WO2016005356A1 - Procédé pour mesurer l'adhérence de revêtements à des subjectiles - Google Patents

Procédé pour mesurer l'adhérence de revêtements à des subjectiles Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2016005356A1
WO2016005356A1 PCT/EP2015/065420 EP2015065420W WO2016005356A1 WO 2016005356 A1 WO2016005356 A1 WO 2016005356A1 EP 2015065420 W EP2015065420 W EP 2015065420W WO 2016005356 A1 WO2016005356 A1 WO 2016005356A1
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oxide
deposited
adhesion
glass
image
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Stefano Ramello
Roberto Buzzoni
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Eni SpA
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Eni SpA
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N19/00—Investigating materials by mechanical methods
    • G01N19/04—Measuring adhesive force between materials, e.g. of sealing tape, of coating
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N3/56—Investigating resistance to wear or abrasion
    • G01N3/567—Investigating resistance to wear or abrasion by submitting the specimen to the action of a fluid or of a fluidised material, e.g. cavitation, jet abrasion
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K71/70—Testing, e.g. accelerated lifetime tests
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
    • H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
    • H01G9/2027—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode
    • H01G9/2031—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode comprising titanium oxide, e.g. TiO2

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for measuring the adhesion of a coating to a substrate.
  • the method is applicable to coatings based on metal oxides.
  • Phenomena of this type are for example described in Bull, S.J., Rickerby, D.S., Matthews, A., Leyland, A., Pace, A.R., and Valli, J., Surf. Coat. Technol. 36, 1988, p. 503 and in Perry, A. J., Surf. Eng. 2, 1986, p. 183. Further, the test has to provide quantitative or semi-quantitative results, and be clearly linked to one or more properties of the composite material (Sauders, S.R. and Vetters, H.R., Thin Solid Films, 299, 1997, pp. 82-87).
  • the problem of identifying a method for measuring the adhesion of coatings to supports is of major significance in photovoltaic devices for converting energy from light radiation into electrical energy.
  • the growing need for energy is driving research towards the study of new alternatives to the traditional sources, oil, gas, carbon and nuclear.
  • a subject of growing importance is the conversion of solar energy into electricity by exploiting novel photovoltaic technology.
  • Photovoltaic silicon cells are developing towards second-generation technology, such as the thin layer and radiation concentration: at any rate, these technologies are still expensive, and second-generation technologies are not sufficiently efficient at present.
  • this l definition includes both photovoltaic cells based on other semiconductors, such as metal selenides and tellurides, and in particular so-called organic photovoltaic cells such as Gratzel cells or "dye-sensitised solar cells” DSSCs, or other types or organic and/or polymer cells such as "bulk hetero junctions" BHJs.
  • DSSCs operate by a photoelectrochemical mechanism. The absorption of light and the separation of charges (electrons and holes) take place separately.
  • the first step is promoted by a layer of dye, or photosensitiser, which interacts, in terms of electron transfer, with the surface of nanometre-scale particles of titanium dioxide as a semiconductor, deposited on a transparent, conductive glass.
  • the photosensitiser Upon absorbing the radiation, the photosensitiser generates an excited state, raising an electron from the ground state (HOMO) to the first available unoccupied orbital (LUMO), from which, if the energy levels are compatible, a charge transfer may take place to the conduction band of the titanium oxide, on the surface of which the photosensitiser is anchored via acid groups (generally carboxyl groups) present in the molecule. Subsequently, the electron migrates from the conduction band of the titanium dioxide to the electrode (conductive glass).
  • HOMO ground state
  • LUMO first available unoccupied orbital
  • a positive charge is transferred from the photosensitiser, in the oxidised form thereof, to a mediator electrolyte, which transports the positive charge to the counter-electrode.
  • a mediator electrolyte which transports the positive charge to the counter-electrode.
  • DSSCs comprise the following elements:
  • the anode formed by a transparent support coated with a thin layer of transparent conductive oxide
  • a photoactive layer formed by a photosensitiser anchored to the Ti0 2 , which may be organic or organometallic,
  • the cathode which is preferably metal (platinum is most common), but may also be formed of various carbon-based materials (graphite).
  • the anode is a transparent support coated with a thin layer of transparent conductive oxide, it being possible for said transparent support to be rigid, in which case it is suitable to use glass or quartz, or flexible, in which case it is suitable to use composites based on plastic polymers or metal foils.
  • the composites based on plastic polymers may for example be polyethylene terephthalate coated with ITO (indium tin oxide) (PET/ITO) and polyethylene naphthenate coated with ITO (PEN/ITO), as described for example in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells, eds. K. Kalyanasundram, EPFL Press, distributed by CRCC Press, 2010, p. 22.
  • ITO indium tin oxide
  • PEN/ITO polyethylene naphthenate coated with ITO
  • metal foils may for example be made of titanium, aluminium or stainless steel.
  • Metal foils have the same advantages as polymer-based substrates, aside from the transparency, and may therefore only be used on one side of the cell, whilst it is necessary for the other side to be formed of transparent material so as to allow light to enter the device.
  • the conductive substrate used is a conductive TOC glass (Transparent Conducting Oxide-glass), conductive glass meaning a structure in which a transparent glass substrate is coated with a likewise transparent conductive oxide.
  • the requirements for the TCO substrate are low electrical resistance of the oxide layer and high transparency towards solar radiation in the visible-NIR range.
  • the transparent conductive oxide may be of a thickness between 40 and 250 nm, and may for example be tin-doped indium oxide (ITO), aluminium-doped zinc oxide (AZO), gallium- doped zinc oxide (GZO), or fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO).
  • ITO indium oxide
  • AZO aluminium-doped zinc oxide
  • GZO gallium- doped zinc oxide
  • FTO fluorine-doped tin oxide
  • the preferred TCO substrate to which to apply the method of the present invention is FTO.
  • Ti0 2 may in turn be deposited on the conductive support by various techniques, such as doctor blade coating, spray coating or screen printing.
  • the literature demonstrates a glaring absence of methods for measuring the adhesion of coatings to supports in the case of metal oxides deposited on transparent supports for use, in photovoltaic devices, for converting energy from light radiation into electrical energy.
  • one of the basic aspects determining the performance of the DSSC is the formulation of the paste used for depositing the nanocrystalline Ti0 2 film and the resulting level of adhesion of the Ti0 2 to the support after calcination
  • consideration is merely given to the effect of the physical features of the deposited Ti0 2 , such as surface area, roughness, pore size and film thickness, on the performance of the device under lighting conditions, in particular the energy conversion efficiency of the cell, but the effect of the formulation of the pastes on the level of adhesion of the Ti0 2 layer to the support is not taken into account (Suresh Kumar Dhungel, Jesse G.
  • Some researchers in view of the complexity of the process for depositing multiple Ti0 2 layers, have set themselves the goal of identifying new formulations for depositing the first layer of Ti0 2 on the conductive support. For example, some researchers have compared the "standard" Ti0 2 paste, with terpineole and methyl cellulose added, with the paste based on the so-called Pechini method (M. Hocevar, M. Berginc, U. Opara Krasovec, M. Topic, "Development of Ti0 2 pastes modified with Pechini sol-gel method for high efficiency dye-sensitized solar cell", Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 48, 2008, 156-162).
  • the present invention therefore relates to a method for determining the adhesion of an oxide deposited in a uniform layer on a surface which comprises:
  • step (e) measuring the percentage surface coverage of the oxide using an image analysis software that is applied to the image obtained in step (d), where said percentage corresponds to the oxide's adhesion to the surface.
  • the liquid used in the method according to the invention may, for example, be selected from water, heptane, acetonitrile, oxygenated solvents and mixtures thereof of any desired composition.
  • oxygenated solvents alcohols, in particular ethanol, ketones, in particular acetone, ethers, in particular tetrahydrofuran, and esters, in particular ethyl acetate, may for example be employed.
  • the stirring may be carried out by any known means suitable for bringing about mechanical action of the liquid on the surface covered by the oxide.
  • said stirring may be carried out mechanically or electromagnetically.
  • the stirring speed should preferably be such as not to require excessively long times, in terms of an application, to bring about the formation of surface regions not covered by the oxide: the stirring speed should thus preferably be such as not to require more than 4 hours for step (b). Further, the stirring speed should not be such as to form within the sample a cone of solvent-free space, which would make it impossible to wet the actual sample, invalidating the method.
  • a stirring speed between 600 and 1 100 rpm is used, even more preferably between 700 and 900 rpm.
  • the oxide deposited on a surface may be any desired metal oxide supported on a surface, and is preferably selected from titanium oxide Ti0 2 , zinc oxide ZnO, niobium oxide Nb 2 0 5 and titanates of general formula MTi0 3 , where M is selected from Ca, Mg and Sr.
  • the surface is preferably selected from glasses, composites based on plastic polymers or metal foils.
  • the composites based on plastic polymers may for example be polyethylene terephthalate or polyethylene naphthenate.
  • the metal foils may for example be made of titanium, aluminium or stainless steel.
  • the method can be applied to conductive glasses, particularly TOC conductive glass (Transparent Conducting Oxide-glass), conductive glass meaning a structure in which a transparent glass substrate is covered with a conductive oxide.
  • the requirements for the TCO substrate are low electrical resistance of the oxide layer and high transparency towards solar radiation in the visible-NIR range.
  • the transparent conductive oxide may be of a thickness between 40 and 250 nm, and may for example be tin-doped indium oxide (ITO), aluminium-doped zinc oxide (AZO), gallium-doped zinc oxide (GZO), or fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO). ITO or FTO surfaces are preferred for the present invention. Even more preferably, the surface used in the method of the present invention on which the metal oxide is deposited is FTO.
  • the analysis method of the present invention for evaluating the adhesion, is applied to metal oxides deposited on surfaces, regardless of the method of depositing the oxide on the surface.
  • the method may be used to determine the adhesion of an oxide deposited in a uniform layer on a surface when this deposition has been carried out by any of the methods known to the person skilled in the art.
  • the drying may be carried out using any known method, for example leaving the sample in the air for a period varying from 12 to 24 hours, or placing it in an oven at a temperature of between 50 °C and 120 °C for periods of between 1 and 3 hours.
  • the oxide deposited on the surface is evaluated by obtaining an image: said image may be obtained using any software and apparatus suitable for this purpose.
  • Said apparatuses and softwares are commercially available.
  • the images may for example originate from microphotography or from interfaces connected to digital optical microscopy devices as well as to LM, SEM, TEM equipment.
  • a digital optical microscope is preferably used along with image acquisition software.
  • the Dino-Lite Pro microscope from AnMo Electronics Corporation may be used, and the image may be obtained for example using the software provided with said instrument, DinoCapture version 2.0 from AnMo Electronics Corporation.
  • the image is analysed to evaluate the percentage surface coverage: said evaluation is carried out using image analysis technology.
  • the analysis may be carried out using any software known to the person skilled in the art for this use. For example, it is possible to use the colour recognition capability of a software suitable for dividing the digital image into a series of pixels, each provided with the colour and size information thereof. This technique makes it possible to assess surfaces rapidly with high precision, and in particular it will be possible to calculate the left-over white area, in other words the surface covered with oxide.
  • Suitable softwares for this purpose are for example:
  • a level of adhesion is associated with the percentage coverage using the following table:
  • the oxide is removed in part when barely placed in contact with the liquid
  • the measurement is quantitative, it is possible to establish an adhesion quality scale within a group of samples: the comparison between each of these data and the value of a corresponding feature, for example the energy yield, makes it possible to select a compromise between durability and efficiency, by thus identifying the most advantageous sample in terms of industrial implementation of the cell.
  • the invention relates in particular to a method for identifying, among a plurality of oxides deposited in uniform layers on surfaces, the one with the best characteristic of adhesion, said method comprising:
  • step (d) measuring the percentage surface coverage of the oxide using an image analysis software that is applied to the image obtained in step (d), where said percentage corresponds to the oxide's adhesion to the surface,
  • step (f) repeating the steps a) to e) for each of the oxides deposited on a surface, g) comparing the results obtained in step (e) for each of the oxides deposited on a surface and choosing the oxide that shows the lowest percentage of surface not covered.
  • the above method may be applied to a group of samples of oxides deposited on surfaces which differ in the type or surface used or in the method of applying the oxide, or else, within the same method, for evaluating the impact of varying a preparation parameter.
  • some illustrative, non-limiting examples are given in the following.
  • the paste obtained is then spread (doctor blade technique) on a conductive FTO glass (Hartford Glass Co., TEC 8, with a thickness of 2.3 mm and a resistance of 6-9 ⁇ /cm 2 ), previously washed using water and ethanol.
  • the glass was cut to dimensions of 5 ⁇ 7 cm.
  • a voltmeter is used to check which side of the glass is conductive.
  • Four pieces of adhesive tape (Scotch, 3M) are applied to the face of the conductive glass sheet to mask a 5 mm strip on three of the four edges, and a 25 mm strip is masked on the fourth side, the upper side.
  • the tape forms a 40-50 ⁇ mould in which part of the Ti0 2 suspension is deposited: three drops of the Ti0 2 paste are distributed on the free surface of the support, then a glass rod is slid over the glass to spread and distribute the material (doctor blade technique).
  • the Ti0 2 film is subsequently left to dry in air for 1 min.
  • the tape is subsequently carefully removed, and the glass with Ti0 2 is first placed in an oven and dried for 30 min at 120 °C, and then calcined in a furnace at 450 °C for a further 60 min. At the end, the glass slide is kept in air for the test.
  • a Ti0 2 suspension is prepared as follows: a solution of 0.2 ml acetyl acetone and 1 ml water is added to 12 g commercially Ti0 2 powder (P25, Degussa) in a suitable container whilst grinding using a pestle. A further 19 ml water are then added, in increments of 1 ml, whilst continuing to mix in the container. 1 ml aqueous acetyl acetone solution is added once the preceding adding and mixing operation has produced a homogeneous, lump-free paste in the container.
  • the paste obtained is then spread (doctor blade technique) on a conductive FTO glass (Hartford Glass Co., TEC 8, with a thickness of 2.3 mm and a resistance of 6-9 ⁇ /cm 2 ), previously washed using water and ethanol.
  • the glass was cut to dimensions of 5 ⁇ 7 cm.
  • a voltmeter is used to check which side of the glass is conductive.
  • Four pieces of adhesive tape (Scotch, 3M) are applied to the face of the conductive glass sheet to mask a 5 mm strip on three of the four edges, and a 25 mm strip is masked on the fourth side, the upper side.
  • the tape forms a 40-50 ⁇ mould in which part of the Ti0 2 suspension is deposited.
  • the Ti0 2 paste is distributed on the free surface of the support, then a glass rod is slid over the glass to spread and distribute the material (doctor blade technique).
  • the Ti0 2 film is subsequently left to dry in the air for 1 min.
  • the tape is subsequently carefully removed, and the glass with Ti0 2 is first placed in an oven and dried for 30 min at 120 °C, and then calcined in a furnace at 450 °C for a further 60 min. At the end, the glass slide is kept in air for the test.
  • the paste obtained is then spread (doctor blade technique) on a conductive FTO glass (Hartford Glass Co., TEC 8, with a thickness of 2.3 mm and a resistance of 6-9 ⁇ /cm 2 ), previously washed using water and ethanol.
  • the glass was cut to dimensions of 5 ⁇ 7 cm.
  • a voltmeter is used to check which side of the glass is conductive.
  • Four pieces of adhesive tape (Scotch, 3M) are applied to the face of the conductive glass sheet to mask a 5 mm strip on three of the four edges, and a 25 mm strip is masked on the fourth side, the upper side.
  • the tape forms a 40-50 ⁇ mould in which part of the Ti0 2 suspension is deposited.
  • a suspension of Ti0 2 is prepared as follows: a 10% acetyl acetone solution (2.3 ml) is added to 0.5 g commercially available Ti0 2 powder (P25, Degussa) in a suitable container whilst grinding using a pestle. A further 1 .5 ml water and 3 drops of Triton X-100 surfactant are added, whist continuing to mix in the container for a total of 60 min, until a homogeneous, lump- free paste is obtained.
  • the paste obtained is then spread (doctor blade technique) on a conductive FTO glass (Hartford Glass Co., TEC 8, with a thickness of 2.3 mm and a resistance of 6-9 ⁇ /cm 2 ), previously washed using water and ethanol.
  • the glass was cut to dimensions of 5 ⁇ 7 cm.
  • a voltmeter is used to check which side of the glass is conductive.
  • Four pieces of adhesive tape (Scotch, 3M) are applied to the face of the conductive glass sheet to mask a 5 mm strip on three of the four edges, and a 25 mm strip is masked on the fourth side, the upper side.
  • the tape forms a 40-50 ⁇ mould in which part of the Ti0 2 suspension is deposited.
  • a procedure based on that described in D.S. Tsoukleris, T. Maggos, C. Vassilakos, P. Falaras, Catalysis Today, 129, 2007, 96-101 is followed.
  • a suspension of Ti0 2 is prepared as follows: 5 g commercially available Ti0 2 (P25, Degussa), 5 g ethyl cellulose (Aldrich) and 15 g oterpineole (Aldrich) are introduced into a suitable container. Mixing is carried out in the container until a homogeneous, lump-free paste is obtained.
  • the paste obtained is then spread (doctor blade technique) on a conductive FTO glass (Hartford Glass Co., TEC 8, with a thickness of 2.3 mm and a resistance of 6-9 ⁇ /cm 2 ), previously washed using water and ethanol.
  • the glass was cut to dimensions of 5 ⁇ 7 cm.
  • a voltmeter is used to check which side of the glass is conductive.
  • Four pieces of adhesive tape (Scotch, 3M) are applied to the face of the conductive glass sheet to mask a 5 mm strip on three of the four edges, and a 25 mm strip is masked on the fourth side, the upper side.
  • the tape forms a 40-50 ⁇ mould in which part of the Ti0 2 suspension is deposited.
  • a suspension of Ti0 2 is prepared as follows: 6 g commercially available Ti0 2 (P25, Degussa) and 1 ml acetic acid are introduced into a suitable container. This is followed by five additions of 1 ml H 2 0 and six additions of 2.5 ml ethanol. After each addition, stirring is carried out in the container until a homogeneous, lump-free paste is obtained (approximately 5 min). The paste is transferred into a beaked with 100 ml ethanol. The suspension is kept under agitation using a magnetic stirrer. A series of 30 sonications are carried out (Vibra cell 72408, Bioblock scientific), each of 2 seconds followed by 2 seconds of rest.
  • the tape is subsequently carefully removed, and the glass with Ti0 2 is first placed in an oven and dried for 30 min at 120 °C, and then calcined in a furnace at 450 °C for a further 60 min. At the end, the glass slide is kept in air for the test.
  • a slide prepared as described in Example 1 is dipped in water and subjected to stirring (850 rpm) for 15 minutes.
  • the slide is recovered and left to dry in air for 15 hours.
  • the surface on which the oxide is deposited is photographed using the Dino-Lite Pro microscope from AnMo Electronics Corporation with DinoCapture version 2.0 software from AnMo Electronics Corporation.
  • the image is processed and analysed using Image Pro Plus software from Media Cybernetics, Inc., version 7.0, to measure the percentage of surface still covered with oxide. The following result is obtained:
  • a slide prepared as described in Example 2 is dipped in water and subjected to stirring (850 rpm) for 15 minutes.
  • the slide is recovered and left to dry in air for 15 hours.
  • the surface on which the oxide is deposited is photographed using the Dino-Lite Pro microscope from AnMo Electronics Corporation with DinoCapture version 2.0 software from AnMo Electronics Corporation.
  • the image is processed and analysed using Image Pro Plus software from Media Cybernetics, Inc., version 7.0, to measure the percentage of surface still covered with oxide. The following result is obtained:
  • a slide prepared as described in Example 3 is dipped in water and subjected to stirring (850 rpm) for 15 minutes.
  • the slide is recovered and left to dry in air for 15 hours.
  • the surface on which the oxide is deposited is photographed using the Dino-Lite Pro microscope from AnMo Electronics Corporation with DinoCapture version 2.0 software from AnMo Electronics Corporation.
  • the image is processed and analysed using Image Pro Plus software from Media Cybernetics, Inc., version 7.0, to measure the percentage of surface still covered with oxide. The following result is obtained:
  • a slide prepared as described in Example 4 is dipped in water and subjected to stirring (850 rpm) for 15 minutes.
  • the slide is recovered and left to dry in air for 15 h.
  • the surface on which the oxide is deposited is photographed using the Dino-Lite Pro microscope from AnMo Electronics Corporation with DinoCapture version 2.0 software from AnMo Electronics Corporation.
  • the image is processed and analysed using Image Pro Plus software from Media Cybernetics, Inc., version 7.0, to measure the percentage of surface still covered with oxide. The following result is obtained:
  • a slide prepared as described in Example 5 is dipped in water and subjected to stirring (850 rpm) for 15 minutes.
  • the slide is recovered and left to dry in air for 15 h.
  • the surface on which the oxide is deposited is photographed using the Dino-Lite Pro microscope from AnMo Electronics Corporation with DinoCapture version 2.0 software from AnMo Electronics Corporation.
  • the image is processed and analysed using Image Pro Plus software from Media Cybernetics, Inc., version 7.0, to measure the percentage of surface still covered with oxide.
  • a slide prepared as described in Example 6 is dipped in water and subjected to stirring (850 rpm) for 15 minutes.
  • the slide is recovered and left to dry in air for 15 h.
  • the surface on which the oxide is deposited is photographed using the Dino-Lite Pro microscope from AnMo Electronics Corporation with DinoCapture version 2.0 software from AnMo Electronics Corporation.
  • the image is processed and analysed using Image Pro Plus software from Media Cybernetics, Inc., version 7.0, to measure the percentage of surface still covered with oxide.
  • Example 7 is repeated using a stirring time of 4 hours. The following result is obtained: Surface covered (%): 71
  • Example 8 is repeated using a stirring time of 4 hours. The following result is obtained: Surface covered (%): 71
  • Example 9 is repeated using a stirring time of 4 hours. The following result is obtained: Surface covered (%): 87
  • Example 10 is repeated using a stirring time of 4 hours. The following result is obtained: Surface covered (%): 76
  • Example 1 1 is repeated using a stirring time of 4 hours. The following result is obtained: Surface covered (%): 96

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé pour déterminer l'adhérence d'un revêtement à un subjectile. En particulier, le procédé peut s'appliquer à des revêtements à base d'oxydes métalliques. Ce procédé comprend : a) l'immersion dans un liquide sur la surface duquel est déposé l'oxyde, b) la soumission du liquide à une agitation, c) la récupération de la surface sur laquelle l'oxyde est déposé et son séchage, d) l'obtention d'une image de la surface sur laquelle l'oxyde est déposé, e) la mesure du taux de couverture superficielle de l'oxyde, en pourcentage, par utilisation d'un logiciel d'analyse d'image qui est appliqué à l'image obtenue dans l'étape (d), où ledit pourcentage correspond à l'adhérence de l'oxyde à la surface.
PCT/EP2015/065420 2014-07-08 2015-07-07 Procédé pour mesurer l'adhérence de revêtements à des subjectiles Ceased WO2016005356A1 (fr)

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EP0434633A1 (fr) * 1989-12-20 1991-06-26 FIAT AUTO S.p.A. Méthode pour le contrôle des caractéristiques de couches de revement, en particuliÀ¨rement de couches de peinture sur des métaux
US20040149026A1 (en) * 2003-02-05 2004-08-05 General Electric Company Method and devices for quantitative evaluation of coatings
WO2012032092A2 (fr) * 2010-09-07 2012-03-15 University College Dublin, National University Of Ireland, Dublin Procédés permettant de fabriquer des électrodes photovoltaïques

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2414439A (en) * 1945-02-16 1947-01-21 Thomas O Brandon Method of testing abrasion resistance
EP0434633A1 (fr) * 1989-12-20 1991-06-26 FIAT AUTO S.p.A. Méthode pour le contrôle des caractéristiques de couches de revement, en particuliÀ¨rement de couches de peinture sur des métaux
US20040149026A1 (en) * 2003-02-05 2004-08-05 General Electric Company Method and devices for quantitative evaluation of coatings
WO2012032092A2 (fr) * 2010-09-07 2012-03-15 University College Dublin, National University Of Ireland, Dublin Procédés permettant de fabriquer des électrodes photovoltaïques

Non-Patent Citations (2)

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Title
EDOFF MARIKA ET AL, THE COMPILED STATE-OF-THE-ART OF PV SOLAR TECHNOLOGY AND DEPLOYMENT : 24TH EUROPEAN PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR ENERGY CONFERENCE AND EXHIBITION ; CONFERENCE 21 - 25 SEPTEMBER 2009, EXHIBITION 21 - 24 SEPTEMBER 2009, HAMBURG ; PROCEEDINGS ; EU PVSEC, WIP-RENE, 21 September 2009 (2009-09-21), XP040530339, ISBN: 978-3-936338-25-6 *
FAKHOURI H ET AL: "Highly efficient photocatalytic TiOcoatings deposited by open air atmospheric pressure plasma jet with aerosolized TTIP precursor", JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D: APPLIED PHYSICS, INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS PUBLISHING LTD, GB, vol. 47, no. 26, 5 June 2014 (2014-06-05), pages 265301, XP020266388, ISSN: 0022-3727, [retrieved on 20140605], DOI: 10.1088/0022-3727/47/26/265301 *

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