WO2017106941A1 - Método de tratamento de água residual através do cultivo de microalgas excretoras de polissacarídeos e uso de microalgas - Google Patents
Método de tratamento de água residual através do cultivo de microalgas excretoras de polissacarídeos e uso de microalgas Download PDFInfo
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- WO2017106941A1 WO2017106941A1 PCT/BR2015/050269 BR2015050269W WO2017106941A1 WO 2017106941 A1 WO2017106941 A1 WO 2017106941A1 BR 2015050269 W BR2015050269 W BR 2015050269W WO 2017106941 A1 WO2017106941 A1 WO 2017106941A1
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- microalgae
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/52—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by flocculation or precipitation of suspended impurities
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/32—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the animals or plants used, e.g. algae
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the wastewater treatment method comprising fine particles of suspended solid fuels by cultivating extracellular polysaccharide producing microalgae.
- Petrocoque is a solid fuel widely used in the cement industry because it has a high fixed carbon content, low ash content, high calorific value and high chemical stability. It is neither reactive nor explosive (PETROBRAS, 2014). This product reaches the industries by road, in trailers, which will be reused for the transportation of other products, and therefore its interiors must be washed with water, which together with the rainwater forms the residue called black water, where the Petroleum coke remains insoluble in fine grains. Fine fractions of other solid fuels such as coal, charcoal and bituminous coal (anthracite) can also generate petrocoque-like wastewater.
- Petroleum coke also called petrocoque
- PTROENERGIA is a solid material resulting from the distillation of petroleum obtained from the cracking of heavy residual fractions (PETROENERGIA, 2014).
- Literature data show that the presence of petroleum coke in the environment can lead to increased concentration of trace elements in soil and water.
- the presence of higher concentrations of vanadium and nickel are indicators of the presence of petroleum coke in the medium (ZHAO et al., 2002);
- These and other trace metals normally exist in aqueous media in the form of dissolved ions and have great potential to cause adverse effects on microorganisms if present in amounts above those usually found and in free form, not complex to organic materials (MORGAN, 1987; PEIJNENBURG et al., 1997; LOMBARDI et al., 2002; TONIETTO et al., 2014).
- Bioremediation a technology used for the recovery of degraded environments, is based on the natural capacity of microorganisms to degrade waste (MILIC et al. 2009), and offers great potential for decontamination of natural environments and industrial effluents.
- MILIC et al. 2009 the natural capacity of microorganisms to degrade waste
- Several studies have confirmed the ability of microalgae to produce polysaccharide excretes capable of binding to metals by remediating effluent (TONIETTO et al., 2014; LOMBARDI and VIEIRA, 1999; LOMBARDI and VIEIRA, 2000).
- bacteria and fungi acting as hydrocarbon degraders CHANDRA et al.
- microalgae are co-cultivated with other microorganisms such as bacteria. These bacteria are mostly heterotrophic and aerobic, which generates a synergistic mechanism where algae produce 0 2 that is used by bacteria to mineralize organic matter (MO), which in turn release the end degradation product C0 2 , used by microalgae. This process releases the mineral nutrients associated with OM that will also be used by microalgae.
- a microbial consortium is created that acts synergistically involving the algal and bacterial community. This strategy can reduce the high cost of mechanical aeration in algal crops.
- microalgae have the power to mitigate the C0 2 reducing problems related to the Greenhouse Effect, which is responsible for the increase in the earth's temperature, with disastrous consequences for society. It is known that the greenhouse effect can lead to problems such as melting polar ice caps, rising ocean levels, and extreme climate change (ESSAM et al, 2006; ESSAM et al, 2013; MUNOZ & GUIEYSSE, 2006; SOON et al., 1999).
- microalgae can generate value and save money based on this, as their cultivation results in biomass rich in biomolecules of interest, such as lipids, proteins and carbohydrates.
- biomolecules of interest such as lipids, proteins and carbohydrates.
- algal biomass its use is cited in the food, feed, dye, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, as well as in the biochemical industry, for the production of bioplastics and biofilms, as well as chemicals such as biofertilizers and antioxidants (SAFI et al, 2014).
- microalgae like Chlorella sp. They are robust and capable of adapting to a variety of freshwater and saltwater environments, from frozen to desert, pristine or contaminated, such as municipal, industrial and agricultural sewage and industrial co-products such as vinasse and soybean whey. (MARCHELLO et al, 2015; MITRA et al, 2012). Algae cultivation in sewage treatment plants and industries can offer several benefits such as the removal of nutrients from the wastewater, the biomass energy production and generated fixing C0 2 (Akerstrom et al., 2014).
- document CN 1031 12993 In addition to proposing the treatment of effluents containing petroleum residues, document CN 1031 12993 also mentions the fixation of CO 2 by microalgae, and the algae are later used as oil source in biodiesel production. This document also reports that microalgae has high stress resistance, high oil content and high degradation function of petroleum hydrocarbons.
- US 3763039 and US 4966713 involve wastewater treatment employing microalgae that act as flocculating agents of waste present in water.
- the document CN 103881923 refers to the cultivation of microalgae using the effluent generated in the coking of coal, together with seawater.
- US 2013174734 has as its primary objective the reduction of particulate matter present in water or air or other means, such particulate material being obtained from mining activities.
- An important feature in US 2013174734 is that the agglomeration of particulate material is due to negatively charged exopolysaccharides (EPS) which are obtained from isolated, purified and used bacterial or algal cultures.
- EPS exopolysaccharides
- US 2013174734 differs from the present invention in obtaining, origin and characteristics of the excreted polysaccharide.
- obtaining it is proposed to cultivate microalgal directly in the wastewater (black water), which will be the receptor body of the polysaccharide excreted by the algae that grow there, and the suspended solid particles have very different characteristics of the particulate from the algae. mining activity.
- the origin in this, it is proposed the use of polysaccharides excreted exclusively from microalgal origin, microalgae capable of performing oxygen photosynthesis.
- exopolysaccharide In this, it is proposed the use of microalgal excreted polysaccharide whose composition is complex containing about 70% of neutral monosaccharides and only about 12 - 15% of acid monosaccharides, thus conferring neutrality in general.
- the excreted polysaccharide acts as a binder of particles, which stick together and with the polysaccharide, settle to the bottom, being removed from the liquid phase, where the growing microalgae remain.
- the present invention has the advantage of dispensing with any processing or purification step of the excreted polysaccharide as it is directly excreted by microalgae in the culture medium. eg wastewater, where it will exert its action.
- wastewater treated by microalgae or used as a culture medium for its growth is domestic or industrial effluents or water from the petroleum or coke production process.
- effluents contain residues of mineral elements and organic matter, the former being absorbed by cells, while the latter may (or may not) be degraded by microalgae, causing water treatment and algal biomass production.
- effluents treated or used as a microalgae culture medium have dissolved material in water and no suspended solids as described in the present invention.
- US 2013174734 deals with airborne or waterborne particles, these particles are derived from mining activity and do not consist of solid fuel residues such as petroleum coke, mineral and vegetable coal and anthracite.
- None of the prior art documents describe the treatment of wastewater containing fine particulates of suspended solid fuels by cultivating microalgae responsible for the excretion of polysaccharide carbohydrates in the culture medium, which will agglutinate said particulates.
- the agglutination of the particulate material allows its exclusion (sedimentation) from black water, resulting in clean water and algal biomass. Since the residues remain agglutinated by the excreted algal polysaccharides and are not absorbed by the microalgae, the obtained biomass can still be used in various applications, such as oven burning, biofuel, animal feed, among others already mentioned.
- the present invention aims to:
- the present invention is a method of treating wastewater by cultivating polysaccharide excretory microalgae comprising the following steps:
- step (c) inclusion of the polysaccharide excretory microalgae inoculum in the wastewater obtained in step (b);
- the invention further relates to the use of polysaccharide excretory microalgae in wastewater treatment comprising, in suspension, fine particulates of organic and inorganic material from solid fuels.
- Figure 1 Samples of black water with nutrient addition and inoculated with Chlorella vulgaris. A: without particulates of agglutinated solid fuels; B: with particulates of agglutinated solid fuels.
- Figure 2 Black water viewed under an optical microscope. Different species of microalgae present in BG-1 nutrient-enriched black water 1.
- A circular green algae in diameter about 2,5 ⁇ ;
- B cluster of green algae and
- C shows a species of microalgae of larger diameter, approximately 20 ⁇ .
- Figure 3 Black water viewed under an optical microscope. Note the presence of
- FIG. 6 Growth rates obtained for all treatments performed. Light: A, B, C, D; Dark: E, F, G, H. With nutrients (CN): A, D, F, H; Nutrient-Free (SN): B, C, E, G. Inoculated Chlorella vulgaris: C, D, G, H.
- Figure 7 Concentration of intracellular carbohydrates in exponential growth phase and at the end of the experiment in inoculated cultures.
- A Light SN exponential phase;
- B SN light final phase;
- C Light CN exponential phase;
- D Light CN final phase. Inoculated experiments.
- Figure 8 Protein concentration at exponential growth phase and at the end of the experiment in inoculated cultures.
- A Light SN exponential phase
- B SN light final phase
- C Light CN exponential phase
- D Light CN final phase.
- the present invention is a method of treating wastewater by cultivating polysaccharide excretory microalgae comprising the following steps:
- step (c) inclusion of the polysaccharide excretory microalgae inoculum in the wastewater obtained in step (b);
- Waste water of the present invention refers to water with the presence, in suspension, of fine particulates of organic and inorganic material from solid fuels that will be burned in industrial kilns, especially those used in the cement, thermoelectric, steel, etc.
- suspended materials include petroleum coke, charcoal and charcoal. mineral, coal or coke grade steel, anthracite and / or mixtures thereof in any proportion.
- This water may originate from rainwater, which sweeps away deposits of material and / or flush water from places that served as deposits for such fuels. It is called black water because of its dark color due to the fine particles of fuels mentioned above.
- Such fine particles of solid suspended fuels are those particles that remain suspended in water even though it has gone through the settling process, which separates the larger particles from solid fuels. In this way, smaller and lighter particles that do not go to the bottom of the settling tank remain and are removed according to the method described herein by agglutination with algal polysaccharides and settling at the bottom of the tank.
- the fine particulates of organic and inorganic material originating from solid fuels suspended in wastewater according to this invention may be coal, charcoal, petroleum coke, coal or steel grade coke, anthracite or mixtures thereof.
- Other rain-borne materials such as grains of clay and / or sand may be present in the wastewater to be treated.
- Chlorophyta division includes robust microalgae for a wide range of environmental conditions and chemical agents such as the genera Chlorella, Scenedesmus, Desmodesmus, Monoraphidium (VIEIRA et al, 2008).
- polysaccharide excreta microalgae are chosen from the groups of Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta or any other polysaccharide excretory microalgae, depending on the purpose of the biomass.
- microalgae are chosen from those of the genera Chlorella, Scenedesmus, Desmodesmus and Monoraphidium; preferably Chlorella vulgaris.
- the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris is used because it is robust and withstands variations of environmental conditions, which allowed its growth in wastewater. Its later use as animal feed is possible as the microalgae will be separated from the fine particulate material.
- wastewater used as culture medium is enriched with major and minority inorganic nutrients necessary for the development of polysaccharide excretory microalgae.
- Major compounds which may be used in accordance with the present invention are: nitrates, phosphates, magnesium, calcium.
- Minority nutrients can be chosen from iron, manganese, copper, molybdenum, cobalt and zinc.
- step (b) and (c) of the process described herein respectively algal culture and growth are initiated, resulting in excretion.
- polysaccharides responsible for the agglutination of the fine particles and consequent decantation of such agglutinated particles which may or may not be adhered to the bottom of the treatment tank.
- steps (c) and (d) occur under light intensity ranging from 100 to 300 ⁇ m "2 s “1 ; preferably 150 ⁇ m “2 s “ 1 .
- the light intensity varies according to local climatic conditions, and may reach up to 1,500 ⁇ m "2 s " 1 of incident sunlight, without affecting algal growth.
- steps (c) and (d) occur in a photoperiod similar to the natural one, 12 hours light and 12 hours dark.
- the wastewater treatment method according to the invention comprises agglutination of the fine particulate of organic and inorganic material from solid fuels that are suspended in the wastewater and their decantation at the bottom of the treatment tank.
- the fine particulate agglutination of organic and inorganic material from solid fuels suspended in wastewater is due to the excretion of polysaccharides by microalgae, which act as cementing material. These fine particulate agglutinates, together with the material excreted by the microalgae, naturally decant at the bottom of the treatment tank, leaving above the water treated with the microalgae.
- Polysaccharide excretion is a normal process during algal growth, but may be increased or decreased depending on the nutritional status of the microalgae (VIEIRA et al, 2008).
- the materials excreted by microalgae may vary in composition and, for them, have several functions. According to the literature, excreted polysaccharides may be involved in cell mobility, stabilization, formation of cell clusters and adhesion of cells to surfaces, depending on the algal species. Overall, the investment by microalgae in the excretion of polymeric substances is justified by the protection that these substances offer to cells (MYKLESTAD, 1995; LOMBARDI et al, 2005). For example, they protect the cell against desiccation, attraction of nutrients close to the cell surface, against excess solar radiation, among other functions.
- composition of microalgae excreted polysaccharides may vary among the algal groups, however their carbohydrate base is common to all. Chlorophyta algae are less protein and more polysaccharide compared to cyanobacteria (TONIETTO et al., 2014; LOMBARDI and VIEIRA, 1999). On the other hand, the Bacillariophyceae group may have a certain hydrophobic character (VIEIRA et al., 2008).
- Microalgal polysaccharide is usually made up of neutral carbohydrate monomers such as fucose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, rhamnose and xylose and / or acids such as galacturonic and glucuronic acids (LOMBARDI and VIEIRA, 1999).
- Carbohydrates make up about 70 - 80% of the excreted polysaccharide (LOMBARDI and VIEIRA, 1999; VIEIRA et al, 2008); proteins can reach 15-20% (LOMBARDI and VIEIRA, 1999), while lipids can reach 1 - 2% (PARRISH and WANGERSKY, 1987; LOMBARDI and WANGERSKY, 1991).
- Treated water free of fine particulate solid fuels and microalgae can be used in a variety of applications, such as reusing it to wash solid waste haulers, cleaning the surrounding area, washing the solid waste stock yard, irrigation gardens, feeding photobioreactors, among others.
- the present invention also enables the use of cultivated and collected microalgae according to the method of the invention.
- This algal biomass can be used in various applications, such as biofuel production, burning in factory furnaces, use as animal feed, among others.
- Chlorella vulgaris has high protein content (CHIA et al., 2013a; 2013b; 2015) and is therefore indicated for such application.
- Scenedesmus sp produces aliphatic hydrocarbons (ROCHA et al., 2014) and may be an interesting species for biofuel production.
- the microalgae collection step (e) may comprise a prior flocculation step followed by the microalgae decantation.
- the fine particulate agglutinated with the polysaccharides excreted by microalgae together with the algal biomass thus obtaining the treated water in the supernatant.
- Microalgae flocculation can be achieved by adjusting the residual water pH to an ideal algal flocculation pH; or by the use of flocculating agents such as aluminum sulfate and aluminum chlorohydroxide; or by any other known method of the art for microalgae flocculation.
- the pH adjustment of the wastewater to the range between pH 10 and pH 11 is used, and after flocculation and decantation of the microalgae, the treated wastewater is adjusted to its pH again according to the standards established by the control bodies. control and supervision of the emission of liquid effluents into the environment.
- the treated water obtained from the method comprising the prior stage of microalgae flocculation can also be used in various applications, such as those previously reported. Decanted material, including fine agglutinated particulate matter and microalgae, can be reused as fuel.
- the present invention deals with the use of polysaccharide microalgae excreta as effective agents in wastewater treatment comprising, in suspension, fine particulates of organic and inorganic material from solid fuels, which treatment is achieved, since wastewater is used as culture medium for polysaccharide producing microalgae.
- This polymer acts as a fine particle binder that, with larger size, decant at the bottom of the treatment tank. Due to the type of polysaccharide excreted, such fine agglutinated and decanted particles may or may not remain adhered to the bottom of the treatment tank.
- microalgae community including inoculated Chlorella vulgaris, under various experimental conditions, all in black water; - Quantification of algal growth in black water plus nutrients;
- the black water used was analyzed for the determination of organic compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene), commonly known as BTEX.
- the determinations were performed by the company Global Análises e Consultoria, located in S ⁇ o Carlos (SP, Brazil) shortly after the wastewater arrived at the laboratory.
- BTEX analyzes were performed by solid phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (SPME-GC / MS).
- SPME-GC / MS gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry
- the wastewater (black water) was transported from the cement industry to the laboratory in polypropylene gallons. In the laboratory, black water was packed in smaller bottles, some of these bottles were frozen, others were refrigerated for immediate use, ensuring the maintenance of the microorganisms present.
- the experimental replicates were kept under light intensity of 130 ⁇ ⁇ 1 , with natural photoperiod (approximately 12: 12h light: dark) at 23 and C, and the temperature may vary between 23 - 29 and C.
- In vivo fluorescence (Turner - Trilogy, USA Model 7200-043 Fluorimeter) was used as a measure of chlorophyll a concentration, a parameter that relates to photosynthetic microalgae biomass. This methodology was used to verify the population density of the samples, because in the case of black water as a culture medium, it was not possible to count cells under an optical microscope to quantify living biomass, due to the intense presence of sediment in the medium.
- the pH is an important parameter because the cultivation of microalgae modifies the pH of the medium. Normally by cultivating photosynthetic microalgae the pH of the medium increases and may reach pH 11 if the medium is not buffered.
- Total carbohydrate quantification was performed based on the technique described by ALBALASMEH et al. (2013) through spectrophotometry. This technique is based on the reaction of sulfuric acid with algal biomass. For calibration curves glucose was used as standard and intracellular carbohydrates were quantified as glucose equivalent ⁇ g mL "1 ). Details of the method can be found in CHIA (2012).
- Algal growth rates were obtained from population density values through graphical analysis by plotting the natural logarithm of fluorescence values as a function of experimental time in days. During growth Exponentially, this graph results in a line that can be adjusted by linear regression. The angular coefficient of the adjustment represents the specific growth rate, whose unit is day "1 .
- Table 1 shows the results obtained from the BTEX analysis at the concentrations present in the black water used as the basis for the microalgae culture medium.
- nitrobenzene was toxic at concentrations of 28 mg L “1 and 2-nitrotoluene at 22 mg L “ 1 (RAMOS et al., 1999). In the results of this study, the compounds showed no toxicity to the inoculated microalgae Chlorella vulgaris.
- Black water assays confirmed the viability of photosynthetic microalgae growth in this residue by increasing chlorophyll a fluorescence and observations under a microscope. It is concluded that the increase of nutrients is essential to ensure higher biomass and higher population growth compared to non-nutrient black water.
- Figure 4 shows the highest growth for the nutrient black water test inoculated with C. vulgaris and kept in the light.
- FIG. 5 shows the pH variation according to the experimental time. Algal growth was marked by pH 9-10 of the cultures kept under light.
- Black water when kept in light, allowed the growth of native or inoculated microalgae, in the case of Chlorella vulgaris. Growth was higher when black water was enriched with nutrients from culture medium BG-1 1 compared to non nutrient enriched black water.
- BRADFORD M.M. Rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein using the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem. 72: 248-254, 1976.
- CHIA M.A Physiological response of chiorella vulgaris to cadmium, phosphorus and nitrogen. PhD Thesis, Postgraduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources, Federal University of S ⁇ o Carlos, S ⁇ o Carlos - SP, Brazil, 101 p, 2012.
- CHIA M.A. et al. Effects of cadmium and nitrogen on lipid composition of Chlorela vulgaris (Trilouxiophyceae). European J Phycol 48: 11-1, 2013a.
- CHIA MA, LOMBARDI AT, MELON MGG, PARRISH CC Combined nitrogen limitation and cadmium stress stimulate total carbohydrates, lipids, protein and amino acid accumulation in Chiorella vulgaris (Trebouxiophyceae). Aquatic Toxicology 160: 87-95, 2015
- LOMBARDI A.T.
- VIEIRA A.A.H. Copper complexation by Cyanophyceaee and Chlorophyceae exudates. Phycologia 39, 11 18-125, 2000.
- MILIC J.S. et al. Bioremediation of soil heavily contaminated with crude oil and its products: composition of the microbial consortium. J Serb Chem Soc. 74: 455-460, 2009.
- MITRA D. et al. Heterotrophic / mixotrophic cultivation of oleaginous Chlorella vulgaris on industrial co-produets. Algal Reseach-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts, 1: 40-48, 2012.
- MORGAN J.J. General affinity concepts, equilibrium, and kinetics in aqueous metals chemistry. In: Patterson J.W., Passino R., editors. Metals speciation, separation, and recovery. Chelsea, Michigan: Lewis Publishers Inc., P. 27-61, 1987.
- PETROENERGY Information on green petroleum coke. Available at: http://www.petrocampus.com.br/coque.html. Accessed September 10, 2014.
- RAMOS U.S. et al. Algal growth inhibition of Chlorella pyrenoidosa by polar narcotic pollutants: toxic cell concentrations and QSAR modeling. Aquatic Toxicology, v 46: 1-10, 1999.
- VIEIRA A.A.H.
- ORTOLANO P.I.C.
- GIROLDO D.
- OLIVEIRA MJ. D.
- BITTAR T.B.
- LOMBARDI A.T.
- SARTORI S.L. Limnol Oceanogr., 53 (5), 2008, 1887-1899, 2008.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/BR2015/050269 WO2017106941A1 (pt) | 2015-12-22 | 2015-12-22 | Método de tratamento de água residual através do cultivo de microalgas excretoras de polissacarídeos e uso de microalgas |
| BR112018012862A BR112018012862A2 (pt) | 2015-12-22 | 2015-12-22 | método de tratamento de água residual através do cultivo de microalgas excretoras de polissacarídeos e uso de microalgas |
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| PCT/BR2015/050269 WO2017106941A1 (pt) | 2015-12-22 | 2015-12-22 | Método de tratamento de água residual através do cultivo de microalgas excretoras de polissacarídeos e uso de microalgas |
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| WO2017106941A1 true WO2017106941A1 (pt) | 2017-06-29 |
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| US20230192519A1 (en) * | 2021-10-26 | 2023-06-22 | Novelgen Co., Ltd. | Method and system for recovering microplastics from water |
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2015
- 2015-12-22 WO PCT/BR2015/050269 patent/WO2017106941A1/pt not_active Ceased
- 2015-12-22 BR BR112018012862A patent/BR112018012862A2/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
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| US3406114A (en) * | 1964-07-20 | 1968-10-15 | Kerr Mc Gee Oil Ind Inc | Process for flocculating finely divided solids suspended in an aqueous medium with amicrobial polysaccharide |
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20230192519A1 (en) * | 2021-10-26 | 2023-06-22 | Novelgen Co., Ltd. | Method and system for recovering microplastics from water |
| US11827551B2 (en) * | 2021-10-26 | 2023-11-28 | Novelgen Co., Ltd. | Method and system for recovering microplastics from water |
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| BR112018012862A2 (pt) | 2018-12-04 |
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