WO2017010529A1 - 静電レンズ、並びに、該レンズとコリメータを用いた平行ビーム発生装置及び平行ビーム収束装置 - Google Patents
静電レンズ、並びに、該レンズとコリメータを用いた平行ビーム発生装置及び平行ビーム収束装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2017010529A1 WO2017010529A1 PCT/JP2016/070744 JP2016070744W WO2017010529A1 WO 2017010529 A1 WO2017010529 A1 WO 2017010529A1 JP 2016070744 W JP2016070744 W JP 2016070744W WO 2017010529 A1 WO2017010529 A1 WO 2017010529A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
- G01N23/22—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by measuring secondary emission from the material
- G01N23/227—Measuring photoelectric effect, e.g. photoelectron emission microscopy [PEEM]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/02—Details
- H01J37/04—Arrangements of electrodes and associated parts for generating or controlling the discharge, e.g. electron-optical arrangement or ion-optical arrangement
- H01J37/05—Electron or ion-optical arrangements for separating electrons or ions according to their energy or mass
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/02—Details
- H01J37/04—Arrangements of electrodes and associated parts for generating or controlling the discharge, e.g. electron-optical arrangement or ion-optical arrangement
- H01J37/06—Electron sources; Electron guns
- H01J37/075—Electron guns using thermionic emission from cathodes heated by particle bombardment or by irradiation, e.g. by laser
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/02—Details
- H01J37/04—Arrangements of electrodes and associated parts for generating or controlling the discharge, e.g. electron-optical arrangement or ion-optical arrangement
- H01J37/09—Diaphragms; Shields associated with electron or ion-optical arrangements; Compensation of disturbing fields
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/02—Details
- H01J37/04—Arrangements of electrodes and associated parts for generating or controlling the discharge, e.g. electron-optical arrangement or ion-optical arrangement
- H01J37/10—Lenses
- H01J37/12—Lenses electrostatic
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/02—Details
- H01J37/244—Detectors; Associated components or circuits therefor
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/252—Tubes for spot-analysing by electron or ion beams; Microanalysers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/30—Electron-beam or ion-beam tubes for localised treatment of objects
- H01J37/305—Electron-beam or ion-beam tubes for localised treatment of objects for casting, melting, evaporating, or etching
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J43/00—Secondary-emission tubes; Electron-multiplier tubes
- H01J43/04—Electron multipliers
- H01J43/06—Electrode arrangements
- H01J43/18—Electrode arrangements using essentially more than one dynode
- H01J43/24—Dynodes having potential gradient along their surfaces
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J49/00—Particle spectrometers or separator tubes
- H01J49/02—Details
- H01J49/06—Electron- or ion-optical arrangements
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J49/00—Particle spectrometers or separator tubes
- H01J49/44—Energy spectrometers, e.g. alpha-, beta-spectrometers
- H01J49/46—Static spectrometers
- H01J49/48—Static spectrometers using electrostatic analysers, e.g. cylindrical sector, Wien filter
- H01J49/488—Static spectrometers using electrostatic analysers, e.g. cylindrical sector, Wien filter with retarding grids
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electrostatic lens, a parallel beam generating device using the electrostatic lens and a collimator, and a parallel beam converging device.
- the present invention relates to XPS (photoelectron spectrometer), AES (Auger electron spectrometer).
- the present invention relates to an electron spectrometer such as LEED (electron diffraction) and PED (photoelectron diffraction), and an ion desorption angle distribution measuring apparatus.
- a blocking potential type energy analyzer combining a plurality of concentric spherical grids and a fluorescent screen is widely used for low-energy electron diffraction observation and Auger electron spectroscopy measurement.
- a concentric spherical grid is used, charged particles are projected onto a spherical surface, so that there is a problem that signal amplification cannot be performed using a planar microchannel plate.
- the blocking potential type energy analyzer has a problem that it has a low signal-to-background ratio due to a high-pass filter action and is not suitable for two-dimensional angular distribution measurement such as photoelectron diffraction.
- a blocking potential type energy analyzer that projects a two-dimensional angular distribution onto a plane using an axially symmetric electrode has been developed (see Patent Documents 1 and 2), but it takes in charged particles generated from a point source. The angle was limited to ⁇ 10 °. Further, fluorescent X-rays are an obstacle when the blocking potential type energy analyzer is used for photoelectron diffraction measurement. There is a problem that X-rays cannot be removed at the blocking potential, and that the amount of fluorescent X-rays increases and the background increases as the charged particle uptake angle increases.
- an electrostatic lens is often used at the incident part of the energy analyzer. This electrostatic lens captures as many electrons as possible from the sample, decelerates the electrons, and then enters the analyzer. By making it enter, energy resolution can be improved.
- electron spectroscopy equipment but also material surface analysis and solid state physics basic research, such as electron spectroscopy measurement by electrons emitted from the crystal surface, electron diffraction, emission ion angle distribution measurement, etc. Therefore, there is a need for a technique that can increase the angle at which charged particles are taken in and can measure over a wide solid angle range.
- the charged particle uptake angle is less than ⁇ 30 °, it is difficult to analyze the atomic arrangement structure such as photoelectron diffraction or photoelectron holography. However, if a wide solid angle of up to ⁇ 30 ° can be measured, the atomic arrangement can be measured. Structural analysis is possible.
- the spherical aberration-correcting electrostatic lens 100 disclosed in Patent Document 4 is concave with respect to the sample plate 110, which is arranged to form an enlarged virtual image having negative spherical aberration.
- the magnetic field shielded ultrahigh vacuum chamber (not shown) for storing the entire spherical aberration correcting electrostatic lens 100 was large. Further, since the exit beam becomes a point source beam with a narrow solid angle due to a convergent electric field that generates positive spherical aberration, and exits from the exit port 107, for example, when projecting on a fluorescent screen for energy analysis, the exit beam 107 When the emitted electrons are analyzed with a blocking potential or a deflecting electric field (not shown) and the angular distribution is projected onto a fluorescent screen (not shown), it is necessary to converge on the exit slit once. It was difficult to make it compact.
- a normal electrostatic lens has a limit of about ⁇ 20 ° due to spherical aberration, but the sensitivity can be increased by using a spherical mesh.
- a wider capture angle can be realized by creating an optimal electric field using a plurality of electrodes.
- a lens that focuses the beam by a convergent electric field that generates a positive spherical aberration by applying the negative spherical aberration correction function of the aspherical mesh is large in size, and requires a large space when incorporated in an apparatus such as an electron spectrometer. There are inconveniences.
- an object of the present invention is to provide an electrostatic lens and a compact parallel beam generator capable of capturing charged particles emitted from a point source over a wide solid angle range and collimating the trajectory of the charged particles. And It is another object of the present invention to provide an apparatus that realizes high sensitivity and high energy resolution of photoelectron diffraction angle distribution by collimating a radiation beam having a wide solid angle. It is another object of the present invention to provide a compact parallel beam converging apparatus that can collect a parallel charged particle stream having a specific kinetic energy at one point using the electrostatic lens.
- the electrostatic lens of the present invention includes an axisymmetric or substantially axisymmetric aspherical mesh having a concave shape with respect to a point source or a condensing point, and an axisymmetric or substantially axisymmetric single lens.
- An electrostatic lens composed of one or more electrodes and having the following features (a) to (d). With such a feature, charged particles emitted from a point source can be taken in over a wide solid angle range, and the trajectory of the charged particles can be parallelized.
- the aspherical mesh is a spheroid whose major axis extends from the vicinity of the center of the mesh opening to the position of the mesh center, or a substantial spheroid whose shape near the mesh opening expands with a convex curvature inward. It is.
- the ratio of the opening radius of the mesh electrode connected to the mesh and the opening radius of the first electrode adjacent to the mesh electrode among single or plural electrodes is 1.2 or more and 1.6 or less. It is.
- the ratio of the major axis radius to the minor axis radius in the spheroid is greater than 1.0 and less than or equal to 2.0.
- D) The charged particle generated from the point source has an intake angle of ⁇ 60 °, and the locus of the charged particle is parallelized so that the deviation angle from the optical axis is ⁇ 1 ° or less.
- the number of electrodes is excluded from the mesh electrode, and the reduction ratio is the ratio of the kinetic energy at the terminal electrode to the kinetic energy at the time of generation of charged particles, and any one of the following 1) to 5): Meet. 1) When the number of electrodes is 1 and the reduction ratio is 0.1 or more and 0.3 or less, The ratio of the major axis radius to the minor axis radius in the spheroid is 1.69 or more and 1.89 or less. 2) When the number of electrodes is 2 and the reduction ratio is 0.1 or more and 0.3 or less, The ratio of the major axis radius to the minor axis radius in the spheroid is 1.56 or more and 1.76 or less.
- the ratio of the major axis radius to the minor axis radius in the spheroid is 1 when the reduction ratio is 0.01 or more and less than 0.1, regardless of the number of electrodes. It is preferably greater than 0.0 and less than 1.5.
- the substantial spheroid mesh shape has a radial deviation from the major axis of 5% or less of the radial distance compared to the spheroid shape of the same major axis radius and minor axis radius.
- an inflection point is obtained by plotting the radial shift by first-order differentiation with respect to the angle at a position where the angle between the axis connecting the point source and the mesh-shaped surface and the long axis is larger than 40 °.
- the substantial spheroid mesh shape is represented by dmesh represented by the following mathematical formula 1, which is a polynomial function.
- dmesh is the distance from the point source to the mesh surface position
- the distance d 1 is the distance from the point source to the mesh tip position on the optical axis
- the distance d 2 is from the point source to the mesh edge position.
- distance, deviation angle from the optical axis for determining the angle theta and ⁇ max each mesh surface and mesh edge position alpha is a function of the angle theta
- n is the dimension of the function
- w is the parameter a 1 ⁇ a n Is a parameter determined by.
- the parallel beam generator according to the present invention includes the above-described electrostatic lens according to the present invention and a planar collimator plate arranged coaxially with the lens. Then, the charged particle generated from the point source has an intake angle of ⁇ 60 °, and the locus of the charged particle is parallelized so that the deviation angle from the optical axis is ⁇ 1 ° or less. Then, after the trajectory of the charged particles is made parallel to the axis, the electrostatic lens and the plane collimator plate are coaxially arranged so that the charged particles are incident substantially perpendicular to the plane collimator plate. .
- the parallel beam generator of the present invention can be miniaturized, the magnetic field shielded ultra-high vacuum vacuum chamber surrounding the apparatus can be reduced, and the cost of the apparatus can be reduced.
- the electrostatic lens of the present invention charged particles emitted from a point source are captured over a wide solid angle range, and the trajectory of the charged particles is made parallel with high parallelism.
- the collimated charged particles are incident on the planar collimator plate substantially perpendicularly, thereby further improving the degree of collimation.
- the plane collimator plate takes in a beam from a thin slit or small pore provided on a flat plate, and selects only a parallel beam.
- the parallel beam generator of the present invention can analyze electrons when a negative potential is applied to an electrode and can analyze cations when a positive potential is applied.
- the electrode potential is stably controlled with an accuracy of 50 mV or less with respect to 1 kV of the DC power source.
- the planar collimator plate is characterized by functioning as a bandpass filter that selects only charged particles having a specific kinetic energy.
- a bandpass filter By functioning as a band-pass filter, the intensity distribution projected onto the screen using a fluorescent screen can be handled as it is as data of an angular distribution pattern of a specific energy.
- a planar microchannel plate in which minute photomultiplier tubes are bundled on a flat plate is further provided, and charged particles having a specific kinetic energy emitted from the planar collimator plate are amplified by an avalanche current. That's fine. High sensitivity measurement is possible by amplifying with an avalanche current.
- the planar collimator plate in the parallel beam generator of the present invention is preferably provided with pores having an aspect ratio (pore diameter to hole length) of 1: 5 to 1:20 with an aperture ratio of 50% or more.
- the greater the aspect ratio the greater the parallelism of the beam emitted from the planar collimator plate.
- the aperture ratio affects the transmittance, it is better that the aperture ratio is large.
- the aspect ratio is 1:10 and the aperture ratio is 50% or more
- the hole diameter is 50 ⁇ m with respect to the collimator diameter of 50 mm
- the upper limit of the angular resolution is 0.1 ° (the angular resolution is about 0). .1 °).
- a radius of 25 mm of the collimator corresponds to an emission angle of 50 °
- a sweeping means for sweeping the potentials of the electrodes and the planar collimator plate may be further provided.
- a fluorescent screen and camera means are further provided, and charged particles having a specific kinetic energy emitted from the above-described planar collimator plate are converted into bright spots on the fluorescent screen, and camera means. It is also possible to measure an image with. Charged particles having a specific kinetic energy are converted into bright spots on a fluorescent screen, and an image can be measured as a two-dimensional distribution pattern by a camera. Further, the planar collimator plate serves as an exit slit when projecting the angular distribution onto the fluorescent screen. A small and simple projection analyzer with high energy resolution can be realized and applied to various analyses. Thereby, it can be used as an angle distribution measurement analyzer.
- a delay line detector is further provided to detect the emission angle direction and arrival time of each charged particle having a specific kinetic energy emitted from the above-described planar collimator plate. It is also possible to measure the time-resolved image by measuring individually with the instrument.
- the emission angle direction and arrival time of each charged particle of specific kinetic energy emitted from the planar collimator plate can be individually measured by the delay line detector. Time-resolved image measurement can be performed. Accordingly, there is an advantage that time information indicating when each particle is emitted after excitation is obtained simultaneously with measurement of the emission angle distribution of the charged particles.
- the energy resolution of the bandpass filter by the plane collimator plate is a relative value, and in the case of 1% energy resolution, the resolution is 1 eV for 100 eV and 10 eV for 1 keV.
- the energy resolution of the measurement by lock-in detection is an absolute value determined by the modulation electric field.
- the resolution is 0.1% for 100 eV and 0.01% for 1 keV.
- a modulation electric field of 1 V to 10 V is used in lock-in detection.
- the band-pass method using the planar collimator plate in the present invention a high S / B ratio and high amplification are possible, so that the modulation electric field can be reduced to 100 mV.
- the above-mentioned angle distribution measuring and analyzing apparatus includes an electron spectroscopic apparatus, an electron diffractometer, a photoelectron spectroscope, a photoelectron diffractometer, a positron in which the parallel beam generator of the present invention is incorporated as an emission angle distribution analyzer of charged particle energy.
- the parallel beam generator of the present invention described above is incorporated as a single-energy large-diameter parallel ion beam source, and performs ion etching or ion sputtering.
- the focused ion beam is scanned two-dimensionally or unfocused to increase the beam diameter. In either case, the beam is located away from the center.
- the pattern processing is performed using a mask, for example, the end portion is bent and it is difficult to form a high aspect ratio.
- the parallel beam generator of the present invention can capture ions in a wide solid angle range and generate a large-diameter parallel ion beam with a single kinetic energy.
- the surface irradiation with the generated large-diameter parallel ion beam In the pattern processing using a mask, the end portion is not sagged, a high aspect ratio can be formed, and the shape can be precisely controlled etching.
- the wide solid angle X-ray detector according to the present invention generates a flat collimator plate with a negative potential on the flat collimator plate and a positive potential on the fluorescent screen in the parallel beam generator of the present invention provided with a fluorescent screen and camera means. It amplifies electrons. According to this configuration, a wide solid angle X-ray detector can be realized.
- a parallel beam focusing device is provided.
- the parallel beam converging device is composed of the above-described electrostatic lens of the present invention and a planar collimator plate arranged coaxially with the electrostatic lens, and is a specific kinetic energy charged particle that is incident substantially perpendicular to the planar collimator plate.
- the electrostatic lens and the planar collimator plate are arranged coaxially so that the locus after the emission of the light is condensed at the condensing point by the electrostatic lens.
- the parallel beam generator of the present invention when the entrance and the exit are reversed, the charged particle flow in a specific direction is taken out by the collimator plate, and only the particles having a specific energy are collected at a single point by the electrostatic lens. It can be used as a parallel beam focusing device that measures
- the plane collimator plate in the parallel beam converging apparatus may be configured such that pores having an aspect ratio (ratio of pore diameter to hole length) of 1: 5 to 1:20 are provided with an aperture ratio of 50% or more. good.
- the charged particle flow direction / energy measuring apparatus includes a plurality of parallel beam converging apparatuses according to the other aspects of the present invention described above, and a plane collimator plate that selects only charged particles having a specific kinetic energy.
- the charged particle flow in a specific direction is taken out by a plane collimator plate, and only the particles having a specific energy are collected at one point by an electrostatic lens to measure the energy intensity.
- the parallel beam generator of the present invention there is an effect that the intensity angle distribution of charged particles having a specific kinetic energy emitted from a sample can be projected on a plane up to a solid angle of about ⁇ 60 °. Since the sensitivity is proportional to the solid angle of capture, the sensitivity and function can be greatly improved. That is, it becomes possible to collimate a radiation beam with a wide solid angle, and there is an effect that high sensitivity and high energy resolution of the photoelectron diffraction angle distribution can be achieved.
- the energy resolution of the planar collimator plate can be improved by making the excitation beam minute. For example, when a convergent beam of 100 ⁇ m or less is used as the excitation beam, the energy resolution of 1. There is an effect that 0 to 0.5% can be achieved.
- the parallel beam generator of the present invention can be miniaturized and can be easily incorporated into other analyzers. For example, when combined with an SEM (scanning electron microscope), it is element-selective that selects only specific energy. Crystal structure observation can be realized.
- the charged particle flow in a specific direction is taken out by the collimator plate, and only particles having a specific energy are statically extracted.
- the intensity can be measured by collecting light at one point with an electric lens.
- Configuration diagram of parallel beam generator of embodiment 1 Explanatory diagram of the angle from the point source and the charged particle trajectory Illustration of electrode arrangement Illustration of shape of aspherical mesh Explanatory drawing of the trajectory of electrons of different energy (1) Explanatory diagram of the trajectory of electrons of different energy (2) Diagram showing the transmittance of a flat collimator plate Explanatory diagram of electron trajectories at different emission positions Explanatory drawing about the difference in the number of electrodes in an electrostatic lens Configuration of angle distribution measurement analyzer according to embodiment 4 Configuration diagram of wide solid-angle X-ray detector of Example 5 Trajectory and parallelism of charged particles of electrostatic lens (number of electrodes: 1) in Example 7 Trajectory and parallelism of charged particles of electrostatic lens (number of electrodes: 2) in Example 7 Trajectory and parallelism of charged particles of electrostatic lens (number of electrodes: 3) in Example 7 Trajectory and parallelism of charged particles of electrostatic lens (number of electrodes: 4) in Example 7 Trajectory and parallel
- FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of the parallel beam generator of the present invention.
- the parallel beam generator of the present invention comprises an electrostatic lens of the present invention comprising an axisymmetric aspherical mesh 2 having a concave surface with respect to a point source 7 and five axially symmetric electrodes (10 to 14). It is composed of a flat collimator plate 3 arranged coaxially with the lens, a fluorescent screen 4, and a magnetic shielding cover 8 for storing them.
- charged particles electrons or ions
- the charged particle generated from the point source 7 has an uptake angle of about ⁇ 58 °, and the aspherical mesh 2 is meshed so that the trajectory of the charged particle is parallelized by the electrostatic lens.
- the shape and potential and arrangement of the five electrodes (10 to 14) are adjusted.
- the electrostatic lens and the plane collimator plate 3 are arranged coaxially so that the charged particles are incident perpendicularly to the plane collimator plate 3.
- the excitation beam is applied to the sample plate 20 by the excitation beam guide tube 21 so that there is no interference with charged particles generated from the point source 7.
- the excitation beam guide tube 21 is arranged with respect to the sample plate 20 so that the incident angle of the excitation beam is 75 ° or more.
- a fluorescent screen 4 is provided, and charged particles having a specific kinetic energy emitted from the flat collimator plate 3 are converted into bright spots by the fluorescent screen 4, and this is imaged by a camera and the energy distribution is measured. can do.
- the horizontal axis (Initial angle) in FIGS. 2 (1) and (2) indicates the capture angle (solid angle) of charged particles emitted from the point source, and the vertical axis in FIG.
- the distance (Xf) and the vertical axis (Final angle) in FIG. 2B indicate the angle of the trajectory of the charged particles incident on the planar collimator plate 3. Both angles are from an axis perpendicular to the sample plate.
- the range of the capture angle that can be collimated is 0 to ⁇ 58 °
- the horizontal axis (Initial angle) is 0 to 60 ° with respect to the charged particles emitted from the point source.
- the angle of the trajectory of the charged particles incident on the planar collimator plate 3 is 0 ° (that is, parallel to the axis) up to about 58 °, but when it exceeds 58 °, the angle deviates from 0 ° and is parallel. It has not been shown.
- the electron beam emitted from the point source 7 can be collimated when the energy of the electron beam is 1000 eV and the capture angle range is 0 to ⁇ 58 °.
- Each of the electrodes 10 to 15 is a coaxial ring-shaped electrode.
- the electrode 10 is connected to the aspherical mesh 2 and is connected to the ground so as to be 0V. This is because the potential is the same as that of the sample plate 20.
- the three electrodes 11 to 13 are sequentially arranged so as to be away from the point source 7 and the length of the electrodes is shortened so that the tip of the electrode is arranged outside the outer periphery of the electron beam. .
- the electrode 14 is disposed at the most distant position and has a shape extending in the axial direction.
- the electrode 15 is connected to the planar collimator plate 3.
- Electrode 15 is ⁇ 950 ⁇ V.
- the aspherical mesh 2 is a substantially spheroid (A in the figure) having a major axis from the vicinity of the center of the mesh opening to the position of the mesh center, and the vicinity of the mesh opening (B in the figure) is inwardly convex.
- the shape of the mesh is not spherical but is close to a spheroid with a long axis in the axial direction It has a shape.
- FIG. 5 shows an electron trajectory with an energy of 1030 eV
- FIG. 6 shows an electron trajectory with an energy of 970 eV.
- the potential of each electrode is the same as in FIG. 1, and the electrode 10 is 0V, the electrode 11 is -520V, the electrode 12 is -780V, the electrode 13 is -888V, the electrode 14 is -914.5V, and the electrode 15 is- 950V.
- the beam that expands more than the parallel when the electron energy increases. On the other hand, if the electron energy decreases, the beam converges rather than parallel.
- FIG. 7 (1) shows the transmittance (in the case of a point source) of a planar collimator plate provided with pores having an aspect ratio (ratio of pore diameter to pore length) of 1: 5.
- 7 (2) to (6) are provided with pores having aspect ratios (ratio of pore diameter to pore length) of 1:10, 1:20, 1:30, 1:40, and 1:50, respectively.
- the transmittance of a flat collimator plate (in the case of a point source) is shown.
- the emission angle polar angle
- the transmittance with respect to other than a specific energy is suppressed, and it is shown that the function of a band-pass filter having sufficient energy resolution can be obtained only by the planar collimator plate.
- FIG. 8 shows that the electron beam energy of 1000 eV, the electrode arrangement and the potential are the same in the parallel beam generator shown in FIG.
- the electron trajectory is shown (with the position of the point source being 0, ⁇ 0.5 mm, ⁇ 1.0 mm).
- the diffracting surface of electrons incident on the planar collimator plate is not a flat surface but a curved surface.
- the convergence angle of the electron beam on the axis is ⁇ 9.7 °, and it can be seen that not only the energy but also the position is selected.
- the parallel beam generator of the present embodiment when a convergent beam of 100 ⁇ m or less is used as an excitation beam, an energy resolution of 1.0 to 0.5% can be achieved.
- an electron diffraction pattern in a region of 100 ⁇ m or less can be selectively measured even when the beam diameter is large.
- FIGS. 9 (1) to 9 (5) show the trajectories of electrons emitted from a point source by incident light having an incident angle of 75 ° in an electrostatic lens using an aspherical mesh having the same shape. This is because incident light with an incident angle of 75 ° does not interfere with the path of outgoing electrons.
- 9 (1) to 9 (5) are different in the number of electrodes of the electrostatic lens.
- the mesh electrode connected to the aspherical mesh is fixed to the ground potential, and a single or a plurality of negative potential electrodes are arranged. That is, the electrodes other than the mesh electrode have a negative potential.
- FIG. 9 (1) has 1 electrode
- FIG. 9 (2) has 2 electrodes
- FIG. 9 (3) has 3 electrodes
- FIG. 9 (4) has 5 electrodes
- FIG. 9 (5) has The number of electrodes is six.
- the mesh electrode fixed to the ground potential is excluded from the number of electrodes.
- five or more electrodes shown in FIG. 9 (4) or FIG. 9 (5) are required.
- the shape of the aspherical mesh was optimized according to the examples having different numbers of electrodes. As the number of electrodes increases, the ratio of the major axis to the minor axis decreases and approaches a spherical surface. By introducing a shape that expands with a convex curvature inside the vicinity of the mesh opening, it is possible to ensure parallelization up to the vicinity of an emission angle of 60 ° from the point source.
- Ion Etching equipment is used to manufacture semiconductor microelements, remove coating films from cutting tools, parts, etc., remove fine burrs, process tip shapes, remove dirt adhering to metal material surfaces, and activate metal material surfaces.
- the ion beam emitted from the ion beam source is chemically reacted with atoms on the surface of the etching material, or the surface of the etching material is physicochemically etched to etch the shape of the material surface.
- the parallel beam generator of Example 1 or Example 2 ions can be taken in a wide solid angle range and a large-aperture parallel ion beam with a single kinetic energy can be generated. That is, by using the parallel beam generation apparatus of the first embodiment or the second embodiment, the ion beam source of the ion etching apparatus can be a single energy large-diameter parallel ion beam source. As a result, the ion beam hits the sample surface perpendicularly even at a location away from the center of the ion beam, so that the edge is not sagged even during pattern processing using a mask, and a high aspect ratio can be molded. Precision controlled etching of the shape is possible. In addition, when single energy ions are used, the etching rate can be easily controlled, and the thickness of the thin film to be etched can be controlled.
- FIG. 10 shows a configuration diagram of the angle distribution measurement analyzer.
- the angular distribution measurement analyzer according to the present embodiment includes a blocking potential grid 32 and a planar microchannel plate 31 provided between the planar collimator plate 3 and the fluorescent screen 4 in the parallel beam generation apparatus according to the first embodiment.
- the change of the current due to the charged particles passing through the grid 32 is detected by the lock-in modulation electric field 30 by changing the DC voltage.
- the energy resolution ( ⁇ E / E) of specific kinetic energy charged particles emitted from the planar collimator plate 3 can be improved to 0.1 to 0.01%.
- the S / B ratio (Signal / Background ratio) is poor, and it is difficult to amplify with a flat microchannel plate.
- the modulation electric field uses 1V to 10V.
- the band pass filter function by the planar collimator plate 3 enables high S / B ratio and high amplification, and the modulation electric field can be reduced to 100 mV.
- signal amplification can be performed using a planar microchannel plate.
- the energy resolution of the bandpass filter by the plane collimator plate 3 is a relative value, and in the case of 1% energy resolution, the resolution is 1 eV for 100 eV and 10 eV for 1 keV.
- the energy resolution of the measurement by lock-in detection is an absolute value determined by the modulation electric field. Therefore, in the case of a modulation electric field of 100 mV, the resolution is 0.1% for 100 eV and 0.01% for 1 keV. is there.
- FIG. 11 shows a configuration diagram of a wide solid angle X-ray detector.
- the wide solid angle X-ray detector according to the present embodiment amplifies electrons generated by the flat collimator plate 3 in the parallel beam generator of the first embodiment with the flat collimator plate 3 set to a negative potential and the fluorescent screen 4 set to a positive potential.
- the X-ray detector will be described.
- Auger electrons with a short mean free path are emitted from the vicinity of the sample surface, and fluorescent X-rays with a long mean free path are emitted also from the inside of the crystal.
- Auger electrons and fluorescent X-rays are emitted simultaneously in proportion to the X-ray absorption intensity.
- Auger electron yield method X-ray absorption measurement and fluorescent X-rays have been performed using another detector. Yield method X-ray absorption measurements have been performed. Since fluorescent X-rays travel in a straight line regardless of the electric field, the conventional blocking potential electron analyzer using a spherical mesh cannot reach all the fluorescent screen and be removed.
- the plane collimator plate 3 by combining the plane collimator plate 3 and the blocking potential grid 32, it is possible to remove the fluorescent X-rays when analyzing the Auger electrons by preventing the path of the fluorescent X-rays proceeding linearly.
- a negative potential is applied to the planar collimator plate 3 to block Auger electrons
- a positive potential is applied to the blocking potential grid 32 and the fluorescent screen 4 to thereby increase the signal intensity of fluorescent X-rays.
- the planar collimator plate 3 can convert it into electrons, and can be used as a wide solid angle X-ray detector.
- Auger electrons and fluorescent X-rays can be measured with the same detector by simply reversing the applied electric field, and information on X-ray absorption spectroscopy depending on the surface and the depth inside the crystal can be obtained. It will be a detector.
- the flat microchannel plate 31 is provided to amplify the electrons.
- a blocking potential grid 32 is provided in the configuration of FIG. 11, the electrodes 11 to 14 are connected to the ground and the electrode 15 is set to a negative potential, but all of the electrodes 11 to 15 may be set to a negative potential.
- the parallel beam generator shown in FIG. 1 is reversed and the flow of charged particles in a specific direction is taken out by the flat collimator plate 3 and only the specific energy particles are collected at one point by the electrostatic lens and the intensity is measured.
- a parallel beam focusing device that can be used will be described. Similar to the configuration shown in FIG.
- the parallel beam converging apparatus includes an axisymmetric aspherical mesh 2 having a concave shape with respect to the focal point and an electrostatic lens composed of a single or a plurality of axisymmetric electrodes,
- the trajectory after the emission of specific kinetic energy charged particles that are made up of a plane collimator plate 3 and coaxially arranged on the plane collimator plate 3 and enter the plane collimator plate 3 substantially perpendicularly becomes a condensing point by the electrostatic lens.
- the shape of the aspherical mesh 2 and the potential and arrangement of the ground electrode 10 and the application electrodes (11 to 15) are adjusted so as to collect light.
- the entrance / exit is reversed compared to the parallel beam generating apparatus.
- the fluorescent screen 4 and the excitation beam guiding tube 21 are unnecessary as compared with the case of the parallel beam generating apparatus.
- the potentials of the electrodes 10 to 15 are the same as those in Example 1.
- the electrode 10 is 0 V (fixed to the ground potential)
- the electrode 11 is ⁇ 520 V
- the electrode 12 is ⁇ 780 V
- the electrode 13 is ⁇ 888 V
- the electrode 14 is -914.5V
- the electrode 15 is -950V.
- the planar collimator plate 3 functions as a band-pass filter that selects only charged particles having a specific kinetic energy, and takes out a charged particle flow in a specific direction incident on the planar collimator plate.
- the plane collimator plate 3 is provided with pores having an aspect ratio (ratio of pore diameter to pore length) of 1:10 at an aperture ratio of 50% or more.
- the shape of the aspherical mesh is a substantially spheroid whose major axis extends from the vicinity of the center of the mesh opening to the position of the center of the mesh, and the vicinity of the mesh opening expands with a convex curvature inward.
- the optical system includes a plurality of electrodes, and at least one of them is provided with an aspherical mesh having a concave shape with respect to the object surface.
- This aspherical mesh captures charged particles emitted from a point source over a wide solid angle, and parallelizes the trajectories of the captured charged particles with high parallelism.
- the shape of the aspherical mesh is such that the charged particle generated from the point source has an intake angle of ⁇ 60 °, and the locus of the charged particle is parallelized so that the deviation angle from the optical axis is ⁇ 1 ° or less. If parallelism is not required, the mesh shape can be designed with a spheroid. Further, regarding the number of electrodes excluding the mesh electrode fixed at the ground potential, at least one may be used when the taking-in angle to be parallelized may be about ⁇ 50 ° or less or when a very high parallelism is not required. . In the following, the trajectory and parallelism of the charged particles will be described for an electrostatic lens having an aspherical mesh shape designed as a spheroid and having 1 to 5 electrodes.
- FIG. 12 shows an example of an electrostatic lens having one electrode.
- the shape of the aspherical mesh is designed by a spheroid, and the ratio of the major axis radius to the minor axis radius (hereinafter abbreviated as the major axis minor axis ratio) in the spheroid is 1.79.
- the applied voltage of each electrode is 0V for the mesh electrode (G) and -775V for the first electrode (EL1) with respect to 1 keV electrons.
- FIG. 12A is a cross-sectional view including the optical axis, and the inner surface shape of the electrode and the aspherical mesh is represented by a thick solid line.
- the dotted line represents the equipotential line, and the thin solid line represents the trajectory of the charged particle.
- the incident angle is drawn from ⁇ 55 ° to 55 ° in 5 ° steps.
- a spheroidal mesh is connected to the mesh electrode (G).
- the major axis / minor axis ratio of the spheroid is 1.79.
- the terminal portion of the first electrode (EL1) corresponds to a planar collimator.
- the voltages applied to the mesh electrode (G) and the first electrode (EL1) are 0 V and ⁇ 775 V, respectively, for 1 keV electrons.
- 12 (2) is a graph in which the angle (angle from the optical axis) at the end of the trajectory of the charged particle shown in FIG. 12 (1) is plotted against the incident angle (Initial angle) to the aspherical mesh. It is. It can be seen that charged particles having an incident angle of ⁇ 55 ° to 55 ° are collimated to an angle of about 0.8 ° with the optical axis.
- R2 / R1 is about 1.2 to 1.6. This is a preferred embodiment.
- FIG. 13 is an example of an electrostatic lens having two electrodes.
- the shape of the aspherical mesh is designed by a spheroid, and the major axis / minor axis ratio of the spheroid is 1.66.
- the applied voltage of each electrode is 0V for the mesh electrode (G), -680V for the first electrode (EL1), and -820V for the second electrode (EL2) with respect to 1 keV electrons.
- the electrostatic lens with two electrodes shown in FIG. 13 (1) is obtained by dividing the first electrode (EL1) in FIG. 12 (1) into two on the mesh electrode (G) side. 13 (1) and 12 (1) are compared with respect to the trajectory of the charged particles.
- FIG. 13 is an example of an electrostatic lens having two electrodes.
- the shape of the aspherical mesh is designed by a spheroid, and the major axis / minor axis ratio of the spheroid is 1.66.
- the applied voltage of each electrode is 0V for the
- FIG. 13 (1) is a plot of the angle at the end point of the trajectory shown in FIG. 13 (1) (angle from the optical axis) with respect to the incident angle.
- the incident angle is ⁇ 55 ° to 55 °. It can be seen that the charged particles of ° are collimated to an angle of about 0.6 ° with the optical axis.
- FIG. 14 is an example of an electrostatic lens having three electrodes.
- the shape of the aspherical mesh is designed by a spheroid, and the major axis / minor axis ratio of the spheroid is 1.62.
- the applied voltage of each electrode is 0V for the mesh electrode (G), -625V for the first electrode (EL1), -745V for the second electrode (EL2), and -832V for the third electrode (EL3) for 1 keV electrons. It is.
- the electrostatic lens with three electrodes shown in FIG. 14 (1) is obtained by dividing the first electrode (EL1) in FIG. 12 (1) into three on the mesh electrode (G) side. 14 (1) and 12 (1) are compared with respect to the trajectory of the charged particles.
- FIG. 14 (1) is obtained by dividing the first electrode (EL1) in FIG. 12 (1) into three on the mesh electrode (G) side. 14 (1) and 12 (1) are compared with respect to the trajectory of the charged particles.
- FIG. 14 (1) is a plot of the angle at the end point of the trajectory shown in FIG. 14A (the angle from the optical axis) with respect to the incident angle.
- the incident angle is ⁇ 55 ° to 55 °. It can be seen that the charged particles of ° are collimated to an angle of about 0.6 ° with the optical axis.
- a mesh having a smaller major axis / minor axis ratio is advantageous in realizing a high transmittance.
- FIG. 15 is an example of an electrostatic lens having four electrodes.
- the shape of the aspherical mesh is designed by a spheroid, and the major axis / minor axis ratio of the spheroid is 1.59.
- the voltage applied to each electrode is 0V for the mesh electrode (G), -620V for the first electrode (EL1), -750V for the second electrode (EL2), and -750V for the third electrode (EL3) for 1 keV electrons. 830V, the fourth electrode (EL4) is -850V.
- the electrostatic lens with four electrodes shown in FIG. 15A is obtained by dividing the third electrode (EL3) in FIG. 14A into two at the cylindrical portion.
- FIG. 16 is an example of an electrostatic lens having five electrodes.
- the shape of the aspherical mesh is designed by a spheroid, and the major axis / minor axis ratio of the spheroid is 1.49.
- the voltage applied to each electrode is 0V for the mesh electrode (G), -590V for the first electrode (EL1), -730V for the second electrode (EL2), and -730V for the third electrode (EL3) for 1 keV electrons. 860V, the fourth electrode (EL4) is -880V, and the fifth electrode (EL5) is -900V.
- the third electrode (EL3) in FIG. 14 (1) is divided into two parts at the cylindrical part, and the terminal part is further divided from the cylindrical part. This is an electrode (EL5).
- FIG. 17 is an example of an electrostatic lens having six electrodes, similar to FIG.
- the shape of the aspherical mesh is designed by a spheroid, the major axis / minor axis ratio in the spheroid is 1.37, and the applied voltage of each electrode is 1 keV electron
- Mesh electrode (G) is 0V
- first electrode (EL1) is -580V
- second electrode (EL2) is -730V
- third electrode (EL3) is -870V
- fourth electrode (EL4) is -919V
- fifth The electrode (EL5) is -950V.
- the number of electrodes is the same, but the rate of deceleration is different.
- the ratio (Ef / Ei) between the kinetic energy (Ef) at the end portion and the kinetic energy (Ei) at the time of incidence is defined as a reduction ratio.
- the reduction ratios in FIGS. 15 to 17 are 0.15, 0.1, and 0.05, respectively.
- the cylindrical portion is preferably constituted by a plurality of electrodes as shown in FIGS. 15 to 17, the major axis / minor axis ratios of the spheroidal surface are 1.59, 1.49, and 1.37, respectively.
- the appropriate mesh shape is a spheroid with a smaller major axis / minor axis ratio. 12 to 17, the angle between the obtained charged particle trajectory and the optical axis is about 0.3 to 0.8 °, but this parallelism is not appropriate for the aspherical mesh shape, not the spheroid. It can be greatly improved by expressing it by a simple polynomial function. This will be described in Example 8 below.
- the incident angle of the charged particles generated from the point source is ⁇ 60 °
- the locus of the charged particles is parallelized so that the deviation angle from the optical axis is ⁇ 1 ° or less.
- the mesh shape is not designed with a spheroid, but a shape different from the spheroid. Use an aspherical mesh.
- the aspherical mesh shape has a radial deviation from the major axis of 5% or less of the radial distance compared to the shape of a spheroid having the same major axis radius and minor axis radius, and There is an inflection point that is obtained by first-order differentially plotting the radial deviation with respect to the angle at a position where the angle between the axis connecting the mesh-shaped surface and the long axis is larger than 40 °.
- the aspherical mesh shape can be represented by dmesh represented by the following mathematical function expression.
- the distance dmesh from the point source to the mesh surface position is the distance of the distance d 1 from the point source to the mesh tip position on the optical axis
- the distance d 2 is the distance from the point source to the edge position of the mesh.
- angles ⁇ and ⁇ max indicate deviation angles from the optical axis for determining the mesh surface and mesh edge positions, respectively.
- alpha is a function of the angle theta
- n is the dimension of the function
- w is a parameter determined by the parameter a 1 ⁇ a n.
- FIG. 18 is an example of an electrostatic lens in which the shape of the aspherical mesh is designed using the above polynomial function.
- the configuration of the electrodes in the electrostatic lens of this example is the same as that of the two-electrode electrostatic lens shown in FIG. 13, and the applied voltage of each electrode is 1 keV electron.
- the mesh electrode (G) is 0V
- the first electrode (EL1) is ⁇ 772V
- the second electrode (EL2) is ⁇ 796V.
- the dimension n of the polynomial function is 5, and the value of each parameter is as shown in Table 1 below.
- Fig. 18 (2) is a plot of the angle at the end of the trajectory shown in Fig. 18 (1) (angle from the optical axis) against the incident angle.
- the angle formed with the optical axis of the trajectory of the charged particles is a parallel degree of about 0.5 °, whereas FIG. Then, it can be seen that the angle between the activation of the charged particles and the optical axis is a very high parallelism of about ⁇ 0.01 ° over an incident angle of ⁇ 45 ° to 45 °.
- FIG. 19 (2) is a comparison between the aspherical mesh shape shown in FIG. 18 and the aspherical mesh shape (spheroid surface) shown in FIG.
- the former is indicated by a solid line and the latter is indicated by a dotted line.
- the deviation is about 5% or less.
- the result of calculating the first derivative with respect to the angle ⁇ of x for each shape is shown in FIG.
- FIG. 20 is a diagram for explaining the characteristics of the non-spherical mesh shape of the electrostatic lens of this example.
- 20A corresponds to the aspherical mesh shape shown in FIG. 12 (dotted line in FIG. 19)
- FIG. 20B corresponds to the aspherical mesh shape shown in FIG. 18 (solid line in FIG. 19).
- Yes In the case of the aspherical mesh-shaped spheroid shown in FIG. 12, there is no inflection point, and the monotonous decreasing function is shown in FIG.
- the aspherical mesh shape shown in FIG. 18 there is an inflection point.
- the aspherical mesh shape is It can be a spheroid.
- the ratio (R2 / R1) of the opening radius R1 of the mesh electrode connected to the aspherical mesh and fixed at the ground potential to the opening radius R1 of the first electrode adjacent to the mesh electrode is 1.2. It is preferably 1.6 or less.
- the major axis / minor axis ratio of the spheroid is 1.69 or more and 1.89 or less. Is preferred.
- the major axis / minor axis ratio of the spheroid is preferably 1.56 or more and 1.76 or less.
- the major axis / minor axis ratio of the spheroid is preferably 1.52 or more and 1.72 or less.
- the major axis / minor axis ratio of the spheroid is preferably 1.49 or more and 1.69 or less.
- the major axis / minor axis ratio of the spheroid is preferably 1.39 or more and 1.59 or less.
- the major axis / minor axis ratio of the spheroid is preferably greater than 1.0 and less than 1.5.
- the aspherical mesh shape is not a spheroid, and the deviation from the spheroid is about 5% or less.
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Abstract
Description
また、阻止電位型エネルギー分析器を、光電子回折測定に利用する際に障害となるのが蛍光X線である。阻止電位ではX線が除去できず、荷電粒子の取り込み角を大きくするほど蛍光X線の量が増え、バックグラウンドとなってしまうといった問題があった。
また、荷電粒子の取り込み角が±30°未満であると、光電子回折や光電子ホログラフィーといった原子配列構造解析が困難であるが、取り込み角が±30°以上の広立体角の測定ができると原子配列構造解析が可能になる。
また、非球面メッシュの負の球面収差補正作用を応用し、複数の電極を用いて最適な電場を作り出すことで、球面メッシュを用いるよりも広い取り込み角を実現できる球面収差補正静電型レンズが知られている(特許文献4を参照)。
しかし、非球面メッシュの負の球面収差補正作用を応用し、正の球面収差を生じる収束電場によってビームを集束させるレンズはサイズが大きく、電子分光装置など装置に組み込む際に大きなスペースを必要とするといった不都合がある。
また、本発明は、広い立体角の放射ビームを平行化して、光電子回折角度分布の高感度および高エネルギー分解能を実現する装置を提供することを目的とする。
また、本発明は、上記の静電レンズを用いて、特定の運動エネルギーの平行荷電粒子流を一点に集光できるコンパクトな平行ビーム収束装置を提供することを目的とする。
(a)非球面メッシュは、メッシュ開口部の中心近傍からメッシュ中心の位置までを長軸とする回転楕円体、又は、メッシュ開口部近傍が内側に凸の曲率で拡がる形状の実質的回転楕円体である。
(b)メッシュに接続されるメッシュ電極の開口部半径と、単一乃至は複数の電極の内、メッシュ電極に隣接する第一電極の開口部半径の比は、1.2以上1.6以下である。
(c)回転楕円体における長軸半径と短軸半径との比は、1.0より大きく2.0以下である。
(d)点源から発生した荷電粒子の取り込み角が±60°で、荷電粒子の軌跡を光軸からのズレ角が±1°以下に平行化する。
1)電極数が1で、減速比が0.1以上0.3以下の場合には、
回転楕円体における長軸半径と短軸半径との比が1.69以上1.89以下である。
2)電極数が2で、減速比が0.1以上0.3以下の場合には、
回転楕円体における長軸半径と短軸半径との比が1.56以上1.76以下である。
3)電極数が3で、減速比が0.1以上0.3以下の場合には、
回転楕円体における長軸半径と短軸半径との比が1.52以上1.72以下である。
4)電極数が4で、減速比が0.1以上0.3以下の場合には、
回転楕円体における長軸半径と短軸半径との比が1.49以上1.69以下である。
5)電極数が5以上で、減速比が0.1以上0.3以下の場合には、
回転楕円体における長軸半径と短軸半径との比が1.39以上1.59以下である。
本発明の平行ビーム発生装置は、上述の本発明の静電レンズと、該レンズと同軸に配置される平面コリメータプレートとから構成される。そして、点源から発生した荷電粒子の取り込み角が±60°で、荷電粒子の軌跡を光軸からのズレ角が±1°以下に平行化している。そして、荷電粒子の軌跡が軸に対して平行化された後で、荷電粒子が平面コリメータプレートに対して略垂直に入射するように、静電レンズと平面コリメータプレートが共軸に配置されている。
本発明の静電レンズによって、点源から放出される荷電粒子を広立体角範囲にわたり取り込み、荷電粒子の軌跡を高い平行度で平行化する。平行化された荷電粒子は、平面コリメータプレートに略垂直に入射することにより、さらに平行化の度合いが向上する。
本発明の平行ビーム発生装置は、電極に負電位を印加すれば電子の分析を、正電位を印加すれば陽イオンの分析ができる。電極電位は、直流電源1kVに対して50mV以下の精度で安定した制御を行う。
バンドパスフィルターとして機能することで、蛍光スクリーンを用いてスクリーンに投影される強度分布をそのまま特定のエネルギーの角度分布模様のデータとして取り扱うことができる。バンドパスフィルターの分解能としては、ΔE/E=0.5~1%程度である。
平面コリメータプレートが、バンドパスフィルターとして機能するためには、上述の静電レンズによって、特定のエネルギーの荷電粒子の軌跡のみが平行化され、平面コリメータプレートに入射することが必要である。
アバランシェ電流により増幅することにより、高感度測定が可能である。
アスペクト比が大きいほど、平面コリメータプレートから出射するビームの平行度が増すことになる。また、開口率が透過率に影響するため、開口率は大きく方が良い。
例えば、アスペクト比が1:10で、開口率50%以上の場合において、コリメータ径50mmに対して、孔径50μmの場合は、角度分解能の上限が、0.1°となる(角度分解能が約0.1°となる)。コリメータの半径25mmが出射角度50°に対応し、角度分解能の上限は50°/(25mm/50μm)=50°/500=0.1°となる。
電極および平面コリメータプレートの電位を掃引することにより、荷電粒子の角度分布のスペクトルを効率的に測定できる。
特定の運動エネルギーの荷電粒子が蛍光スクリーン上で輝点に変換され、カメラにより2次元分布模様として画像計測できる。また、平面コリメータプレートは、蛍光スクリーンに角度分布を投影する際の出口スリットの役割を担うことになる。小型で簡便な高エネルギー分解能の投影型分析器を実現でき、様々な分析に応用できる。これにより角度分布測定分析装置として用いることができる。
角度分布測定分析装置において、ディレイライン検出器(delay line detector)が更に設けられ、上述の平面コリメータプレートから出射する特定の運動エネルギーの個々の荷電粒子の出射角方向と到達時間を、ディレイライン検出器で個別に計測して時間分解画像計測することでも良い。
平面阻止電位グリッドと組み合わせ、ロックイン検出することにより、更に高エネルギー分解能(ΔE/E=0.01~0.1%)の測定が実現できる。平面コリメータプレートによるバンドパスフィルターのエネルギー分解能は相対値となり、1%のエネルギー分解能の場合、100eVに対して1eV、1keVに対して10eVの分解能となる。また、ロックイン検出による測定のエネルギー分解能は変調電場で決まる絶対値となり、100mVの変調電場の場合、100eVに対して0.1%、1keVに対して0.01%の分解能となる。従来の阻止電場型の装置では、S/B比(Signal/Background ratio)が悪いのと平面のマイクロチャンネルプレートによる増幅ができないため、ロックイン検出では、変調電場は1Vから10Vを使用する。本発明における平面コリメータプレートによるバンドパス方式では、高S/B比、高増幅が可能となるため、変調電場を100mVまで小さくすることが可能である。
従来、大面積の試料表面をイオンスパッタする際、集束イオンビームを2次元走査するか、或は、非集束させビーム径を大きくしていたが、いずれの場合も、中心から離れた場所ではビームが試料表面に垂直に当らないため、例えば、マスクを用いたパターン加工の際、端部がだれてしまい、高アスペクト比の成型は困難であった。本発明の平行ビーム発生装置では、広立体角範囲でイオンを取り込み、単一の運動エネルギーの大口径平行イオンビームを生成することが可能であり、生成された大口径平行イオンビームによる表面照射によって、マスクを用いたパターン加工の際に、端部がだれることがなく、高アスペクト比の成型ができ、形状の精密制御エッチングを可能とする。
かかる構成によれば、広立体角のX線検出器を実現できる。
上述の本発明の平行ビーム発生装置において、入口と出口を逆にすると、コリメータプレートにより特定の方向の荷電粒子流を取り出して、特定のエネルギーの粒子だけを静電レンズで一点に集光し強度を計測する平行ビーム収束装置として利用することができるのである。
また、本発明の平行ビーム発生装置は、小型化が可能であり、他の分析器に組み込むのが容易であり、例えば、SEM(走査電子顕微鏡)と組み合わせると特定のエネルギーのみ選別する元素選択的な結晶構造観察を実現できる。
試料プレート20に対して励起ビームを照射すると、照射点となる点源7から一定の開き角をもって、荷電粒子(電子あるいはイオン)が放出される。
本実施例の平行ビーム発生装置では、点源7から発生した荷電粒子の取り込み角は±58°程度まで、荷電粒子の軌跡が静電レンズにより平行化されるように、非球面メッシュ2のメッシュ形状と5つの電極(10~14)の電位及び配置が調整されている。そして、荷電粒子の軌跡が軸に対して平行化された後で、荷電粒子が平面コリメータプレート3に対して垂直に入射するように、静電レンズと平面コリメータプレート3とが共軸に配置される。
図1に示すように、蛍光スクリーン4を設けて、平面コリメータプレート3から出射する特定の運動エネルギーの荷電粒子を、蛍光スクリーン4によって輝点に変換し、それをカメラで画像化しエネルギー分布を計測することができる。
点源から放出する荷電粒子に対して、相対的に中心軸方向の力が増大するように電場を生成すべく、メッシュの形状は球面ではなく、軸方向に長軸をもつ回転楕円面に近い形状としている。
図5は1030eVのエネルギーの電子の軌跡であり、図6は970eVのエネルギーの電子の軌跡である。
各々の電極の電位は、図1の場合と同じで、電極10が0V,電極11が-520V,電極12が-780V,電極13が-888V,電極14が-914.5V,電極15が-950Vである。
図5(1)及び図6(1)に示す電子の軌跡と、図5(3)及び図6(3)に示すグラフからわかるように、電子のエネルギーが大きくなれば、平行よりも拡がるビームになっており、反対に、電子のエネルギーが小さくなれば、平行よりも収束するビームになっている。
図9(1)~(5)は、同一形状の非球面メッシュを用いた静電レンズにおいて、入射角75°の入射光による点源から出射する電子の軌跡を示している。入射角75°の入射光は、出射電子の通路と干渉しないようにするためである。図9(1)~(5)は、静電レンズの電極数がそれぞれ異なっている。非球面メッシュに接続されるメッシュ電極はアース電位に固定され、マイナス電位の電極が単一あるいは複数配置されている。すなわち、メッシュ電極以外の電極は、マイナス電位になっている。図9(1)は電極数が1、図9(2)は電極数が2、図9(3)は電極数が3、図9(4)は電極数が5、図9(5)は電極数が6である。なお、図9において、アース電位に固定されているメッシュ電極は電極数から除いている。
シミュレーションの結果、点源からの出射角度60°付近までを確実に平行化するためには、図9(4)又は図9(5)の5電極以上が必要である。しかしながら、汎用の用途であれば、図9(1)の単一の電極でも略平行化できており、十分に実用化可能であることを確認した。
電極数が多くなるにつれ、長軸対短軸の比が小さくなり、球面に近づく。メッシュ開口部付近の内側に凸の曲率で広がる形状を導入することにより、点源からの出射角度60°付近までを確実に平行化することができる。
イオンエッチング(Ion Etching)装置は、半導体微細素子製作、切削工具、部品等のコーティング皮膜除去、微細バリ除去、先端形状加工、金属材料表面に付着した汚れ除去、金属材料表面の活性化を行うものであり、イオンビーム源から出射したイオンビームを、エッチング材料表面の原子と化学反応させ、或は、エッチング材料表面を物理化学的に削り、材料表面の形状をエッチングする。
X線や電子線で内殻準位を励起すると、生成された内殻空孔に価電子などが緩和し、その余剰のエネルギーを得てオージェ電子や蛍光X線が放出される。平均自由行程の短いオージェ電子は試料表面付近から、平均自由行程の長い蛍光X線は結晶内部からも放出される。X線吸収分光測定では、X線の吸収強度に比例してオージェ電子と蛍光X線が同時に放出されるが、これまで別の検出器を用いてオージェ電子収量法X線吸収測定と蛍光X線収量法X線吸収測定が行われてきた。蛍光X線は、電場に関わらず直線状に進むので、従来の球面メッシュを用いた阻止電位型電子分析器ではすべて蛍光スクリーンに到達し除去することはできない。
このように、本発明では印加する電場を反転させるだけで同じ検出器でオージェ電子と蛍光X線を計測することができ、表面と結晶内部の深さに依存したX線吸収分光の情報が得られる検出器となるのである。
平行ビーム収束装置は、図1に示す構成と同様に、集光点に対し凹面状を有する軸対称な非球面メッシュ2および軸対称な単一乃至は複数の電極から成る静電レンズと、静電レンズと同軸に配置される平面コリメータプレート3とから構成され、平面コリメータプレート3に対して略垂直に入射する特定の運動エネルギー荷電粒子の出射後の軌跡が、静電レンズにより集光点に集光するように、非球面メッシュ2の形状とアース電極10と印加電極(11~15)の電位及び配置が調整されている。
各電極10~15の電位は、実施例1の場合と同じで、電極10が0V(アース電位に固定),電極11が-520V,電極12が-780V,電極13が-888V,電極14が-914.5V,電極15が-950Vである。
非球面メッシュの形状は、メッシュ開口部の中心付近からメッシュ中心の位置までを長軸とする略回転楕円体で、メッシュ開口部付近は内側に凸の曲率で広がる形状である。
本発明の静電レンズでは、光学系は複数の電極からなり、そのうち少なくとも1つに、物面に対して凹面形状を有する非球面メッシュが設けられる。この非球面メッシュは、点源から出た荷電粒子を広い立体角度にわたって取り込み、取り込んだ荷電粒子の軌道を高い平行度で平行化する。
また、アース電位に固定されたメッシュ電極を除く電極数について、平行化する取り込み角が±50°程度以下でよい場合や、あまり高い平行度を必要としない場合は、最少で1つでも構わない。
以下では、非球面メッシュの形状を回転楕円面で設計されるもので、電極数が1~5の静電レンズについて、それらの荷電粒子の軌跡と平行度について説明する。
図12(1)は光軸を含む断面図であり、太い実線によって電極および非球面メッシュの内面形状を表している。点線は等電位線、細い実線は荷電粒子の軌道を表している。入射角は5°ステップで-55°~55°まで描いている。
メッシュ電極(G)には、回転楕円面形状のメッシュが接続されている。回転楕円面の長軸短軸比は1.79としている。第一電極(EL1)の終端部は、平面コリメータに対応する。メッシュ電極(G)と第一電極(EL1)に印加される電圧は、1keVの電子に対して、それぞれ、0Vと-775Vである。
図12(2)は、図12(1)に示した荷電粒子の軌道の終点での角度(光軸からの角度)を、非球面メッシュへの入射角(Initial angle)に対してプロットしたものである。入射角-55°~55°の荷電粒子が、光軸とのなす角度が0.8°程度まで平行化されることがわかる。
図13(1)に示す電極数2の静電レンズは、図12(1)における第一電極(EL1)をメッシュ電極(G)の側で2つに分割したものである。荷電粒子の軌跡ついて、図13(1)と図12(1)とを比較すると、図12(1)では、平行化の結果、軌道間隔が広角度側でかなり狭くなっているのに対し、図13(1)では、平行化の結果、軌道間隔がほぼ等間隔の軌道になっていることがわかる。
また、図13(2)は、図13(1)に示した軌道の終点での角度(光軸からの角度)を入射角に対してプロットしたものであるが、入射角-55°~55°の荷電粒子が、光軸とのなす角度が0.6°程度まで平行化されることがわかる。
図14(1)に示す電極数3の静電レンズは、図12(1)における第一電極(EL1)をメッシュ電極(G)の側で3つに分割したものである。荷電粒子の軌跡ついて、図14(1)と図12(1)とを比較すると、図12(1)では、平行化の結果、軌道間隔が広角度側でかなり狭くなっているのに対し、図14(1)では、平行化の結果、軌道間隔がほぼ等間隔の軌道になっていることがわかる。
また、図14(2)は、図14(1)に示した軌道の終点での角度(光軸からの角度)を入射角に対してプロットしたものであるが、入射角-55°~55°の荷電粒子が、光軸とのなす角度が0.6°程度まで平行化されることがわかる。
非球面メッシュの形状に注目すると、電極数が増えることによって、適切な非球面メッシュの形状が、長軸短軸比のより小さい回転楕円面に変化する。図13(1)と図14(1)の例では、回転楕円面の長軸短軸比は、それぞれ1.66と1.62である。一般に、メッシュへの入射が垂直に近いほど透過率は高くなる。したがって、長軸短軸比のより小さいメッシュの方が高い透過率を実現する上で有利である。また、メッシュ電極を高い精度で作製する上でも長軸短軸比は小さい方が望ましい。
図15(1)に示す電極数4の静電レンズは、図14(1)における第三電極(EL3)を円筒部で2つに分割したものである。
図16(1)に示す電極数5の静電レンズは、図14(1)における第三電極(EL3)を円筒部で2つに分割し、さらに終端部を円筒部から分割し、第五電極(EL5)としたものである。
図15~図17における減速比は、それぞれ、0.15, 0.1, 0.05である。低い減速比を達成するには、円筒部は1個の電極ではなく、図15~図17のように複数の電極によって構成されることが好ましい。図15~図17において、回転楕円面の長軸短軸比は、それぞれ、1.59, 1.49, 1.37である。減速比が低くなると、適切なメッシュの形状は、長軸短軸比のより小さい回転楕円面になることがわかる。
図12~17において、得られる荷電粒子の軌道の光軸とのなす角度は0.3~0.8°程度であるが、この平行度は、非球面メッシュ形状を回転楕円面ではなく、適切な多項式関数によって表すことにより大幅に改善できる。これについては、次の実施例8で説明する。
より詳しくは、非球面メッシュ形状は、同じ長軸半径と短軸半径の回転楕円体の形状と比べ、長軸からの半径方向のズレが半径距離の5%以下であり、また、点源とメッシュ形状表面とを結ぶ軸と長軸との成す角度が40°より大きい位置に、上記半径方向のズレを角度について一階微分しプロットしたものの変曲点が存在する。
具体的には、非球面メッシュ形状は、下記の多項式関数の数式で表されるdmeshにより表すことができる。
多項式関数の次元nは5とし、各パラメータの値は下記表1の通りである。
(2)非球面メッシュに接続されアース電位に固定されたメッシュ電極の開口部半径R1と、メッシュ電極に隣接する第一電極の開口部半径R1との比(R2/R1)は、1.2以上1.6以下が好ましい。
(3)メッシュ電極を除く電極数(以下、同じ)が1で、減速比が0.1以上0.3以下の場合、回転楕円面の長軸短軸比は1.69以上1.89以下が好ましい。
(4)電極数が2で、減速比が0.1以上0.3以下の場合、回転楕円面の長軸短軸比は1.56以上1.76以下が好ましい。
(5)電極数が3で、減速比が0.1以上0.3以下の場合、回転楕円面の長軸短軸比は1.52以上1.72以下が好ましい。
(6)電極数が4で、減速比が0.1以上0.3以下の場合、回転楕円面の長軸短軸比は1.49以上1.69以下が好ましい。
(7)電極数が5以上で、減速比が0.1以上0.3以下の場合、回転楕円面の長軸短軸比は1.39以上1.59以下が好ましい。
(8)電極数によらず、減速比が0.01以上0.1未満の場合、回転楕円面の長軸短軸比は1.0より大きく1.5未満が好ましい。
(9)より高い平行度、具体的には±0.3°程度以下の平行度が必要な場合、非球面メッシュ形状は、回転楕円面ではなく、回転楕円面からのズレが5%程度以下で、高角度側に変曲点をもつ滑らかな曲線によって設計されることが好ましい。
また、本発明の平行ビーム収束装置は、特定のエネルギーの粒子だけを静電レンズにより一点に集光させてエネルギー強度を計測する荷電粒子流方位・エネルギー計測に有用である。
2 非球面メッシュ
3 平面コリメータプレート
4 蛍光スクリーン
5 軸
6 軌跡
7 点源
8 磁気遮蔽カバー
10~17 電極
20 試料プレート
21 励起ビーム誘導管
30 ロックイン変調電場
31 平面マイクロチャンネルプレート
32 阻止電位グリッド
Claims (19)
- 点源又は集光点に対し凹面状を有する軸対称または実質的に軸対称な非球面メッシュおよび軸対称または実質的に軸対称な単一乃至は複数の電極から成る静電レンズであって、
前記非球面メッシュは、メッシュ開口部の中心近傍からメッシュ中心の位置までを長軸とする回転楕円体、又は、メッシュ開口部近傍が内側に凸の曲率で拡がる形状の実質的回転楕円体であり、
メッシュに接続されるメッシュ電極の開口部半径と、前記単一乃至は複数の電極の内、前記メッシュ電極に隣接する第一電極の開口部半径の比は、1.2以上1.6以下であり、
前記回転楕円体における長軸半径と短軸半径との比は、1.0より大きく2.0以下であり、
点源から発生した荷電粒子の取り込み角が±60°で、荷電粒子の軌跡を光軸からのズレ角が±1°以下に平行化することを特徴とする静電レンズ。 - 電極数は前記メッシュ電極を除いたものとし、減速比は荷電粒子の発生時の運動エネルギーに対する終端電極での運動エネルギーの比として、下記1)~5)の何れかを満たすことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の静電レンズ:
1)電極数が1で、減速比が0.1以上0.3以下の場合には、
前記回転楕円体における長軸半径と短軸半径との比が1.69以上1.89以下である、
2)電極数が2で、減速比が0.1以上0.3以下の場合には、
前記回転楕円体における長軸半径と短軸半径との比が1.56以上1.76以下である、
3)電極数が3で、減速比が0.1以上0.3以下の場合には、
前記回転楕円体における長軸半径と短軸半径との比が1.52以上1.72以下である、
4)電極数が4で、減速比が0.1以上0.3以下の場合には、
前記回転楕円体における長軸半径と短軸半径との比が1.49以上1.69以下である、
5)電極数が5以上で、減速比が0.1以上0.3以下の場合には、
前記回転楕円体における長軸半径と短軸半径との比が1.39以上1.59以下である。 - 前記減速比が0.01以上0.1未満の場合には、
前記回転楕円体における長軸半径と短軸半径との比が1.0より大きく1.5未満であることを特徴とする請求項2に記載の静電レンズ。 - 前記実質的回転楕円体のメッシュ形状は、
同じ長軸半径と短軸半径の回転楕円体の形状と比べ、長軸からの半径方向のズレが半径距離の5%以下であり、
点源とメッシュ形状表面とを結ぶ軸と長軸との成す角度が40°より大きい位置に、上記半径方向のズレを角度について一階微分しプロットしたものの変曲点が存在する、
ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の静電レンズ。 - 請求項1~5の何れかの静電レンズと、前記静電レンズと同軸に配置される平面コリメータプレートとから構成され、
点源から発生した荷電粒子の取り込み角が±60°で、荷電粒子の軌跡を光軸からのズレ角が±1°以下に平行化した後で、荷電粒子が平面コリメータプレートに対して略垂直に入射するように、前記静電レンズと前記平面コリメータプレートが共軸に配置されたことを特徴とする平行ビーム発生装置。 - 前記平面コリメータプレートが、特定の運動エネルギーの荷電粒子のみを選別するバンドパスフィルターとして機能することを特徴とする請求項6に記載の平行ビーム発生装置。
- 平板に微小な光電子増倍管を束ねた平面マイクロチャネルプレートが更に設けられ、前記平面コリメータプレートから出射する特定の運動エネルギーの荷電粒子をアバランシェ電流により増幅することを特徴とする請求項7に記載の平行ビーム発生装置。
- 前記平面コリメータプレートは、アスペクト比(孔径と孔長の比)1:5乃至1:20である細孔が開口率50%以上で設けられたことを特徴とする請求項6~8の何れかに記載の平行ビーム発生装置。
- 前記電極および前記平面コリメータプレートの電位を掃引する掃引手段が更に設けられたことを特徴とする請求項6~9の何れかに記載の平行ビーム発生装置。
- 請求項6~10の何れかに記載の平行ビーム発生装置に、蛍光スクリーンとカメラ手段が更に設けられ、前記平面コリメータプレートから出射する特定の運動エネルギーの荷電粒子の角度分布を、前記蛍光スクリーン上で輝点に変換して前記カメラ手段で画像計測することを特徴とする角度分布測定分析装置。
- グリッドに印加する直流電圧を変化させて、グリッドを通過する荷電粒子による電流の変化をロックイン検出する平面阻止電位グリッドが更に設けられ、前記平面コリメータプレートから出射する特定の運動エネルギーの荷電粒子を検出することを特徴とする請求項11に記載の角度分布測定分析装置。
- ディレイライン検出器(delay line detector)が更に設けられ、前記コリメータプレートから出射する特定の運動エネルギーの個々の荷電粒子の出射角方向と到達時間を、前記ディレイライン検出器で個別に計測して時間分解画像計測することを特徴とする請求項11に記載の角度分布測定分析装置。
- 請求項11~13の何れかの荷電粒子エネルギーの角度分布測定分析装置が組み込まれた電子分光装置、電子回折装置、光電子分光装置、光電子回折装置、陽電子分光装置、陽電子回折装置、イオン脱離角度分布測定装置、結晶構造分析装置、材料表面分析装置、及び固体物性分析装置の群から選択される装置。
- 請求項6~10の何れかの平行ビーム発生装置が、単一エネルギーの大口径平行イオンビーム源として組み込まれたイオンエッチングもしくはイオンスパッタリングを行う精密イオンエッチング装置。
- 請求項11の角度分布測定分析装置において、前記平面コリメータプレートを負電位、前記蛍光スクリーンを正電位とし、前記平面コリメータプレートで発生する電子を増幅することを特徴とする広立体角X線検出器。
- 請求項1~5の何れかの静電レンズと、前記静電レンズと同軸に配置される平面コリメータプレートとから構成され、
前記平面コリメータプレートに対して略垂直に入射する特定の運動エネルギー荷電粒子の出射後の軌跡が、前記静電レンズにより前記集光点に集光するように、前記静電レンズと前記平面コリメータプレートが共軸に配置されたことを特徴とする平行ビーム収束装置。 - 前記平面コリメータプレートは、アスペクト比(孔径と孔長の比)1:5乃至1:20である細孔が開口率50%以上で設けられたことを特徴とする請求項17に記載の平行ビーム収束装置。
- 請求項17又は18の平行ビーム収束装置が複数配置され、前記平面コリメータプレートが、特定の運動エネルギーの荷電粒子のみを選別するバンドパスフィルターとして機能し、前記平面コリメータプレートにより特定方向の荷電粒子流を取り出し、特定のエネルギーの粒子だけを前記静電レンズにより一点に集光させてエネルギー強度を計測する荷電粒子流方位・エネルギー計測装置。
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| US15/744,769 US10614992B2 (en) | 2015-07-15 | 2016-07-13 | Electrostatic lens, and parallel beam generation device and parallel beam convergence device which use electrostatic lens and collimator |
| JP2017528715A JP6757036B2 (ja) | 2015-07-15 | 2016-07-13 | 静電レンズ、並びに、該レンズとコリメータを用いた平行ビーム発生装置及び平行ビーム収束装置 |
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| CN117113794B (zh) * | 2023-10-23 | 2024-01-26 | 之江实验室 | 磁约束带电粒子成像系统中反角度准直器的设计方法 |
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| EP3324421A4 (en) | 2019-04-24 |
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| US20180211812A1 (en) | 2018-07-26 |
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