WO2018221212A1 - アルツハイマー病バイオマーカー - Google Patents
アルツハイマー病バイオマーカー Download PDFInfo
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- WO2018221212A1 WO2018221212A1 PCT/JP2018/018849 JP2018018849W WO2018221212A1 WO 2018221212 A1 WO2018221212 A1 WO 2018221212A1 JP 2018018849 W JP2018018849 W JP 2018018849W WO 2018221212 A1 WO2018221212 A1 WO 2018221212A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
- G01N33/6893—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids related to diseases not provided for elsewhere
- G01N33/6896—Neurological disorders, e.g. Alzheimer's disease
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2500/00—Screening for compounds of potential therapeutic value
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
- G01N2800/28—Neurological disorders
- G01N2800/2814—Dementia; Cognitive disorders
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
- G01N2800/28—Neurological disorders
- G01N2800/2814—Dementia; Cognitive disorders
- G01N2800/2821—Alzheimer
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
- G01N2800/60—Complex ways of combining multiple protein biomarkers for diagnosis
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an Alzheimer's disease biomarker. Specifically, the present invention relates to a biomarker useful for testing Alzheimer's disease and related diseases and uses thereof.
- This application claims priority based on Japanese Patent Application No. 2017-108766 filed on May 31, 2017, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference.
- AD Alzheimer's disease
- Non-patent Document 1 When neurofibrillary tangles mainly composed of Tau protein aggregates appear, it is thought that dementia develops after mild cognitive impairment (Mild Cognitive Impairments; MCI). In response to these research results, the National Institute of Aging (NIA) and the Alzheimer's Association revised the diagnostic criteria in 2011, and the stage of no symptoms even though there were changes in brain pathology The disease has been proposed (Preclinical AD) (Non-patent Document 1). In addition, it has been clarified that fundamental treatment methods targeting amyloid, such as vaccine therapy, are limited in effect after onset, and treatment before onset of amyloid pathology progresses after onset of senile plaques already completed It came to be thought that it should be.
- AD Alzheimer's dementia
- Lewy body dementia cerebrovascular dementia
- FTD frontotemporal dementia
- Differential diagnosis is necessary for appropriate treatment / prevention. is necessary. In fact, elderly patients with depression and the like often need to be distinguished from Alzheimer-type dementia.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a marker useful for early diagnosis and differentiation of AD and its use.
- the present inventors focused on furotirin localized in lipid rafts of exosomes and decided to examine whether they can be used as AD biomarkers.
- the level of flotillin in the cerebrospinal fluid of AD patients was examined, it was found that it was significantly reduced compared to non-AD patients. A similar trend was observed for ventricular fluid.
- flotillin levels in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI due to AD) caused by AD are significantly lower than those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI due to non-AD) not caused by AD. It was.
- the serum flotilin level was significantly decreased in AD patients, and flotillin functions as a blood biomarker of AD.
- the serum flotillin level is a marker highly specific for AD and extremely useful for early detection of AD.
- [2] A test method for Alzheimer's disease using the level of the biomarker according to [1] as an index.
- the test method according to [2] which is a test method for early detection of Alzheimer's disease.
- the test method according to [2] which is a test method for differentiating Alzheimer's disease.
- the test method according to [5] which is used for differentiation from dementia other than Alzheimer type dementia.
- the test method according to [6], wherein the dementia other than Alzheimer-type dementia is cerebrovascular dementia, Lewy body dementia or frontotemporal dementia.
- An Alzheimer's disease test reagent comprising a substance having a specific binding property to the biomarker according to [1].
- the reagent for testing Alzheimer's disease according to [10] wherein the substance is an anti-flotilin antibody.
- An Alzheimer's disease test kit comprising the Alzheimer's disease test reagent according to [10] or [11].
- Non-AD Non-Alzheimer's disease.
- AD Alzheimer's disease. Both are definitive diagnoses by pathological diagnosis. The ApoE level observed as a non-changed molecule (control) shows no change. Comparison of cerebrospinal fluid levels of the conventional cerebrospinal fluid marker A ⁇ 1-42 and phosphorylated Tau protein (upper) and comparison of caffeine levels of the new marker flotirin (lower).
- Non-AD Non-Alzheimer's disease.
- AD Alzheimer's disease.
- MCI-due to AD MCI patient with amyloid ⁇ deposition on PET.
- MCI-due to non-AD MCI patients with no amyloid ⁇ deposit on PET).
- MCI mild cognitive impairment
- AD Alzheimer's Disease
- the first aspect of the present invention relates to an Alzheimer's disease biomarker.
- “Alzheimer's disease biomarker” refers to a biomolecule that serves as an index of the onset or development of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
- AD Alzheimer's disease
- the biomarker of the present invention is useful for early detection of AD and differentiation of AD.
- the biomarker of the present invention is used, for example, for examination of a person who is likely / suspicious of developing or suffering from AD (suspected AD patient, potential AD patient).
- biomolecule refers to a molecule (compound) found in the living body.
- flotilin which is a biomolecule, is used as a biomarker, but in its use (typically, application to an AD test method), the molecule in a sample / specimen separated from a living body is used. .
- the biomarker of the present invention consists of blood flotirin.
- Flotillin is a protein localized in lipid rafts of cells, but is also known as an exosome marker. Utilizing these characteristics, furotilin is used for the detection of exosomes in cerebrospinal fluid and blood, and research on lipid rafts.
- a typical amino acid sequence of flotilin is shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 (GenBank, ACCESSION: NP_005794, DEFINITION: flotillin-1 isoform 1 [Homo sapiens]).
- SEQ ID NO: 1 GenBank, ACCESSION: NP_005794, DEFINITION: flotillin-1 isoform 1 [Homo sapiens]
- in blood means existing in blood. Therefore, the biomarker of the present invention consisting of blood furotirin is detected in a blood sample (serum, plasma, etc.).
- the second aspect of the present invention relates to the use of the biomarker of the present invention, and provides a test method for Alzheimer's disease (AD) (hereinafter also referred to as “test method of the present invention”).
- the test method of the present invention is useful as a means for early detection of AD.
- the inspection method of the present invention is also useful as a means for distinguishing AD.
- an objective basis for enabling the onset of AD, the presence or absence of morbidity, or differentiation of AD is provided.
- the information (test results) provided by the test method of the present invention is based on an objective index called a biomarker (biomolecule), which enables the determination and evaluation of the onset of AD by itself. May be used in an auxiliary manner, and a final determination (typically, a definitive diagnosis) may be made in consideration of other indicators as necessary.
- the first aspect of the test method of the present invention is aimed at early detection of AD, and enables AD to be detected before the onset of AD or at an early stage of AD. That is, according to the test method of the present invention, an objective for determining whether a test subject (typically a person who has the possibility of developing or suffering from AD) may develop AD in the future or whether or not he / she suffers from AD is objective. The grounds are shown.
- the stage of asymptomatic or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) for cognitive impairment corresponds to “Before the onset of AD”.
- MCI mild cognitive impairment
- “Mild cognitive impairment” is a complaint of forgetfulness, and neuropsychiatric tests show memory impairment compared to age, but normal cognitive function is normal, daily activities are normal, and dementia is not A stage.
- the “early AD stage” refers to a state of impairment in memory impairment, disorientation, judgment and problem-solving ability, social and instrumental activities of daily living, and the cause is due to cognitive decline. It is a stage where there are no obstacles to basic daily life activities.
- the level of the biomarker of the present invention (that is, the blood flotilin level) in a blood sample derived from a subject is used as an index.
- level typically means “amount” or “concentration”.
- level is also used to indicate whether or not a molecule to be detected can be detected (ie, the presence or absence of an apparent presence) in accordance with common practice and common technical knowledge.
- the following steps (1) and (2) are performed.
- (1) A step of detecting the biomarker of the present invention in a blood sample
- (2) A step of determining the possibility of developing Alzheimer's disease or the presence or absence of Alzheimer's disease based on the detection result
- Step (1) a blood sample collected from the subject is prepared, and the biomarker of the present invention, that is, blood flotilin is detected. It is not essential to accurately quantify the level of blood furotirin. That is, it is only necessary to detect the level of blood furotilin to the extent that a desired determination can be made in the subsequent step (2). For example, the detection can be performed so that it can be determined whether or not the blood flotilin level in the sample exceeds a predetermined reference value.
- Serum, plasma, whole blood, etc. can be used as a blood sample.
- serum or plasma is used.
- Preparation of serum from whole blood may be performed by a conventional method (typically, clotting by standing at ordinary temperature and subsequent centrifugation). The same applies to the preparation of plasma (typically the addition of a coagulant and subsequent centrifugation).
- the subject is not particularly limited. That is, the present invention can be widely applied to those who need to determine the possibility of developing Alzheimer's disease or the presence or absence of Alzheimer's disease.
- a subject is a person who may develop or suffer from Alzheimer's disease. For example, those who have mild cognitive impairment, those who have genetic risk such as Alzheimer's disease in relatives, those who are suspected of developing or suffering from Alzheimer's disease by other tests, etc. It is a person.
- the method for detecting blood flotirin is not particularly limited, but preferably an immunological technique is used.
- blood flotilin can be detected quickly and with high sensitivity. Also, the operation is simple.
- a substance having a specific binding property to flotilin is used.
- an anti-flotilin antibody is usually used.
- any substance that has a specific binding property to flotirin and can measure the amount of the binding can be used without being limited to the anti-flotilin antibody.
- Flotillin has already been purified and identified, and an antibody exhibiting specific binding to furotirin can be prepared by a conventional method.
- Anti-flotilin antibodies are sold by various companies (for example, Flottilin-1 antibody, Flotillin-2 antibody, which are products of CST1 Japan Co., Ltd., Flotillin-1 antibody, Flotillin-2 antibody, Santa-Cruz® Biotechnology, which are products of Abcam. These commercially available anti-flotilin antibodies can also be used.
- the measurement method examples include latex agglutination method, fluorescence immunoassay method (FIA method), enzyme immunoassay method (EIA method), radioimmunoassay method (RIA method), and Western blot method.
- Preferable measurement methods include FIA method and EIA method (including ELISA method). According to these methods, it is possible to detect with high sensitivity, quick and simple.
- FIA method a fluorescently labeled antibody is used, and an antigen-antibody complex (immune complex) is detected using fluorescence as a signal.
- EIA method an enzyme-labeled antibody is used, and an immune complex is detected using color development or luminescence based on an enzyme reaction as a signal.
- Each measurement method can be performed by a standard protocol, but those skilled in the art can easily improve some of the conditions and procedures according to the detection purpose.
- the ELISA method has many advantages such as high detection sensitivity, high specificity, excellent quantitativeness, simple operation, and suitability for simultaneous processing of multiple samples.
- An example of a specific operation method when using the ELISA method is shown below.
- an anti-flotilin antibody is immobilized on an insoluble support. Specifically, for example, the surface of the microplate is sensitized (coated) with an anti-flotilin antibody. A blood sample is brought into contact with the antibody thus immobilized.
- an antigen (flotilin) against the immobilized anti-flotilin antibody is present in the blood sample, an immune complex is formed.
- an immune complex is labeled by adding an antibody conjugated with an enzyme, and then a color is developed by reacting the substrate of the enzyme. Then, immune complexes are detected using the color development amount as an index.
- a competitive method a method in which an antigen is added together with a specimen to cause competition
- a method of directly detecting furotilin in a specimen with a labeled antibody may be employed, or a sandwich method may be employed.
- sandwich method two types of antibodies having different epitopes (capture antibody and detection antibody) are used. Details of the ELISA method are described in many books and papers, and can be referred to when setting the experimental procedure and experimental conditions of each method.
- Step (2) based on the detection result in step (1), the possibility of onset of Alzheimer's disease or the presence or absence of Alzheimer's disease is determined. In order to enable accurate determination, it is preferable to perform the determination after comparing the detection value obtained in step (2) with the detection value of the control sample (control). For example, the biomarker level of a healthy person can be used for the control.
- the level of the biomarker of the present invention is low in AD patients and patients with mild cognitive impairment caused by AD. That is, the level of the biomarker of the present invention and the onset / morbidity of AD show a negative correlation. Therefore, basically, a low detection value of a biomarker is an indicator of a high possibility of developing Alzheimer's disease. The same applies to the determination of the presence or absence of the disease, and a low detection value of the biomarker is an indicator of having Alzheimer's disease.
- mild cognitive impairment is a state in which a part of cognitive function is recognized but there is no problem in daily life, and it is positioned as an intermediate stage between a healthy state and dementia.
- MCI is generally divided into mild cognitive impairment caused by AD (MCIADdue to AD) and mild cognitive impairment not caused by AD (MCI due to non-AD).
- MCI mild cognitive impairment
- MCI due to non-AD
- the determination of the presence or absence of Alzheimer's disease is that the subject's mild cognitive impairment is caused by AD (MCI (due to AD ), Or whether it is not caused by AD (MCI due to non-AD).
- test method of the present invention whether or not it is mild cognitive impairment caused by AD is determined based on an objective index, and early treatment is performed for a person who is determined to be mild cognitive impairment caused by AD Enable intervention.
- mild cognitive impairment early and appropriate treatment or prevention may improve symptoms or prevent or delay progression.
- the test method of the present invention provides an objective basis (validity) of early treatment intervention for mild cognitive impairment, has a significant significance from a preventive medical viewpoint, and contributes to the maximization of the therapeutic effect.
- the determination in step (2) may be qualitative, semi-quantitative, or quantitative. Examples of qualitative judgment and quantitative judgment are shown below.
- the number of determination categories, the level of biomarkers associated with each determination category, determination results, and the like can be arbitrarily set through preliminary experiments and the like without being limited to the following examples.
- the reference value and the cut-off value used for the determination may be set in consideration of, for example, the sample to be used and the required accuracy (reliability). In setting the reference value and the cut-off value, statistical analysis using a large number of samples may be used. It should be noted that the determination here can be automatically / mechanically performed without depending on the determination of a person having specialized knowledge such as a doctor or a laboratory technician, as is apparent from the determination criteria.
- Example 1 of qualitative determination when determining the likelihood of onset
- the detected value fluorin amount
- the possibility of developing AD is high
- the measured value is higher than the reference value
- Example 2 of qualitative determination when determining onset possibility When the reactivity is not recognized (negative), it is determined that “the possibility of developing AD is high”, and when the reactivity is confirmed (positive), it is determined that “the possibility of developing AD is low”.
- Example 1 of qualitative determination when determining the presence or absence of disease
- the detected value the amount of furotilin
- the measured value is higher than the reference value
- Example 2 of qualitative determination when determining the presence or absence of disease
- the reactivity is not recognized (negative), it is determined as “affected by AD”, and when the reactivity is confirmed (positive), it is determined as “not affected by AD”.
- Detection value ⁇ a the probability of developing AD is greater than 80% a ⁇ detection value ⁇ b: the probability of developing AD is 20% to 80% b ⁇ detection value: the possibility of developing AD is less than 20%
- it is divided into three stages, but the number of divisions can be arbitrarily set. Examples of the number of sections are 2 to 10, preferably 2 to 5.
- Detection value ⁇ a the possibility of having AD is greater than 80% a ⁇ detection value ⁇ b: the possibility of having AD 20% to 80% b ⁇ detection value: possibility of suffering from AD is less than 20%
- Detection value ⁇ a the possibility of having AD is greater than 80% a
- detection value ⁇ b the possibility of having AD 20% to 80% b
- detection value possibility of suffering from AD is less than 20%
- it is divided into three stages, but the number of divisions can be arbitrarily set. Examples of the number of sections are 2 to 10, preferably 2 to 5.
- a detection value at a certain time point is compared with a past detection value, and the presence or absence and / or degree of increase or decrease of the level of the biomarker is examined.
- the data regarding the level change of the biomarker obtained as a result is useful information for monitoring the possibility of the onset and the fluctuation of the presence or absence of disease, or for grasping the prevention / treatment effect. Specifically, for example, based on the fluctuation of the biomarker level, it can be determined that the possibility of onset has increased or decreased or has not changed between the previous test and the current test. If such an evaluation is performed in parallel with prevention or treatment, the effect of prevention or treatment can be confirmed, and signs of the onset and progress of AD can be grasped.
- the second embodiment of the test method of the present invention enables differentiation between Alzheimer's dementia and non-Alzheimer's dementia. That is, according to the test method of this aspect, for identifying whether the dementia that the test subject (typically a patient with dementia) suffers is Alzheimer's disease type dementia or other dementia An objective basis is shown. Specifically, according to the test method of the present invention, it is possible to obtain a determination result of “being Alzheimer-type dementia” or “dementia other than Alzheimer-type dementia” regarding the disease being affected. it can.
- the present invention can be used for differentiation from one or more specific dementias (dementia other than Alzheimer-type dementia).
- Alzheimer type dementia or “It is not Alzheimer type dementia but specific dementia”.
- specific dementia that is, dementia other than Alzheimer-type dementia, are cerebrovascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Therefore, in the test method of the present invention, for example, discrimination is made between Alzheimer type dementia and any one or more of these dementias.
- the level of the biomarker of the present invention (that is, blood flotilin level) in a blood sample derived from a subject is used as an index.
- the following step (1) And (2) are performed.
- (1) A step of detecting the biomarker of the present invention in a blood sample
- (2) A step of determining whether the disease to be affected is Alzheimer's disease based on the detection result
- step (1) can be carried out in the same manner as step (1) of the above aspect (AD early detection), the above description is used and redundant description is omitted.
- symptoms that can be said to be characteristic of AD eg, mild memory impairment
- Step (2) it is determined based on the detection result in step (1) whether or not the disease affected is AD. In order to enable accurate determination, it is preferable to perform the determination after comparing the detection value obtained in step (2) with the detection value of the control sample (control).
- controls include biomarker levels in AD patients (positive control), biomarker levels in patients with dementia other than AD (negative control), biomarker levels in patients with spinocerebellar degeneration, motor neuron disease, or multiple sclerosis (Negative control) can be used.
- the level of the biomarker of the present invention is low in AD patients. That is, the level of the biomarker of the present invention and AD morbidity have a negative correlation. Therefore, basically, a low biomarker detection value is an indicator of AD.
- Judgment may be any of qualitative, quantitative, and quantitative. Examples of qualitative judgment and quantitative judgment are shown below.
- the number of determination categories, the level of biomarkers associated with each determination category, determination results, and the like can be arbitrarily set through preliminary experiments and the like without being limited to the following examples.
- the reference value or cut-off value used for the determination may be set in consideration of, for example, the sample to be used, the object to be identified, and the required accuracy (reliability). In setting the reference value and the cut-off value, statistical analysis using a large number of samples may be used. It should be noted that the determination here can be automatically / mechanically performed without depending on the determination of a person having specialized knowledge such as a doctor or a laboratory technician, as is apparent from the determination criteria.
- the detected value (flotilin amount) is lower than the reference value, it is judged as “AD” or “highly likely to be AD”, and when the detected value is higher than the reference value, “dementia other than AD Yes ”or“ highly likely to have dementia other than AD ”.
- the detected value is higher than the reference value, it can also be determined that “it is not AD but specific dementia” or “it is not AD but likely to be specific dementia”.
- Detection value ⁇ a The possibility that AD is greater than 80% a
- Detection value ⁇ b The possibility that AD is 20% to 80% b
- detection value possibility of AD is less than 20%
- it is divided into three stages, but the number of divisions can be set arbitrarily. Examples of the number of sections are 2 to 10, preferably 2 to 5.
- Test Reagent and Test Kit The present invention further provides a test reagent and a test kit that can be used in the test method of the present invention.
- the reagent of the present invention comprises the biomarker of the present invention, that is, a substance having specific binding property to blood flotirin.
- a specific example of the substance is an anti-flotilin antibody, but a substance other than the anti-flotilin antibody can also be used as long as it exhibits specific binding to blood flotirin and can be used in the test method of the present invention.
- the type and origin of the anti-flotilin antibody is not particularly limited as long as it has a specific binding property to furotilin. Further, any of a polyclonal antibody, an oligoclonal antibody (a mixture of several to several tens of antibodies), and a monoclonal antibody may be used. As a polyclonal antibody or an oligoclonal antibody, an anti-serum-derived IgG fraction obtained by animal immunization, or an affinity-purified antibody using an antigen can be used.
- the anti-flotilin antibody may be an antibody fragment such as Fab, Fab ′, F (ab ′) 2 , scFv, or dsFv antibody.
- Anti-flotilin antibodies can be prepared using immunological techniques, phage display methods, ribosome display methods, and the like. Preparation of a polyclonal antibody by an immunological technique can be performed by the following procedure.
- An antigen (flotilin or a part thereof) is prepared and used to immunize animals such as rabbits.
- An antigen can be obtained by purifying a biological sample.
- a recombinant antigen can also be used.
- a recombinant antigen is prepared by, for example, introducing a gene encoding flotirin (which may be a part of the gene) into a suitable host using a vector and expressing the gene in the resulting recombinant cell. can do.
- an antigen to which a carrier protein is bound may be used.
- the carrier protein KLH (KeyholeHLimpet) Hemocyanin), BSA (Bovine Serum Albumin), OVA (Ovalbumin) and the like are used.
- the carbodiimide method, the glutaraldehyde method, the diazo condensation method, the MBS (maleimidobenzoyloxysuccinimide) method, etc. can be used for the coupling
- an antigen in which flotilin (or a part thereof) is expressed as a fusion protein with GST, ⁇ -galactosidase, maltose-binding protein, histidine (His) tag or the like can also be used.
- a fusion protein can be easily purified by a general method.
- Immunization is repeated as necessary, and blood is collected when the antibody titer has sufficiently increased, and serum is obtained by centrifugation or the like. The obtained antiserum is affinity purified to obtain a polyclonal antibody.
- monoclonal antibodies can be prepared by the following procedure. First, an immunization operation is performed in the same procedure as described above. Immunization is repeated as necessary, and antibody-producing cells are removed from the immunized animal when the antibody titer sufficiently increases. Next, the obtained antibody-producing cells and myeloma cells are fused to obtain a hybridoma. Subsequently, after this hybridoma is monoclonalized, a clone that produces an antibody having high specificity for furotilin is selected. The target antibody can be obtained by purifying the culture medium of the selected clone.
- the desired antibody can be obtained by growing the hybridoma to a desired number or more, then transplanting it into the abdominal cavity of an animal (for example, a mouse), growing it in ascites, and purifying the ascites.
- affinity chromatography using protein G, protein A or the like is preferably used.
- affinity chromatography in which an antigen (flotilin) is immobilized may be used.
- methods such as ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and centrifugation can also be used. These methods can be used alone or in any combination.
- a labeled antibody is used as the anti-flotilin antibody, the amount of bound antibody can be directly detected using the labeled amount as an index. Therefore, a simpler inspection method can be constructed.
- an indirect detection method such as a method using a secondary antibody to which a labeling substance is bound or a method using a polymer to which a secondary antibody and a labeling substance are bound.
- the secondary antibody here is an antibody having a specific binding property to an anti-flotilin antibody.
- an anti-flotilin antibody when prepared as a rabbit antibody, an anti-rabbit IgG antibody can be used.
- Labeled secondary antibodies that can be used against various types of antibodies such as rabbits, goats, and mice are commercially available (for example, Funakoshi Co., Ltd., Cosmo Bio Co., Ltd., etc.) and are appropriate for the reagents of the present invention. Can be appropriately selected and used.
- labeling substances include fluorescent dyes such as fluorescein, rhodamine, Texas red, oregon green, enzymes such as horseradish peroxidase, microperoxidase, alkaline phosphatase, ⁇ -D-galactosidase, chemical or bioluminescent compounds such as luminol and acridine dye , 32 P, 131 I, 125 I and the like, and biotin.
- fluorescent dyes such as fluorescein, rhodamine, Texas red, oregon green
- enzymes such as horseradish peroxidase, microperoxidase, alkaline phosphatase, ⁇ -D-galactosidase
- chemical or bioluminescent compounds such as luminol and acridine dye , 32 P, 131 I, 125 I and the like, and biotin.
- the reagent of the present invention is solid-phased according to its use.
- the insoluble support used for the solid phase is not particularly limited.
- a resin such as polystyrene resin, polycarbonate resin, silicon resin, nylon resin, or an insoluble support made of a water-insoluble substance such as glass can be used.
- the antibody can be supported on the insoluble support by physical adsorption or chemical adsorption.
- the test kit of the present invention contains the reagent of the present invention as a main component.
- Other reagents buffers, blocking reagents, enzyme substrates, coloring reagents, etc.
- devices or instruments used in performing the test method may be included in the kit.
- furotirin it is preferable to include furotirin as a standard sample in the kit.
- an instruction manual is attached to the kit of the present invention.
- the PVDF membrane was blocked with a skim milk solution and then incubated in a solution containing a primary antibody at 4 ° C. for 8 to 10 hours.
- Rabbit polyclonal anti-flotilin antibody (Sigma-Aldrich) was used as the primary antibody.
- a ⁇ 1-40 and A ⁇ 1-42 specific ELISA kit (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) was used.
- the PVDF membrane was washed with PBS-T solution to remove non-specifically bound primary antibody, and then incubated at room temperature for 1 hour with a solution in which the secondary antibody was dissolved.
- the plate was thoroughly washed with PBS-T, reacted with a color developing solution, and a furotilin band was detected with an image analyzer.
- the software installed in the image analyzer quantified the intensity of these bands to create a graph and statistical analysis.
- a ⁇ 1-40 and A ⁇ 1-42 concentrations of some cerebrospinal fluids were quantified with an ELISA kit.
- Flotillin levels in cerebrospinal fluid were significantly decreased in AD patients and mild dementia (MCI) due to AD patients compared to spinocerebellar degeneration and MCI due to non-AD, respectively ( FIG. 2 bottom).
- MCI mild dementia
- a decrease in A ⁇ 1-42 and an increase in phosphorylated tau were observed (upper row in FIG. 2), and the known markers also fluctuated. Confirmed that.
- flotirin (particularly its quantification) is useful as an early diagnostic marker in blood. Flotillin levels are not decreased in spinocerebellar degeneration and motor neuron diseases, and thus can be said to be useful for differentiation from other diseases. Furthermore, since the flotirin level is decreased (spinal fluid) by MCI-due to AD, it can be expected to be particularly useful for early diagnosis. If serum can be diagnosed, serum collection is relatively safe and simple, so it can be easily implemented from practitioners to general hospital doctors. It can be expected to be useful for early diagnosis and treatment. Moreover, since it can be used relatively inexpensively, it is advantageous in terms of cost and is expected to lead to a reduction in medical costs.
- Serum flotillin levels were also compared between healthy subjects, MCI patients with positive AD pathology (PET-positive MCI) on PET (positron emission tomography), and MCI patients with negative AD pathology on PET (PET-negative MCI). did.
- PET positive MCI group MCI +
- Serum furotirin levels were significantly lower in the PET positive MCI group (MCI +) than in the PET negative MCI group (MCI-).
- serum furotilin level is a marker highly specific for AD and extremely useful for early detection of AD.
- the present invention provides a biomarker useful for AD detection, diagnosis, differentiation and the like.
- the biomarker of the present invention consists of molecules found in blood.
- the inspection method using the biomarker is simple and non-invasive and has excellent practicality.
- the effects are limited after the onset of AD. It is desirable to start treatment as early as possible.
- the possibility of developing AD in the future can be determined at a stage before the onset of AD.
- the determination result is useful information for diagnosis of AD, and is useful for determining an earlier and appropriate treatment policy (selection of effective prevention method / treatment method, etc.).
- test result of the present invention it is possible to start treatment at an early stage, and it is possible to avoid or delay the onset of AD, or to reduce symptoms when it occurs.
- the test method of the present invention greatly contributes to the prevention / treatment of AD.
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Abstract
Description
以下の発明は主として以上の成果及び考察に基づく。
[1]血中フロチリンからなる、アルツハイマー病バイオマーカー。
[2][1]に記載のバイオマーカーのレベルを指標とした、アルツハイマー病の検査法。
[3]アルツハイマー病の早期検出のための検査法である、[2]に記載の検査法。
[4]以下のステップ(1)及び(2)を含む、[3]に記載の検査法:
(1)血液検体中の前記バイオマーカーを検出するステップ;
(2)検出結果に基づき、アルツハイマー病の発症可能性又はアルツハイマー病の罹患の有無を判定するステップ。
[5]アルツハイマー病の鑑別のための検査法である、[2]に記載の検査法。
[6]アルツハイマー型認知症以外の認知症との鑑別に用いられる、[5]に記載の検査法。
[7]アルツハイマー型認知症以外の認知症が、脳血管型認知症、レビー小体型認知症又は前頭側頭型認知症である、[6]に記載の検査法。
[8]以下のステップ(1)及び(2)を含む、[5]~[7]のいずれか一項に記載の検査法:
(1)血液検体中の前記バイオマーカーを検出するステップ;
(2)検出結果に基づき、罹患する疾患がアルツハイマー病であるか否かを判定するステップ。
[9]前記血液検体が血清又は血漿である、[4]又は[8]に記載の検査法。
[10][1]に記載のバイオマーカーに特異的結合性を有する物質からなる、アルツハイマー病検査試薬。
[11]前記物質が抗フロチリン抗体である、[10]に記載のアルツハイマー病検査試薬。
[12][10]又は[11]に記載のアルツハイマー病検査試薬を含む、アルツハイマー病検査キット。
本発明の第1の局面はアルツハイマー病バイオマーカーに関する。本明細書において「アルツハイマー病バイオマーカー」とは、アルツハイマー病(AD)の罹患ないし発症の指標となる生体分子のことをいう。本発明のバイオマーカーは、後述の通り、ADの早期検出及びADの鑑別に有用である。本発明のバイオマーカーは、例えば、ADを発症又は罹患している可能性/疑いがある者(被疑AD患者、潜在的AD患者)の検査に利用される。
本発明の第2の局面は本発明のバイオマーカーの用途に関し、アルツハイマー病(AD)の検査法(以下、「本発明の検査法」とも呼ぶ)を提供する。本発明の検査法は、ADの早期検出の手段として有用である。また、本発明の検査法は、ADを鑑別する手段としても有用である。本発明の検査法によれば、ADの発症可能性や罹患の有無、或いはADの鑑別を可能にする客観的根拠が提供される。本発明の検査法がもたらす情報(検査結果)は、バイオマーカー(生体分子)という客観的な指標に基づくものであり、それ自体でADの発症可能性の判定、評価を可能にするが、それを補助的に利用し、必要に応じてその他の指標も考慮して最終的な判断(典型的には確定診断)を行うことにしてもよい。
本発明の検査法の第1態様はADの早期検出を目的とし、ADを発症する前又は早期のADの段階でADを検出することを可能にする。即ち、本発明の検査法によれば、検査対象(典型的にはADの発症又は罹患の可能性がある者)が将来ADを発症する可能性又はAD罹患の有無を判断するための客観的根拠が示される。
(1)血液検体中の本発明のバイオマーカーを検出するステップ
(2)検出結果に基づき、アルツハイマー病の発症可能性又はアルツハイマー病の罹患の有無を判定するステップ
ステップ(1)では、被検者から採取された血液検体を用意し、本発明のバイオマーカー、即ち血中フロチリンを検出する。血中フロチリンのレベルを厳密に定量することは必須でない。即ち、後続のステップ(2)において所望の判定が可能となる程度に血中フロチリンのレベルを検出すればよい。例えば、検体中の血中フロチリンレベルが所定の基準値を超えるか否かが判別可能なように検出を行うこともできる。
ステップ(2)では、ステップ(1)の検出結果に基づき、アルツハイマー病の発症可能性又はアルツハイマー病の罹患の有無を判定する。精度のよい判定を可能にするため、ステップ(2)で得られた検出値を対照検体(コントロール)の検出値と比較した上で判定を行うとよい。コントロールには例えば、健常者のバイオマーカーレベルを用いることができる。
基準値よりも検出値(フロチリン量)が低いときに「AD発症の可能性が高い」と判定し、基準値よりも測定値が高いときに「AD発症の可能性が低い」と判定する。
(発症可能性を判定する場合の定性的判定の例2)
反応性が認められない(陰性の)ときに「AD発症の可能性が高い」と判定し、反応性が認められた(陽性の)ときに「AD発症の可能性が低い」と判定する。
基準値よりも検出値(フロチリン量)が低いときに「ADを罹患している」と判定し、基準値よりも測定値が高いときに「ADを罹患していない」と判定する。
(罹患の有無を判定する場合の定性的判定の例2)
反応性が認められない(陰性の)ときに「ADを罹患している」と判定し、反応性が認められた(陽性の)ときに「ADを罹患していない」と判定する。
以下に示すように検出値の範囲毎に発症可能性(%)を予め設定しておき、検出値から発症可能性(%)を判定する。
検出値<a:ADを発症する可能性は80%より大きい
a≦検出値<b:ADを発症する可能性は20%~80%
b<検出値:ADを発症する可能性は20%未満
この例では3段階に区分したが、区分数は任意に設定できる。区分数の例は2~10、好ましくは2~5である。
以下に示すように検出値の範囲毎に罹患している可能性(%)を予め設定しておき、検出値から罹患している可能性(%)を判定する。
検出値<a:ADを罹患している可能性は80%より大きい
a≦検出値<b:ADを罹患している可能性は20%~80%
b<検出値:ADを罹患している可能性は20%未満
この例では3段階に区分したが、区分数は任意に設定できる。区分数の例は2~10、好ましくは2~5である。
本発明の検査法の第2態様は、アルツハイマー型認知症と非アルツハイマー型認知症との鑑別を可能にする。即ち、この態様の検査法によれば、検査対象(典型的には認知症患者)が罹患している認知症がアルツハイマー病型認知症又はそれ以外の認知症のいずれであるかを見分けるための客観的根拠が示される。具体的には、本発明の検査法によれば、罹患している疾患に関して、「アルツハイマー型認知症である」又は「アルツハイマー型認知症以外の認知症である」との判定結果を得ることができる。一つ又は二つ以上の特定の認知症(アルツハイマー型認知症以外の認知症)との鑑別に本発明を利用することができる。その場合には、例えば、「アルツハイマー型認知症である」又は「アルツハイマー型認知症ではなく、特定の認知症である」と判定する。ここでの特定の認知症、即ち、アルツハイマー型認知症以外の認知症の具体例は、脳血管型認知症、レビー小体型認知症及び前頭側頭型認知症である。従って、本発明の検査法では、例えば、アルツハイマー型認知症とこれらの認知症の中のいずれか又は二以上との間で鑑別されることになる。
(1)血液検体中の本発明のバイオマーカーを検出するステップ
(2)検出結果に基づき、罹患する疾患がアルツハイマー病であるか否かを判定するステップ
ステップ(2)では、ステップ(1)の検出結果に基づき、罹患する疾患がADであるか否かを判定する。精度のよい判定を可能にするため、ステップ(2)で得られた検出値を対照検体(コントロール)の検出値と比較した上で判定を行うとよい。コントロールには例えば、AD患者のバイオマーカーレベル(陽性コントロール)、AD以外の認知症患者のバイオマーカーレベル(陰性コントロール)、脊髄小脳変性症、運動ニューロン疾患又は多発性硬化症の患者のバイオマーカーレベル(陰性コントロール)を用いることができる。
基準値よりも検出値(フロチリン量)が低いときに「ADである」又は「ADである可能性が高い」と判定し、基準値よりも検出値が高いときに「AD以外の認知症である」又は「AD以外の認知症である可能性が高い」と判定する。基準値よりも検出値が高いときに「ADではなく、特定の認知症である」又は「ADではなく、特定の認知症である可能性が高い」との判定を行うこともできる。
以下に示すように検出値の範囲毎に「ADである可能性(%)」を予め設定しておき、検出値から「ADである可能性(%)」を判定する。
検出値<a:ADである可能性は80%より大きい
a≦検出値<b:ADである可能性は20%~80%
b<検出値:ADである可能性は20%未満
この例では3段階に区分したが、区分数は任意に設定できる。区分数の例は2~10、好ましくは2~5である。
本発明は更に、本発明の検査法に使用することが可能な検査試薬及び検査キットを提供する。本発明の試薬は、本発明のバイオマーカー、即ち血中フロチリンに特異的結合性を有する物質からなる。当該物質の具体例は抗フロチリン抗体であるが、血中フロチリンに特異的結合性を示し、本発明の検査法に利用可能であれば、抗フロチリン抗体以外の物質を用いることも可能である。
本発明者らの研究グループは、先の基礎研究から、Aβ1-42を処理した細胞では、エクソソームの分泌が著しく低下するという現象を発見した(非特許文献1)。アルツハイマー病脳内ではAβレベルが著しく高いことから、エクソソームの分泌レベルも低下している可能性がある。そこで、エクソソームのマーカーとして利用されているフロチリンのレベルを、患者サンプルを用いて解析することにした。
解析対象としたのは下記のサンプルである。これらの解析に当たっては、名古屋市立大学、大分大学及び福祉村病院の倫理審査委員会の承認を受けた。
(i)剖検でアルツハイマー病(AD)と診断された人の脳室液、及び同様に非ADと診断された人の脳室液(-80度Cで凍結保存)
(ii)臨床診断(アミロイドPET検査を施行)でADと診断された人の脳脊髄液、及び同様に脊髄小脳変性症と診断された人の脳脊髄液(-80℃で凍結保存)
(iii)臨床診断(アミロイドPET検査を施行)でアミロイド沈着陽性であった軽度認知障害(MCI due to Alzheimer’s disease (AD))の人の脳脊髄液、及び同様にアミロイド沈着陰性であった軽度認知障害(MCI-due to non-AD)の人の脳脊髄液(-80℃で凍結保存)
(iv)臨床診断(アミロイドPET検査を施行)でADと診断された人の血清、及び同様に運動ニューロン疾患と診断された人の血清(-80℃で凍結保存)
ADの剖検脳の脳室液及び脳脊髄液におけるエクソソームレベルを、エクソソームマーカーであるフロチリンレベルで評価するため、ウエスタンブロット解析を行った。その結果、非AD患者に比べ、剖検でADと確定診断された患者では、脳室液のフロチリンレベルが著しく低下していた(図1)。
今回の検討で明らかになった上記の事実は、血液における早期診断マーカーとしてフロチリン(特にその定量)が有用であることを示す。また、フロチリンレベルは脊髄小脳変性症や運動ニューロン疾患では低下していないことから、他の疾患との鑑別にも有用であるといえる。更に、MCI-due to ADでフロチリンレベルが低下(髄液)していることから、早期診断に特に有用であると期待できる。血清で診断できるとなれば、血清の採取は比較的安全で簡便であることから、開業医から一般病院の医師まで、容易に実施可能と考えられ、早期の診断薬ないし診断キットとして広く普及し、早期診断及び治療に役立つことを期待できる。また、比較的安価に利用できることから、費用面でも有利であり、医療費の削減にもつながると期待される。
フロチリンがADと他の疾患の鑑別に有用であることを臨床検体を用いて検証した。脳血管性認知症患者(VD)と比べ、AD患者(AD)では血清フロチリンレベルが有意に低いことが示された(図4左)。尚、癌患者(Ca)との間においても、同様の傾向を認めた(図4右)。
Claims (12)
- 血中フロチリンからなる、アルツハイマー病バイオマーカー。
- 請求項1に記載のバイオマーカーのレベルを指標とした、アルツハイマー病の検査法。
- アルツハイマー病の早期検出のための検査法である、請求項2に記載の検査法。
- 以下のステップ(1)及び(2)を含む、請求項3に記載の検査法:
(1)血液検体中の前記バイオマーカーを検出するステップ;
(2)検出結果に基づき、アルツハイマー病の発症可能性又はアルツハイマー病の罹患の有無を判定するステップ。 - アルツハイマー病の鑑別のための検査法である、請求項2に記載の検査法。
- アルツハイマー型認知症以外の認知症との鑑別に用いられる、請求項5に記載の検査法。
- アルツハイマー型認知症以外の認知症が、脳血管型認知症、レビー小体型認知症又は前頭側頭型認知症である、請求項6に記載の検査法。
- 以下のステップ(1)及び(2)を含む、請求項5~7のいずれか一項に記載の検査法:
(1)血液検体中の前記バイオマーカーを検出するステップ;
(2)検出結果に基づき、罹患する疾患がアルツハイマー病であるか否かを判定するステップ。 - 前記血液検体が血清又は血漿である、請求項4又は8に記載の検査法。
- 請求項1に記載のバイオマーカーに特異的結合性を有する物質からなる、アルツハイマー病検査試薬。
- 前記物質が抗フロチリン抗体である、請求項10に記載のアルツハイマー病検査試薬。
- 請求項10又は11に記載のアルツハイマー病検査試薬を含む、アルツハイマー病検査キット。
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| JP2022196101A JP7457337B2 (ja) | 2017-05-31 | 2022-12-08 | アルツハイマー病バイオマーカー |
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Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109825571A (zh) * | 2019-03-04 | 2019-05-31 | 中国科学院昆明动物研究所 | 抑郁症检测生物标记物及其试剂盒 |
| JP2021060289A (ja) * | 2019-10-07 | 2021-04-15 | 公立大学法人名古屋市立大学 | 細胞内コレステロールレベルに関連する疾患の、診断用マーカー、診断を補助する方法、診断のためにデータを収集する方法、罹患可能性を評価する方法、及び診断用キット |
| CN113567682A (zh) * | 2021-07-23 | 2021-10-29 | 成都益安博生物技术有限公司 | 一种阿尔茨海默病的外周血tcr标志物及其检测试剂盒和应用 |
| JPWO2022250009A1 (ja) * | 2021-05-26 | 2022-12-01 | ||
| WO2023058627A1 (ja) * | 2021-10-04 | 2023-04-13 | 国立大学法人北海道大学 | 認知症の検査方法 |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN112858697B (zh) * | 2021-03-29 | 2024-03-01 | 鲁东大学 | ALG-2-interacting protein X在制备分子标志物中的应用 |
| CN118028445A (zh) * | 2022-11-03 | 2024-05-14 | 深圳先进技术研究院 | 一种基于肠道菌群的阿尔茨海默病生物标志物及其应用 |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109825571A (zh) * | 2019-03-04 | 2019-05-31 | 中国科学院昆明动物研究所 | 抑郁症检测生物标记物及其试剂盒 |
| JP2021060289A (ja) * | 2019-10-07 | 2021-04-15 | 公立大学法人名古屋市立大学 | 細胞内コレステロールレベルに関連する疾患の、診断用マーカー、診断を補助する方法、診断のためにデータを収集する方法、罹患可能性を評価する方法、及び診断用キット |
| JP7280610B2 (ja) | 2019-10-07 | 2023-05-24 | 公立大学法人名古屋市立大学 | 細胞内コレステロールレベルに関連する疾患の、診断用マーカー、診断を補助する方法、診断のためにデータを収集する方法、罹患可能性を評価する方法、及び診断用キット |
| JPWO2022250009A1 (ja) * | 2021-05-26 | 2022-12-01 | ||
| WO2022250009A1 (ja) * | 2021-05-26 | 2022-12-01 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | レビー小体病とアルツハイマー病の鑑別を補助する方法、バイオマーカー、及び試薬キット |
| JP7825208B2 (ja) | 2021-05-26 | 2026-03-06 | 富士フイルム和光純薬株式会社 | レビー小体病とアルツハイマー病の鑑別を補助する方法、バイオマーカー、及び試薬キット |
| CN113567682A (zh) * | 2021-07-23 | 2021-10-29 | 成都益安博生物技术有限公司 | 一种阿尔茨海默病的外周血tcr标志物及其检测试剂盒和应用 |
| WO2023058627A1 (ja) * | 2021-10-04 | 2023-04-13 | 国立大学法人北海道大学 | 認知症の検査方法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP3633372A4 (en) | 2021-03-24 |
| JP7457337B2 (ja) | 2024-03-28 |
| JP2023027210A (ja) | 2023-03-01 |
| JP2023024532A (ja) | 2023-02-16 |
| US20200150133A1 (en) | 2020-05-14 |
| JP7197864B2 (ja) | 2022-12-28 |
| EP3633372A1 (en) | 2020-04-08 |
| JPWO2018221212A1 (ja) | 2020-04-02 |
| JP7492711B2 (ja) | 2024-05-30 |
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