WO2017165552A1 - Fils et tissus à base de nylon - Google Patents

Fils et tissus à base de nylon Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2017165552A1
WO2017165552A1 PCT/US2017/023639 US2017023639W WO2017165552A1 WO 2017165552 A1 WO2017165552 A1 WO 2017165552A1 US 2017023639 W US2017023639 W US 2017023639W WO 2017165552 A1 WO2017165552 A1 WO 2017165552A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
nylon
nylons
percent
weight
filaments
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Ceased
Application number
PCT/US2017/023639
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English (en)
Inventor
Saumitra BHARGAVA
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Shakespeare Co LLC
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Shakespeare Co LLC
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Publication of WO2017165552A1 publication Critical patent/WO2017165552A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
    • D01F6/00—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof
    • D01F6/88—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from mixtures of polycondensation products as major constituent with other polymers or low-molecular-weight compounds
    • D01F6/90—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from mixtures of polycondensation products as major constituent with other polymers or low-molecular-weight compounds of polyamides

Definitions

  • the present application relates generally to nylon based filaments, yams, and fabrics, and relates more specifically to nylon based filaments containing a base nylon and a secondary nylon, and yarns and fabrics formed therefrom.
  • Polyester fabrics currently dominate the activewear market and are becoming popular in mainstream clothing fabrics because of their resistance to wrinkling and low-moisture uptake. Meanwhile, relative to polyester fabrics, nylon fabrics offer lower coefficient of friction, dramatically reduced wear (i.e., loss of material over time), lower propensity to generate static, and improved feel, but suffer from wrinkling and dimensional changes when wet.
  • a multifilament in one aspect, includes a filament that contains a composite material formed from (i) a main structural component containing a mixture of one or more aliphatic nylons and one or more semiaromatic nylons, and optionally (ii) an additive component mixed with the main structural component.
  • a multifilament in another aspect, includes a filament that contains a composite material formed from (i) a main structural component containing a mixture of one or more base nylons and one or more secondary nylons, and optionally (ii) an additive component mixed with the main structural component, wherein the one or more base nylons and the one or more secondary nylons are present in amounts such that the filament has a greater tenacity than an otherwise equivalent filament having a main structural component formed only of the one or more base nylons.
  • a fabric contains a multifilament that includes a plurality of filaments containing a composite material formed from (i) a main structural component containing a mixture of one or more base nylons and one or more secondary nylons, and optionally (ii) an additive component mixed with the main structural component, wherein the one or more base nylons and the one or more secondary nylons are present in the filaments in amounts such that each filament has a greater tenacity than an otherwise equivalent filament having a main structural component formed only of the one or more base nylons.
  • nylon based filaments and yarns and fabrics made therefrom are disclosed herein.
  • the nylon based filaments possess one or more improved properties as compared to known nylon filaments.
  • embodiments of the nylon filaments and yarns disclosed herein may display one or more of: improved tenacity, resistance to wrinkling, and resistance to dimensional changes when wet as compared to otherwise equivalent nylon filaments formed from conventional nylon materials.
  • the term “filament” is used broadly to refer to a thread or fiber-like structure.
  • the filaments may be made in a typical extrusion process or other known process.
  • the term “multifilament” refers broadly to multifilament yams or fibers in which a plurality of filaments are combined, such as in a typical yam spinning process.
  • the nylon based filaments disclosed herein are formed from a composite material.
  • the composite material is a mixture of a main structural component containing one or more base nylons and one or more secondary nylons, and optionally an additive component.
  • main structural component refers to the polymer mixture (e.g., the mixture of one or more base nylons and one or more secondary nylons) that forms the bulk of the filament and provides the structural properties thereto. That is, any additive component, coating or finish, or other supplemental material (e.g., filament core) combined with the main structural component to form the filament, does not significantly alter the structural properties of the filament imparted by the main structural component.
  • an additive component refers to one or more suitable additive materials that are distinct from the polymers forming the main structural component and that do not significantly alter the structural properties of the filament as imparted by the main structural component.
  • the additive component is optional.
  • the additive component may be present in the composite material in an amount of up to about 3 percent, by weight.
  • the additive component may be present in the composite material in an amount of from about 0.1 percent, by weight, to about 3 percent, by weight.
  • the additive component is present in the composite material in an amount of from about 0.1 percent, by weight, to about 1.5 percent, by weight.
  • the term "about” is used to refer to plus or minus 5 percent of the numerical value of the number with which it is being used.
  • the one or more materials of the additive component may be premixed with one or more of the nylon components or may be combined with the nylon components as a separate ingredient.
  • the additive component may include one or more additive materials selected from dyes, pigments, optical brighteners, stabilizers, anti-static agents, antimicrobial agents, and mixtures thereof.
  • the additive materials may be selected from agents containing fumed silica, activated carbon or other species which are difficult to incorporate in filaments. Additionally, functional additives such as remediation or catalytic materials may be used. Other suitable additives are known in the filament processing industry and may also be used.
  • the filaments described herein are formed of a composite mixture, or blend, of the base nylon(s), the secondary nylon(s), and any additive component.
  • the additive materials of the additive component may be present as a component of one or more of the nylon(s) prior to mixing or may be introduced as a separate component into the mixing process. Suitable coatings and/or finishes may be applied to the filaments described herein.
  • the one or more base nylons and the one or more secondary nylons are present in the composite mixture in amounts such that the filament has a greater tenacity than an otherwise equivalent filament having a main structural component formed only of the one or more base nylons.
  • the filament may have a tenacity that is from about 40% to about 60% higher than the tenacity of an otherwise equivalent filament having a main structural component formed only of the one or more base nylons (i.e., with the one or more secondary nylons).
  • the phrase "otherwise equivalent filament” when used to define one or more relative properties of the filaments, yarns, or fabrics disclosed herein, refers to filaments, yarns, or fabrics that have been manufactured in identical processes to have identical dimensions, filament count, etc., but in which the composite material differs in the main structural component containing only the one or more base nylons. That is, the "otherwise equivalent filament” refers to a filament that is identical to the relevant filament of the present disclosure other than the composition of the main structural component, which includes no secondary nylons.
  • the one or more base nylons are one or more aliphatic nylons and the one or more secondary nylons are one or more amorphous nylons.
  • suitable aliphatic nylons include nylon 6,6, nylon 6, nylon 6,69, nylon 6,66, nylon 66,6, nylon 6,12, nylon 6,10, nylon 11, nylon 12, other aliphatic nylon copolymers, and mixtures thereof.
  • the one or more base nylons are selected such that they have a glass transition temperature of less than 80°C, such as in the range of about 15°C to about 75°C, or in the range of about 20°C to about 70°C.
  • nylon 6 (wet or in high humidity) has a glass transition temperature of about 20°C
  • nylon 6,6 (wet or in high humidity) has a glass transition temperature of about 25°C
  • nylon 6 (with less than 0.1% moisture in nylon) has a glass transition temperature of 47°C
  • nylon 6,6 (with less than 0.1% moisture in nylon) has a glass transition temperature of 70°C.
  • suitable amorphous nylons include those that are semiaromatic, such as those with a phenyl ring.
  • the one or more secondary nylons are amorphous semiaromatic nylons selected from MXD6, 6I/6T, 6T/6I, DT/DI, DI/DT,
  • the one or more secondary nylons are selected such that they have a glass transition temperature of at least 80°C, such as in the range of about 80°C to about 150°C, or in the range of about 110°C to about 140°C.
  • nylon 6I/6T having a weight ratio of 2: 1 has a glass transition temperature of about 130°C.
  • I isophthalic acid
  • T terephthalic acid
  • 6I/6T copolymer made of hexamethylene diamine, isophthalic acid, and terephthalic acid
  • 61 hexamethylene diamine- isophthalic acid
  • 6T hexamethylene diamine-terephthalic acid
  • 612 hexamethylene diamine- dodecanedioic acid
  • 610 hexamethylene diamine-sebacic acid
  • D 2-
  • Methylpentamethylenediamine; MXD6 poly amide produced by poly condensation of MXDA with adipic acid.
  • incorporation of even a small amount of the secondary nylon(s) into a filament composite containing the base nylon(s) results in a shift in various material properties of the filament that impact performance and wrinkling of a multifilament yarn manufactured therefrom.
  • the glass transition temperature and crystallization behavior, moisture uptake behavior, and tenacity of the filament, and the yams formed therefrom may be impacted by incorporating at least 2 percent, by weight, of the secondary nylon(s) into the composite material.
  • the secondary nylon(s) are present in the composite material in an amount of from about 2 percent, by weight, to about 6 percent, by weight. In certain embodiments, the secondary nylon(s) are present in the composite material in an amount of from about 2 percent, by weight, to about 5.5 percent, by weight. In certain embodiments, the secondary nylon(s) are present in the composite material in an amount of from about 3 percent, by weight, to about 5 percent, by weight. In one embodiment, the secondary nylon(s) are present in the composite material in an amount of about 4 percent, by weight. For example, in filaments having a size of from 1 to 3.4 dpf, the secondary nylon(s) may be present in the range of about 2 percent, by weight, to about 6 percent, by weight, such as about 4 percent, by weight.
  • the ability to decrease the amount of secondary nylon(s) and still attain the improved performance properties of these multifilaments was not expected based on prior testing.
  • the secondary nylon(s) may be present in the range of about 2 percent, by weight, to about 6 percent, by weight.
  • the filaments and yams of the present disclosure may have a higher temperature of onset of crystallization than an otherwise equivalent filament having a main structural component formed only of the one or more base nylons.
  • This shift in crystallization behavior results in the composite material being able to be drawn to a higher degree during processing, as is discussed in greater detail below and in the Examples. This beneficially enables processing of the filaments at an increased speed, and therefore at an increased output.
  • yams manufactured in a fully drawn yam process using the presently disclosed filaments may be able to be drawn at a draw ratio that is at least 20% greater than an otherwise equivalent filament having a main structural component formed only of the one or more base nylons, on the same equipment, with no operability loss.
  • a draw ratio that is at least 20% greater than an otherwise equivalent filament having a main structural component formed only of the one or more base nylons, on the same equipment, with no operability loss.
  • an increase in draw ratio of about 40% over an otherwise equivalent filament having a main structural component formed only of the one or more base nylons has been observed.
  • the increased glass transition temperature provides improved wrinkle resistance to the disclosed filaments, yams, and fabrics.
  • these composites provide wrinkle resistance because of a rise in glass transition temperature of the formulation.
  • nylon 6 and nylon 6,6 have glass transition temperatures around the room temperature when exposed to high humidity or water. Having a glass transition temperature near room temperature allows the molecules of nylon mobility which results in a molecule able to adapt newer configuration which results in wrinkles.
  • polyester has a glass transition temperature much higher than room temperature leading to locked molecules at room temperature and thus no changes in molecular configuration leading to natural wrinkle resistance.
  • a 3 dpf filament having a diameter of 20 micron has been manufactured. Due to the observed draw characteristics and tenacity, it has been determined that the domains (i.e., volumes of inclusion of the materials) must be much smaller than the diameter of the filament (i.e., less than a micron). Otherwise, breakage and decreased strength would be observed.
  • the moisture uptake by nylon 6 and nylon 66 are known to be significant.
  • a wet nylon 6 yam can absorb more than 5% of its weight in water within the molecular structure.
  • incorporation of even a small amount of the secondary nylon(s) into a filament composite containing the base nylon(s) results in a decrease in overall moisture absorption and absorption rate.
  • dimensional changes of the wet filaments were less than observed in otherwise equivalent filaments having a main structural component containing only the base nylon.
  • the filaments and yarns disclosed herein may have a smaller relative length change when soaked in water than an otherwise equivalent filament having a main structural component containing only the base nylon.
  • the filaments and yarns disclosed herein may have a smaller enthalpy of drying than otherwise equivalent filaments having a main structural component containing only the base nylon.
  • the filament may have a tenacity that is from about 40% to about 60% higher than the tenacity of an otherwise equivalent filament having a main structural component formed only of the one or more base nylons.
  • a fabric may beneficially be formed of the same weight of the presently disclosed yarn and may display increased strength characteristics.
  • a fabric having identical strength characteristics may be lighter weight than a fabric formed of otherwise equivalent yarn.
  • a fabric formed from the high tenacity yam can be reduced in weight by 30%.
  • Such lightweight high strength fabrics formed from nylon are particularly desirable in activewear applications (e.g., athletic jerseys).
  • the tenacity of the filaments and yams disclosed herein may range from about 3 to about 11 grams per denier with higher tenacity reached with multiple draw zones.
  • the filaments described herein may be formed to have any suitable dimensions and cross-sectional shape.
  • the filaments may have a round, trilobal, or any other suitable cross-sectional shape.
  • the filaments may have a denier per fiber of from about 0.1 dpf to about 3.5 dpf, such as from about 0.8 to about 3.5 dpf
  • such filaments may be suitable for use in apparel fabrics.
  • Other filaments may have a denier per fiber of from about 3.5 dpf to about 11 dpf.
  • such filaments may be suitable for use in seat belts or other harnesses.
  • a fabric is provided that is formed from a multifilament (i.e., yam) formed from one or more of the filaments described herein.
  • the fabric may be constructed by any suitable means, including weaving or knitting. It is believed that fabrics formed from the filaments described herein may be manufactured to have a denier that is lower than previously achievable with conventional nylon based filaments. For example, the fabrics formed from the filaments described herein may have a denier of as low as 40 denier. As described above and the Examples, the filaments and yams described herein beneficially impart improved wrinkle resistance and strength properties to a fabric formed therefrom. Moreover, such fabrics also maintain the reduced wear, lower coefficient of friction, and lower propensity to generate static that are associated with traditional nylon fabrics.
  • the fabrics and yams described herein may be formed exclusively from the filaments described herein or may contain a combination of the filaments described herein and other nylon or other synthetic or natural filaments.
  • the filaments, yams, and fabrics described herein may be made by any suitable process or apparatus known in the industry.
  • any known filament extrusion, melt spinning process know in the art may be used.
  • a multifilament yam may be made by a standard fully drawn yam process, such as one that forms a continuous 34 filament 100 denier yam, as described in the Examples.
  • a standard one-step bulked continuous filament process may be used to produce the yams described herein, such as a 20 dpf, 1000 denier yam that may be suitable for carpet applications.
  • the filaments, yams, and fabrics described herein may be textured or crimped, as desired for the particular application.
  • This textured yam is knitted, tufted, or woven into a fabric. It can be dyed in yam form or in a fabric form. Beneficially, the dye wash fastness and flexibility of coloration for nylon materials, such as the filaments described herein, is much greater than polyester.
  • filaments and yarns described herein can also be used in applications other than fabrics, including narrow gauge bands (such as for seat belts and other harnesses), tire cords, carpets, and ropes.
  • the presently described filaments provide improved properties such as increased strength and improved resistance to wrinkling and dimensional changes can be achieved in filaments, and the yarns and fabrics formed therefrom, through the use of particular base nylons and secondary nylons.
  • This technology allows the addition of wrinkle resistance to nylon fabrics with minimal change to fiber spinning, dyeing, or fabric construction.
  • the improved processability as well as the improved filament uniformity and tenacity observed is crucial to many types of fibers produced with nylon including seat belts, filtration fabrics, tire reinforcement cords, sewing filaments, and high performance luggage fabrics.
  • certain applications of nylon yams and filaments, in particular sail fabrics and seat belt/harnesses benefit greatly from the reduced dimensional change when wet that has been observed.
  • the present disclosure allows for the manufacture of nylon based yams and fabrics that display one or more of the beneficial properties of traditional nylon materials (e.g., lower coefficient of friction, reduced wear, lower propensity to generate static, and improved feel) while also displaying a resistance to wrinkling and moisture uptake that is typical of polyester based materials.
  • traditional nylon materials e.g., lower coefficient of friction, reduced wear, lower propensity to generate static, and improved feel
  • the yams were manufactured in a standard fully drawn yarn (FDY) process in which polymer pellets were weighed and blended into a feeder and an extruder melted the polymer and mixed the polymers and any additives. Next, an extruder head, melt pipe, and static mixer were used to equilibrate the melt at a uniform temperature and increase mixing, and a spin beam was used to divide the polymer flow into different streams. A meter pump and spinneret were used to produce dozens or hundreds of molten filaments with uniform shear history and temperature and then a quench delay and air quench were used to cool the filaments.
  • FDY fully drawn yarn
  • a finish applicator system was used to add lubricant to the filaments and the filaments were combined to form a filament bundle or yam.
  • a feed roller then fed the yam to three or four (although other numbers may be used) pairs of Godet rolls, of which one or more pairs (typically two) were heated.
  • the yam then traveled through an interlace jet and a take-up winder.
  • the "draw ratio” is understood to be the ratio of linear speed between the feed roller and the last Godet roll pair.
  • the draw ratio that may be used on a particular filament yarn is dictated by the properties of the filament yam, including the rate of crystallization of the material. It is desirable to increase the draw ratio to process the filaments at an increased speed, and therefore at an increased output; however, increasing the draw ratio to in excess of what the filament material can withstand results in breakage of the yarn.
  • the temperature of the onset of crystallization of the yams containing just 4% of the secondary nylon was notably higher than that of the unmodified nylon 6,6 yams, and the enthalpy upon crystallization of the yam containing just 4% of the secondary nylon was significantly lower than that of the nylon 6, 6 yam.
  • the higher crystallization temperature and lower enthalpy of the modified yams indicates that these modified yams crystallize slower than the unmodified nylon 6,6 yams without the secondary nylon. It is theorized that this slower crystallization rate may allow for the modified filaments to be produced and drawn at faster rates, as explained above.
  • DSC Differential scanning calorimetry
  • the weight change upon drying of the nylon 6,6 yarns containing 4% of the 6I/6T secondary nylon was significantly less than that of the unmodified nylon 6,6 yam without any secondary nylon.
  • the modified nylon 6,6 yarns containing 4% 6I/6T absorbed less water than the unmodified nylon 6,6 yams.
  • the lower water absorption of the modified yarns will beneficially make fabrics made from these filaments less likely to wrinkle than fabrics made of unmodified nylon 6,6 filaments without the secondary nylon.
  • the nylon 6,6 with 4% 6I/6T yarns exhibited much less of a change in length between their wet and conditioned states than the unmodified nylon 6,6 filaments without any secondary nylon. This smaller change in length between wet and conditioned states would contribute to wrinkle resistance of fabrics made from filaments comprising nylon 6,6 with 4% 6I/6T.
  • a standard one-step bulked continuous filament (BCF) process was used to produce 20 dpf, 600 denier yarn.
  • the standard BCF machine i.e., one-step process
  • the standard BCF machine includes weighing and blending polymer pellets into a feeder, after which an extruder melts the polymer and mixes the polymers and any additives.
  • An extruder head, melt pipe, and static mixer are used to equilibrate the melt at a uniform temperature and increase mixing, and a spin beam is used to divide the polymer flow into different streams.
  • a meter pump and spinneret are used to produce dozens or hundreds of molten filaments with uniform shear history and temperature.
  • a quench delay and quench are used to cool the filaments.
  • the filaments then travel through an interlace jet.
  • a finish applicator system is used to add lubricant to the filaments.
  • a feed roller then feeds the yam to two (although other numbers may be used) pairs of Godet rolls, of which one or more pairs (typically one) are heated.
  • the yam then travels along a bulking jet and cooling roll, followed by a take-up roll, and winder.
  • the "draw ratio” is understood to be the ratio of linear speed between the feed roller and the last pair of Godet rolls.
  • the draw ratio that may be used on a particular filament is dictated by the properties of the filament, including the rate of crystallization of the material. It is desirable to increase the draw ratio to process the filaments at an increased speed, and therefore increased output; however, increasing the draw ratio to in excess of what the filament material can withstand results in breakage of the filament.
  • a comparative sample yarn was made using standard nylon 6 and an experimental yam was made using standard nylon 6 with 6% nylon 6I/6T.
  • a second experimental sample was made using standard nylon 6 with 8% nylon 6I/6T.
  • the comparative sample of nylon 6 yam was able to be drawn at a draw ratio of 2.75, whereas the sample containing 6% of the secondary nylon surprisingly was able to be drawn at a draw ratio of 3.75 on the same equipment, with no operability loss. This increase in draw ratio was surprising and indicates that significant improvements in output may be achieved with the filaments of the present disclosure.
  • the "linear speed" of the process is understood to be the speed at which the winder is running, which represents the output of the process (i.e., the length of yam being wound per duration).
  • the upper limit of the output i.e., linear speed
  • the linear speed varies significantly based on the polymer being used. For example, polypropylene based yams typically run approximately 60 to 70% faster than nylon 6,6 based yarns, while nylon 6 and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) run somewhere in between. It is theorized that the crystallization rate of the polymer being processed impacts the maximum linear speed attainable.
  • the sample containing 6% of the secondary nylon allowed for an increase of linear speed of about 20% over the maximum linear speed attainable with the comparative sample of nylon 6 yarn, with no operability loss. Moreover, the sample containing 8% of the secondary nylon was able to be run at even higher speeds.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Woven Fabrics (AREA)
  • Artificial Filaments (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne des fils et tissus multifilaments à base de nylon possédant des propriétés améliorées. Les fils et tissus comprennent un filament qui contient un matériau composite formé à partir (i) d'un composant structural principal contenant un mélange d'un ou de plusieurs nylons de base et d'un ou de plusieurs nylons secondaires, et facultativement (ii) d'un composant supplémentaire mélangé au composant structural principal, le ou les nylons secondaires étant présents à hauteur d'environ 2 pour cent à environ 6 pour cent en poids. Le ou les nylons de base peuvent comprendre un ou plusieurs nylons aliphatiques et le ou les nylons secondaires peuvent comprendre un ou plusieurs nylons semi-aromatiques.
PCT/US2017/023639 2016-03-22 2017-03-22 Fils et tissus à base de nylon Ceased WO2017165552A1 (fr)

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US201662311562P 2016-03-22 2016-03-22
US62/311,562 2016-03-22

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2020055859A1 (fr) * 2018-09-10 2020-03-19 Universal Fibers, Inc. Fils multifilaments synthétiques de type laine

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5075168A (en) * 1989-03-23 1991-12-24 Mitsubushi Kasei Corporation Polyamide filament and process for producing the same
EP0609792A1 (fr) * 1993-02-03 1994-08-10 Basf Corporation Fibres de nylon modifiées
EP1659199A2 (fr) * 2004-11-17 2006-05-24 Nippon Filcon Co., Ltd. Filament de polyamide et tissu industriel le comprenant
WO2010132450A2 (fr) * 2009-05-11 2010-11-18 Invista Technologies S.A. R.L. Fibres de moquette de nylon possédant une résistance à l'eau de javel
US20170009384A1 (en) 2014-01-31 2017-01-12 Shakespeare Company, Llc Novel nylon blend for improved mechanical properties of monofilaments and multifilament fibers

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5075168A (en) * 1989-03-23 1991-12-24 Mitsubushi Kasei Corporation Polyamide filament and process for producing the same
EP0609792A1 (fr) * 1993-02-03 1994-08-10 Basf Corporation Fibres de nylon modifiées
EP1659199A2 (fr) * 2004-11-17 2006-05-24 Nippon Filcon Co., Ltd. Filament de polyamide et tissu industriel le comprenant
WO2010132450A2 (fr) * 2009-05-11 2010-11-18 Invista Technologies S.A. R.L. Fibres de moquette de nylon possédant une résistance à l'eau de javel
US20170009384A1 (en) 2014-01-31 2017-01-12 Shakespeare Company, Llc Novel nylon blend for improved mechanical properties of monofilaments and multifilament fibers

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2020055859A1 (fr) * 2018-09-10 2020-03-19 Universal Fibers, Inc. Fils multifilaments synthétiques de type laine

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