WO2017170355A1 - ガス拡散電極基材、積層体および燃料電池 - Google Patents
ガス拡散電極基材、積層体および燃料電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2017170355A1 WO2017170355A1 PCT/JP2017/012306 JP2017012306W WO2017170355A1 WO 2017170355 A1 WO2017170355 A1 WO 2017170355A1 JP 2017012306 W JP2017012306 W JP 2017012306W WO 2017170355 A1 WO2017170355 A1 WO 2017170355A1
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Definitions
- a fuel cell is a mechanism that electrically extracts the energy generated when water is produced by reacting hydrogen and oxygen. It is highly energy efficient and has only water, so it is expected to spread as clean energy. Has been.
- the present invention relates to a gas diffusion electrode substrate used for a fuel cell.
- the present invention relates to a gas diffusion electrode substrate used for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell used as a power source for a fuel cell vehicle among fuel cells.
- An electrode used in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell is sandwiched between two separators in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell and disposed therebetween.
- the electrode has a structure comprising a catalyst layer formed on the surface of the polymer electrolyte membrane and a gas diffusion layer formed outside the catalyst layer on both sides of the polymer electrolyte membrane.
- a gas diffusion electrode substrate is in circulation.
- the performance required for this gas diffusion electrode substrate includes, for example, gas diffusivity, conductivity for collecting electricity generated in the catalyst layer, and drainage for efficiently removing moisture generated on the surface of the catalyst layer. Can be mentioned.
- a conductive porous substrate having both gas diffusibility and conductivity is generally used.
- carbon felt made of carbon fiber, carbon paper, carbon cloth, etc. are used as the conductive porous substrate.
- carbon paper is most preferable from the viewpoint of mechanical strength.
- a fuel cell is a system that electrically extracts energy generated when hydrogen and oxygen react to produce water
- the electrical load increases, that is, if the current taken out of the cell increases, a large amount of water (Water vapor) is generated.
- This water vapor condenses into water droplets at a low temperature, plugs the pores of the gas diffusion electrode substrate, reduces the amount of gas (oxygen or hydrogen) supplied to the catalyst layer, and decreases the voltage. This phenomenon is called flooding.
- the drainage of the gas diffusion electrode base material is required so as not to generate flooding as much as possible.
- the water repellency is usually increased by using a gas diffusion electrode base material obtained by subjecting the conductive porous base material to water repellency treatment.
- microporous layer is obtained by applying a coating liquid in which carbonaceous powder such as carbon black is dispersed on a conductive porous substrate that has been subjected to a water repellent treatment, followed by drying and sintering.
- a layer is obtained by applying a coating liquid in which carbonaceous powder such as carbon black is dispersed on a conductive porous substrate that has been subjected to a water repellent treatment, followed by drying and sintering.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a gas diffusion electrode base material that overcomes the drawbacks of the prior art and achieves both durability and flooding resistance.
- the present invention employs the following means in order to solve the above problems.
- the microporous layer 1 has a dense part A and a dense part B,
- the dense part A is a region containing a fluororesin and a carbonaceous powder having a primary particle size of 20 nm to 39 nm,
- the dense portion A has a thickness of 30% to 100% when the thickness of the microporous layer 1 is 100%, and a width of 10 ⁇ m to 200 ⁇ m.
- the dense part B is a gas diffusion electrode substrate, which is a region containing a fluororesin and a carbonaceous powder having a primary particle size of 40 nm to 70 nm.
- the present invention includes a laminate having a catalyst layer on the surface of the gas diffusion electrode substrate on the side of the microporous layer.
- the present invention includes a fuel cell having the above gas diffusion electrode substrate.
- gas diffusion electrode base material of the present invention By using the gas diffusion electrode base material of the present invention, it is possible to achieve both short circuit resistance and flooding resistance, so that a fuel cell having high power generation performance and high durability can be provided.
- the gas diffusion electrode substrate of the present invention has a microporous layer 1 on at least one surface of a conductive porous substrate.
- a porous substrate containing carbon fibers such as carbon fiber woven fabric, carbon fiber papermaking body, carbon fiber nonwoven fabric, carbon felt, carbon paper, carbon cloth, or It is preferable to use a porous metal substrate such as a foam sintered metal, a metal mesh, or an expanded metal.
- a porous substrate such as carbon felt containing carbon fiber, carbon paper, carbon cloth, etc., and further to absorb the dimensional change in the thickness direction of the electrolyte membrane. That is, since it is excellent in “spring property”, it is preferable to use a base material obtained by binding a carbon fiber papermaking body with a carbide, that is, carbon paper.
- the thickness of the conductive porous substrate is preferably 220 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 150 ⁇ m or less, and particularly preferably 120 ⁇ m or less. If the thickness is too thin, the mechanical strength becomes weak and handling in the manufacturing process becomes difficult. Therefore, the thickness is preferably 70 ⁇ m or more.
- the conductive porous substrate As the conductive porous substrate, those subjected to water repellent treatment are preferably used. Since the fluororesin acts as a water repellent resin, the conductive porous substrate preferably contains a water repellent resin such as a fluororesin.
- fluororesins include PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) (for example, “Teflon” (registered trademark)), FEP (tetrafluoroethylene hexafluoropropylene copolymer), PFA (perfluoroalkoxy fluororesin), ETFA (ethylene (Tetrafluoroethylene copolymer), PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride), PVF (polyvinyl fluoride) and the like. PTFE or FEP that exhibits strong water repellency is preferred.
- the content of the water repellent resin is not particularly limited, but is preferably about 0.1% by mass or more and 20% by mass or less based on 100% by mass of the entire conductive porous substrate. If the content is less than 0.1% by mass, the water repellency may not be sufficiently exhibited. On the other hand, if the content exceeds 20% by mass, there is a possibility that pores serving as gas diffusion paths or drainage paths may be blocked or electrical resistance may be increased.
- the method of water-repellent treatment of the conductive porous base material is conducted by die coating, spray coating, etc. in addition to the treatment technique of immersing the conductive porous base material in a dispersion containing a generally known water-repellent resin.
- An application technique for applying a water-repellent resin to a porous porous substrate is also applicable.
- the process by dry processes, such as providing a fluororesin to an electroconductive porous base material by sputtering is also applicable.
- microporous layer will be described.
- the microporous layer that is, the microporous layer 1 and the microporous layer 2 are layers containing carbonaceous powder and a fluororesin.
- Examples of the carbonaceous powder include carbon black, carbon nanotube, carbon nanofiber, graphene, and graphite.
- carbon black is preferably used because of its low cost and high safety and stability of product quality.
- acetylene black is preferably used in that it has few impurities and hardly reduces the activity of the catalyst.
- the microporous layer has characteristics such as conductivity, gas diffusivity, water drainage, moisture retention, and thermal conductivity, as well as strong acid resistance on the anode side inside the fuel cell and oxidation resistance on the cathode side. Therefore, the microporous layer contains a fluororesin in addition to the carbonaceous powder. Examples of the fluororesin contained in the microporous layer include PTFE, FEP, PFA, ETFA, and the like, similarly to the fluororesin that is suitably used for water-repellent treatment of the conductive porous substrate. PTFE or FEP is preferred because of its particularly high water repellency.
- the microporous layer may be composed of two or more layers. When it has a some microporous layer, it represents with the microporous layer 1 and the microporous layer 2 from the side close
- the role of the microporous layer is (1) protection of the catalyst layer and (2) prevention of condensation of water vapor generated at the cathode.
- the microporous layer preferably has a certain thickness in order to exhibit the effect of protecting the catalyst layer.
- the thickness of the microporous layer 1 is preferably greater than 10 ⁇ m and not greater than 60 ⁇ m in terms of dry film thickness, considering the roughness of the current conductive porous substrate.
- the thickness of the microporous layer 1 is 10 ⁇ m or less, the protective effect of the catalyst layer described above may be insufficient.
- the thickness exceeds 60 ⁇ m the gas diffusibility of the gas diffusion electrode substrate itself may be lowered, or the electrical resistance may be increased. From the viewpoint of increasing gas diffusibility or decreasing electrical resistance, the thickness of the microporous layer 1 is preferably 50 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 40 ⁇ m or less.
- the thickness of the microporous layer 2 is preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 1 ⁇ m or more. When the thickness of the microporous layer 2 is 0.5 ⁇ m or more, the protective effect of the catalyst layer is increased, and the short circuit resistance is increased, which is preferable. Further, the thickness of the microporous layer 2 is preferably 10 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 7 ⁇ m or more. When the thickness of the microporous layer 2 is 10 ⁇ m or less, the electric resistance of the gas diffusion electrode substrate is low, the gas diffusibility is high, and the power generation performance of the fuel cell is high.
- the microporous layer 1 (2) includes a dense portion A (3) and a dense portion B (4) (FIG. 1).
- the dense portion A is a region containing a fluororesin and a carbonaceous powder having a primary particle size of 20 nm to 39 nm
- the dense portion B is a fluororesin and a primary particle size of 40 nm to 70 nm. This is a region containing the following carbonaceous powder.
- the dense portion A has a thickness of 30% to 100% and a width of 10 ⁇ m to 200 ⁇ m, where the thickness of the microporous layer 1 is 100%.
- the thickness of the dense part A is preferably 40% or more, more preferably 50% or more, when the thickness of the microporous layer 1 is 100%. When the thickness of the dense part A is 30% or more, the microporous layer 1 can be prevented from being crushed. Further, the thickness of the dense part A is preferably 95% or less, more preferably 90% or less, when the thickness of the microporous layer 1 is 100%. When the thickness of the dense part A is 100% or less, the dense part A does not enter the conductive porous substrate (1), so the gas diffusivity does not decrease and both power generation performance and short circuit resistance are compatible. it can.
- the fact that the microporous layer 1 can be prevented from being crushed is specifically that the thickness T (0.15) of the gas diffusion electrode substrate when a pressure of 0.15 MPa is applied, and 3. It means that the difference (T (0.15) -T (3.00)) in the thickness T (3.00) of the gas diffusion electrode substrate when a pressure of 00 MPa is applied is reduced. Thereby, the short circuit resistance of a gas diffusion electrode base material becomes high.
- the width of the dense part A is preferably 15 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 20 ⁇ m or more. When the width of the dense part A is 10 ⁇ m or more, the microporous layer 1 can be prevented from being crushed. Further, the width of the dense portion A is preferably 150 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 100 ⁇ m or less. When the width of the dense portion A is 200 ⁇ m or less, the gas diffusibility in the in-plane direction of the microporous layer 1 is not lowered, and both power generation performance and short circuit resistance can be achieved. A method for measuring the width of the dense part A will be described later.
- the primary particle size of the carbonaceous powder contained in the dense part A is preferably 23 nm or more, more preferably 26 nm or more. When the primary particle diameter of the carbonaceous powder contained in the dense part A is 20 nm or more, the pore diameter of the dense part A is increased, and the gas diffusibility of the dense part A can be increased.
- the primary particle size of the carbonaceous powder contained in the dense part A is preferably 37 nm or less, more preferably 35 nm or less. When the primary particle size of the carbonaceous powder contained in the dense part A is 39 nm or less, the density of the dense part A is increased, and the microporous layer 1 can be prevented from being crushed.
- the primary particle size of the carbonaceous powder contained in the dense part B is preferably 43 nm or more, more preferably 46 nm or more.
- the primary particle diameter of the carbonaceous powder contained in the dense part B is 40 nm or more, the pore diameter of the dense part B is increased, and the gas diffusibility of the dense part B can be increased.
- the primary particle size of the carbonaceous powder contained in the dense part B is preferably 65 nm or less, more preferably 60 nm or less.
- the primary particle size of the carbonaceous powder contained in the dense part B is 70 nm or less, the smoothness of the dense part B is improved, the adhesion between the gas diffusion electrode substrate and the catalyst layer is improved, and the electric resistance is reduced. Smaller power generation performance is improved.
- the gas diffusion electrode substrate of the present invention further comprises a fluororesin and a carbonaceous powder having a primary particle size of 20 nm to 39 nm on the microporous layer 1 and a thickness of 10 ⁇ m or less.
- the aspect which has (5) is more preferable (FIG. 2).
- the primary particle size of the carbonaceous powder contained in the microporous layer 2 is more preferably 26 nm or more. When the primary particle diameter of the carbonaceous powder contained in the microporous layer 2 is 20 nm or more, the pore diameter of the microporous layer 2 is increased, and the gas diffusibility of the microporous layer 2 can be increased.
- the primary particle size of the carbonaceous powder contained in the microporous layer 2 is more preferably 35 nm or less. When the primary particle diameter of the carbonaceous powder contained in the microporous layer 2 is 39 nm or less, the density of the microporous layer 2 is increased, the microporous layer 2 is not easily crushed, and the short-circuit resistance is increased.
- the primary particle size of the carbonaceous powder is measured with a microscope such as a scanning electron microscope or a transmission electron microscope at a magnification of 500,000 times or more, and the particle size of 100 carbonaceous powders is measured. The average value is taken as the primary particle size of the carbonaceous powder.
- a microscope such as a scanning electron microscope or a transmission electron microscope at a magnification of 500,000 times or more
- the average value is taken as the primary particle size of the carbonaceous powder.
- S-4800 manufactured by Hitachi, Ltd. or an equivalent thereof can be used.
- the gas diffusion electrode substrate is cut in the thickness direction using an ion milling device such as IM4000 manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation. (Cross section) can be calculated from an image observed with a scanning electron microscope.
- the difference between the thickness T (0.15) when a pressure of 0.15 MPa is applied to the gas diffusion electrode substrate and the thickness T (3.00) when a pressure of 3.00 MPa is applied (T (0. 15) -T (3.00)) is preferably 30 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 40 ⁇ m or more.
- T (0.15) -T (3.00) is 30 ⁇ m or more, the thickness of the gas diffusion electrode substrate changes in response to the swelling and shrinkage of the electrolyte membrane inside the fuel cell, and the electrolyte membrane is applied. Since the pressure is made uniform, the durability of the fuel cell is improved.
- T (0.15) -T (3.00) is preferably 60 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 55 ⁇ m or less.
- T (0.15) -T (3.00) is 60 ⁇ m or less, the carbon fibers are difficult to protrude from the surface of the gas electrode substrate, the short-circuit resistance is increased, and the durability of the fuel cell is improved.
- the peak of the pore diameter of the dense part B is preferably larger than the peak of the pore diameter of the dense part A.
- the dense part B has high gas diffusibility, and the dense part A functions to suppress the collapse of the microporous layer 1. For this reason, both power generation performance and short circuit resistance can be achieved.
- the pore diameter peak of the dense part B is preferably larger than the pore diameter peak of the microporous layer 2. Since the peak of the pore diameter of the dense part B is larger than the peak of the pore diameter of the microporous layer 2, water easily moves from the microporous layer 2 to the dense part B, and the gas diffusion electrode base having a high drainage property Become a material. In addition, the presence of the microporous layer 2 having a smaller pore diameter on the surface of the gas diffusion electrode substrate improves the smoothness of the gas diffusion electrode substrate and improves the adhesion between the gas diffusion electrode substrate and the catalyst layer. In addition, since the electric resistance is reduced, the power generation performance of the gas diffusion electrode substrate is improved.
- the peak of the pore diameter of the dense part A is preferably 0.05 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 0.07 ⁇ m or more.
- the peak of the pore diameter of the dense part A is preferably 0.20 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 0.18 ⁇ m or less.
- the peak of the pore diameter of the dense part A is 0.20 ⁇ m or less, the dense part A is less likely to be crushed, and the microporous layer 1 can be prevented from being crushed.
- the peak of the pore diameter of the dense part A can be controlled by changing the primary particle diameter of the carbonaceous powder contained in the dense part A and the peak of the pore diameter of the dense part B. By reducing the peak of the pore diameter of the dense part B, or by reducing the primary particle diameter of the carbonaceous powder contained in the dense part A, the peak of the pore diameter of the dense part A becomes small.
- the peak of the pore diameter of the dense part B is preferably 0.21 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 0.30 ⁇ m or more.
- the peak of the pore diameter of the dense part B is preferably 0.60 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 0.50 ⁇ m or less.
- the peak of the pore diameter of the dense part B is 0.60 ⁇ m or less, the liquid water is less likely to aggregate inside the dense part B, so that the flooding resistance is improved.
- the peak of the pore diameter of the dense part B can be controlled by changing the primary particle diameter of the carbonaceous powder contained in the dense part B and the amount of the fluororesin contained in the dense part B. By increasing the primary particle size of the carbonaceous powder contained in the dense part B, or by reducing the amount of the fluororesin contained in the dense part B, the peak of the pore diameter of the dense part B increases.
- the peak of the pore diameter of the microporous layer 2 is preferably 0.05 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 0.07 ⁇ m or more.
- the peak of the pore diameter of the microporous layer 2 is 0.05 ⁇ m or more, the gas diffusibility of the microporous layer 2 is increased, so that the power generation performance of the gas diffusion electrode substrate is increased.
- the peak of the pore diameter of the microporous layer 2 is preferably 0.20 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 0.18 ⁇ m or less. When the peak of the pore diameter of the microporous layer 2 is 0.20 ⁇ m or less, the microporous layer 2 is not easily crushed, so that the short circuit resistance is improved.
- the pore diameter peak of the microporous layer 2 can be controlled by changing the primary particle diameter of the carbonaceous powder contained in the microporous layer 2 or the pore diameter peak of the dense part B. By reducing the peak of the pore diameter of the dense part B, or by reducing the primary particle diameter of the carbonaceous powder contained in the microporous layer 2, the peak of the pore diameter of the microporous layer 2 is reduced.
- the contact angle with respect to water of the surface of the gas diffusion electrode substrate on the side of the microporous layer is preferably 130 degrees or more. More preferably, it is 135 degrees or more. When the contact angle with respect to water is 130 degrees or more, the water is difficult to condense inside the microporous layer, and the flooding resistance is enhanced. Moreover, it is preferable that the contact angle with respect to the water of the microporous layer side surface of a gas diffusion electrode base material is 170 degrees or less. More preferably, it is 160 degrees or less. When the contact angle with respect to water is 170 degrees or less, the adhesion between the microporous layer and the catalyst layer is improved, and the durability of the fuel cell is improved.
- the number of fluffs of the conductive porous substrate is preferably 1.0 pieces / cm 2 or less, more preferably 0.7 pieces / cm 2 or less.
- the number of fluffs of the conductive porous substrate is preferably as small as possible, but is usually 0.1 pieces / cm 2 or more.
- the number of fluffs of the conductive porous substrate is the number of carbon fibers that are observed with a digital microscope from the side surface of the conductive porous substrate and protrude 100 ⁇ m or more from the surface of the conductive porous substrate. Is a value obtained by dividing by the measured area obtained from the upper surface of the conductive porous substrate.
- the number of fluff on the microporous layer side of the gas diffusion electrode substrate is preferably 0.5 pieces / cm 2 or less, more preferably 0.2 pieces / cm 2 or less.
- the number of fluffs measured from the microporous layer side of the gas diffusion electrode substrate is preferably as small as possible, but is usually 0.01 pieces / cm 2 or more.
- the number of fluffs of the gas diffusion electrode substrate refers to the carbon fiber protruding from the side surface of the gas diffusion electrode substrate with a digital microscope and protruding from the microporous layer side surface of the gas diffusion electrode substrate by 100 ⁇ m or more. It is a value obtained by counting the number and dividing by the measurement area obtained from the upper surface of the gas diffusion electrode substrate.
- a coating liquid for forming a microporous layer on a conductive porous substrate (hereinafter referred to as a microporous layer). It is common to apply a coating liquid).
- the microporous layer coating liquid contains, for example, the above-described carbonaceous powder, fluororesin, and a dispersion medium such as water or alcohol. Further, a surfactant or the like is often blended as a dispersant for dispersing the carbonaceous powder and the fluororesin.
- a microporous layer coating solution is once applied on a substrate film such as a PET film to form a microporous layer, and then the microporous layer surface is formed.
- a transfer method in which a pressure-sensitive adhesive is bonded onto a conductive porous substrate and the substrate film is peeled off.
- the transfer method may be complicated in the manufacturing process or may not provide sufficient adhesion between the conductive porous substrate and the microporous layer. Therefore, as a method for forming the microporous layer, a method of applying the microporous layer coating liquid to the conductive porous substrate is preferable.
- the microporous layer may be composed of two or more layers. In the case of having a plurality of microporous layers, it is preferably formed by applying the microporous layer coating liquid a plurality of times.
- the dense part A and the dense part B are preferably produced using microporous layer coating liquids having different compositions.
- the dense part A and the microporous layer 2 are preferably produced using a microporous layer coating liquid having the same composition.
- the microporous layer coating liquid for the dense part A is the microporous layer coating liquid A
- the microporous layer coating liquid for the dense part B is the microporous layer coating liquid B
- the microporous layer coating liquid for the microporous layer 2 is the following. It is described as a microporous layer coating liquid 2.
- microporous layer coating liquid to the conductive porous substrate can be performed using various commercially available coating apparatuses.
- the coating method screen printing, rotary screen printing, spray spraying, intaglio printing, gravure printing, die coater coating, bar coating, blade coating, knife coater coating, ink jet coating and the like can be used. Since the amount of coating can be quantified regardless of the surface roughness of the conductive porous substrate, coating with a die coater is preferred. Further, in order to improve the adhesion with the catalyst layer when a gas diffusion electrode substrate is incorporated in a fuel cell, application with a blade coater or knife coater is preferably used when the smoothness of the surface of the microporous layer is required.
- the coating methods exemplified above are only for illustrative purposes and are not necessarily limited to these.
- the microporous layer coating liquid B is applied on the conductive porous substrate to form the dense portion B.
- the dense part B is provided with a recess for forming the dense part A later.
- a method of forming such a dense portion B a method of applying the microporous layer coating liquid B in a pattern using screen printing or gravure printing on a conductive porous substrate, or a planar shape using a slit die coater A method of producing cracks by drying after coating, a method of mechanically scratching the resulting coating film after applying it to a surface by a slit die coater, and a surface by a slit die coater The method of giving a dent by laser processing etc. to the obtained coating film after apply
- the dense part A is prepared by forming the dense part B with the dents as described above, and then applying the microporous layer coating liquid A thereon and drying it, so that the dense part A is in the dents of the dense part B. It is preferable to make it filled.
- the microporous layer 2 may be formed by forming the dense portion A and the dense portion B, and then applying and drying the microporous layer coating liquid 2 thereon, and the microporous layer 2 may be thicker when the dense portion A is applied.
- the dense part A and the microporous layer 2 may be formed simultaneously by coating.
- the microporous layer coating liquid A and the microporous layer coating liquid 2 have the same composition, it is preferable because they can be simultaneously formed by thick coating as described above.
- the concentration of the carbonaceous powder in the microporous layer coating solution is preferably 5% by mass or more, more preferably 10% by mass or more from the viewpoint of productivity. There is no upper limit to the concentration as long as the viscosity, the dispersion stability of the conductive particles, the coating property of the coating liquid and the like are suitable. Practically, if the concentration of the carbonaceous powder in the microporous layer coating liquid exceeds 50% by mass, suitability as a coating liquid may be impaired, so 50% by mass or less is preferable.
- a thickener may be added.
- the thickener used here generally well-known ones can be used.
- methyl cellulose, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol and the like are preferably used.
- dispersants and thickeners may have two functions for the same substance, and materials suitable for each function may be selected. However, when the thickener and the dispersant are selected separately, it is preferable to select a thickener and a dispersant that do not break the dispersion of the carbonaceous powder and the dispersion of the fluororesin that is the water repellent resin.
- the dispersant and the thickener are collectively referred to as a surfactant.
- the total amount of the surfactant is preferably 50 parts by mass or more, more preferably 100 parts by mass or more, and further preferably 200 parts by mass or more with respect to 100 parts by mass of the carbonaceous powder.
- the addition amount of the surfactant 500 parts by mass or less is preferable with respect to 100 parts by mass of the carbonaceous powder. If it exceeds this, generation
- the dispersion medium of the microporous layer coating liquid (water in the case of an aqueous system) is removed by drying.
- the drying temperature after coating is preferably from room temperature (around 20 ° C.) to 150 ° C. or less, more preferably from 60 ° C. to 120 ° C.
- the dispersion medium may be dried all at once in the subsequent sintering step.
- sintering may be performed for the purpose of removing the surfactant used in the microporous layer coating liquid and for binding the carbonaceous powder by once dissolving the water-repellent resin. preferable.
- the sintering temperature depends on the boiling point or decomposition temperature of the added surfactant, but is preferably 250 ° C or higher and 400 ° C or lower. If the sintering temperature is less than 250 ° C., the surfactant may not be sufficiently removed, or it may take time to completely remove the surfactant. When the temperature exceeds 400 ° C., the water repellent resin may be decomposed.
- the sintering time is as short as possible from the viewpoint of productivity, preferably within 20 minutes, more preferably within 10 minutes, and even more preferably within 5 minutes. If sintering is carried out for a very short time, surfactant vapors and degradable organisms are rapidly generated, and there is a risk of ignition if performed in the atmosphere.
- the sintering time is preferably 10 seconds or more, more preferably 20 seconds or more, and further preferably 30 seconds or more.
- the production apparatus suitable for producing the gas diffusion electrode substrate of the present invention was unwound by an unwinder and an unwinder for unwinding a long conductive porous substrate wound in a roll shape.
- a first coating machine for applying the microporous layer coating liquid A to the conductive porous substrate, the microporous layer coating liquid B or the conductive porous substrate coated with the microporous layer coating liquid A coating machine for applying a microporous layer coating liquid 2, a second coating machine disposed on the same surface side as the first coating machine with respect to the conductive porous substrate, a microporous layer coating It includes a dryer for drying the conductive porous substrate coated with the liquid, and a winder that winds up the obtained gas diffusion electrode substrate.
- the laminate of the present invention is a laminate having a catalyst layer on the surface of the gas diffusion electrode substrate of the present invention on the side of the microporous layer.
- the laminate of the present invention can be formed by bonding the gas diffusion electrode substrate of the present invention to at least one surface of a polymer electrolyte membrane having a catalyst layer on both sides. At that time, by arranging a microporous layer on the catalyst layer side, the back diffusion of the generated water is more likely to occur, and the contact area between the catalyst layer and the gas diffusion electrode substrate is increased, reducing the contact electrical resistance. Can be made.
- the microporous layer is composed of two layers, the microporous layer 2 is in contact with the catalyst layer.
- the fuel cell of the present invention includes the gas diffusion electrode substrate of the present invention.
- the fuel cell can be obtained by pressure bonding the gas diffusion electrode substrate of the present invention so that the catalyst layer and the microporous layer are in contact with both sides of the electrolyte membrane provided with the catalyst layer on both sides, and further providing separators on both sides. It is done. That is, a fuel cell can be constituted by arranging separators on both sides of the above-described laminate.
- a polymer electrolyte fuel cell is formed by laminating a plurality of such single cells.
- the catalyst layer is composed of a layer containing a polymer electrolyte and catalyst-supporting carbon.
- platinum is usually used.
- a fuel cell in which a reformed gas containing carbon monoxide is supplied to the anode side it is preferable to use platinum and ruthenium as the catalyst on the anode side.
- the polymer electrolyte it is preferable to use a perfluorosulfonic acid polymer material having high proton conductivity, oxidation resistance, and heat resistance.
- a carbon paper having a conductive porous substrate with a thickness of 150 ⁇ m and a porosity of 85% was prepared as follows.
- a dispersion in which flaky graphite (average particle diameter: 5 ⁇ m), phenol resin and methanol were mixed at a mass ratio of 5:10:85 was prepared.
- the carbon fiber paper is continuously impregnated with the dispersion so that the resin component (phenol resin + flaky graphite) is 130 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the short carbon fibers, and the temperature is 100 ° C.
- the product After passing through a resin impregnation step of drying for a minute, the product was wound into a roll to obtain a resin-impregnated carbon fiber paper.
- the phenol resin a mixture of a resol type phenol resin and a novolac type phenol resin at a mass ratio of 1: 1 was used.
- Carbon fiber paper that has been subjected to compression treatment is used as a precursor fiber sheet, and is introduced into a heating furnace having a maximum temperature of 2400 ° C. that is maintained in a nitrogen gas atmosphere. Got.
- the obtained carbon paper had a density of 0.25 g / cm 3 and a porosity of 85%.
- the carbon paper prepared above is cut into 15 cm ⁇ 12.5 cm and immersed in an aqueous dispersion of PTFE resin (“Polyflon” (registered trademark) PTFE dispersion D-201C (manufactured by Daikin Industries, Ltd.)).
- PTFE resin Polyflon (registered trademark) PTFE dispersion D-201C (manufactured by Daikin Industries, Ltd.)
- the carbon paper was impregnated with a fluororesin.
- the conductive porous substrate was obtained by heating and drying for 5 minutes in a dryer furnace having a temperature of 100 ° C.
- the PTFE resin aqueous dispersion was used after being diluted to a concentration at which 5 parts by mass of the fluororesin was added to 95 parts by mass of the carbon paper after drying.
- B Carbon black 1 ⁇ Primary particle size 58nm
- C Carbon black 2 ⁇ Primary particle size 30nm
- D Fluorine resin “Neofluon” (registered trademark) FEP dispersion ND-110 (FEP resin, manufactured by Daikin Industries, Ltd.)
- E Surfactant “TRITON” (registered trademark) X-100 (manufactured by Nacalai Tesque).
- the thicknesses of the microporous layer 1 and the microporous layer 2 are obtained by cutting the gas diffusion electrode base material in the thickness direction using an ion milling apparatus, and applying a pressure of 0.15 MPa to the base material, The (cross section in the thickness direction) was magnified 500 times or more using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), photographed, and calculated from the observed image. The distance between the interface between the conductive porous substrate and the microporous layer 1 and the interface between the microporous layer 2 and the microporous layer 1 was defined as the thickness of the microporous layer 1, and the average value in 10 fields of view was determined.
- the distance between the interface between the microporous layer 1 and the microporous layer 2 and the surface of the microporous layer 2 was defined as the thickness of the microporous layer 2, and an average value in 10 fields of view was obtained.
- IM4000 manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation was used.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- the thickness of the dense portion B is determined by cutting the gas diffusion electrode base material in the thickness direction using an ion milling apparatus, and applying a pressure of 0.15 MPa to the base material, ) was magnified 500 times or more using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), photographed, and calculated from the observed images.
- the distance between the interface between the conductive porous substrate and the dense part B and the interface between the microporous layer 2 and the dense part B was defined as the thickness of the dense part B, and the average value in 10 fields of view was determined.
- IM4000 manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation was used.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- S-4800 manufactured by Hitachi, Ltd. was used.
- the distance between the interface between the conductive porous substrate and the dense portion B and the surface of the microporous layer 1 is defined as the thickness of the dense portion B.
- the thickness of the dense part A is determined by cutting the gas diffusion electrode base material in the thickness direction using an ion milling apparatus, and applying a pressure of 0.15 MPa to the base material, ) was magnified 500 times or more using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), photographed, and calculated from the observed images.
- the distance between the interface between the conductive porous substrate and the dense part A and the interface between the microporous layer 2 and the dense part A was defined as the thickness of the dense part A, and the average value in 10 fields of view was obtained.
- IM4000 manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation was used.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- S-4800 manufactured by Hitachi, Ltd. was used.
- the distance between the interface between the conductive porous substrate and the dense portion A and the surface of the microporous layer 1 is defined as the thickness of the dense portion A.
- the gas diffusion electrode base material is cut in the thickness direction, and while applying a pressure of 0.15 MPa to the base material, the cross section in the plane (thickness direction cross section) is subjected to scanning electron microscope (SEM). ) was taken at a magnification of 500 times or more, and observed, the widths of 100 dense parts A were measured, and the average value was taken as the width of the dense part A.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- T (0.15) -T (3.00) The thickness T (0.15) when a pressure of 0.15 MPa is applied to the gas diffusion electrode substrate and the thickness T (3.00) when a pressure of 3.00 MPa is applied are respectively measured with a digital micrometer. The difference (T (0.15) -T (3.00)) was calculated.
- ⁇ Measurement of peak of pore diameter of dense part B The peak of the pore diameter of the dense part B was determined from the distribution showing the volume of the pores with respect to the diameter of the pores of the dense part B obtained using the mercury intrusion method. In the range of pores of 0.01 to 1.00 ⁇ m, the peak diameter of the highest peak was taken as the peak of the pore diameter of the dense part B.
- Measurement pressure range Pressure at the start of measurement 6 kPa (pore diameter 400 ⁇ m) to pressure at the end of measurement 414 MPa (pore diameter 30 nm) ⁇ Measurement cell mode: Pressurization process in the above pressure range ⁇ Cell volume: 5 cm 3 ⁇ Surface tension of mercury: 485 dyn / cm ⁇ Contact angle of mercury: 130 ° As a measuring device, Shimadzu Autopore 9520 was used.
- the peak of the pore diameter of the microporous layer 2 is the peak of the pore diameter of the dense portion B, the primary particle size of the carbonaceous powder contained in the dense portion B, and the primary particle size of the carbonaceous powder contained in the microporous layer 2.
- Peak of pore diameter of microporous layer 2 peak of pore diameter of dense part B ⁇ primary particle diameter of carbonaceous powder contained in microporous layer 2 / primary particle diameter of carbonaceous powder contained in dense part B.
- the contact angle of water on the microporous layer side of the gas diffusion electrode substrate was measured using an automatic contact angle meter.
- an automatic contact angle meter DM-501 manufactured by Kyowa Interface Science Co., Ltd. was used as an apparatus.
- the surface of the gas diffusion electrode substrate on the side of the microporous layer is fixed on the apparatus stage with the upper side (measurement side), a 5 ⁇ L drop of ion-exchanged water is deposited on the microporous layer, and after waiting for 1 second, automatic The contact angle of water was determined by measurement.
- ⁇ Evaluation of number of fluff of conductive porous substrate The number of fluffs of the conductive porous substrate is magnified 100 times or more from the side of the conductive porous substrate with a digital microscope, photographed, observed, and 100 ⁇ m from the surface of the conductive porous substrate. The number of carbon fibers protruding above was counted and obtained by dividing by the measurement area obtained from the upper surface of the conductive porous substrate.
- the number of fluffs of the gas diffusion electrode substrate is magnified 100 times or more from the side surface of the gas diffusion electrode substrate with a digital microscope, photographed, observed, and protruded 100 ⁇ m or more from the surface of the gas diffusion electrode substrate.
- the number of carbon fibers was counted and divided by the measurement area obtained from the upper surface of the gas diffusion electrode substrate.
- the obtained two gas diffusion electrode base materials are combined with an electrolyte membrane / catalyst layer integrated product (an electrolyte membrane “Gore Select” (registered trademark) manufactured by Japan Gore, and a catalyst layer “PRIMEA” (registered trademark) manufactured by Japan Gore).
- the laminated body (membrane electrode assembly (MEA)) was produced by placing the catalyst layer and the microporous layer in contact with each other on both sides) and hot pressing. This laminated body is incorporated into a single cell for a fuel cell, the battery temperature is set to 40 ° C., the fuel use efficiency is set to 70%, and the air use efficiency is set to 40%.
- the power was generated by humidifying the temperature to 60 ° C.
- the value of the current density (limit current density) at which power generation stops when the current density was increased was determined. The higher this value, the better the flooding resistance.
- Short-circuit resistance was evaluated by measuring the short-circuit current density according to the following procedures (1) to (3). The smaller the short-circuit current density, the fewer short-circuits and the better the short-circuit resistance and the durability of the fuel cell.
- a polymer electrolyte membrane (“Nafion” (registered trademark) NR211 (manufactured by DuPont) film thickness of 25 ⁇ m) is overlaid on the surface of the gas diffusion electrode substrate on the microporous layer side.
- the gas diffusion electrode substrate is a square with a side of 5 cm
- the polymer electrolyte membrane is a square with a side of 6 cm or more
- each side of the polymer electrolyte membrane and each side of the gas diffusion electrode substrate are parallel to each other.
- the molecular electrolyte membrane is overlaid so that the center of the molecular electrolyte membrane coincides with the center of the gas diffusion electrode substrate.
- Example 1 The microporous layer coating solution was prepared as follows. Microporous layer coating liquid A and microporous layer coating liquid 2: 15 parts by mass of carbon black 2 having a primary particle size of 30 nm, 5 parts by mass of FEP dispersion (“Neofuron” (registered trademark) ND-110), 15 parts by mass of surfactant (“TRITON” (registered trademark) X-100) And 65 parts by mass of purified water were kneaded with a planetary mixer to prepare a coating solution.
- FEP dispersion (“Neofuron” (registered trademark) ND-110)
- surfactant (“TRITON” (registered trademark) X-100)
- 65 parts by mass of purified water were kneaded with a planetary mixer to prepare a coating solution.
- Microporous layer coating solution B 5 parts by mass of carbon black 1 having a primary particle size of 58 nm, 2 parts by mass of FEP dispersion (“Neofluon” (registered trademark) ND-110), 7 parts by mass of surfactant (“TRITON” (registered trademark) X-100) And 86 parts by mass of purified water were kneaded with a planetary mixer to prepare a coating solution.
- a recess having a width of 30 ⁇ m and a thickness of the dense part B of 60% was provided in the dense part B at a ratio of 1 place per 1 mm square.
- the microporous layer coating liquid A is applied to the recessed portion of the dense portion B thus provided by inkjet coating
- the recessed portion of the dense portion B is dried by drying at a temperature of 120 ° C. for 10 minutes.
- a dense part A was prepared so as to be filled.
- the gas diffusion electrode base material was obtained by heating for 10 minutes at the temperature of 380 degreeC.
- the evaluation results of the obtained gas diffusion electrode substrate are shown in Table 1.
- Example 2 A gas diffusion electrode substrate was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the coating method of the microporous layer coating liquid A was changed to die coater coating and the dense part A and the microporous layer 2 were formed simultaneously.
- the physical properties are shown in Table 1.
- Example 3 Example in which the thickness of the dense portion A is changed to 85% when the thickness of the microporous layer 1 is 100% by increasing the depth of the recess of the dense portion B by laser processing. In the same manner as in No. 2, a gas diffusion electrode substrate was obtained. The physical properties are shown in Table 1.
- Example 4 Example except that the thickness of the dense part A is changed to 45% when the thickness of the microporous layer 1 is set to 100% by reducing the depth of the recess of the dense part B by laser processing. In the same manner as in No. 2, a gas diffusion electrode substrate was obtained. The physical properties are shown in Table 1.
- Example 5 A gas diffusion electrode substrate was obtained in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the width of the dent of the dense part B by laser processing was increased to change the width of the dense part A to 120 ⁇ m.
- the physical properties are shown in Table 1.
- Example 6 A gas diffusion electrode substrate was obtained in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the width of the dense portion A was changed to 17 ⁇ m by reducing the width of the recess of the dense portion B by laser processing.
- the physical properties are shown in Table 2.
- Example 7 A gas diffusion electrode substrate was obtained in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the coating amount of the microporous layer coating liquid A was increased and the thickness of the microporous layer 2 was changed to 9 ⁇ m.
- the physical properties are shown in Table 2.
- Example 8 A gas diffusion electrode substrate was obtained in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the coating amount of the microporous layer coating liquid A was increased and the thickness of the microporous layer 2 was changed to 15 ⁇ m.
- the physical properties are shown in Table 2.
- Example 9 After forming the dense part A, a microporous layer coating solution 2 containing carbon black 1 having a primary particle size of 58 nm was applied with a die coater and dried at a temperature of 120 ° C. for 10 minutes. A gas diffusion electrode substrate was obtained. The physical properties are shown in Table 2.
- Example 1 A gas diffusion electrode substrate was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that laser processing and application of the microporous layer coating liquid A were not performed. The physical properties are shown in Table 2.
- Example 2 Gas diffusion in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the carbonaceous powder contained in the microporous layer coating solution B is changed to carbon black 2 having a primary particle size of 30 nm, and laser processing and coating of the microporous layer coating solution A are not performed. An electrode substrate was obtained. Table 3 shows the physical properties.
- Example 3 A gas diffusion electrode substrate was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the width of the dent of the dense part B by laser processing was increased to change the width of the dense part A to 250 ⁇ m. Table 3 shows the physical properties.
- Example 4 Example except that the thickness of the dense portion A is changed to 20% when the thickness of the microporous layer 1 is set to 100% by reducing the depth of the recess of the dense portion B by laser processing.
- a gas diffusion electrode substrate was obtained. Table 3 shows the physical properties.
- Example 5 A gas diffusion electrode substrate was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the FEP dispersion was not added to the fine porous layer coating liquid A. Table 3 shows the physical properties.
- the “thickness” of the “dense part A” in the table indicates the thickness (%) of the dense part A when the thickness of the microporous layer 1 is 100%.
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Abstract
Description
微多孔層1は、緻密部Aと緻密部Bとを有し、
緻密部Aは、フッ素樹脂、および、1次粒径が20nm以上39nm以下の炭素質粉末を含む領域であり、
緻密部Aは、微多孔層1の厚さを100%とした時に、30%以上100%以下の厚さであり、幅が10μm以上200μm以下であり、
緻密部Bは、フッ素樹脂、および、1次粒径が40nm以上70nm以下の炭素質粉末を含む領域である、ガス拡散電極基材。
本発明の積層体は、本発明のガス拡散電極基材の微多孔層の側の面に、触媒層を有する積層体である。例えば、本発明のガス拡散電極基材を、両面に触媒層を有する高分子電解質膜の少なくとも片面に接合することにより、本発明の積層体を形成することができる。その際、触媒層側に微多孔層を配置することにより、より生成水の逆拡散が起こりやすくなることに加え、触媒層とガス拡散電極基材の接触面積が増大し、接触電気抵抗を低減させることができる。微多孔層が2層からなる場合は、微多孔層2が、触媒層と接する。
本発明の燃料電池は、本発明のガス拡散電極基材を含むものである。触媒層を両面に設けた電解質膜の両側に該触媒層と微多孔層が接するように、本発明のガス拡散電極基材を圧着し、さらに、両側にセパレータを配することにより燃料電池が得られる。すなわち、上述の積層体の両側にセパレータを配することにより燃料電池を構成することができる。通常、このような単電池を複数個積層することによって、高分子電解質型燃料電池を構成する。
A:導電性多孔質基材
・厚さ150μm、空隙率85%のカーボンペーパーを以下のように調製して得た。
・1次粒径58nm
C:カーボンブラック2
・1次粒径30nm
D:フッ素樹脂
・“ネオフロン”(登録商標)FEPディスパージョンND-110(FEP樹脂、ダイキン工業(株)製)
E:界面活性剤
・“TRITON”(登録商標)X-100(ナカライテスク(株)製)。
微多孔層1および微多孔層2の厚さは、イオンミリング装置を用いて、ガス拡散電極基材を厚さ方向にカットし、基材に0.15MPaの圧力を加えながら、その面直断面(厚さ方向の断面)を走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)を用いて500倍以上に拡大して写真撮影を行い、観察した像から算出した。導電性多孔質基材と微多孔層1との界面と微多孔層2と微多孔層1との界面との距離を微多孔層1の厚さとし、10視野での平均値を求めた。さらに、微多孔層1と微多孔層2の界面と微多孔層2表面との間の距離を微多孔層2の厚さとし、10視野での平均値を求めた。イオンミリング装置としては、(株)日立ハイテクノロジーズ製IM4000を用いた。走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)としては(株)日立製作所製S-4800を用いた。微多孔層2を有さない場合は、導電性多孔質基材と微多孔層1との界面と微多孔層1表面との間の距離を微多孔層1の厚さとする。
緻密部Bの厚さは、イオンミリング装置を用いて、ガス拡散電極基材を厚さ方向にカットし、基材に0.15MPaの圧力を加えながら、その面直断面(厚さ方向の断面)を走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)を用いて500倍以上に拡大して写真撮影を行い、観察した像から算出した。導電性多孔質基材と緻密部Bとの界面と微多孔層2と緻密部Bとの界面との距離を緻密部Bの厚さとし、10視野での平均値を求めた。イオンミリング装置としては、(株)日立ハイテクノロジーズ製IM4000を用いた。走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)としては(株)日立製作所製S-4800を用いた。微多孔層2を有さない場合は、導電性多孔質基材と緻密部Bとの界面と微多孔層1表面との間の距離を緻密部Bの厚さとする。
緻密部Aの厚さは、イオンミリング装置を用いて、ガス拡散電極基材を厚さ方向にカットし、基材に0.15MPaの圧力を加えながら、その面直断面(厚さ方向の断面)を走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)を用いて500倍以上に拡大して写真撮影を行い、観察した像から算出した。導電性多孔質基材と緻密部Aとの界面と微多孔層2と緻密部Aとの界面との距離を緻密部Aの厚さとし、10視野での平均値を求めた。イオンミリング装置としては、(株)日立ハイテクノロジーズ製IM4000を用いた。走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)としては(株)日立製作所製S-4800を用いた。微多孔層2を有さない場合は、導電性多孔質基材と緻密部Aとの界面と微多孔層1表面との間の距離を緻密部Aの厚さとする。
イオンミリング装置を用いて、ガス拡散電極基材を厚さ方向にカットし、基材に0.15MPaの圧力を加えながら、その面直断面(厚さ方向の断面)を走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)を用いて500倍以上に拡大して写真撮影を行い、観察し、100箇所の緻密部Aの幅を測定し、その平均値を緻密部Aの幅とした。イオンミリング装置としては、(株)日立ハイテクノロジーズ製IM4000を用いた。走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)としては(株)日立製作所製S-4800を用いた。
ガス拡散電極基材の0.15MPaの圧力を加えた際の厚さT(0.15)と3.00MPaの圧力を加えた際の厚さT(3.00)を、それぞれデジタルマイクロメーターを用いて求め、その差(T(0.15)-T(3.00))を計算した。
緻密部Bの細孔径のピークは、水銀圧入法を用いて得た緻密部Bの細孔の径に対する細孔の容積を示した分布から求めた。0.01~1.00μmの細孔の範囲において、最も高いピークのピーク径を緻密部Bの細孔径のピークとした。
・測定セルモード:上記圧力範囲の昇圧過程
・セル容積:5cm3
・水銀の表面張力:485dyn/cm
・水銀の接触角:130°
測定装置としては、島津製作所製オートポア9520を用いた。
緻密部Aの細孔径のピークは、緻密部Bの細孔径のピークと緻密部Bに含まれる炭素質粉末の1次粒径と緻密部Aに含まれる炭素質粉末の1次粒径を用いて、次の式から計算で求めた。
緻密部Aの細孔径のピーク=緻密部Bの細孔径のピーク×緻密部Aに含まれる炭素質粉末の1次粒径/緻密部Bに含まれる炭素質粉末の1次粒径。
微多孔層2の細孔径のピークは、緻密部Bの細孔径のピークと緻密部Bに含まれる炭素質粉末の1次粒径と微多孔層2に含まれる炭素質粉末の1次粒径を用いて、次の式から計算で求めた。
微多孔層2の細孔径のピーク=緻密部Bの細孔径のピーク×微多孔層2に含まれる炭素質粉末の1次粒径/緻密部Bに含まれる炭素質粉末の1次粒径。
ガス拡散電極基材の微多孔層側の水の接触角は、自動接触角計を用いて測定した。装置としては、協和界面科学(株)製の自動接触角計DM-501を用いた。ガス拡散電極基材の微多孔層側の面を上側(測定側)にして装置ステージに固定し、イオン交換水5μLの液滴を微多孔層に着滴させ、1秒間待機させた後、自動測定により、水の接触角を求めた。
導電性多孔質基材の毛羽数は、導電性多孔質基材の側面からデジタルマイクロスコープで100倍以上に拡大して写真撮影を行い、観察を行い、導電性多孔質基材の表面から100μm以上突出している炭素繊維の数をカウントし、導電性多孔質基材の上面から求めた測定面積で除して求めた。
ガス拡散電極基材の毛羽数は、ガス拡散電極基材の側面からデジタルマイクロスコープで100倍以上に拡大して写真撮影を行い、観察を行い、ガス拡散電極基材の表面から100μm以上突出している炭素繊維の数をカウントし、ガス拡散電極基材の上面から求めた測定面積で除して求めた。
得られたガス拡散電極基材2枚を、電解質膜・触媒層一体化品(日本ゴア製の電解質膜“ゴアセレクト”(登録商標)に、日本ゴア製触媒層“PRIMEA”(登録商標)を両面に形成したもの)の両側に、触媒層と微多孔層が接するように配置し、ホットプレスすることにより、積層体(膜電極接合体(MEA))を作製した。この積層体を燃料電池用単セルに組み込み、電池温度40℃、燃料利用効率を70%、空気利用効率を40%に設定し、アノード側の水素およびカソード側の空気をそれぞれ露点が75℃および60℃となるように加湿して発電させた。電流密度を高くしていって発電が停止する電流密度の値(限界電流密度)を求めた。この値が高いほど、耐フラッディング性が良好となる。
以下の(1)~(3)の手順により短絡電流密度を測定することで耐短絡性を評価した。短絡電流密度が小さいほど、短絡が少なく、耐短絡性および燃料電池の耐久性が良好となる。
微多孔層塗液は以下のように調製した。
微多孔層塗液Aおよび微多孔層塗液2:
1次粒径30nmのカーボンブラック2を15質量部、FEPディスパージョン(“ネオフロン”(登録商標)ND-110)5質量部、界面活性剤(“TRITON”(登録商標)X-100)15質量部および精製水65質量部をプラネタリーミキサーで混練し、塗液を調製した。
1次粒径58nmのカーボンブラック1を5質量部、FEPディスパージョン(“ネオフロン”(登録商標)ND-110)2質量部、界面活性剤(“TRITON”(登録商標)X-100)7質量部および精製水86質量部をプラネタリーミキサーで混練し、塗液を調製した。
微多孔層塗液Aの塗布方法をダイコーター塗布に変更し、緻密部Aと微多孔層2を同時に形成した以外は実施例1と同様にしてガス拡散電極基材を得た。物性を表1に示す。
レーザー加工による緻密部Bの凹みの深さを大きくすることで、微多孔層1の厚さを100%とした時の緻密部Aの厚さを85%になるように変更した以外は実施例2と同様にしてガス拡散電極基材を得た。物性を表1に示す。
レーザー加工による緻密部Bの凹みの深さを小さくすることで、微多孔層1の厚さを100%とした時の緻密部Aの厚さを45%になるように変更した以外は実施例2と同様にしてガス拡散電極基材を得た。物性を表1に示す。
レーザー加工による緻密部Bの凹みの幅を大きくすることで、緻密部Aの幅を120μmになるように変更した以外は実施例2と同様にしてガス拡散電極基材を得た。物性を表1に示す。
レーザー加工による緻密部Bの凹みの幅を小さくすることで、緻密部Aの幅を17μmになるように変更した以外は実施例2と同様にしてガス拡散電極基材を得た。物性を表2に示す。
微多孔層塗液Aの塗布量を増やし、微多孔層2の厚さが9μmになるように変更した以外は実施例2と同様にしてガス拡散電極基材を得た。物性を表2に示す。
微多孔層塗液Aの塗布量を増やし、微多孔層2の厚さが15μmになるように変更した以外は実施例2と同様にしてガス拡散電極基材を得た。物性を表2に示す。
緻密部Aを形成した後に、1次粒径58nmのカーボンブラック1を含む微多孔層塗液2をダイコーターで塗布し、120℃の温度で10分間乾燥した以外は実施例1と同様にしてガス拡散電極基材を得た。物性を表2に示す。
レーザー加工および微多孔層塗液Aの塗布を行わない以外は実施例1と同様にしてガス拡散電極基材を得た。物性を表2に示す。
微多孔層塗液Bに含まれる炭素質粉末を1次粒子30nmのカーボンブラック2に変更し、レーザー加工および微多孔層塗液Aの塗布を行わない以外は実施例1と同様にしてガス拡散電極基材を得た。物性を表3に示す。
レーザー加工による緻密部Bの凹みの幅を大きくすることで、緻密部Aの幅を250μmになるように変更した以外は実施例1と同様にしてガス拡散電極基材を得た。物性を表3に示す。
レーザー加工による緻密部Bの凹みの深さを小さくすることで、微多孔層1の厚さを100%とした時の緻密部Aの厚さを20%になるように変更した以外は実施例1と同様にしてガス拡散電極基材を得た。物性を表3に示す。
緻微多孔層塗液AにFEPディスパージョンを添加しなかったこと以外は実施例1と同様にしてガス拡散電極基材を得た。物性を表3に示す。
2 微多孔層1
3 緻密部A
4 緻密部B
5 微多孔層2
Claims (14)
- 導電性多孔質基材の片面に微多孔層1を有するガス拡散電極基材であって、
微多孔層1は、緻密部Aと緻密部Bとを有し、
緻密部Aは、フッ素樹脂、および、1次粒径が20nm以上39nm以下の炭素質粉末を含む領域であり、
緻密部Aは、微多孔層1の厚さを100%とした時に、30%以上100%以下の厚さであり、幅が10μm以上200μm以下であり、
緻密部Bは、フッ素樹脂、および、1次粒径が40nm以上70nm以下の炭素質粉末を含む領域である、ガス拡散電極基材。 - 0.15MPaの圧力を加えた際の厚さT(0.15)と3.00MPaの圧力を加えた際の厚さT(3.00)の差(T(0.15)-T(3.00))が、30μm以上60μm以下である、請求項1に記載のガス拡散電極基材。
- 緻密部Bの細孔径のピークが、緻密部Aの細孔径のピークよりも大きい、請求項1または2に記載のガス拡散電極基材。
- 緻密部Aの細孔径のピークが、0.05μm以上0.20μm以下である、請求項1~3のいずれかに記載のガス拡散電極基材。
- 緻密部Bの細孔径のピークが、0.21μm以上0.60μm以下である、請求項1~4のいずれかに記載のガス拡散電極基材。
- 微多孔層1の上に、さらにフッ素樹脂、および、1次粒径が20nm以上39nm以下の炭素質粉末を含み、厚さが10μm以下の微多孔層2を有する、請求項1または2に記載のガス拡散電極基材。
- 緻密部Bの細孔径のピークが、微多孔層2の細孔径のピークよりも大きい、請求項6に記載のガス拡散電極基材。
- 微多孔層2の細孔径のピークが、0.05μm以上0.20μm以下である、請求項6または7に記載のガス拡散電極基材。
- 炭素質粉末が、カーボンブラックである、請求項1~8のいずれかに記載のガス拡散電極基材。
- 微多孔層側表面の水の接触角が130度以上である、請求項1~9のいずれかに記載のガス拡散電極基材。
- 微多孔層側の毛羽数が0.5個/cm2以下である、請求項1~10のいずれかに記載のガス拡散電極基材。
- 導電性多孔質基材の毛羽数が1.0個/cm2以下である、請求項1~11のいずれかに記載のガス拡散電極基材。
- 請求項1~12のいずれかに記載のガス拡散電極基材の微多孔層の側の面に触媒層を有する、積層体。
- 請求項1~13のいずれかに記載のガス拡散電極基材を有する燃料電池。
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| CN112740446A (zh) * | 2018-09-28 | 2021-04-30 | 东丽株式会社 | 气体扩散层、膜电极接合体及燃料电池 |
| CN112771699A (zh) * | 2018-09-28 | 2021-05-07 | 东丽株式会社 | 气体扩散电极基材及其制造方法、固体高分子型燃料电池 |
| KR20230145040A (ko) | 2021-02-12 | 2023-10-17 | 도판 인사츠 가부시키가이샤 | 막전극 접합체, 및, 고체 고분자형 연료 전지 |
| WO2025182758A1 (ja) * | 2024-02-26 | 2025-09-04 | 東レ株式会社 | 多孔質炭素シートおよび水電解装置 |
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| CN112072119B (zh) * | 2020-08-06 | 2022-06-21 | 江苏大学 | 一种燃料电池气体扩散层结构及其加工方法 |
| US11994061B2 (en) | 2021-05-14 | 2024-05-28 | Amogy Inc. | Methods for reforming ammonia |
| WO2024086612A2 (en) * | 2022-10-19 | 2024-04-25 | Amogy Inc. | Systems and methods for processing hydrogen and hydrogen carriers |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA3015334C (en) | 2023-11-07 |
| CN108780901B (zh) | 2021-05-11 |
| KR20180127981A (ko) | 2018-11-30 |
| EP3439090B1 (en) | 2022-03-09 |
| US10804542B2 (en) | 2020-10-13 |
| TW201806739A (zh) | 2018-03-01 |
| EP3439090A4 (en) | 2019-11-13 |
| JPWO2017170355A1 (ja) | 2019-02-07 |
| TWI710468B (zh) | 2020-11-21 |
| JP6962319B2 (ja) | 2021-11-05 |
| CN108780901A (zh) | 2018-11-09 |
| KR102244790B1 (ko) | 2021-04-28 |
| CA3015334A1 (en) | 2017-10-05 |
| EP3439090A1 (en) | 2019-02-06 |
| US20190058199A1 (en) | 2019-02-21 |
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