) , (ii) or (iii) , for example increased oxidative stability in a diesel fuel
• the marketing of such a composition may comprise an activity selected from: (a) providing the composition in a container that comprises the relevant indication; (b) supplying the composition with product literature that comprises the indication; (c) providing the indication in a publication or sign (for example at the point of sale) that describes the composition; and (d) providing the indication in a commercial which is aired for instance on the radio, television or internet.
• the improvement may be attributed, in such an indication, at least partly to the presence of species (i) , (ii) or (iii) .
• inventions may involve assessing the relevant property of the composition during or after its preparation. It may involve assessing the relevant property both before and after incorporation of the species (i) , (ii) or (iii), for example so as to confirm that the species contributes to the relevant improvement in the composition.
• the present invention can provide the use of a species selected from:
• the invention in certain cases can have use in diesel fuel formulations having paraffinic hydrocarbon contents of less than 10% v/v.
• any feature disclosed herein may be replaced by an alternative feature serving the same or a similar purpose.
• upper and lower limits are quoted for a property, for example, concentration of an additive or fuel component, then a range of values defined by a combination of any of the upper limits with any of the lower limits may also be implied.
• references to physical properties such as antioxidant, detergent, lubricity improver, conductivity improver, additive, fuel and fuel component properties are, unless stated otherwise, to properties measured under ambient conditions, ie at atmospheric pressure and at a temperature from 16 to 22 or 25°C, or from 18 to 22 or 25°C, for example about 20°C.
• Fuel formulations were prepared, in accordance with the invention, by incorporating antioxidants into diesel base fuels, together with (i) a detergent, (ii) a mixture of a lubricity improver and a conductivity improver, and
• induction period was defined as the time between the start of the test and the breakpoint. This provided an indication of the resistance of the test formulation to oxidation .
• Induction periods recorded in these examples are averages of two measurements .
• AOl was butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) , obtained as Baynox (trade mark), a 20 g/1 solution in biodiesel, ex Lanxess. BHT is employed in fuel
• A02 was N, ' -di-2-butyl-l , 4 -phenylenediamine, available from Octel Starreon (trade mark) as AO-22. It was included in the formulations at a concentration of 20 ppmw .
• Dl - a multi-functional diesel performance additive package suitable for use in automotive diesel fuels, ex Innospec (trade mark) . This contained as its main
• LCI - a commercially available performance additive package suitable for use in automotive distillate fuels, ex Infineum (trade mark) . This contained both a fatty ester-based lubricity improver and a conductivity improver. It was used at a treat rate of 250 ppmw.
• This example used a Fischer-Tropsch derived diesel base fuel BFl.
• the fourth column shows the predicted increase in induction period relative to that of BFl alone.
• formulation containing a mixture of additives A, B and C is defined by the formula:
• IP mixtU re IPnone * [l+(% increase due to A + % increase due to B + % increase due to C) ]
• IP n0 ne is the induction period for the same formulation but without any of the three additives.
• the fifth column in Table 2 shows the percentage benefit provided by the invention, ie the difference between the measured increase in induction period and the predicted increase, as a percentage of the predicted increase for the formulations containing two or more additives.
• a deficit (when the measured increase was smaller than predicted) is shown as a negative number.
• Synergistic combinations (positive benefit compared to predicted results) are indicated by positive numbers.
• antioxidants AOl and A02 both increased the oxidative stability (and hence the induction period) of the Fischer-Tropsch derived base fuel alone, as did the detergent Dl to a much smaller extent.
• the lubricity improver/conductivity improver mixture LCI did not cause any significant increase in oxidative stability, and the combination of Dl and LCI caused a significant reduction in stability.
• Example 1 was repeated using a hydrogenated
• HVO vegetable oil
• BF2 ex Neste Oil
• Its chemical composition was similar to that of Fischer- Tropsch derived base fuels, being paraffinic with essentially no aromatic components or sulphur, although with a relatively narrow carbon chain length
• Table 4 shows that both antioxidants increased the oxidative stability of the HVO base fuel alone, as did detergent Dl to a much smaller extent.
• the lubricity improver/conductivity improver mixture LCI did not cause any significant increase in oxidative stability, and the combination of Dl and LCI caused a significant reduction.
• Example 1 was repeated using a petroleum-derived diesel base fuel BF3. This was a commercially available, EN 590-compliant ultra low sulphur diesel base fuel, ex Shell, formulated without fatty acid methyl esters
• Table 6 shows that the surprising effects of the present invention were not generally observed in the case of the petroleum-derived base fuel BF3, which had a relatively low paraffin content.
• antioxidants AOl and A02 increased the oxidative stability of the base fuel, the detergent additive Dl only enhanced that stability for the amine antioxidant A02.
• the lubricity improver/conductivity improver combination LCI was detrimental to the antioxidant activities of AOl and A02, and when combined with Dl reduced the antioxidant activity of the phenolic antioxidant AOl.
• Example 1 was repeated using a base fuel BF4, which was a 1:1 v/v blend of BFl and BF2 having an overall paraffinic hydrocarbon content of greater than 99% v/v.
• Table 7 shows antioxidants AOl and A02 greatly increased oxidative stability of the Fischer-Tropsch fuel/HVO blend BF4.
• Detergent Dl did so to a smaller extent.
• the lubricity improver/conductivity improver mixture LCI did not cause any significant increase in oxidative stability, and the combination of Dl and LCI caused a significant reduction in stability.
• the Fischer-Tropsch derived and HVO base fuels blend provided particularly good results for formulations containing both the amine antioxidant A02 and the lubricity improver/conductivity improver mixture LCI .
• Example 1 was repeated using a base fuel BF5, which was a 1:1 v/v blend of BFl and BF3, having a synthetic paraffinic hydrocarbon content of 50% v/v.
• Table 8 shows that antioxidants AOl and A02
• the lubricity improver/conductivity improver mixture LCI did not cause any sizeable increase in oxidative stability, and the combination of Dl and LCI caused a significant reduction .
• species (i) , (ii) or (iii) can be used to enhance the antioxidant activity in a relatively high paraffin content diesel fuel formulation. It can be used to improve the oxidative stability of such formulations, which are likely to be more prone to oxidation because of the paraffinic hydrocarbons they contain.
• a species (i) , (ii) or (iii) can similarly be used to reduce the concentration of an antioxidant which is needed in such a diesel fuel formulation, without or without undue detriment to the oxidative stability of the formulation.
• the present invention thus provides more options for the diesel fuel formulator.
• the invention allows the formulator to achieve more than one aim through the use of a particular additive. This can allow a reduction in overall additive concentrations, with its associated processing benefits, yet without undue loss of fuel stability .

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