WO2019140247A2 - Système de transactions à chaîne de blocs régionales ou nationales à partenaires multiples - Google Patents

Système de transactions à chaîne de blocs régionales ou nationales à partenaires multiples Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2019140247A2
WO2019140247A2 PCT/US2019/013272 US2019013272W WO2019140247A2 WO 2019140247 A2 WO2019140247 A2 WO 2019140247A2 US 2019013272 W US2019013272 W US 2019013272W WO 2019140247 A2 WO2019140247 A2 WO 2019140247A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
private network
transactions
blockchain
network
participating
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
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PCT/US2019/013272
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English (en)
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WO2019140247A3 (fr
Inventor
Dan Kikinis
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Individual
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Individual
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Priority claimed from US16/208,853 external-priority patent/US10552556B2/en
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Publication of WO2019140247A2 publication Critical patent/WO2019140247A2/fr
Publication of WO2019140247A3 publication Critical patent/WO2019140247A3/fr
Priority to US16/660,695 priority Critical patent/US20200065794A1/en
Priority to PCT/US2019/057735 priority patent/WO2020086770A1/fr
Priority to US16/696,352 priority patent/US20200099512A1/en
Priority to US16/747,429 priority patent/US20200153793A1/en
Priority to US16/747,982 priority patent/US10997551B2/en
Priority to US16/748,213 priority patent/US11403627B2/en
Priority to US16/796,159 priority patent/US11042804B2/en
Priority to US16/862,419 priority patent/US11475420B2/en
Priority to US16/875,595 priority patent/US11410163B2/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Priority to US16/933,883 priority patent/US20210073804A1/en
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/50—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols using hash chains, e.g. blockchains or hash trees
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q40/00—Finance; Insurance; Tax strategies; Processing of corporate or income taxes
    • G06Q40/02—Banking, e.g. interest calculation or account maintenance
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L63/00—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
    • H04L63/10—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for controlling access to devices or network resources
    • H04L63/105—Multiple levels of security
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L63/00—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
    • H04L63/10—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for controlling access to devices or network resources
    • H04L63/107—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for controlling access to devices or network resources wherein the security policies are location-dependent, e.g. entities privileges depend on current location or allowing specific operations only from locally connected terminals
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/32—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials
    • H04L9/3236—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials using cryptographic hash functions
    • H04L9/3239—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials using cryptographic hash functions involving non-keyed hash functions, e.g. modification detection codes [MDCs], MD5, SHA or RIPEMD
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/32—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials
    • H04L9/3263—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials involving certificates, e.g. public key certificate [PKC] or attribute certificate [AC]; Public key infrastructure [PKI] arrangements
    • H04L9/3268—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials involving certificates, e.g. public key certificate [PKC] or attribute certificate [AC]; Public key infrastructure [PKI] arrangements using certificate validation, registration, distribution or revocation, e.g. certificate revocation list [CRL]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L2209/00—Additional information or applications relating to cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communication H04L9/00
    • H04L2209/56—Financial cryptography, e.g. electronic payment or e-cash

Definitions

  • the disclosure relates to tire field of computer databases and more particularly to the field of distributed network databases.
  • Blockchain is the name given to a new type of database that is distributed, unmanaged, secure, and publicly viewable.
  • Blockchain databases differ from traditional databases in several respects. First, traditional databases must be managed, and typically have a single managing authority that has authorization to make changes to the database.
  • Blockchain databases are unmanaged, meaning that there is no single managing authority, and changes to the database are done by consensus of computers that validate new entries in the database.
  • Second, traditional databases are typically closed to public view, primarily because they are managed and usually held by a single managing authority. As a result, information contained in a traditional database can be held in secret, provided that appropriate security measures are in place.
  • Blockchain databases are by their nature open to public view. In fact, it is this very public availability that is one of the defining characteristics of a blockchain database. The fact that they are open to public view allows them to be managed by consensus about the validity of new entries (even where the identities of the participants in the entry are not disclosed).
  • Blockchain databases grow larger in size as they sire used, making the processing times for adding new-' entries longer and longer. With currently-existing blockchain databases, the processing time for adding new transactions can be half an hour, or more, which creates substantial problems in some applications. There exist some ideas for scaling blockchain databases to improve their performance, but there is currently no system for performance testing such of such scaling.
  • One of the problems in digital currency systems is how to control those systems in a country or regional currency, and, more in particular, how to bootstrap a system in such a way that it can be“taken over” in a friendly way by the government of that country or region, without any disruption or problems at all.
  • a system for multi-partner regional or national biockchain transaction system comprising: a first private network of nodes configured to process biockchain transactions; wherein each node of the first private network is operated by a financial institution; wherein each financial institution in participating in the first private network operates at least one node in the network; and wherein the first private network is configured to process regional or national transactions on behalf of customers of the financial institutions participating in the first private network using a biockchain on the first private network, is disclosed.
  • a method for operating a multi-partner regional or national biockchain transaction system comprising the steps of: operating, at a financial institution, a node configured to process biockchain transactions; participating, as a financial institution, in a first private network of nodes, each configured to process biockchain transactions; and processing regional or national transactions on behalf of customers of the financial institutions participating in the first private network using a biockchain on the first private network.
  • a plurality of the financial institutions participating in the first private network also participate in a second private network, wherein the second private network is configured to process international transactions on behalf of customers of the financial institutions participating in the second private network using a biockchain on the second private network.
  • a plurality of the financial institutions participating the private network also participate in a third private network, wherein the third private network is configured to process transactions between the banks participating in the third private network using a biockchain on the third private network,
  • a supervisory financial institution or governmental agency is a participant in the first private network, and operates at least one node in the first private network that is configured to allow the supervisory financial institution or governmental agency to control the operation of the first private network either pursuant to a contractual arrangement with the financial institutions participating in the first private network or pursuant to a governmental law or regulation.
  • one of the financial institutions participating in the first private network holds a master security certificate that controls operation of the first private network.
  • the financial institution holding the master security certificate transfers the master security certificate to the supervisory financial institution or governmental agency.
  • a computing device that is not a node of the first private network is allowed access to the first private network for purposes of auditing the transactions in the first private network.
  • the master security certificate is configured to allow the financial institution holding the master security certificate to assign different levels of access rights to computing devices that are not nodes in the first private network for purposes of auditing the transactions in the first private network. Of the vaiious participating financial institutions
  • Fig. 1 is a diagram illustrating the operation of existing
  • Fig. 2 (PRIOR ART) is a diagram illustrating the operation of existing
  • Fig. 3 is a diagram showing an exemplary system overview of a multi tiered blockchain database.
  • Fig. 4 is a diagram showing an exemplary technical improvement to blockchain databases; demarcated block sections.
  • Fig. 5 is a diagram showing an exemplary technical improvement to h!ockchain databases: extended address space.
  • FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing an exemplary software architecture overview for a multi-tiered blockchain database.
  • Fig. 7 is a block diagram showing an aspect of an exemplary software architecture for a multi-tiered blockchain database, a contract manager.
  • FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing an aspect of an exemplary software architecture for a multi-tiered blockchain database, a blockchain engine.
  • FIG. 9 is a block diagram showing an aspect of an exemplary software architecture for a multi-tiered blockchain database, a local currency manager.
  • Fig. 10 is a diagram showing an exemplary method for a multi-tiered blockchain database system.
  • FIG. 11 is a Hove diagram showing an exemplary ⁇ method for conducting transactions using a multi-tiered blockchain database.
  • Fig. 12 is a diagram showing an exemplary ⁇ conceptual framework for a multi-tiered cryp to curr en eye
  • Fig. 13 is a diagram showing an exemplary technical improvement to blockchain technology for use with cryptocurrencies: single use tokens,
  • Fig. 14 is a diagram showing an exemplary fee and revenue structure for a multi tiered cryptocurrency
  • Fig. 15 shows an overview of an exemplary embodiment of a high-performance scalability test system.
  • Fig. 16 shows an exemplary computer screen layout for operation of the testing system.
  • FIG. 17 shows an exemplary testing system limited to a particular region, according to one aspect of the system and method disclosed herein.
  • Fig. 18 shows exemplary testing phases (stages) for testing of a divided blockehain database.
  • FIG. 19 shows a simplified version of an exemplary typical in country network, according to a preferred embodiment of the system disclosed herein.
  • Fig. 20 shows an additional exemplary network, according to one aspect of die system disclosed herein.
  • Fig. 21 illustrates a method for operating an exemplary typical in-country network, according to a preferred embodiment of the method disclosed herein.
  • Fig. 22 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary hardware architecture of a computing device.
  • Fig. 23 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary logical architecture for a client device.
  • Fig. 24 is a block diagram showing an exemplary architectural arrangement of clients, servers, and external services.
  • Fig. 25 is another block diagram illustrating an exemplary' hardware architecture of a computing device.
  • banks linked in a private network may participate in transactions made on behalf of their retail customers on a retail-oriented blockehain.
  • a supervisory' financial institution or agency ' may participate in this private network, so that in certain cases this supervisory party ' may exert its supervisory' power under a contractual agreement.
  • These banks may also participate in a second private network for blockehain transactions, which network may' be used for interbank and international transactions.
  • a preferred internet provider may be connected to the banks’ private network.
  • This provider may hold the master security certificate for operating the private network, or it may' transfer the master security certificate to the supervisory financial institution or agency, thus making the recipient of the master certificate the future provider of the master security certificate.
  • a non- transacting auditor may also connect to the private network.
  • the holder of the master key may be located in the private network, linked with its own computing device on the b!ockehain, enabling auditors to have various levels of access rights, including but not limited to section-limited, read-only limited, time- or time-period limited, etc. access to the blockchain via certificate and network access for audit and review purposes under a contractual agreement.
  • “Artificial intelligence” or“AF as used herein means a computer system or component that has been programmed in such a way that it mimics some aspect or aspects of cognitive functions that humans associate with human intelligence, such as learning, problem solving, and decision-making.
  • Examples of current AI technologies include understanding human speech, competing successfully in strategic games such as chess and Go, autonomous operation of vehicles, complex simulations, and interpretation of complex data such as images and video.
  • Cryptocurrency includes not only its classic meaning but can also mean a representation of value in digitized form, secured hy encryption, which may be transferred to others or exchanged with others for goods and services.
  • Cryptocurrencies are typically not associated with a governmental authority, although it would be possible for a governmental authority to issue one.
  • the definition of a cryptocurrency does not necessarily require distributed, unmanaged tracking and processing, although all major cryptocurrencies currently in use are so defined.
  • Cryptocurrencies are often referred to a digital currencies or virtual currencies, and the valuation associated with cryptocurrencies is often referred to as coins or tokens, with fractional parts of a coin or token typically being allowed to be transferred or utilized.
  • “Divided blockchain” as used herein means a blockchain that has been divided into parts such as by sharding, dividing, sectioning, demarcating, tiering, compartmentalizing, segmenting, or otherwise. Sharding is one method of creating divided blockchains.
  • “Financial institution” means a company engaged in the business of dealing with financial and monetary transactions, such as deposits, loans, investments and currency exchange. Financial institutions encompass a broad range of business operations within the financial services sector, including banks, trust companies, insurance companies, brokerage firms and investment dealers.
  • “Functional area” as used herein means any industry, grouping, association, political region (for example special economic zone), type of work, or oilier field of human endeavor, which may or may not correspond to a geographical area.
  • Geographical area as used herein is used in its common meaning as any demarcated area of the Earth. Geographical areas are often, but not always, defined by agreed-upon borders such as between countries, states, counties, and cities.
  • Machine learning as used herein is an aspect of artificial intelligence in which the computer system or component can modif its behavior or understanding without being explicitly programmed to do so.
  • Machine learning algorithms develop models of behavior or understanding based on information fed to them as training sets, and can modify those models based on new incoming information.
  • Mine or“mining” as used herein mean incentivizing nodes to provide computer processing power to validate transactions by generating a small additional portion of the valuation associated with a blocked ain database for each successful entry validation in that database, and giving that small portion to a node or nodes that perform(s) the successful entry validation.
  • Node as used herein means any one of a plurality of computers that validate transactions in the blockchain database as part of a peer-to-peer network.
  • Partner as used herein means one of a plurality of participants in a multi-partner biockehain transaction system.
  • a partner will typically be a financial institution or other business entity, but the usage of the term“partner” is not limited to those cases, and may include individuals or other non-business entities.
  • Primaryvate network means any connection of a plurality of computing devices such that they are enabled communicate with each other in a secure fashion.
  • a private network may ⁇ be a physical private network fi.e., a direct or hardwired connection) or a virtual private network fi.e., a network that uses encryption to establish secure communications over an otherwise non-private connection).
  • “Proof of stake” or“PoS” as used herein means placing at stake a portion of a node’s holdings in a cryptocurrency as evidence of that node’s trustworthiness to validate transactions on a shard of a blockchain. Upon successfully validating a transaction, the staker may earn part or whole of the transaction fees. The larger the holdings a node places at stake and the longer tire duration of the stake, the higher is the number of transactions the node gets to validate.
  • each node only has information about the blockchain for a shard in which it participates, so proof of work as a means for proriding trust and security can’t be used. Using PoS for sharded blockchains allows for scalability and speed of performance of blockchain transactions.
  • PoW “Proof of work” or“PoW” as used herein means solving of a complex mathematical operation such as a cryptographical puzzle which serves as validation of a potential block in the blockchain.
  • PoW requires broadcasting of tire potential block to every node in the network and competition among the nodes to complete the PoW first. This requires every node to have the entire information on the blockchain.
  • the blockchain grows, with more users and a higher number of transactions, there is increasing load on each node. Participation of every participating node in transaction validation makes the transaction process slower.
  • Real currency (aka fiat money) as used herein means the official currency of a country, region, or other globally-recognized governmental entity.
  • U.S. dollar is the official currency of the country of the United States of America
  • Euro is the official currency of the region of the European Union
  • “Shard” as used herein mean a part of a blockchain upon which a subset of nodes in the network maintain and validate that part of the blockchain.
  • “Sharding” as used herein means a method of increasing scalability of processing of blockchain transactions comprising the division of a blockchain into separate parts, or shards, so that every node validating the blockchain does not need to have a copy of the entire blockchain, and so that validations do not need to be sent to every node in the network.
  • the blockchain is divided into separate parts, and each node will only have a portion of the blockchain (the shard with which it is associated). Nodes associated with a shard maintain information only on that shard in a shared manner so that, within a shard, the decentralization is still maintained.
  • Sub-divided blockchain as used herein means a portion of a divided blockchain that has been further divided into parts such as by sharding, dividing, sectioning, demarcating, tiering, compartmentalizing, segmenting, or otherwise.
  • Sharding is one method of creating sub-divided blockchains.
  • Supervisory financial institution or“supervisory bank” means any financial institution that is empowered to oversee the operations of any other financial institution, whether such empowerment is contractual or regulatory in nature.
  • Unmanaged, distributed network, transactional databases can be used to facilitate transactions in a manner that was previously not possible: they allow' transactions between users without any form of centralized authority that has control over those transactions.
  • the keys to this new' technology are encryption, which allows security ' of tire transaction, and distributed public confirmation, which allows trust in the validity of the transaction.
  • There are innumerable uses for this new technology such as transferring money ' , creating auto mafic ally ' - executing contracts, forming and automatically' executing escrow transactions, etc.
  • any asset that can be represented in digital form can be transferred or exchanged using blockchain databases.
  • Cybercurrencies as they currently exist, are monolithic, which is to say that they are global, single-tier, single-unit currencies. They are global in the sense that there are no regional restrictions on transactions.
  • They are single-tier in the sense that there are no higher or lower tiers of cybercurrency within the same system for which they can be traded or exchanged.
  • They are single-unit in that there is a denominated unit (often referred to as a“coin” or“token”) which is the unit of value for all transactions. Fractions of a denominated unit may be transferred, but the denominated unit never changes.
  • tire processing time for transactions can half an hour, or more. This is the time required to reach a critical number of confirmations for validation of the transaction in the peer-to-peer network that manages the blockchain.
  • the longer die cybercurrency is in operation the larger the blockchain grows, and the longer the latency becomes between tire initiation of a transaction and its finalization.
  • the multi-tiered blockchain database system can be used to improve the viability of small value cybercurrency transactions.
  • the improvement involves creating multiple tiers within the cybercurrency with characteristics that reduce the latency between the initiation and finalization of transactions, such that waiting times and risk of value fluctuation for both the buyer and seller are reduced to acceptable levels for small value transactions.
  • a cybercurrency system may be enhanced to reduce these latencies by including one or more tiers in which transactions are limited to those of a lesser denomination, with a limited number of ledger transacting nodes and a limited number of gateways interacting between the general area of unlimited currency and ihe demarcated area.
  • the tiers may represent different tiers of currency may be issued, and exchanges of cybercurrency among the tiers may be allowed.
  • the tiers may be limited to a certain geographical region, where the cybercurrency in that section may be traded at a fixed rate to another currency in the same area, which may be a real currency rather on a major cryptocurrency.
  • a central issuer, or bank, with a reserve may be allowed stabilize the cybercurrency or to tie the value of the cybercurrency to the local real currency.
  • so called“mixer wallets” containing more than one cryptocurrency may be blocked or confiscated to avoid misuse of funds for illegitimate purposes.
  • lower tiers of cryptocurrency would be restricted in in a number of ways.
  • Lower tiers of cryptocurrency would be allowed to handle only fractional currency, that is, currency that is a fraction of a whole currency unit, usually equivalent to coins.
  • the machines that process transactions in lower tiers of cryptocurrency could process only in their own region, and only fractional transactions.
  • no currency mining could occur, because no mining is allowed in these lower tier currencies. If a user wants to change the between tiers, the currency would be reserved via gateways and blocked into the ledger in the main region and transferred into tire lower region and made available as fractional currency.
  • the local fractional currency could be, for example, bound to a local physical currency such as, for example, the U.S. dollar or the Euro, rather than to a cybercurrency such as Bitcoin or Ether, so there might be a local master currency available, issued by the conversion gateway, which would be paid for by currency in the upper domain and then actually converted by the gateways into a local physical currency.
  • Those gateways might act as central banks, rather than as gateways, issuing a fractional currency only. Thus, the transactions may be made faster and less vulnerable to currency fluctuations.
  • the ledgers may be split hy years, with tire current ledgers containing only transaction for the current year or two, and all previous transactions kept in archived ledgers, accessed only' if a user has a wallet with tin old balance. In such a case, as soon as the user wants to use the old balance, the wallet is retrieved from the archive, updated, and removed from the archive. Thus, archived wallets may take a little longer to transact, but current wallets are much faster, because the ledger Is kept current only in the ledger currency. Because the ledgers are regionalized, they can be much smaller and thus process transactions much more quickly.
  • a program or an AI module in the system can take at least one of several countermeasures; a) it can change exchange rate to reduce outflow, b) it can offer an interest for delaying a conversion, or c) it makes a cash call on certain members of a reserve group to allow a larger reserve to be built up quickly and thus maintain liquidity.
  • This process can be triggered in an automated way by software and or an AI supervisory module (not shown) running as part of the management software of the system on at least one of the servers or as part of the EVM system (or similar) or both.
  • enhancements to existing blockchain technology may be used to reduce the latency associated with current cryptocurrency systems.
  • the blockchains used as transaction ledgers axe never retired or archived, leading to increasingly-long block chains, and slow processing times in the peer-to-peer network, and increasing latencies.
  • TWO methods in particular, may be used to retire or archive older portions of the blockchain, leaving a shorter blockchain as the active portion, and reducing latency times.
  • a section closing method may be used wherein an entire blockchain for a certain period (for example, the previous year, as in year-end closing in accounting) is reconciled, the balances of each account (e.g., wallet) are moved to a new, shorter blockchain, and the old blockchain is archived.
  • an asynchronous closing method may be used wherein the old blockchain is kept open, but archived.
  • a ne blockchain is created, but account balances are not automatically transferred.
  • an activity involves an entry in the old blockchain, that particular entry is consolidated and closed out from the old blockchain, and is transferred to the new blockchain. In this manner, the old blockchain will gradually be fully consolidated and closed out.
  • a multi-tiered blockchain database may be used to implement a cryptocurrency system.
  • Such an implementation may include one or more demarcated sections, or areas, in which transactions are limited to those of a lesser denomination, with a limited number of ledger transacting nodes and a limited number of gateways interacting between the general area of unlimited currency and the demarcated area.
  • Such areas may have a limited-time active ledger, and older transactions are moved to an archive to speed up new transactions. In such cases, old wallet entries are then transferred at the time of use to a new section of a new ledger. Also, in that demarcated area, mining could be restricted.
  • a central issuer, or bank, with a reserve may stabilize the currency, and currency in this area may be traded at a fixed rate to another currency in the same area, which may be a real currency rather on a major cryptocurrency. Additionally, in such areas, so called mixer wallets may be blocked or confiscated to avoid misuse of funds for illegitimate purposes.
  • the implementation will include a number of standardized smart contracts to provide baseline support of some key functionality including coupons, timed escrow (pay after N days), key-based escrow, and other related functions. Providing a set of standardized smart contracts will mitigate the problem of an exploding world of poorly- written smart contracts in the same way careful design and engineering is required to effectively use stored procedures in modern databases.
  • support may be included for anonymous messaging in the block chain.
  • Such messaging may be used to send basic messages between both parties as well as instructions to smart contracts.
  • Such messages would be limited to text fields only, so as to eliminate a potential security hole where links and code (such as JavaScript) could be incorporated in messages for nefarious purposes.
  • the wallets established for holding, tracking, and transferring valuation associated with entries in a blockchain database may be restricted to holding or tracking only valuation associated with a certain tier or tiers, a certain functional area or areas, a certain geographic area or areas, or any combination of these restrictions. In oilier embodiments, there may be no such restriction, and wallets would be allowed to hold, track, or transfer to or from a plurality of tiers, functional areas, or geographical areas. In some embodiments, wallets will allow users to see the value of their stored coinage in their native coin value or normalized to the wallet’s default currency based on current market prices for valuation.
  • a system may have a multitude of nodes, each of which is capable of processing and managing a divided biockchain.
  • Each node would be in constant communication with at least four more nodes with the same or similar capabilities, one of which claims to be the lead node of the biockchain.
  • each node could add transactions and confirm the lead’s transactions on die current demarcation shard.
  • one of the remaining nodes could immediately take over as new lead node based on a CDMA/CD type protocol and be recognized by vote as the new lead by all remaining nodes.
  • a divided biockchain ma ' be further divided into sub-divided blockchains.
  • biockchain sub-division is started after a certain biockchain sub division size is reached. Further, after a certain biockchain division (or shard) size is reached, a ne ' biockchain division (or shard) is started. At a later time, older biockchain sub-divisions or divisions (or shards) could be consolidated according to rules into complete blocks and closed off upon consensus of the nodes.
  • Fig. 1 (PRIOR ART) is a diagram illustrating the operation of existing
  • a sender 101 initiates a transaction request 102, which includes the sender’s digital signature 103, a deposit of a digital asset 104 such as an amount of cryptocurrency, and the recipient’s public encryption key 105.
  • the transaction request 102 is placed into a peer-to-peer distributed computing network 106 associated with this cryptocurrency, where it is timestamped, bundled into a block with other transactions and a hash of all previous blocks in the chain, and broadcast to all nodes 107 in the network 106.
  • Each node 107 that receives the block 108 subjects it to repeated encryptions until a hash is found that has a certain number of zeros at the beginning, which serves as a confirmation of validity.
  • the hash is broadcast back to the network 106 for confirmation by other nodes 107 in the network 106,
  • the block 108 is permanently added to the biockchain 109, which serves as an unchangeable ledger of transactions.
  • the transaction is completed, and the recipient 110 now owns the digital asset 104 deposited with the transaction request 102.
  • the nodes 107 typically hold copies of the biockchain, which acts as the ledger of a biockchain transaction. Also, the sender 101 and recipient 110 have digital wallets (not shown) that store information about: their accounts. The complete details of biockchain transactions are not shown here, but they are well known in the art. Examples of cybercurrency currently using such an approach are Bitcoin, which has the bitcoin as the principal unit of currency and the satoshi, equal to 0.00000001 bitcoin. Another
  • ETH Ether
  • the problem is that it can take roughly half an hour to get a sufficient number of ledgers in a biockchain to execute a simple wallet transaction. For example, when a user wants to send an amount from one wallet to another, he needs to point to the address where his wallet keeps the bitcoin that he has currently with his private pointer and hike the amount in that location. He then points to the payee and indicates the amount that he wants to send to the payee, retaining the rest for himself as the payor. The amount in that wallet location is split in two, with one amount sent to the payee and the remainder sent back to the payor.
  • Fig. 2 (PRIOR ART) is a diagram illustrating the operation of existing
  • party A 201 puts together a contract offer 202, comprising party A’s digital signature 203, party A’s deposit of a digital asset 204, party B’s 207 public encryption key 211, and the proposed terms of a contract 206.
  • Party A’s 201 contract offer 202 is received by parl B 207, who may send a contract acceptance 208 comprising party B’s 207 digital signature 209, party B’s 207 deposit of a digital asset 210, party A’s 201 public encryption key 205, and a confirmation of the contract terms accepted 212.
  • a contract is formed 213, and is placed into a peer-to-peer distributed computing network 214 associated with this cryptocurrency with smart contract functionality, where it is time stamped, bundled into a block 216 with other transactions and a hash of all previous blocks in the chain, and broadcast to all nodes 215 in the network 214.
  • Each node 215 that receives the block 216 subjects it to repeated encryptions until a hash is found that has a certain number of zeros at the beginning, which serves as a confirmation of validity. Once the required hash is found for the block 216, the hash is broadcast back to the network 214 for confirmation by other nodes 215 in the network 214. When a threshold number of confirmations are obtained, the block 216 is permanently added to the biockchain 217, which serves as an unchangeable ledger of transactions. The smart contract is completed, and party A 201 now owns the digital asset deposited by party B 207, and vice-versa.
  • Various embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented in computer hardware, firmware, software, and/or combinations thereof. Methods of the present disclosure can be implemented via computer program instructions stored on one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage devices for execution by a processor. Likewise, various processes (or portions thereof) of the present disclosure can be performed by a processor executing computer program instructions. Embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented via one or more computer programs that are executable on a computer system including at least one processor coupled to receive data and instructions from, and to transmit data and instructions to, a data storage system, at least one input device, and at least one output device.
  • Each computer program can he implemented in any suitahle manner, including via a high- level procedural or object-oriented programming language and/or via assembly or machine language.
  • Systems of the present disclosure may include, by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors which may retrieve instructions and data to and from various types of volatile and/or non volatile memory.
  • Computer systems operating in conjunction with the embodiments of the present disclosure may include one or more mass storage devices for storing data files, which may include: magnetic disks, such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and optical disks.
  • Storage devices suitable for tangibly embodying computer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, such as EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM disks. Any of the foregoing can be supplemented by, or incorporated in, ASICs (application-specific integrated circuits) and oilier forms of hardware.
  • ASICs application-specific integrated circuits
  • Devices that are in communication with each other need not be in continuous communication with each other, unless expressly specified otherwise.
  • devices that are in communication with each other may communicate directly or indirectly through one or more communication means or intermediaries, logical or physical.
  • steps may be performed simultaneously despite being described or implied as occurring non-simultaneously (e.g., because one step is described after the other step).
  • the illustration of a process by its depiction in a drawing does not imply that the illustrated process is exclusive of other variations and modifications thereto, does not imply that the illustrated process or any of its steps are necessary to one or more of the aspects, and does not imply that the illustrated process is preferred.
  • steps are generally described once per aspect, but this does not mean they must occur once, or that they may only occur once each time a process, method, or algorithm is carried out or executed. Some steps may be omitted in some aspects or some occurrences, or some steps may be executed more than once in a given aspect or occurrence.
  • Fig. 19 shows a simplified version of an exemplary typical in-country network 1900, according to a preferred embodiment of the system disclosed herein.
  • Network 1900 includes in-country (or regional) private bloekchain network 1909, which may be connected to any number of banks 1901a-n.
  • Network 1909 may, in some cases, be a virtual network. It also show ' s an exemplary national bank (NB) 1912 (or regional lead bank), at least one (in some cases more) auditor company or institution (ACI) 1915, and a preferred system provider (PSP) 1905.
  • the preferred system provider 1905 may also be the owner of a master key for a private bloekchain network 1909 may give different auditors different rights, such as limited-read only rights, limited sections, limited scope or time audits, or other arrangements.
  • each bank has at least one primary server 19G2a-n
  • PSP 1905 has server 1906
  • NB 1912 has server 1913
  • ACI 1915 has server 1916.
  • Any or all of these servers may be connected to private blockchain network 1909. Gateways, such as 1917, 1914, and 19G4a-n, may be used to connect to the internet 1910, as does gateway 1907, which may be used to enable the general public to interact with banks and ACL Not shown in detail are all the internal firewalls, backups, and additional servers that typically exist.
  • a bank may have facilities in multiple locations, and in larger countries or regions banks may have multiple servers in different areas connected in separate locations to the network for redundancy (also not shown for simplicity).
  • the NB may not want initially to start to become active in the currency system, so the PSP ma initially hold the master key for security of the network.
  • the ACI may hold this key, as a legal, local entity. Once the NB feels comfortable taking on a leading role, it can request or legally demand the master key and house it on their servers henceforth.
  • a second network 1911 may be used for international transactions. It may utilize separate gateways 1903a-n in each bank, as well as gateway 1908 for preferred provider 1905.
  • national bank 1912 and auditor 1915 do not have a connection to the international network 1911, since they don’t engage in international transactions on network 1911 for the international network token. In other cases, they may participate as well and would therefore be appropriately connected using additional gateways as needed.
  • Fig. 20 shows an exemplary network 2000, according to one aspect of the system and method disclosed herein.
  • an exemplary" classic network is present, comprising clouds 2001 a-n, such as existing IB AN, ACPI, SWIFT, and other existing international transfer networks for interbank transfers, both national 2004b and international 2004a, typically so-called real time gross settlement (KTGS) networks.
  • clouds 2001 a-n such as existing IB AN, ACPI, SWIFT, and other existing international transfer networks for interbank transfers, both national 2004b and international 2004a, typically so-called real time gross settlement (KTGS) networks.
  • RTGS networks can be integrated into such a system via integration gateways 2002, 2003a-n, so they can complement the money flow.
  • digital (token) wallets for this multi-bank retail blockchain can enable, via API, integration of existing banking apps and w r allet apps, so a user can operate all his accounts and transactions from one location.
  • banks linked in a private network 1909 which in some cases may be a virtual private network, may participate in transactions made on behalf of their retail customers on a retail-oriented bloekchain.
  • a supervisory bank or agency may participate in this private network 1909, so that in certain cases this supervisory party may exert its supervisory power under a contractual agreement.
  • These banks may also participate in a second private network 1911 for bloekchain transactions, which ma be used for interbank and international transactions.
  • a preferred Internet provider may be connected to the banks’ private network 1909. This provider may hold the master security certificate for operating the private network, or it may transfer the master security certificate to the supervisory bank or agency, thus making the recipient of the master certificate the future provider of the master security certificate.
  • a non-transacting auditor may also be connected to the private network.
  • the holder of tire master key' may be located within private network 1909, linked with its own computing device on the bloekchain, enabling auditors to have various levels of access rights, including but not limited to section- limited, read-only limited, time- or time-period limited, etc. access to the bloekchain via certificate and network access for audit and review' purposes under a contractual agreement.
  • Fig. 3 is a diagram showing an exemplary system overview 300 of a multi-tiered bloekchain database.
  • the bloekchain database maintained for the global database 301, and for each lower tier database 302, 303 would comprise tiers of a single bloekchain, but in other embodiments, tiny would comprise separate blockchains.
  • the peer-to-peer networks for the global database 304 and for each lower tier region 306, 308 might be required to be separate and distinct (i.e., share no nodes 305, 307, 309), but in other embodiments might be allowed to share nodes 305, 307, 309.
  • Fig. 4 is a diagram showing an exemplary method for improvement to bloekchain databases; demarcated block sections 400, in which account reconciliation may be used to retire or archive older portions of the bloekchain, leaving a shorter bloekchain as the active portion, and reducing latency times.
  • the section closing method 410 the old bloekchain 420 is reconciled all at once, and the balances of each account 440 are moved to a new, shorter blockchain 430, and the old blockchain 420 is archived.
  • account balance A 421 associated with account W1 441 and account balance B 422 associated with account W2 442 are moved to the new blockchain 430 simultaneously as account balance A 431 and account balance B 432, and the old blockchain 420 is archived.
  • the old blockchain 420 is kept open, but archived, A ne blockchain 430 is created, but account balances are not automatically transferred.
  • entry D 424 has already been accessed, closed out, and transferred to the new blockchain 430.
  • entry C 423 associated with account W1 441 is accessed in the old blockchain 420, it will be closed out and transferred to the new blockchain 430, In this manner, the old blockchain 420 will gradually be fully consolidated and closed out.
  • Fig. 5 is a diagram showing an exemplary technical improvement to blockchain databases: extended address space 500.
  • Current blockchains use a 256-bit address space 501. While this is sufficient for existing blockchains with infinite token lifespan (e.g. Bitcoin, Ethereum), 256 bits insufficient for use of single use token technology where the creation and destruction of each coin must be recorded. This would saturate the existing 256-bit address space, degrading performance and eventually rendering the blockchain and cryptocurrency useless.
  • the solution is to use an address space extension 502, comprised of a descriptive address header 503, and an n-bit prefix 504, which effectively provides unlimited address space.
  • Fig. 6 is a block diagram showing an exemplary software architecture overview 600 for a multi-tiered blockchain database.
  • the basic system would comprise a plurality of user interfaces 601 through which users could manage their accounts, a series of contract managers 602, one for the global database, and one for each lower tier database, a series of blockchain engines 603, one for each database, and a series of local valuation managers 604 at the lower tiers only, which serve to fix the exchange rate of tokens within each region within the low ' er tier databases relative to another valuation in that region.
  • Fig. 7 is a block diagram showing an aspect of an exemplary software architecture for a multi-tiered blockchain database, a contract manager 700, At the request of party A 760, the contract manager 700 is responsible for tire creation of offers in the offer creation block 710 comprising party A’s digital signature 711, party A’s deposit of a digital asset 712, party B’s 770 public encryption key 713, and the proposed terms of a contract 714.
  • Parly A’s 760 contract offer 710 is received by party B 770, who may send a contract acceptance to the contract acceptance block 720 comprising party B’s 770 digital signature 721, party B’s 770 deposit of a digital asset 722, party A’s 760 public encryption key ' 723, and a confirmation of the contract terms accepted 724.
  • a contract is formed by the contract execution block 730, comprising the offer 731, the acceptance 732, the assets 733, and the contract terms 734.
  • the contract is sent to a transaction fee manager 750, which extracts the appropriate fee for the transaction, and forwards the contract to the blockchain engine (see Fig. 11) for processing.
  • the conditions of the contract are met, and confirmed by the blockchain engine (see Fig.
  • the contract is executed by the contract execution block 730, and the deposited assets 712, 722 are transferred to the appropriate partyc
  • a valuation exchange manager 740 through which assets may' be exchanged by a party 760 and through which a local valuation manager (not shown) may' tie the value of tokens to a different valuation in that region.
  • FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing an aspect of an exemplary software architecture for a multi-tiered blockchain database, a blockchain engine 800.
  • contracts are received from the contract manager 1000, they are placed into a peer-to-peer network manager 801, which manages the process of creating blocks, validating them, and adding them to the blockchain.
  • the peer-to-peer network manager comprises a block compiler 802, which compiles the contracts into blocks for validation, a proof of work manager 803, which broadcasts the block to nodes in the network for validation, a mining reward manager 804, which issues rewards to nodes that successfully validate the block (only if mining is allowed at that tier), a threshold validity manager 805, which tallies the number of confirmations received, and a blockchain update manager 806, which updates the blockchain when the threshold number of validations has been obtained.
  • Fig. 9 is a block diagram showing an aspect of an exemplary software architecture for a multi-tiered blockchain database, a local valuation manager 900.
  • the local valuation manager 900 comprises an exchange rate controller 901, which may be accessed by local controller 902 to tie the value of tokens to a different: valuation, and which may he fed foreign valuation rates 903, to keep the exchange rate current.
  • FIG. 10 is a diagram showing an exemplary method for a multi-tiered blockchain database system 1000, comprising the steps of: 1001 creating at least one primary tier blockchain database wherein the primary tier blockchain database represents a
  • the primary tier blockchain database acts as the highest tier database, and into which valuations in other forms must: be placed to be used in the system, and the primary tier blockchain database acts as the highest tier database to which, and from which, entries in lower tier blockchains may be made; and 1002 creating at least one lower tier blockchain database, wherein: the lower tier blockchain database represents a cryptocurrency either having the same valuation as the valuation of tire cryptocurrency at the primary tier, or having a different valuation, the valuation associated with certain types of entries in the database is limited in size, tire number of entries in the active database is limited, incentive for nodes to validate entries is based on a portion of the valuation associated with an entry or based on a transaction fee; and 1003 establishing at least one gateway node between each lower tier blockchain database said the blockchain database at the next higher tier, which enforces the divisions between lower tier blockchain databases.
  • Fig. 11 is a flow diagram showing an exemplary method 1100 for conducting transactions using a multi-tiered blockchain database, comprising four functional areas: tier interactions 1110, forming and execution of contracts 1120, validating contracts 1130, and fee extraction 1140.
  • the tier interaction area comprises tire steps of: allowing users to put assets into the system 1111, allowing users to exchange assets between tiers 1112, allowing users to form contracts to exchange assets at the appropriate tier 1113, and allowing users to form contracts to transfer assets to others at the same tier 1114,
  • the formation and execution of contracts functional area comprises tire steps of: receiving exchange requests 1121, receiving contract offers 1122, receiving contract acceptances 1123, receiving deposits of assets 1124, forming automated contracts 1125, and executing those contracts 1126.
  • the validation of contracts functional areas comprises the steps of: consolidating contracts into blocks 1131, broadcasting the blocks to a peer-to-peer network 1132, counting validations 1133, adding confirmed blocks to the blockchain 1134, sending confirmation of block additions 1135, and paying of the mining reward 1136, if any.
  • the fee extraction functional area comprises the steps of: charging and paying the appropriate transaction fee 1141.
  • Fig. 15 shows an overview of an exemplary embodiment of a high -performance scalability test system 1500.
  • a computer network for example a networked cloud server system such as a private Ethereum-based network in the Amazon Web Server (AWS) cloud
  • AWS Amazon Web Server
  • a simulated peer-to-peer distributed network 1510 is created comprising a small set of nodes la-f which are instantiated for the purpose of running a simulation of activity on an implementation of at least one shard of a divided blockchain.
  • a plurality of simulated clients 1520, 1520a-c, simulated wallets 1530a-f, and simulated transactions 1540 are generated or loaded from pre-generated data.
  • the system tire runs a simulation using the simulated peer- to-peer distributed network 1510 using the simulated clients 1520, 152Ga-c, wallets 1530a-f, and transactions 1540.
  • the performance monitor 1550 and records various system performance metrics such as transactions per second (TPS), lag time between transactions, number of lost connections with nodes, failed transactions, failed block creation, system hangs, and oilier performance characteristics.
  • TPS transactions per second
  • lag time between transactions number of lost connections with nodes
  • failed transactions failed block creation
  • system hangs system hangs
  • oilier performance characteristics oilier performance characteristics.
  • the system is set up to process a single shard of a divided blockchain using a small set of nodes, with the lead node 1511a having been designated as indicated by the bold outline, and one node 151 le having lost connection with the network, as indicated by the dashed lines.
  • a new lead node 1511a will be appointed by- consensus of the remaining nodes 1511b ⁇ f. If a non-lead node 1511b-f is taken off line by a user, or connections are shut off, clients 1520a-c on that node are moved to other nodes
  • Fig. 16 shows an exemplary computer screen layout 1600 for operation of the testing- system.
  • the test network 1601 is set up using the simulation configuration interface 1602 in which the number of nodes 151 la-f, the number of clients 1520a-c, and number of wallets 153Qa-f per client may be specified.
  • the resulting test network 1601 may be displayed, showing the configuration of the simulation.
  • the inputs for tire number of nodes 1511a-f, the number of clients 1520a-c, and number of wallets 1530a-f per client may be specified may be limited to certain values depending on the stage of testing, but in other embodiments, they may be unlimited.
  • each client 152Ga-c adds a certain demand on the network, resulting in a system total transaction throughput that may be measured by at least one performance metric, which is displayed in a performance metrics 1603 display.
  • a performance gauge 1604 may be added to provide a graphical display of system performance for a single metric or any combination of performance metrics. Users can mouse over, or point to, any location on the test network 1601 to see a pop-up window' 1605 with details, and providing options for interacting with or changing the settings of that particular component, such as turning a node on or off.
  • test network component while looking at details of a test network component, a user can double-click to open additional windows (not shown) for additional detail.
  • the same interface approach may be applied to any component of the test network, including but not limited to clients 1520a-e links between and among nodes 1511a-f, wallets 1530a-f, and the simulated transactions 1540.
  • Fig. 17 shows an exemplary testing system 1700 limited to a particular region, according to one aspect of the system and method disclosed herein.
  • System 1700 in this case, encompasses a single local token area 1701, using, in this example, Euro tokens. Further, system 1700 is based on pre-generated datasets 1702 in the form of simulated clients 1520, 152Qa-c, simulated wallets 1530a-f, and simulated transactions 1540. In this example, six nodes 151 la-f have been instantiated in a private Ethereum-based network in the AWS cloud. Pre-generated and re-usable datasets could comprise 10,000 accounts (wallets), where each wallet holds a random number of tokens between 10 and 1000. In this example, the proof of scope concept border 1700 is limited to that area, and would not include tokens from the global tier 1703, tokens from other lower tier regions such as USD tokens 1704 or other instrument tokens such as those coming from traditional currencies 1705.
  • Fig. 18 shows exemplary testing phases 1800 (stages) for testing of a divided blockchain database.
  • the goal for each phase is to measure performance.
  • Performance may ' be defined as N transactions/seconds (TPS), with tire TPS stable after M seconds.
  • TPS transactions/seconds
  • phase one 1801 of building such a system a minimum five-node Ethereum network is established on AWS. Then datasets are pre-generated in a database, such as, for example, Mongo database. Programs to generate accounts and wallets with tokens in Ethereum and to pre-load transactions in Ethereum queues without executing them are created. Transactions in out-of-box Ethereum are executed, and performance is measured. The test run may be stopped after the TPS becomes stable.
  • Phase two 1802 the system would decrease the Ethereum block time to six seconds, run transactions, and measure performance. Testing would be repeated, decreasing the Ethereum block time further, running transactions, and measuring performance, until we die minimum viable block time is established. In most cases, it is expected that Phase 1 and 2 should be completed in 2 weeks from start of testing.
  • Phase three 1803 runs in parallel to phases one and two. In phase three 1803, the proof of work validation is replaced with alternative validation and tmst measures such as proof of stake, that are simpler and faster, enabling the TPS to increase dramatically. Transactions are run in iterations, and performance is measured.
  • Phase four 1804 requires additional implementation of demarcated blockchains.
  • Phase five 1805 comprises establishment of shared blockchains. Again, this phase runs in parallel to phases one, two, and three. Transactions are run in iterations, and performance is measured.
  • Fig. 21 illustrates a method 2100 for operating an exemplary typical in-country network, according to a preferred embodiment of the method disclosed herein.
  • a financial institution such as, for example, a national bank 1912, an auditor company or institution 1915, or a system provider 1905 as described above with reference to Fig. 19
  • These nodes may then be used to participate in a private, blockchain-based network 2102 to process transaction on behalf of customers 2103 of any of the various participating financial institutions that are operating nodes and participating in the private network.
  • Any or all of the participating financial institutions may then choose to also participate in a second private network 2104, which uses a second blockchain and may use the same or separate nodes from those of the first private network.
  • This second network may then be used to process international transactions on behalf of customers of participating financial institutions 2105, providing a regional, countrywide, and international blockchain-based transaction processing system.
  • Fig. 12 is a diagram showing an exemplary conceptual framework for a multi-tiered eryptocurrency 1200.
  • Tier 1 1201 of the multi-tiered cryptocurrency would consist of a global cryptocurrency 1202 with traits similar to existing cryptocurrencies 1203 such as having currency generated over time, allowing mining, allowing the cryptocurrency to be traded as a security, and having a floating value. Other currencies could be exchanged for the global cryptocurrency through traditional banking means 1204.
  • Tier 2 1205 would likely be regional or national in scope.
  • the cryptocurrency at this tier would be converted from the global cryptocurrency 1202, and would have traits different from existing ciyptocurrencies 1206 that facilitate small value transactions, such as no mining ability, not tradeable as securities, and value tied to a local real currency.
  • one Tier 2 1205 cryptocurrency could be restricted to use in the United States with the value tied to value the USD 1207 with transactions limited in value and optimized for small local transactions such as fast food or gas purchases 1208, while another Tier 2 1205 tier cryptocurrency could be restricted to use in Europe with the value tied to the Euro 1209, with transactions limited in value and optimized for small local transactions such as fast food or gas purchases 1210.
  • Tier 2 1205 tier cryptocurrency could be restricted to use in Europe with the value tied to the Euro 1209, with transactions limited in value and optimized for small local transactions such as fast food or gas purchases 1210.
  • FIG. 13 is a diagram showing an exemplary method for improvement of blockchain technology for use with cryptocurrendes through the use of single use tokens 1300.
  • this method there w ' ould exist a primary tier eryptocurrency 1301 which, when converted to lower tier currencies would be created as single use eryptocurrency 1302 and, when used or converted back to the primary tier eryptocurrency, would be destroyed 1303.
  • Single-use tokens in a lower tier enables the control and tracking of currency in a public blockchain with no storage of value. These single use tokens are created then destroyed after redemption, unlike classic eryptocurrency where coins have an infinite lifespan.
  • FIG. 14 is a diagram showing an exemplary" fee and revenue structure 1400 for a multi tiered cryptocurrency.
  • Operating revenue for the multi-tiered cryptocurrency would be provided by charging a small fee each time currency is moved anywhere in the system, including, for example, purchase of the global cryptocurrency 1401 using traditional currencies, sale of the global eryptocurrency 1402 back to traditional currencies, conversion of the global cryptocurrency to lower tier cryptocurrencies 1403, conversion of a lower tier cryptocurrency back to the global eryptocurrency " 1404, payments to merchants using a lower tier eryptocurrency 1405, transfers to wallets 1406, transfers between wallets 1407, and transfers from wallets 1408.
  • die techniques disclosed herein may he implemented on hardware or a combination of software and hardware. For example, they may be implemented in an operating system kernel, in a separate user process, in a library package bound into network applications, on a specially constructed machine, on an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or on a network interface card,
  • ASIC application-specific integrated circuit
  • Software/hardware hybrid implementations of at least some of the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented on a programmable network-resident machine (which should be understood to include intermittently connected network-aware machines) selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in memory.
  • Such network devices may have multiple network interfaces that may be configured or designed to utilize different types of network communication protocols.
  • a general architecture for some of these machines may be described herein in order to illustrate one or more exemplar " means by which a given unit of functionality may be implemented.
  • At least some of the features or functionalities of the various aspects disclosed herein may be implemented on one or more general-purpose computers associated with one or more networks, such as for example an end-user computer system, a client computer, a network server or other server system, a mobile computing device (e.g., tablet computing device, mobile phone, smartphone, laptop, or other appropriate computing device), a consumer electronic device, a music player, or any other suitable electronic device, router, switch, or other suitable device, or any combination thereof.
  • at least some of the features or functionalities of the various aspects disclosed herein may be implemented in one or more virtualized computing environments (e.g,, network computing clouds, virtual machines hosted on one or more physical computing machines, or other appropriate virtual environments).
  • FIG. 22 there is shown a block diagram depicting an exemplary computing device 10 suitable for implementing at least a portion of the features or functionalities disclosed herein.
  • Computing device 10 may be, for example, any one of the computing machines listed in the previous paragraph, or indeed any other electronic device capable of executing software- or hardware-based instructions according to one or more programs stored in memory.
  • Computing device 10 may be configured to communicate with a plurality of other computing devices, such as clients or servers, over communications networks such as a wide area network a metropolitan area network, a local area network, a wireless network, the Internet, or any oilier network, using known protocols for such communication, whether wireless or wired.
  • communications networks such as a wide area network a metropolitan area network, a local area network, a wireless network, the Internet, or any oilier network, using known protocols for such communication, whether wireless or wired.
  • computing device 10 includes one or more central processing units (CPU) 12, one or more interfaces 15, and one or more busses 14 (such as a peripheral component interconnect (PCI) bus).
  • CPU 12 may be responsible for implementing specific functions associated with the functions of a specifically configured computing device or machine.
  • a computing device 10 may be configured or designed to function as a server system utilizing CPU 12, local memory 11 and/or remote memory 16, and interface(s) 15.
  • CPU 12 may be caused to perform one or more of the different types of functions and/or operations under die control of software modules or components, which for example, may include an operating system and any appropriate applications software, drivers, and tire like.
  • CPU 12 may include one or more processors 13 such as, for example, a processor from one of the Intel, ARM, Qualcomm, and AMD families of microprocessors.
  • processors 13 may include specially designed hardware such as application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), electrically erasable programmable read-only memories
  • a local memory 11 such as non volatile random-access memory' (RAM) and/or read-only memory' (ROM), including for example one or more levels of cached memory
  • RAM non volatile random-access memory
  • ROM read-only memory
  • CPU 12 may be one of a variety of system-on-a-chip (SOC) type hardware that may include additional hardware such as memory or graphics processing chips, such as a QUALCOMM
  • SNAPDRAGONTM or SAMSUNG EXYNOSTM CPU as are becoming increasingly common in the art, such as for use in mobile devices or integrated devices.
  • processor is not limited merely to those integrated circuits referred to in the art as a processor, a mobile processor, or a microprocessor, but broadly refers to a microcontroller, a microcomputer, a programmable logic controller, an application-specific integrated circuit, and any oilier programmable circuit.
  • interfaces 15 are provided as network interface cards (NlCs), Generally, NICs control the sending and receiving of data packets over a computer network; other types of interfaces 15 may for example support other peripherals used with computing device 10.
  • NlCs network interface cards
  • NICs control the sending and receiving of data packets over a computer network; other types of interfaces 15 may for example support other peripherals used with computing device 10.
  • the interfaces that may be provided are Ethernet interfaces, frame relay interfaces, cable interfaces, DSL interfaces, token ring interfaces, graphics interfaces, and the like.
  • interfaces may be provided such as, for example, universal serial bus (USB), Serial, Ethernet, FIREWIRETM, THUNDERBOLTTM, PCI, parallel, radio frequency (RF), BLUETOOTHTM, near-field communications (e.g., using near-field magnetics), 802.11 (WiFi), frame relay, TCP/IP, ISDN, fast Ethernet interfaces, Gigabit Ethernet interfaces, Serial ATA (SATA) or external SATA (ESATA) interfaces, high- definition multimedia interface (HDMI), digital visual interface (DVI), analog or digital audio interfaces, asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) interfaces, high-speed serial interface (HSSI) interfaces, Point of Sale (PQS) interfaces, fiber data distributed interfaces (FDDIs), and the like.
  • USB universal serial bus
  • RF radio frequency
  • BLUETOOTHTM near-field communications
  • near-field communications e.g., using near-field magnetics
  • WiFi WiFi
  • frame relay e.g., 802.
  • Such interfaces 15 may include physical ports appropriate for communication with appropriate media. In some cases, they may also include an independent processor (such as a dedicated audio or video processor, as is common in the art for high-fidelity A / V hardware interfaces) and, in some instances, volatile and/or non-volatile memory (e.g., RAM).
  • an independent processor such as a dedicated audio or video processor, as is common in the art for high-fidelity A / V hardware interfaces
  • volatile and/or non-volatile memory e.g., RAM
  • FIG. 22 illustrates one specific architecture for a computing device 10 for implementing one or more of the aspects described herein, it is by no means the only device architecture on which at least a portion of the features and techniques described herein may be implemented.
  • architectures having one or any number of processors 13 may be used, and such processors 13 may be present in a single device or distributed among any number of devices.
  • a single processor 13 handles communications as well as routing computations, while in other aspects a separate dedicated communications processor may be provided.
  • different types of features or functionalities may be implemented in a system according to the aspect that includes a client device (such as a tablet device or smartphone running client software) and server systems (such as a server system described in more detail below ' ).
  • the system of an aspect may employ one or more memories or memory modules (such as, for example, remote memosy block 16 and local memory 11) configured to store data, program instructions for the general-purpose network operations, or other information relating to die functionality' of the aspects described herein (or any' combinations of the above).
  • Program instructions may control execution of or comprise an operating system and/or one or more applications, for example.
  • Memory 16 or memories 11, 16 may' also be configured to store data structures, configuration data, encryption data, historical system operations information, or any other specific or generic non-program information described herein.
  • At least some network device aspects may include nontransitory machine-readable storage media, which, for example, ma ' be configured or designed to store program instructions, state information, and the like for performing various operations described herein.
  • nontransitory machine- readable storage media include, but are not limited to, magnetic media such as hard disks, floppy' disks, and magnetic tape; optical media such as CD-ROM disks; magneto-optical media such as optical disks, and hardware devices that are specially configured to store and perform program instructions, such as read-only memory devices (ROM), flash memory (as is common in mobile devices and integrated systems), solid state drives (SSD) and“hybrid 5SD” storage drives that may combine physical components of solid state and hard disk drives in a single hardware device (as are becoming increasingly common in the art with regard to personal computers), memristor memory, random access memory ' (RAM), and the like.
  • ROM read-only memory
  • flash memory as is common in mobile devices and integrated systems
  • SSD solid state drives
  • HDD hard disk drives
  • RAM random access memory '
  • such storage means may be integral and non-removable (such as RAM hardware modules that may be soldered onto a motherboard or otherwise integrated into an electronic device), or they may be removable such as swappable flash memory modules (such as“thumb drives” or other removable media designed for rapidly exchanging physical storage devices),“hot-swappable” hard disk drives or solid state drives, removable optical storage discs, or oilier such removable media, and that such integral and removable storage media may be utilized interchangeably.
  • swappable flash memory modules such as“thumb drives” or other removable media designed for rapidly exchanging physical storage devices
  • “hot-swappable” hard disk drives or solid state drives such as “hot-swappable” hard disk drives or solid state drives, removable optical storage discs, or oilier such removable media, and that such integral and removable storage media may be utilized interchangeably.
  • program instructions include both object code, such as may be produced by a compiler, machine code, such as may' be produced by an assembler or a linker, byte code, such as may be generated by' for example a JAVATM compiler and may be executed using a Java virtual machine or equivalent, or files containing higher level code that may be executed by the computer using an interpreter (for example, scripts written in Python, Perl, Ruby, Groovy ' , or any oilier scripting language),
  • interpreter for example, scripts written in Python, Perl, Ruby, Groovy ' , or any oilier scripting language
  • systems may ' be implemented on a standalone computing system.
  • Fig. 23 there is shown a block diagram depicting a typical exemplary' architecture of one or more aspects or components thereof on a standalone computing system.
  • Computing device 20 includes processors 21 that may run software that carry out one or more functions or applications of aspects, such as for example a client application 24, Processors 21 may cany out computing instructions under control of an operating system 22 such as, for example, a version of MICROSOFT WINDOW ' STM operating system, APPLE macOSTM or iOSTM operating systems, some variety of the Linux operating system,
  • an operating system 22 such as, for example, a version of MICROSOFT WINDOW ' STM operating system, APPLE macOSTM or iOSTM operating systems, some variety of the Linux operating system,
  • one or more shared services 23 may be operable in system 20, and may be useful for providing common services to client applications 24.
  • Services 23 may for example be WINDOWSTM services, user-space common services in a Linux environment, or any other type of common service architecture used with operating system 21.
  • Input devices 28 may be of any ' type suitable for receiving user input, including for example a keyboard, touchscreen, microphone (for example, for voice input), mouse, touchpad, trackball, or any combination thereof.
  • Output devices 27 may be of any type suitable for providing output to one or more users, whether remote or local to system 20, and may include for example one or more screens for visual output, speakers, printers, or any combination thereof.
  • Memory 25 may be random access memory having any structure and architecture known in the art, for use by processors 21, for example to run software.
  • Storage devices 26 may be any magnetic, optical, mechanical, memristor, or electrical storage device for storage of data in digital form (such as those described above, referring to Fig. 22). Examples of storage devices 26 include flash memory, magnetic hard drive, CD-ROM, and/or the like.
  • systems may be implemented on a distributed computing network, such as one having any number of clients and/or servers.
  • a distributed computing network such as one having any number of clients and/or servers.
  • FIG. 24 there is shown a block diagram depicting an exemplary architecture 30 for implementing at least a portion of a system according to one aspect on a distributed computing network.
  • any number of clients 33 may be provided.
  • Each client 33 may run software for implementing client-side portions of a system; clients may comprise a system 20 such as that illustrated in Fig, 23.
  • any number of servers 32 may be provided for handling requests received from one or more clients 33.
  • Clients 33 and servers 32 may communicate with one another via one or more electronic networks 31, which may be in various aspects any of the Internet, a wide area network, a mobile telephony network (such as CDMA or GSM cellular networks), a wireless network (such as WiFi, WiMAX, LTE, and so forth), or a local area network (or indeed any network topology known in the art; the aspect does not prefer any one network topology over any other).
  • Networks 31 may be implemented using any known network protocols, including for example wired and/or wireless protocols.
  • servers 32 may call external services 37 when needed to obtain additional information, or to refer to additional data concerning a particular call. Communications with external services 37 may take place, for example, via one or more networks 31.
  • external services 37 may comprise web-enabled services or functionality related to or installed on the hardware device itself. For example, in one aspect where client applications 24 are implemented on a smartphone or other electronic device, client applications 24 may obtain information stored in a server system 32 in the cloud or on an external service 37 deployed on one or more of a particular enterprise’s or user’s premises,
  • clients 33 or servers 32 may snake use of one or more specialized services or appliances that may be deployed locally or remotely across one or more networks 31.
  • one or more databases 34 may be used or referred to by one or more aspects. It: should be understood by one having ordinary skill in the art that databases 34 may be arranged in a wide variety of architectures and using a wide variety of data access and manipulation means.
  • one or more databases 34 may comprise a relational database system using a structured query language (SQL), while others may comprise an alternative data storage technology such as those referred to in the art as“NoSQL” (for example, HADOOP CASSANDRATM, GOOGLE BIGTABLETM, and so forth).
  • SQL structured query language
  • variant database architectures such as column-oriented databases, in-memory' databases, clustered databases, distributed databases, or even flat file data repositories may be used according to the aspect.
  • any combination of known or future database technologies may ⁇ be used as appropriate, unless a specific database technology or a specific arrangement of components is specified for a particular aspect described herein.
  • the term“database” as used herein ma ' refer to a physical database machine, a cluster of machines acting as a single database sy stem, or a logical database within an overall database management system.
  • Fig. 25 shows an exemplary overview of a computer system 40 as may he used in any of the various locations throughout the system. It is exemplary of any computer that may execute code to process data.
  • Central processor unit (CPU) 41 is connected to bus 42, to which bus is also connected memor 43, nonvolatile memory 44, display 47, input/output (I/O) unit 48, and network interface card (NIC) 53.
  • I/O unit 48 may, typically, be connected to keyboard 49, pointing device 50, hard disk 52, and real-time clock 51.
  • NIC 53 connects to network 54, which may be the Internet or a local network, which local network may or may not have connections to the Internet.
  • power supply unit 45 connected, in this example, to a main alternating current (AC) supply 46.
  • AC alternating current
  • batteries that could be present, and many other devices and modifications that are well known but are not applicable to tire specific novel functions of the current system and method disclosed herein. It should be appreciated that some or all components illustrated may be combined, such as in various integrated applications, for example Qualcomm or Samsung system-on-a-chip (SOC) derices, or whenever it may be appropriate to combine multiple capabilities or functions into a single hardware device (for instance, in mobile devices such as smartphones, video game consoles, in-vehicle computer systems such as navigation or multimedia systems in automobiles, or other integrated hardware devices).
  • SOC system-on-a-chip
  • lower tier valuations may be in the form of digital checks or digital bank drafts (i.e., the digital equivalent of, for example, cashier’s checks issued by a financial institution in the United States, or bank drafts in Europe, wherein the cashier’s check or bank draft is guaranteed by the issuing financial institution), which can be retired at the end of a redemption cycle.
  • digital checks or digital bank drafts i.e., the digital equivalent of, for example, cashier’s checks issued by a financial institution in the United States, or bank drafts in Europe, wherein the cashier’s check or bank draft is guaranteed by the issuing financial institution
  • functionality for implementing systems or methods of various aspects may be distiimped among any number of client and/or server components.
  • various software modules may be implemented for performing various functions in connection with the system of any particular aspect, and such modules may be variously implemented to run on server and/or client components.
  • an exporter country' may create an additional currency as a weighted basket targeting its two or three primary export market countries’ currencies as the main weight, thus stabilizing the prize of its commodity for its customers, and maybe adding the currency of a main supplier country ' or two for capital equipment for extraction or processing that export item as well.
  • the system could be used by automobile manufacturers to securely track t e thousands of parts and hundreds of software updates associated with each individual car manufactured.
  • Modern cars have on the order of 100 different embedded computer systems, each of which can be updated with different versions, updates, and patches.
  • parts are often updated or replaced by the manufacturer over time for certain models (a particular case of this is recalls of certain parts), and the current version of such parts for each individual car can be tracked.
  • the system could be used to securely track voting. Tracking voting in distiimped immutable system assures highest voting integrity and provides each individual an immutable voting receipt.
  • food could be securely tracked from grower to supermarket for all packaged goods. In the case of food poisoning, all sources of tire food could be immediately identified.
  • car parts could be securely tracked from originator to installer, reducing or eliminating the possibility of used parts being sold as new,
  • the effectiveness of advertisements could be securely tracked, especially on internet-connected devices such as computers, smartphones, smart TVs, and set top boxes.
  • product scheduled maintenance and maintenance correctness could be securely' tracked for each and every' part of every individual piece of equipment. This is important for consumer goods (cars, refrigerators, lawnmowers, etc,), and is critical for commercial equipment (airplanes, trains, construction equipment, elevators, etc.).
  • the system could be used to replace government-issued identification cards and numbers such as driver’s licenses, social security numbers, etc.
  • the system could be used to issue and track insurance policies with incident tracking and payout tracking.
  • the system could be used to securely submit and track documents such as tax returns, real estate recordings, court documents, and other government records.
  • the system could be used to securely track payments from large scale programs such as Social Security payments, Social Security Disability payments, food stamps, etc.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un système pour des transactions de chaîne de blocs régionales ou nationales à partenaires multiples, comportant un réseau privé de noeuds de traitement de chaîne de blocs exploités par des institutions financières participantes pour le traitement de transactions pour des clients des institutions financières participant au réseau. Le réseau est conçu de sorte qu'une entité gouvernementale puisse participer au fonctionnement ou à la réglementation du réseau, et de sorte que la commande du réseau puisse être transférée à l'entité gouvernementale à un certain moment dans le futur.
PCT/US2019/013272 2017-08-03 2019-01-11 Système de transactions à chaîne de blocs régionales ou nationales à partenaires multiples Ceased WO2019140247A2 (fr)

Priority Applications (10)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US16/660,695 US20200065794A1 (en) 2017-08-03 2019-10-22 System and method for conducting and securing transactions when blockchain connection is unreliable
PCT/US2019/057735 WO2020086770A1 (fr) 2018-10-23 2019-10-23 Système et procédé pour effectuer et sécuriser des transactions lorsqu'une connexion de chaîne de blocs n'est pas fiable
US16/696,352 US20200099512A1 (en) 2017-08-03 2019-11-26 System and method for security gateway for high security blockchain systems
US16/747,429 US20200153793A1 (en) 2017-08-03 2020-01-20 Security gateway for high security blockchain systems
US16/748,213 US11403627B2 (en) 2017-08-03 2020-01-21 System and method for conducting and securing transactions when blockchain connection is unreliable
US16/747,982 US10997551B2 (en) 2017-08-03 2020-01-21 System and method for automotive inventory management and recordkeeping using multi-tiered distributed network transactional database
US16/796,159 US11042804B2 (en) 2017-08-03 2020-02-20 System and method for providing security gateways for high security blockchain systems
US16/862,419 US11475420B2 (en) 2017-08-03 2020-04-29 System and method for true peer-to-peer automatic teller machine transactions using mobile device payment systems
US16/875,595 US11410163B2 (en) 2017-08-03 2020-05-15 Distributed smart wallet communications platform
US16/933,883 US20210073804A1 (en) 2017-08-03 2020-07-20 System and method of non-cryptographic immutable distributed ledger technology for sending and receiving multiple assets including fiat currencies

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US201862616060P 2018-01-11 2018-01-11
US62/616,060 2018-01-11
US16/208,853 US10552556B2 (en) 2017-08-03 2018-12-04 System and method for performance testing of scalable distributed network transactional databases
US16/208,853 2018-12-04

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US16/208,853 Continuation-In-Part US10552556B2 (en) 2017-08-03 2018-12-04 System and method for performance testing of scalable distributed network transactional databases
US16/748,213 Continuation-In-Part US11403627B2 (en) 2017-08-03 2020-01-21 System and method for conducting and securing transactions when blockchain connection is unreliable
US16/796,159 Continuation-In-Part US11042804B2 (en) 2017-08-03 2020-02-20 System and method for providing security gateways for high security blockchain systems
US16/862,419 Continuation-In-Part US11475420B2 (en) 2017-08-03 2020-04-29 System and method for true peer-to-peer automatic teller machine transactions using mobile device payment systems

Related Child Applications (2)

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PCT/US2019/028812 Continuation-In-Part WO2019209889A2 (fr) 2017-08-03 2019-04-23 Système et procédé améliorés de transaction de paiement international
US16/660,695 Continuation-In-Part US20200065794A1 (en) 2017-08-03 2019-10-22 System and method for conducting and securing transactions when blockchain connection is unreliable

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN111242778A (zh) * 2019-12-31 2020-06-05 布比（北京）网络技术有限公司 数据处理方法、装置、计算机设备和存储介质
CN112416981A (zh) * 2020-12-03 2021-02-26 联动数科(北京)科技有限公司 基于区块链的数据处理方法、装置、电子设备及存储介质
CN113935834A (zh) * 2021-10-18 2022-01-14 甘肃同兴智能科技发展有限责任公司 一种基于公有链的绿色金融业务合规性“监管雷达”系统

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US11270263B2 (en) * 2013-09-12 2022-03-08 Netspective Communications Llc Blockchain-based crowdsourced initiatives tracking system
US9635000B1 (en) * 2016-05-25 2017-04-25 Sead Muftic Blockchain identity management system based on public identities ledger
RU2639015C1 (ru) * 2017-01-26 2017-12-19 Игорь Сан-Сенович Дю Способ контроля подлинности и качества продукции в процессе производства и реализации

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CN111242778A (zh) * 2019-12-31 2020-06-05 布比（北京）网络技术有限公司 数据处理方法、装置、计算机设备和存储介质
CN112416981A (zh) * 2020-12-03 2021-02-26 联动数科(北京)科技有限公司 基于区块链的数据处理方法、装置、电子设备及存储介质
CN113935834A (zh) * 2021-10-18 2022-01-14 甘肃同兴智能科技发展有限责任公司 一种基于公有链的绿色金融业务合规性“监管雷达”系统

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