WO2019154277A1 - 一种发电建材及其制备方法 - Google Patents

一种发电建材及其制备方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2019154277A1
WO2019154277A1 PCT/CN2019/074214 CN2019074214W WO2019154277A1 WO 2019154277 A1 WO2019154277 A1 WO 2019154277A1 CN 2019074214 W CN2019074214 W CN 2019074214W WO 2019154277 A1 WO2019154277 A1 WO 2019154277A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
layer
power generation
solar cell
building material
substrate
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Ceased
Application number
PCT/CN2019/074214
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
张伟
李永武
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Photon Technology (kunshan) Co Ltd
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Photon Technology (kunshan) Co Ltd
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Filing date
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Application filed by Photon Technology (kunshan) Co Ltd filed Critical Photon Technology (kunshan) Co Ltd
Priority to KR1020207023449A priority Critical patent/KR20200104410A/ko
Priority to CA3089650A priority patent/CA3089650C/en
Priority to JP2020564305A priority patent/JP2021512508A/ja
Priority to EP19750740.3A priority patent/EP3751623A4/en
Publication of WO2019154277A1 publication Critical patent/WO2019154277A1/zh
Priority to US16/944,398 priority patent/US20200403557A1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
    • H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10F77/10—Semiconductor bodies
    • H10F77/16—Material structures, e.g. crystalline structures, film structures or crystal plane orientations
    • H10F77/169—Thin semiconductor films on metallic or insulating substrates
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
    • H10F10/00—Individual photovoltaic cells, e.g. solar cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
    • H02S20/00—Supporting structures for PV modules
    • H02S20/20—Supporting structures directly fixed to an immovable object
    • H02S20/22—Supporting structures directly fixed to an immovable object specially adapted for buildings
    • H02S20/26—Building materials integrated with PV modules, e.g. façade elements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
    • H10F19/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one photovoltaic cell covered by group H10F10/00, e.g. photovoltaic modules
    • H10F19/80—Encapsulations or containers for integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, having photovoltaic cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
    • H10F19/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one photovoltaic cell covered by group H10F10/00, e.g. photovoltaic modules
    • H10F19/80—Encapsulations or containers for integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, having photovoltaic cells
    • H10F19/804—Materials of encapsulations
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
    • H10F71/00—Manufacture or treatment of devices covered by this subclass
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
    • H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10F77/10—Semiconductor bodies
    • H10F77/16—Material structures, e.g. crystalline structures, film structures or crystal plane orientations
    • H10F77/169—Thin semiconductor films on metallic or insulating substrates
    • H10F77/1698—Thin semiconductor films on metallic or insulating substrates the metallic or insulating substrates being flexible
    • H10F77/1699—Thin semiconductor films on metallic or insulating substrates the metallic or insulating substrates being flexible the films including Group I-III-VI materials, e.g. CIS or CIGS on metal foils or polymer foils
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
    • Y02B10/10—Photovoltaic [PV]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/541—CuInSe2 material PV cells

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the field of architecture, and particularly relates to a power generation building material and a preparation method thereof, and a photovoltaic building material and a preparation method thereof.
  • the Chinese utility model patent CN2730982Y discloses a solar tile, the technical scheme of which is to coat the surface of the inorganic clay used in the ceramic industry, apply a glass coating agent, and form a base of the ceramic tile; the surface of the tile substrate is designed to be photoelectric
  • the converted power generation layer is provided with a transparent conductive film on the upper and lower surfaces of the power generation layer, and a power supply member that can utilize the current generated in the power generation layer by the transparent conductive film described above.
  • the power generation layer is a silicon layer having an n-type silicon layer-i-type silicon layer-p-type silicon layer structure or a p-type silicon layer-i-type silicon layer-n-type silicon layer structure; the glass coating agent may be phosphorus ⁇ silicon
  • the acid salt glass or the boron silicate glass is formed with an antireflection protective film containing titanium oxide and silicon oxide on the upper surface of the transparent conductive film in order to prevent reflection of sunlight.
  • the above solar tile has the following defects: 1. Since the silicon-based solar cell is susceptible to environmental influences, generally in the photovoltaic field, it is necessary to select a special polymer material for packaging before being used outdoors, and the tile is transparent. The conductive film plus anti-reflection protective film is difficult to protect the battery and cannot meet the relevant standards of the photovoltaic industry. 2. The above surface anti-reflection protective film is a transparent material, so most of the light will be directly incident on the surface of the battery. The reflected color will be the color of the battery itself, which is single and cannot form the texture of the exterior of the building.
  • Chinese invention patent CN101755343A discloses a method for preparing a tile containing a photovoltaic cell, the method comprising the following steps in sequence:
  • a ceramic substrate (2) having one or more through holes (2c) and having a water absorption of 0.5 wt% or less is prepared, the step comprising:
  • a pressing operation in which a pressing operation is performed on the atomized ceramic powder having a humidity between 3 wt% and 6 wt% under a pressure of between 35 and 60 MPa;
  • the maximum temperature at which the baking operation is performed is between 1100 ° C and 1250 ° C; and the deposition of Ag or Ag-Al is directly deposited on the surface ( 2 a ) of the ceramic substrate ( 2 ) a conductive layer (6), a plurality of active layers (7), a conductive material layer (9) having a grid-like structure, and a protective layer (10) designed to ensure high transmission of solar radiation Properties, moisture resistance and weather resistance, ultraviolet stability, and electrical insulation, the plurality of active layers (7) sequentially including an n-type layer (11), a photosensitive layer (12), and a p-type layer (13); a connecting member (5) received in the through hole (2c) to electrically contact the conductive connecting member (5) with the conductive layer (6); and in the ceramic substrate (2) Surface (2a) opposite surface (2b).
  • the protective layer that receives the incident side of sunlight includes one of the following materials: enamel, polycarbonate, fluorinated polymer, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, and a combination of polymethyl methacrylate and polyvinyl fluoride. Its protective layer has the following defects:
  • the photovoltaic cell needs to be deposited on a ceramic substrate by a CVD method, preferably by plasma enhanced CVD (PECVD), while a photovoltaic cell having superior performance often requires a high film formation condition, which is obviously difficult for a ceramic substrate. Film formation directly under vacuum conditions, although its water content is not more than 0.5% by weight, will become a key obstacle to the preparation of high performance photovoltaic cells;
  • PECVD plasma enhanced CVD
  • the protective layer is made of enamel, since the firing temperature of the enamel is 500-900 degrees Celsius, even if a lower temperature is selected to form a transparent enamel layer on the surface, it will cause irreversible damage to the power generation layer.
  • the new energy sources currently available to people include wind energy, solar energy, ocean energy, geothermal energy, etc., and their production sites are located in suburbs, deserts or oceans with sparsely populated and low energy consumption, but at high population density and energy.
  • New energy sources are rarely seen in cities with concentrated consumption. This aspect is caused by the lack of concentration of new energy sources.
  • the concentrated areas of wind energy, ocean energy and geothermal energy are not suitable for human habitation; on the other hand, the use of new energy sources is not perfect enough and is not reasonable enough, such as solar energy. It is widely distributed and has a large amount of solar energy available in cities with high population density.
  • BIPV photovoltaic building integration
  • the PV modules used in conventional BIPV are generally dark blue, gray, black, and their color, texture, texture is not beautiful, and it is difficult to integrate with the building.
  • the architectural requirements for aesthetics are not met, and these shortcomings limit the widespread use of photovoltaic modules in buildings.
  • the patent application CN200420085961 adopts optical anti-reflection films of different thicknesses and types, so that the crystalline silicon solar cells exhibit different colors;
  • the patent application CN201020272089 adds an optical dielectric film layer between the glass substrate and the transparent conductive film to make the optical dielectric film layer and
  • the transparent glass substrate, the transparent conductive film, and the amorphous silicon film constitute a passive filter system that can selectively reflect and absorb the solar spectrum.
  • the color of the curtain wall glass changes, that is, the color of the curtain wall glass seen from the front and the side can be different.
  • the patent application CN201220200568 achieves matching with the color of the building by changing the color of the EVA or PVB film without changing the battery sheet.
  • an object of the present invention is to provide a power generation building material, which is more flexible in substrate selection, and which can improve power generation building materials and environment by improving the material composition of the protective layer. More integrated, and in a wide range of applications in reality.
  • the invention firstly provides a power generation building material, the power generation building material comprising a base, a power generation layer and a protective layer;
  • the power generation layer is disposed on a substrate, and the encapsulation layer covers the power generation layer;
  • the substrate is glass, metal plate, cement based board, plastic film, tile or tile;
  • the protective layer has a weighted average transmittance of from 0% to 79% at a wavelength of from 300 nm to 1300 nm.
  • the substrate may have a thickness of 0.01 mm to 5 cm.
  • a power-generating building material which is softly curved can be prepared.
  • the substrate has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 5 cm, a power generation building material for conventional or special use can be obtained.
  • the power generation layer has a copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) thin film solar cell, a gallium arsenide (GaAs) solar cell, a crystalline silicon solar cell, a silicon-based thin film solar cell, and a cadmium telluride.
  • CdTe copper indium gallium selenide
  • GaAs gallium arsenide
  • crystalline silicon solar cell a silicon-based thin film solar cell
  • a cadmium telluride CdTe
  • OCV organic solar cell
  • CZTS copper zinc tin sulfide
  • the power generation building materials can generate electric current.
  • current can also be generated when the transmittance is extremely low.
  • the material of the protective layer is an inorganic silicate material or an inorganic organic composite material.
  • the protective layer has a thickness of 0.01 to 5 mm.
  • the power generation building material further includes an encapsulation layer between the power generation layer and the protective layer, and the encapsulation layer material comprises an ethylene-octene copolymer or an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.
  • the encapsulating layer material further comprises an ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE) material, the ETFE material being located in an ethylene-octene copolymer or an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer and Between the protective layers.
  • ETFE ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer
  • the thickness of the packaging material is 0.05 mm to 3 mm.
  • the encapsulation layer can be provided as needed, and in the embodiment of the invention, the encapsulation layer material used can be removed.
  • the encapsulation layer can further extend the life of the solar cell.
  • the protective layer has a weighted average transmittance of from 0% to 79% at 300 to 1300 nm, which can be further improved by those skilled in the art as needed, such as by adding or doping in the raw material for preparing the protective layer.
  • a specific component that allows it to absorb or maintain a high transmittance at a specific wavelength, to achieve transparent or translucent properties in the visible wavelength range, or to have a specified transmittance (eg, 50%).
  • more specific wavelength range can choose 300-360, 360-400, 400-500, 500-600, 600-700, 700-760, 760-860, 860-1300nm, and the protective layer is formed by changing the raw material composition different color.
  • the surface of the power generation layer also has a graphene film having a thickness of not more than 10 nm.
  • the graphene film can further improve the performance of the power generation layer.
  • the power generation building material has the following properties:
  • the overall power generation building material thickness can be as low as 28 ⁇ m;
  • the power generation building material of the invention has flexibility and bendability, and the specific radius of curvature thereof is not more than 20 mm;
  • the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the power generation building material of the invention is greater than 14%;
  • the low light effect is good.
  • the solar cell of the present invention can generate electricity even in a low light environment (such as rainy weather or indoor lighting conditions), but the power generation efficiency is lower than that under normal sunlight irradiation; even if the pair is selected
  • a material having a visible light transmittance of 10% is used as a protective layer, and by combining it with an energy storage unit, the function of the LED lamp/quantum dot light-emitting unit can be realized.
  • the invention also provides a power generation building material, wherein the base is a ceramic tile, the ceramic tile is used for decorating the exterior of the building, and can also be used for the construction of the road, and the energy storage unit can be used to supply power for the street lamp and the foot lamp.
  • the solar cell further includes an insulating sealing layer.
  • the material of the insulating sealing layer may be ethylene-octene copolymer (POE) or ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA).
  • the present invention still further provides the above method for preparing a power generation building material, comprising the following steps:
  • the step 1) further comprises the step of forming an encapsulation layer thereon after the positive and negative electrodes are taken out.
  • the substrate is subjected to polishing and cleaning treatment before preparing the power generation layer, and the treated substrate has a surface roughness of less than 100 nm and a contact angle of 5-15.
  • the substrate has a wide range of sources, no special requirements, and does not affect the preparation of the product;
  • the present invention also provides a photovoltaic building material used in the field of construction, and the texture and texture of the photovoltaic building material are no longer limited to the texture of the glass and The texture can be expressed in the same way as the natural stone such as marble and granite that is conventionally seen.
  • the building materials can be presented with various colorful appearances and rich textures and textures that people want.
  • This kind of photovoltaic building material can develop and utilize sufficient sunlight radiation on the building without destroying the appearance and style of the building, and has broad application prospects.
  • the invention provides a photovoltaic building material, which comprises a surface layer, a power generation layer and a base layer.
  • the surface layer is prepared by directly covering the surface of the power generation layer with a liquid, and the surface layer has a weighted average transmittance of 10% to 85% in a wavelength range of 300 nm to 1300 nm.
  • the facing layer has a thickness of 0.01 to 5 mm.
  • the surface layer has a weighted average transmittance of 45% to 75% and a haze of 10% to 99% in a wavelength range of 300 nm to 1300 nm by adjusting the thickness of the surface layer, the raw material formulation, and the preparation process.
  • the surface layer of the photovoltaic building material prepared by the invention has a surface water absorption rate of ⁇ 8%, no damage in 50 freeze-thaw cycles, no cracking and cracking, and an artificial weather aging resistance of ⁇ 600 h, and is resistant to contamination. ⁇ 20%, chemical resistance meets the standard, the scrub resistance is ⁇ 1000 times, the adhesion between the surface layer and the power generation layer is ⁇ 1MPa, and the Mohs hardness of the surface layer is ⁇ 3, which meets the performance requirements of the opposite layer in the construction field. .
  • the combination of the power generation layer and the base layer is a crystalline silicon solar cell module or a thin film solar cell module.
  • the crystalline silicon solar cell component comprises a substrate, a film, a solar cell layer and a protective layer; the thin film solar cell component comprising a substrate, a solar cell layer and a protective layer.
  • the power generation layer is a thin film solar cell layer and a protective layer.
  • the solar cell layer and substrate layer are well known in the art.
  • the substrate layer comprises one of glass, a metal plate, a flexible plastic film or a ceramic tile, and the power generation layer is deposited directly on the substrate layer.
  • the thin film solar cell used in the power generation layer comprises a copper indium gallium selenide solar cell, a gallium arsenide solar cell, an amorphous silicon solar cell, a cadmium telluride solar cell, a dye sensitized solar cell, a copper zinc tin sulphur solar Battery or perovskite solar cell.
  • the facing material comprises a curing mother liquor and a filler pigment.
  • the top layer raw material further comprises one or more of nanoparticles, quantum dots or graphene.
  • the nanoparticles, quantum dots or graphene occupy 0.05% to 0.5% of the raw material of the top layer.
  • the nanoparticles comprise an inorganic light diffusing agent and/or an organic light diffusing agent.
  • the raw material for preparing the top layer is mainly composed of a mother liquid and supplemented with a pigment.
  • the mother liquor is used in an amount of from 140 to 200 parts by weight, and the pigment is from 5 to 15 parts by weight.
  • the mother liquor comprises 600 to 800 parts of deionized water, 0.1 to 1 part of a crosslinking agent, 2 to 5 parts of cellulose, 0.5 to 3 parts of a dispersing agent, and 0.5 to 3 parts of a multifunctional auxiliary agent.
  • bactericide 1 to 4 parts molding agent 15 to 30 parts, ethylene glycol 2 to 6 parts, film-forming auxiliary agent 8 to 10 parts, soap-polymerized silicone-acrylic emulsion 15 to 28 parts, core-shell structure copolymerization 70-110 parts of the self-crosslinking silicone-acrylic emulsion and 50-110 parts of the silicone grafted acrylate emulsion.
  • the pigment comprises 5 to 15 parts of an inorganic pigment, the inorganic pigment comprising a natural mineral pigment and/or an artificial pigment, and the natural mineral pigment comprises one or more of stone green, carbon black, mica, coral and realgar.
  • the artificial pigment includes one or more of iron oxide red, yellow iron oxide, titanium white, chrome yellow, and iron blue.
  • the pigment may be selected from organic pigments of 5 to 15 parts by weight, and the organic pigments include one or more of an azo pigment, a phthalocyanine pigment, a triarylmethane pigment, and a polycyclic pigment.
  • the organic pigments include one or more of an azo pigment, a phthalocyanine pigment, a triarylmethane pigment, and a polycyclic pigment.
  • the top layer raw material further comprises sand powder
  • the sand powder comprises one or more of quartz sand, kaolin, marble powder and white marble powder.
  • the mother liquor accounts for 143 to 296 parts by weight
  • the pigment accounts for 1 to 10 parts by weight.
  • the mother liquid comprises 30 to 90 parts of water glass, 90 to 160 parts of filler, 0.1 to 0.5 parts of antifoaming agent, 3 to 5 parts of thickener, 1 to 5 parts of film forming aid, and curing agent 5 ⁇ 9 parts and 14 to 27 parts of water.
  • the curing mechanism of the selected liquid material is to absorb carbon dioxide in the air to form an amorphous silicate and gradually dry to solidify.
  • the water glass comprises sodium water glass and/or potassium water glass
  • the filler comprises white carbon black, kaolin, heavy calcium carbonate, light calcium carbonate, wollastonite powder, talc powder, quartz powder, mica.
  • the antifoaming agent includes one or more of a lower alcohol, a mineral oil, and a silicone resin
  • the thickener includes One or more of a silicone gel, methylcellulose, and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose
  • the film-forming aid includes a dodecyl alcohol ester
  • the curing agent includes vinyltriamine and/or meta-benzene Diamine m-PDA.
  • the pigment comprises an inorganic pigment and/or an organic pigment
  • the inorganic pigment comprises a natural mineral pigment and/or an artificial pigment
  • the natural mineral pigment comprises one or more of stone green, carbon black, mica, coral and realgar.
  • the artificial pigment includes one or more of iron oxide red, iron oxide yellow, titanium white, chrome yellow, iron blue, pearl silver, and pearl gold
  • the organic pigment includes an azo pigment, a phthalocyanine pigment, and a triarylmethane pigment. And one or more of the polycyclic pigments;
  • the mother liquor accounts for 75 to 115 parts by weight
  • the pigment accounts for 1 to 5 parts by weight.
  • the mother liquor comprises a base material, a filler, and an auxiliary agent; the base material accounts for 50 to 70 parts, the filler accounts for 5 to 15 parts, and the auxiliary agent accounts for 3 to 6 parts.
  • the binder comprises a fluorocarbon resin
  • the pigment comprises a natural mineral pigment and/or an artificial pigment
  • the natural mineral pigment comprises one or more of stone green, carbon black, mica, coral and realgar
  • the artificial pigment comprises One or more of iron oxide red, yellow iron oxide, titanium white, chrome yellow and iron blue
  • fillers include white carbon black, kaolin, calcium carbonate, wollastonite powder, talc powder, quartz powder, mica powder, silicic acid One or more of aluminum, precipitated barium sulfate and bentonite
  • the auxiliary agent includes a wetting agent, a dispersing agent, an antifoaming agent, a film forming aid, a mold inhibitor, and a thickener.
  • the wetting agent comprises glycerin and/or dimethyl sulfoxide;
  • the dispersing agent comprises a polycarboxylate sodium salt and/or a polyacrylic acid ammonium salt;
  • the antifoaming agent comprises an emulsified silicone oil, a polyoxyethylene polyoxygen One or more of propylene pentaerythritol ether and polyoxyethylene polyoxypropanolamine;
  • the film forming aid includes dodecyl alcohol;
  • the mold inhibitor includes calcium propionate, ammonium persulfate and o-phenyl One or more of phenol;
  • the thickener is one or more of silicone gel, methyl cellulose, and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose;
  • the pigments used include thermochromic pigments and/or photochromic pigments.
  • the photovoltaic building material protective layer comprises a ceramic film, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), polyvinyl butyral (PVB), polyethylene-butene copolymer (POE), silica gel, polyethylene.
  • EVA ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer
  • PVB polyvinyl butyral
  • POE polyethylene-butene copolymer
  • silica gel silica gel
  • PE polyethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer
  • EEP polyvinylidene fluoride film
  • PET polyethylene terephthalate
  • PMMA polyethylene terephthalate
  • PC inorganic glass
  • plexiglass PMMA
  • PC polycarbonate
  • the protective layer has only a ceramic film, and the ceramic film used in the protective layer comprises one or more of an oxide, a nitride and a fluoride.
  • the oxide includes one or more of silicon oxide, zinc oxide, and titanium oxide;
  • the nitride includes aluminum nitride and/or silicon nitride;
  • the fluoride includes polytetrafluoroethylene.
  • the protective layer when the protective layer comprises a film, that is, one or more of EVA, PVB, POE and silica gel, the protective layer further comprises a front film;
  • the front film comprises a glass and/or a polymer material.
  • the polymeric material comprises one or more of PMMA, PC, ETFE, PVDF, FEP, PET, and PET/PE.
  • the ceramic film has a thickness of 0.4 to 1000 ⁇ m.
  • the ceramic film can be prepared by a sputtering method or a chemical vapor deposition method.
  • the combination of the surface layer, the power generation layer and the first substrate may be adhered to the second substrate, and the second substrate comprises glass, metal plate, cement-based board, wood board, bamboo board, stone board, concrete board One or more of plastic sheets, tiles or tiles.
  • the invention provides a method for preparing a photovoltaic building material, comprising the steps of: 1) attaching a power generation layer to a base layer and extracting a positive and negative electrode; or directly preparing a power generation layer on the base layer, and extracting a positive and negative electrode; Or directly take a crystalline silicon battery component or a thin film solar cell module;
  • a surface layer is prepared on the power generation layer, and the surface layer is obtained by directly covering the surface of the power generation layer with liquid solidification.
  • the substrate described in step 1) is cleaned, and the standard cleaning process is as follows:
  • each mold section of the washing machine is as follows: (1) Rolling brush section: the rolling brush speed is 400r/min, the upper and lower spray water pressure is controlled at 1.0-1.3MPa, the volume of cleaning agent and deionized water The ratio is 1:9. (2) Brushing section: The rolling brush speed is 300r/min, and the upper and lower spray water pressure is controlled at 0.5 ⁇ 1.0MPa. (3) Ultrasonic section: The ultrasonic frequency is fixed at 18 kHz, and the water in the ultrasonic section must be immersed in the substrate glass. (4) BJ spray section: BJ nozzle must be 30° with the transmission direction, water pressure should be controlled between 2MPa, and the air pressure must be greater than 3MPa.
  • Pure water spray section The upper and lower spray pressure is controlled between 0.5 and 1.2 MPa.
  • Pure water washing section The upper and lower spray pressure is controlled between 0.5 and 1.1 MPa.
  • Wind knife section The pressure of the air knife should be higher than 0.4MPa.
  • Destaticization Static electricity must be removed after the substrate is dried.
  • the facing layer can be prepared on the power generation layer by hand spraying, automatic spraying, brushing, spin coating, printing, printing, slurrying, rolling, knife coating or coating.
  • the curing temperature in the step 2) is from -10 ° C to 100 ° C, and the curing time is from 0.2 s to 48 h.
  • Some methods for preparing the facing material need to be carried out under high temperature conditions, and the high temperature will cause damage to the photovoltaic module.
  • the invention improves the formulation of the top layer material, and the surface layer material can be cured at -10 ° C to 100 ° C; in addition, by controlling the thickness and formulation of the surface layer, the surface layer can maintain a high transmittance.
  • the above preparation process is carried out at a lower temperature, and does not require high temperature treatment, which can effectively reduce energy consumption and ensure that the battery is not damaged.
  • the photovoltaic building materials of the present invention for building construction have the following advantages:
  • the invention prepares a surface layer on the surface of the solar cell, so that the surface of the solar cell can exhibit the texture of the conventional building material, and the solar cell maintains a high conversion efficiency while ensuring power generation;
  • the surface layer curing temperature used in the invention is between -10 ° C and 100 ° C, which does not cause damage to the photovoltaic module, and a surface layer having a higher hardness can be formed on the photovoltaic module;
  • the surface layer prepared by the invention can not only be firmly combined with the photovoltaic module, but also has good wear resistance;
  • the surface layer prepared by the invention has good weather resistance and can be used for several decades in the external wall of the building;
  • the surface layer prepared by the invention has strong compactness and corrosion resistance, so that it can effectively separate the wrapped solar cells in the surface layer from the outside;
  • the power generation building materials prepared by the invention have stable performance, bright colors, good decorativeness and broad application prospects.
  • the power-generating building material provided by the present invention also adopts a material having optical control function as a surface layer, which completely overcomes the shortcomings of light pollution such as flashing and vertigo caused by specular reflection of conventional photovoltaic components.
  • Figure 1 is a cross-sectional structural view of a new power generation building material, in which 1 is a base material (tile, cement substrate, metal plate, plastic film, tile, etc.); 2 is a power generation layer; 3 is an encapsulation layer; 4 is protection Layer (enamel enamel);
  • 2 is a transmittance curve of different enamel protective layers in a wavelength range of 300 nm to 1300 nm;
  • FIG. 4 is a structural diagram of a photovoltaic building material of the present invention (including a ceramic film), 1 is a surface layer; 2 is a power generation layer; 3 is a base layer;
  • FIG. 5 is a side structural view of the photovoltaic building material shown in Figure 4, 1 is a surface layer; 2-1 is a ceramic film; 2-2 is a solar cell layer; 2*2 is a negative electrode surface; 2*3 is a positive electrode surface ; e1 is the lead-out electrode; e2 is the lead-out electrode;
  • Figure 6 is a structural diagram of a photovoltaic building material of the present invention (including a front film and a film), 1 is a surface layer; 2 is a power generation layer; 3 is a base layer;
  • FIG. 7 is a side view structural view of the photovoltaic building material shown in FIG. 6, 1 is a surface layer; 2-1 is a front film; 2-2 is a film; 2-3 is a solar cell layer; 2*2 is a negative electrode surface; 2*3 is the positive electrode surface; e1 is the extraction negative electrode; e2 is the extraction positive electrode;
  • Figure 8 is a structural view of a photovoltaic building material of the present invention (including a ceramic film and a film), 1 is a surface layer; 2 is a power generation layer; 3 is a base layer;
  • FIG. 9 is a side structural view of the photovoltaic building material shown in FIG. 8, 1 is a surface layer; 2-1 is a ceramic film; 2-2 is a solar cell layer; 3-1 is a film; 3-2 is a substrate; 2* 2 is a negative electrode surface; 2*3 is a positive electrode surface; e1 is a negative electrode; and e2 is a positive electrode;
  • Figure 10 is a structural diagram of a photovoltaic building material of the present invention (including a front film and two layers of film), 1 is a surface layer; 2 is a power generation layer; 3 is a base layer;
  • Figure 11 is a side structural view of the photovoltaic building material shown in Figure 10, 1 is a surface layer; 2-1 is a front film; 2-2 is a film; 2-3 is a solar cell layer; 3-1 is a film; -2 is the substrate; 2*3 is the negative electrode surface; 2*4 is the positive electrode surface; e1 is the extraction negative electrode; and e2 is the extraction positive electrode;
  • FIG. 12 is a structural diagram of a photovoltaic building material of the present invention (including a ceramic film and a two-layer film), 1 is a surface layer; 2 is a power generation layer; 3 is a first substrate layer; 4 is a second substrate layer;
  • Figure 13 is a side structural view of the photovoltaic building material shown in Figure 12, 1 is a surface layer; 2-1 is a ceramic film; 2-2 is a solar cell layer; 3-1 is a film; 3-2 is a first substrate; 4-1 is a film; 4-2 is a second substrate; 2*2 is a negative electrode surface; 2*3 is a positive electrode surface; e1 is a negative electrode; and e2 is a positive electrode;
  • Figure 14 is a structural view of a photovoltaic building material of the present invention (including a front film and a three-layer film), 1 is a surface layer; 2 is a power generation layer; 3 is a first base layer; 4 is a second base layer; 2-1 is a front film 2-2 is a film; 2-3 is a solar cell layer; 3-1 is a film; 3-2 is a first substrate; 4-1 is a film; 4-2 is a second substrate; 2*3 is Negative electrode surface; 2*4 is the positive electrode surface; e1 is the lead negative electrode; e2 is the lead positive electrode;
  • Figure 15 is a side structural view of the photovoltaic building material shown in Figure 14, 1 is a surface layer; 2-1 is a front film; 2-2 is a film; 2-3 is a solar cell layer; 3-1 is a film; -2 is the first substrate; 4-1 is the film; 4-2 is the second substrate; 2*3 is the negative electrode surface; 2*4 is the positive electrode surface; e1 is the extraction negative electrode; and e2 is the extraction positive electrode;
  • 16 is a transmittance curve of a surface layer of the embodiment 6 of the present invention in a wavelength range of 300 nm to 1300 nm, and a weighted average transmittance of 85%;
  • 17 is a transmittance curve of a surface layer of the embodiment 7 of the present invention in a wavelength range of 300 nm to 1300 nm, and a weighted average transmittance of 35%;
  • 18 is a transmittance curve of a surface layer of the eighth embodiment of the present invention in a wavelength range of 300 nm to 1300 nm, and a weighted average transmittance of 52%;
  • Fig. 19 is a graph showing the transmittance of the surface layer of the ninth embodiment of the present invention in the wavelength range of 300 nm to 1300 nm, and the weighted average transmittance is 10%.
  • FIG. 1 shows a novel power generation building material.
  • the power building materials include a base material 1, a thin film solar cell and a drainage strip 2 and a protective layer 3 (enamel film).
  • the base material may be selected from the group consisting of glass, ceramic tile, cement substrate, metal plate, plastic film, tile, and the like.
  • the thin film solar cell may be a core structure of a plurality of solar cells, and specifically may be a CIGS thin film solar cell, a GaAs thin film solar cell, an amorphous silicon thin film solar cell, a CdTe thin film solar cell, an OPV thin film solar cell, a CZTS thin film.
  • the protective layer film has an optimum thickness of 0.01-5 mm, and a thicker film will provide better protection, but obviously the transmittance of the protective layer is lowered.
  • the film may be an enamel film, and a gloss glaze, a semi-gloss glaze, a matt glaze and a embossed glaze may be selected for the power generation building material, and different colors may be selected for the enamel film as needed.
  • the protective layer should be as transparent as possible so that sunlight can pass through at the maximum, and in the present invention, by introducing an enamel layer and selectively coloring the enamel layer, the power generation building material can be integrated into the surrounding environment. This broadens the application of solar cells.
  • the enamel film selected for use in the present invention is preferably an inorganic silicate material or an inorganic organic composite material, and the composition thereof includes O, Na, Ga, Mg, S, Si, Al, Ca, Co, K, Zr, Ba, P and A plurality of elements such as B may be formed by reacting a raw material containing these elements such as an oxide or a corresponding salt such as sodium silicate, magnesium hydroxide or potassium carbonate at a low temperature to form a glaze.
  • the raw material may also be selected from sodium titanate, quartz sand, feldspar powder, sodium carbonate, sodium nitrate 3.7-4.0 parts, cryolite, zirconium dioxide, aluminum phosphate, cobalt nitrate, nickel nitrate, zinc oxide, barium carbonate, etc.
  • the raw materials serve as a source of different oxides.
  • the abrasive is sintered at a high temperature (such as 800-850 ° C), and quenched and pulverized to obtain an enamel glaze, which can be ball milled to obtain fine particles, so that it can be applied to inkjet printing or Spray directly.
  • a high temperature such as 800-850 ° C
  • aqueous glaze may be any of the above materials.
  • Various dopants may be added to the above-mentioned film so that it is transmitted in a specific wavelength range, such as a benzotriazole-based ultraviolet absorber added to the ultraviolet light absorber, and is selected from 2-(2 ⁇ -hydroxy-5 ⁇ ).
  • -Methyl)-benzotriazole 2-(2 ⁇ -hydroxy-3 ⁇ -tert-butyl-5 ⁇ -methyl)-5-chloro-benzotriazole, 2-(2 ⁇ -hydroxy-3 ⁇ 5 ⁇ -di-tert-butyl 5-)Chloro-benzotriazole, 2'-(2'-hydroxy-3'-tert-butyl-5'-methylphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole, 2-(2 ⁇ - One or more of hydroxy-5 ⁇ -tert-octyl)-benzotriazole can achieve absorption of ultraviolet light; adding indium tin oxide, antimony tin oxide, tungsten trioxide, molybdenum trioxide, tungsten bronze or having oxygen deficiency One or several of the copper sulfides achieve modulation of near-infrared light; the fullerene derivative PC61BM or PC71BM (see CN106025080A) or other colored material is added to effect modulation of visible light absorption.
  • the film may also be a fluorine-containing polymer compound, and the fluorine-containing polymer compound, such as polytetrafluoroethylene, and a fluorine-containing polymer compound having a thickness of 0.01 to 1 mm as a protective layer can not only ensure light transmission. Moreover, changes can be made to the appearance of the solar cell.
  • the film of the protective layer has a transmittance of 0% to 79% at 300-1300 nm, and those skilled in the art can further improve this as needed, such as by adding or doping specific components in the film. So that it has absorption at a specific wavelength or maintains high transmittance.
  • the pass rate is 0% to 79%, and the transmittance of light for visible light and 760-1300 nm decreases from top to bottom in accordance with the type of the envelope.
  • Fig. 3 is a graph showing the I-V efficiency of a power generation building material, which has the structure shown in Fig. 1. As can be seen from Fig. 3, the conversion efficiency of a small-area power generation building material is greater than 14%.
  • a power generation building material the base of which is a flexible stainless steel foil having a thickness of 0.2 mm, on which a power generating electrode layer is disposed, and a wire lead-out electrode is disposed.
  • a protective layer is disposed on the battery layer, the protective layer is made of an aqueous glaze, and the aqueous glaze comprises a soluble silicon inorganic metal salt having a thickness of 0.1 mm and having a marble pattern.
  • the preparation method is as follows:
  • the flexible stainless steel foil substrate was cleaned and placed in a magnetron sputtering machine.
  • a 0.5 ⁇ m WTi barrier layer was first sputtered.
  • the working gas was Ar gas
  • the sputtering gas pressure was 0.7 Pa
  • the background vacuum was 2.0 ⁇ 10 -3 Pa
  • the substrate was not heated during sputtering.
  • the Mo film was prepared by a three-layer process, the sputtering pressure of the first layer was 1.5 Pa, the sputtering pressure of the second layer was 0.6 Pa, and the sputtering pressure of the third layer was 1.5 Pa.
  • a 2 ⁇ m CIGS film was deposited on the Mo film by a sputtering method at a sputtering pressure of 0.7 Pa and a background vacuum of 1.5 ⁇ 10 -3 Pa, followed by selenization annealing treatment.
  • the selenized film was placed in a mixed solution of cadmium sulfate, thiourea, and ammonia water, and 50 nm of CdS was deposited at 70 °C.
  • the film was again placed in the sputtering chamber, the working gas was O 2 + Ar, the sputtering gas pressure was 0.7 Pa, the background vacuum was 2.0 ⁇ 10 -3 Pa, and the substrate temperature was kept at 200 ° C during sputtering, respectively.
  • Intrinsic ZnO film and AZO film is deposited by evaporation to form a flexible thin film solar panel.
  • the formation of the protective layer is formed by inkjet printing, and the raw materials of the selected enamel layer include cobalt acetate, ferrous chloride, potassium chromate and zirconium hypochlorite by a conventional method (by water or an alcohol solvent). After dissolving and adding OP and water-based acrylic emulsion to form a glaze solution, it is loaded into different printer equipment according to the color of the glaze, and printed directly according to the pattern of the marble to obtain a power generation building material.
  • the power generation building material has a marble pattern, and its transmittance in visible light at 500-700 nm is 71%, and its photovoltaic conversion efficiency is 14.6%.
  • a power generation building material the base of which is a ceramic tile having a thickness of 8.0 mm, on which a battery layer is disposed, and a wire lead-out electrode is disposed.
  • the battery layer has a CdTe solar cell structure, and the specific preparation process is as follows: first, the cleaned substrate is placed in a sputtering apparatus, the working gas is Ar gas, the sputtering gas pressure is 0.7 Pa, and the background vacuum is 1.5 ⁇ 10 -3 Pa, A transparent conductive oxide indium tin oxide film is sputter deposited on the substrate.
  • the CdS slurry was coated into a film by a screen printing method, dried at 120 ° C for 3 h, and then sintered under a N 2 atmosphere for 2 h at a sintering temperature of 650 ° C.
  • the slurry containing the CdTe powder was then printed onto CdS and sintered for 1 h.
  • a carbon electrode and an Ag slurry were printed on CdTe as an extraction electrode.
  • a protective layer is disposed on the battery layer, the protective layer is made of an aqueous glaze, and the aqueous glaze includes a soluble inorganic metal salt having a thickness of 0.1 mm and having a marble pattern.
  • the glaze solution can be applied to the surface of the battery layer in the form of spray coating, silk screen printing, and flow paddle, and the transmittance of light at 450-760 nm is 52%, and the obtained battery has photoelectric conversion of not less than 14.1%. Efficiency, and it can be used on the exterior walls of buildings.
  • a power generation building material the base of which is an aluminum nitride ceramic having a thickness of 1.0 cm, on which a battery layer is disposed, and a wire lead-out electrode is disposed.
  • An encapsulation layer and a protective layer are disposed on the battery layer.
  • the protective layer is made of a polytetrafluoroethylene layer having a thickness of 0.05 mm and a surface of dark gray, and the surface of the power generation layer has no more than 4 layers of graphene.
  • the graphene layer can be formed by a low temperature, and in order to avoid adverse effects on the power generation layer, the graphene layer should be formed at a low temperature of not higher than 400 °C.
  • the battery obtained in this example has a transmittance of light of 22% at 450 to 760 nm, has a photoelectric conversion efficiency of not less than 14.0%, and can be used for an exterior wall of a building.
  • a power generation building material the substrate of which is a polyimide film, on which a battery layer is disposed, and a wire lead-out electrode is disposed.
  • An encapsulation layer and a protective layer are disposed on the battery layer, and the protective layer is made of a polytetrafluoroethylene layer having a thickness of 0.05 mm and a beige surface. See Example 1 for the preparation of the battery.
  • the battery obtained in this example had a light transmittance of 50% at 500-760 nm and a photoelectric conversion efficiency of not less than 14.2%.
  • a power generation building material the base of which is an enamel, on which a battery layer is disposed, and a wire lead-out electrode is disposed.
  • a protective layer is disposed on the battery layer, and the protective layer is made of a polytetrafluoroethylene layer having a thickness of 0.6 mm and a white surface.
  • the surface of the battery was prepared with graphene, and the number of graphene layers was not more than 15 layers.
  • the graphene layer can be formed by a low temperature method, and in order to avoid interference with the power generation layer, the graphene layer should be formed at a low temperature of not higher than 400 °C.
  • the battery obtained in this example had a light transmittance of 76% at 450 to 760 nm and a photoelectric conversion efficiency of not less than 14.2%.
  • the photovoltaic building materials in turn include a surface layer, a power generation layer and a base layer.
  • the base is a flexible stainless steel foil having a thickness of 0.2 mm, a power generating layer is disposed thereon, and a wire lead-out electrode is disposed. A surface layer is provided on the power generation layer.
  • the power generation layer preparation method is specifically as follows,
  • the flexible stainless steel foil substrate was cleaned and placed in a magnetron sputtering machine. To prevent the diffusion of elements from the stainless steel into the solar cell, a 1.0 m WTi barrier layer was sputtered first.
  • the working gas was Ar gas
  • the sputtering gas pressure was 0.7 Pa
  • the background vacuum was 2.0 ⁇ 10 -3 Pa
  • the substrate was not heated during sputtering.
  • the Mo film was prepared by a three-layer process, the sputtering pressure of the first layer was 1.5 Pa, the sputtering pressure of the second layer was 0.6 Pa, and the sputtering pressure of the third layer was 1.5 Pa.
  • a 1.2 ⁇ m CIGS film was deposited on the Mo film by a sputtering method at a sputtering pressure of 0.7 Pa and a background vacuum of 1.5 ⁇ 10 -3 Pa, followed by selenization annealing treatment.
  • the selenized film was placed in a mixed solution of cadmium sulfate, thiourea, and ammonia water, and 30 nm of CdS was deposited at 70 °C. Then, the film was again placed in the sputtering chamber, the working gas was O 2 + Ar, the sputtering gas pressure was 0.7 Pa, the background vacuum was 2.0 ⁇ 10 -3 Pa, and the substrate temperature was kept at 200 ° C during sputtering, respectively.
  • Intrinsic ZnO film and AZO film are deposited by evaporation to form a flexible thin film solar panel.
  • a layer of aluminum nitride having a thickness of 15 ⁇ m was deposited by RF sputtering to finally form a power generation layer.
  • the surface layer is prepared by a printing method, and the surface layer is mainly composed of a mother liquid, which is supplemented with an inorganic pigment.
  • the mother liquor accounted for 155 parts, the pigment accounted for 7 parts, and the pigment selected the same weight of titanium dioxide and iron oxide red powder.
  • the mother liquor includes 764 parts of deionized water, 0.4 parts of A1522 cross-linking agent, 3 parts of 250HBR cellulose, 1.5 parts of 5040 dispersing agent, 1.5 parts of AMP-95 multifunctional auxiliary agent, 2.5 parts of M30 bactericide, and 21 parts of R103 forming agent.
  • the transmittance curve of visible light of the photovoltaic building material surface layer at 300 to 1300 nm has a weighted average transmittance of 85%.
  • the photovoltaic building materials in turn include a surface layer, a power generation layer and a base layer.
  • a photovoltaic building material the base of which is glass, has a thickness of 2.0 mm, is provided with a battery layer thereon, and is provided with a wire lead-out electrode.
  • the preparation process of the battery was similar to that of Example 1, except that the CIGS film was changed to Cu 2 (ZnSn) (SSe) 4 , and the post-treatment process of the film was changed to selenization or vulcanization.
  • a protective layer is provided on the battery layer, the protective layer is EVA and glass, and the top layer is prepared by a manual spraying method.
  • the mother liquor used comprises 45 parts of potassium water glass and 130 parts of filler, which is a mixture of talc powder, calcium carbonate and kaolin, and the weight ratio thereof is 2:1:1.
  • the transmittance curve of visible light of the photovoltaic building material surface layer at 300 to 1300 nm has a weighted average transmittance of 35%, as shown in FIG.
  • the photovoltaic building materials in turn include a surface layer, a power generation layer and a base layer.
  • a photovoltaic building material the base of which is a ceramic tile having a thickness of 8.0 mm, on which a battery layer is disposed, and a wire lead-out electrode is disposed.
  • the battery layer has a CdTe solar cell structure, and the specific preparation process is as follows: first, the cleaned substrate is placed in a sputtering apparatus, the working gas is Ar gas, the sputtering gas pressure is 0.7 Pa, and the background vacuum is 1.8 ⁇ 10 -3 Pa, A transparent conductive indium tin oxide film is sputter deposited on the substrate.
  • the CdS slurry was coated into a film by a screen printing method, dried at 100 ° C for 2 h, and then sintered under a N 2 atmosphere for 0.5 h at a sintering temperature of 680 ° C.
  • the slurry containing the CdTe powder was then printed onto CdS and sintered for 1 h.
  • a carbon electrode and an Ag slurry were printed on CdTe as an extraction electrode.
  • a protective layer is provided on the battery layer, the protective layer is PVB and ETFE, and the surface layer is prepared on the protective layer, and the thickness of the surface layer is 0.1 mm, and the raw materials are as follows.
  • the mother liquid accounts for 100 parts, and the pigment accounts for 5 parts.
  • the mother liquor raw material comprises a base material, a filler and an auxiliary agent; the base material accounts for 60 parts, the filler accounts for 15 parts, and the auxiliary agent accounts for 3.8 parts.
  • the base material comprises a fluorocarbon resin; the pigment uses natural mineral pigments; the natural mineral pigments include mica and coral; the filler comprises wollastonite powder, quartz powder and bentonite, and the weight ratio is 1:1.5:0.8; 0.2 parts of sulfoxide, 1.1 parts of sodium carboxylate, 0.3 parts of emulsified silicone oil, 1.5 parts of dodecyl alcohol, 0.2 parts of o-phenylphenol, and 0.5 parts of methyl cellulose.
  • the liquid material constituting the top layer was applied to the surface of the battery layer by a flow pad method at a curing temperature of 100 ° C and a curing time of 0.2 s. As shown in FIG. 18, the transmittance curve of visible light of the surface layer at 300 to 1300 nm has a weighted average transmittance of 52%.
  • the photovoltaic building materials in turn include a surface layer, a power generation layer and a base layer.
  • a photovoltaic building material the base of which is an aluminum nitride ceramic having a thickness of 20.0 mm, a battery layer disposed thereon, an amorphous silicon battery selected as the battery layer, and a wire lead-out electrode is disposed.
  • a protective layer is disposed on the battery layer, and the protective layer is made of a silicon dioxide ceramic film having a thickness of 5 ⁇ m.
  • the silicon dioxide is obtained by reactive sputtering: the vacuum chamber is pumped to 2.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 Pa and then starts to work. .
  • the sputtering atmosphere is Ar+O 2 , wherein Ar:O 2 is 3:1, the target is 6N pure single crystal silicon, and the target base distance is 60 mm.
  • the top layer is prepared by a printing method, and the mother liquid accounts for 240 parts by weight, and the pigment accounts for 10 parts by weight.
  • the mother liquor used comprises 75 parts of sodium water glass and 112 parts of filler, which is a mixture of wollastonite powder, aluminum silicate and kaolin, and the weight ratio thereof is 3:2:5.
  • 10 parts of pigment, which is a phthalocyanine pigment; the surface layer obtained has a thickness of 0.5 mm, a curing temperature of -10 ° C, and a curing time of 48 h.
  • the transmittance curve of the visible light of the photovoltaic building material surface layer at 300 to 1300 nm is shown in Fig. 19, and the weighted average transmittance is 45%.
  • the photovoltaic building materials in turn include a surface layer, a power generation layer and a base layer.
  • a photovoltaic building material which selects a polycrystalline silicon component product
  • the substrate is a ceramic tile having a water absorption rate of less than 1%, a thickness of 5 mm, and a wire lead-out electrode is disposed on the power generation layer.
  • a protective layer is provided on the battery layer, and the protective layer is a silica ceramic film.
  • the top layer is prepared by an automatic spraying method, and the raw materials include a mother liquid and a pigment, and the mother liquid accounts for 75 parts by weight, and the pigment accounts for 1 part by weight.
  • the mother liquor raw material comprises a base material, a filler and an auxiliary agent; the base material accounts for 70 parts, the filler accounts for 10 parts, and the auxiliary agent accounts for 6 parts.
  • the base material is made of fluorocarbon resin; the pigment is made of artificial pigment; the artificial pigment is made of iron blue; the filler comprises quartz powder and precipitated barium sulfate; the auxiliary agent includes 0.4 parts of glycerin, 1.0 part of sodium polycarboxylate, and polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene. 0.4 parts of alcohol amine ether, 2 parts of lauryl alcohol, 0.1 part of ammonium persulfate, and 0.6 parts of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose.
  • the liquid material constituting the top layer was applied to the surface of the battery layer in a printed form, the surface layer thickness was 0.3 mm, the curing temperature was 50 ° C, and the curing time was 1 s.
  • the visible light weighted average transmittance of the top layer at 300 to 1300 nm is 45%.
  • the photovoltaic building materials in turn include a surface layer, a power generation layer and a base layer.
  • a photovoltaic building material which is a commercially available monocrystalline silicon battery module product.
  • the substrate is made of glass and has a thickness of 2 mm.
  • the power generation layer is provided with a wire lead-out electrode and is provided with a protective layer.
  • the protective layer comprises a silica gel and a front film, and the front film is made of ETFE.
  • the top layer is prepared by a spin coating method, and the raw materials include a mother liquor and a pigment, and the mother liquor accounts for 140 parts by weight and the pigment accounts for 5 parts by weight.
  • the mother liquor comprises 800 parts of deionized water, 0.3 parts of A151 cross-linking agent, 2 parts of 250HBR cellulose, 0.5 parts of 5040 dispersing agent, 3 parts of AMP-95 multifunctional auxiliary agent, 1 part of M30 bactericide, and 15 parts of R103 forming agent. 6 parts of ethylene glycol, 8 parts of C-12 film-forming auxiliary agent, 0.1 part of nano-silica light diffusing agent, 28 parts of soap-free polymerized silicone-acrylic emulsion, and self-crosslinking silicon-acrylic copolymerized by core-shell structure 70 parts of the emulsion, 110 parts of the silicone grafted acrylate emulsion, and 1 part of the pigment selected azo pigment.
  • the thickness of the surface layer prepared was 0.05 mm.
  • the curing temperature was -10 ° C and the curing time was 30 h.
  • the battery obtained in this example had a weighted average transmittance of 55% for light of 300 to 1300 nm.
  • the photovoltaic building material comprises a surface layer, a power generation layer, a first base layer and a second base layer in this order.
  • a photovoltaic building material, the power generation layer selects a single crystal silicon battery component, the component is pasted on the tile, the battery component is provided with a wire lead-out electrode, and a surface layer is arranged on the power generation layer.
  • the photovoltaic building material comprises a surface layer, a power generation layer, a first base layer and a second base layer in this order.
  • a photovoltaic building material, the power generation layer selects a single crystal silicon battery component, the component is pasted on the ceramic tile, the battery component is provided with a wire lead-out electrode, and a surface layer is arranged on the power generation layer.
  • a photovoltaic building material comprises, in order from top to bottom, a surface layer, a power generation layer, a first substrate layer and a second substrate layer.
  • the power generation layer selects an amorphous silicon thin film battery assembly, the component is pasted on the cement base plate, the battery assembly is provided with a wire lead-out electrode, and a surface layer is disposed on the power generation layer.

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Abstract

一种发电建材，发电建材包括基底（1）、发电层（2）和保护层（4）；发电层（2）设置在基底（1）上，保护层（4）覆盖于发电层（2）上；基底（1）为玻璃、金属板、水泥基板材、柔性塑料薄膜、瓷砖或瓦片；保护层（4）在300nm-1300nm波长范围内加权平均透过率为0％-79％。以及一种制备发电建材的方法，包括：1）对基底的表面进行清洁处理；2）将太阳能电池附着到基底之上，并引出正负极；3）在太阳能电池之上涂覆一层保护层。

Description

一种发电建材及其制备方法
相关申请的交叉参考
该申请要求2018年2月8日提交的中国专利申请号为201810128516.2的优先权，该专利申请在此被完全引入作为参考。
技术领域
本发明属于建筑领域，具体涉及一种发电建材及其制备方法，以及一种光伏建材及其制备方法。
背景技术
随着社会的不断发展，人类对能源的需求也不断递增，而全球化石燃料逐渐枯竭，环境污染日益严重。发展清洁可再生能源已经成为人类社会的共识。
但是，受限于现有技术工艺的限制，太阳电池并不能同其安装的建筑环境进行适宜的融合，一方面，太阳电池的安装往往会改变或增添原有建筑的外部结构或附加设施；另一方面，本身的安装也会影响建筑体本身的艺术价值和人文美观。
中国实用新型专利CN2730982Y公开了一种太阳能瓷砖，其技术方案为在陶瓷工业用无机坯土的表面，涂布玻璃质涂料剂，烧结形成瓷砖的基底；在上述瓷砖基底的表面设计有能进行光电转换的发电层；在上述发电层的上下表面设计有透明导电膜；通过上面所述的透明导电膜，可将在上述发电层上产生的电流加以利用的供电部件。其发电层为具有n型硅层-i型硅层-p型硅层结构或p型硅层-i型硅层-n型硅层结构的硅层；其玻璃质涂料剂可以是磷·硅酸盐玻璃或硼·硅酸盐玻璃，且为了防止太阳光的反射，在上述透明导电膜的上面形成含有氧化钛和氧化硅的防反射保护膜。
然而，上述的太阳能瓷砖存在如下的缺陷：1.由于硅基太阳电池容易受到环境的影响，一般在光伏领域，需要选取特殊的高分子材料进行封装后才能在户外进行使用，而该瓷砖的透明导电膜外加防反射保护膜很难起到保护电池的作用，达不到光伏行业相关标准；2.上述的表面抗反射保护膜是一种透明材料，因此绝大部分光线将直接入射到电池表面，反射出来的颜色将是电池本身的色彩，单一且无法形成建筑外表的质感。
中国发明专利CN101755343A公开了一种用于制备含有光伏电池的瓷砖的 方法，所述方法依次包括以下步骤：
制备陶瓷基体(2)，所述陶瓷基体具有一个或多个通孔(2c)并且吸水性等于或小于0.5wt％，该步骤包括：
压制操作，其中在35到60MPa之间的压力下对湿度在3wt％到6wt％之间的雾化陶瓷粉实施压制操作；
干燥操作，以及烘焙操作，进行所述烘焙操作的最大温度在1100℃到1250℃之间；以及在所述陶瓷基体(2)的表面(2a)上直接沉积由Ag或Ag-Al制成的导电层(6)，多个活性层(7)，具有栅格状结构的导电材料层(9)，以及保护层(10)，所述保护层(10)被设计成确保太阳辐射的高透射性、抗湿性和耐候性、紫外线稳定性、以及电绝缘性，所述多个活性层(7)依次包括n型层(11)、光敏层(12)和p型层(13)；将导电连接件(5)容置在所述通孔(2c)中，使所述导电连接件(5)与所述导电层(6)电接触；以及在所述陶瓷基体(2)的与所述表面(2a)相对的表面(2b)。其接受太阳光入射一侧的保护层包括以下材料之一：搪瓷、聚碳酸酯、氟化聚合物、聚三氟氯乙烯、以及聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯和聚氟乙烯的组合。其保护层存在如下的缺陷：
1)所述的光伏电池需要采用CVD法，优选等离子增强CVD法(PECVD)沉积到陶瓷基体之上，而性能较优的光伏电池往往需要较高的成膜条件，对于陶瓷基体材料显然很难直接在真空条件下成膜，尽管其含水量不大于0.5wt％，也会成为制备高性能光伏电池的关键障碍；
2)所述的保护层选用搪瓷时，由于搪瓷的烧成温度为500-900摄氏度，即使选择较低的温度在表面形成一个透明的搪瓷层，其也会对发电层造成不可逆转的损坏。
3)在形成的保护层较薄时，电极层的颜色也会暴露出来，这使得光伏电池和周围环境极为不配合，进而限制了其使用环境。而其他有机高分子材料则在长时间的户外环境中容易老化，导致其光线透过率、防水性能下降，严重影响其发电效率，甚至存在脱落建筑表面的风险，从而导致电极层底色露出。
另一方面，目前可被人们利用的新能源包括风能、太阳能、海洋能、地热能等，其生产场所均设在人烟稀少、能源消耗少的郊区、荒漠或海洋上，而在人口密度大、能源消耗集中的城市中则鲜少看到新能源。这一方面是新能源分布不集中造成的，如风能、海洋能、地热能的集中区域并不适宜人类居住；另一方面则是由新能源的利用形式不够完善、不够合理造成的，如太阳能，其分布广泛，在 人口密度大的城市中也有大量的可利用太阳能。目前城市与太阳能的主要结合方式是光伏建筑一体化(BIPV)，但常规的BIPV所采用的光伏组件一般呈现深蓝色、灰色、黑色，其色彩、质感、肌理不美观，难以与建筑高度融合，达不到建筑对美学的要求，这些缺点限制了光伏组件在建筑中的广泛应用。
基于此，专利申请CN200420085961采用不同厚度及种类的光学减反膜，使得晶体硅太阳电池呈现不同颜色；专利申请CN201020272089在玻璃基底和透明导电膜之间加入光学介质膜层，使光学介质膜层与透明玻璃基底、透明导电膜、非晶硅膜组成一个可以对太阳光谱进行选择性反射和吸收的无源滤波器系统。当入射角度改变时，幕墙玻璃的颜色会发生变化，即从正面和侧面观察所看到的幕墙玻璃颜色可以不一样。专利申请CN201220200568在不改变电池片的前提下，通过改变EVA或PVB胶膜的颜色达到与建筑物颜色的匹配。
尽管以上提到的专利可以使光伏组件呈现彩色，拓宽光伏组件的应用范围，但这些光伏组件所呈现的质感与玻璃相似，质感、肌理单一，这些缺点依然限制了光伏组件在建筑领域的应用。
发明内容
针对现有技术中光伏电池存在的各种缺陷，本发明的目的是提供一种发电建材，该发电建材的基底选择更为灵活，并且通过对保护层材料成分的改进，使得发电建材可以和环境更为融合，并在现实中有广泛的应用范围。
本发明首先提供了一种发电建材，所述发电建材包括基底、发电层和保护层；
所述发电层设置在基底上，所述封装层覆盖于发电层上；
所述基底为玻璃、金属板、水泥基板材、塑料薄膜、瓷砖或瓦片；
所述保护层在300nm-1300nm波长上加权平均透过率为0％-79％。
作为上述发电建材一种更好的选择，所述基底可以具有0.01mm～5cm的厚度。当然，作为其进一步的优选，当基底的厚度为0.01mm～0.5mm时，可以制备获得轻柔弯曲的发电建材。当其基底为厚度为0.5mm～5cm时，可以制得用于常规或者特种用途的发电建材。
作为上述发电建材一种更好的选择，所述发电层具有铜铟镓硒(CIGS)薄膜太阳电池、砷化镓(GaAs)太阳电池、晶体硅太阳电池、硅基薄膜太阳电池、碲化镉(CdTe)薄膜太阳电池、有机太阳电池(OPV)、铜锌锡硫(CZTS)薄膜太阳电池或钙钛矿薄膜太阳电池的结构。
对于上述发电建材而言，光的透过率即使不高于79％，发电建材也可以产生电流。特别的，对于透过率极低时，也可以产生电流。
所述保护层的材质为无机硅酸盐材料或无机有机复合材料。
作为上述发电建材一种更好的选择，所述的保护层厚度为0.01～5mm。
作为上述发电建材一种更好的选择，所述发电建材还包括封装层，其位于发电层和保护层之间，所述封装层材料包括乙烯-辛烯共聚物或乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物。
作为上述发电建材一种更好的选择，所述封装层材料进一步包括乙烯-四氟乙烯共聚物(ETFE)材料，所述ETFE材料位于乙烯-辛烯共聚物或乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物和保护层之间。
作为上述发电建材一种更好的选择，所述封装材料的厚度为0.05mm～3mm。
所述的封装层可以根据需要而设置，在本发明的实施例中，所使用的封装层材料均可以去除。所述的封装层可以进一步延长太阳电池的寿命。
所述的保护层在300～1300nm上的加权平均透过率为0％-79％，本领域技术人员可以根据需要对此进行进一步的改进，如通过在制备保护层的原料内添加或者掺杂特定的组分，从而使得其在特定的波长具有吸收或者保持高的透过率，使其在可见光波长范围内，达到透明或者半透明的特性，或者具有指定透过率(如50％)的特点，更加具体的波长范围可以选择300-360，360-400，400-500，500-600，600-700，700-760，760-860，860-1300nm，并通过改变原料成分使得保护层形成不同的颜色。
作为上述发电建材一种更好的选择，所述发电层的表面还有一层厚度不超过10nm的石墨烯薄膜。所述的石墨烯薄膜可以进一步的改进发电层的性能。
所述的发电建材具有如下的性能：
1)轻薄，当基底、保护层和发电层都选择较小厚度的材料时，整体的发电建材厚度最低可以为28μm；
2)柔性可弯曲，当基底、保护层和发电层都选择较轻薄的材料时，本发明的发电建材具有柔性和可弯曲的特性，其具体为曲率半径可不大于20mm；
3)光电转换效率高，本发明的发电建材的光电转换效率大于14％；
4)弱光效应好，本发明的太阳电池即使在弱光环境下(如阴雨天气或室内照明条件)，也可以发电，只是发电效率低于正常太阳光辐照下的发电量；即使选择对可见光透过率10％的材料作为保护层，通过将其和储能单元配合，其可以 实现LED灯/量子点发光单元的功能。
本发明还提供了一种发电建材，其基底为瓷砖，所述瓷砖用于装饰建筑物的外表，也可用于道路的施工，结合储能单元，可为路灯、地脚灯供电。
作为上述发电建材一种更好的选择，所述太阳电池还包括绝缘密封层。所述绝缘密封层的材质可以为乙烯-辛烯共聚物(POE)或乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚(EVA)。
本发明还进一步提供了上述的发电建材的制备方法，包括如下的步骤：
1)将发电层附着到基体之上，并引出正负极，或者直接在基底上制备发电层，并引出正负极；
2)涂覆室温下为液态的保护层材料，经过室温固化0.5-12小时后，形成坚固的釉质保护层。
作为上述方法一种更好的选择，步骤1)还包括在引出正负极后，在其上形成封装层的步骤。
作为上述方法一种更好的选择，所述基底在制备发电层前经抛光和清洁处理，处理后的基底表面粗糙度小于100nm，接触角为5-15°。
本发明的用于建筑领域的发电建材具有如下的有益效果：
1、基底来源广泛，无特殊要求，且不影响产品的制备；
2、无需真空系统，可直接在普通大气环境中制备而成，且不用添置专用设备；
3、建材同光伏领域的结合，易于规模化生产，且具有极大的成本优势。
另一方面，针对现有技术中光伏电池存在的各种缺陷，本发明还提供了一种用于建筑领域的光伏建材，这种光伏建材所呈现的质感、肌理不再局限于玻璃的质感和肌理，可以表现得和常规看到的大理石、花岗岩等天然石材所呈现的外表一样。通过改变这种光伏建材面层材料的配方，可以使得建材呈现各种人们想要的多彩的外观和丰富的质感与肌理。这种光伏建材可以在不破坏建筑外观和风格的同时，在建筑物上开发利用充足的阳光辐射，具有广阔的应用前景。
本发明的用于建筑领域的光伏建材的具体技术方案如下：
本发明提供一种光伏建材，所述光伏建材包括面层、发电层和基底层。
所述面层是直接在发电层表面覆盖液体固化制得，所述面层在300nm～1300nm波长范围内加权平均透过率为10％～85％。
作为优选地，所述的面层厚度为0.01～5mm。
作为优选地，通过调配面层的厚度、原料配方及制备工艺，所述面层在300nm～1300nm波长范围内加权平均透过率为45％～75％，雾度为10％～99％。
作为优选地，本发明所制备的光伏建材的面层，其面层吸水率≤8％，50次冻融循环无破坏，不会出现炸裂和裂纹，耐人工气候老化性≥600h，耐沾污性≤20％，耐化学腐蚀性符合标准，耐洗刷性≥1000次，面层与发电层之间的附着力≥1MPa，面层的莫氏硬度≥3，符合建筑领域中对面层的性能要求。
作为优选地，所述发电层和基底层的组合为晶硅太阳电池组件或薄膜太阳电池组件。
作为优选地，所述晶硅太阳电池组件包括基底、胶膜、太阳电池层和保护层；所述薄膜太阳电池组件包括基底、太阳电池层和保护层。
作为优选地，所述发电层为薄膜太阳电池层和保护层。
作为优选地，所述太阳电池层和基底层是本技术领域公知的。
作为优选地，所述基底层包括玻璃、金属板、柔性塑料薄膜或瓷砖中的一种，发电层直接在基底层上沉积。
作为优选地，所述发电层所用的薄膜太阳电池包括铜铟镓硒太阳电池、砷化镓太阳电池、非晶硅太阳电池、碲化镉太阳电池、染料敏化太阳电池、铜锌锡硫太阳电池或钙钛矿太阳电池。
作为优选地，所述面层原料包括固化母液与填充颜料。
作为优选地，所述面层原料中还包括纳米颗粒、量子点或石墨烯中的一种或几种。
作为优选地，所述纳米颗粒、量子点或石墨烯占面层原料的0.05％～0.5％。
进一步优选地，所述纳米颗粒包括无机光扩散剂和/或有机光扩散剂。
作为优选地，制备面层用原料以母液为主，辅以颜料。
作为优选地，按重量份计，所采用母液占140～200份，颜料占5～15份。
进一步优选地，按重量份计，所述母液包括去离子水600～800份、交联剂0.1～1份、纤维素2～5份、分散剂0.5～3份、多功能助剂0.5～3份、杀菌剂1～4份、成型剂15～30份、乙二醇2～6份、成膜助剂8～10份、无皂聚合的硅丙乳液15～28份、核-壳结构共聚而成的自交联硅丙乳液70～110份和有机硅接枝丙烯酸酯乳液50～110份。
进一步优选地，所述颜料包括无机颜料5～15份，所述无机颜料包括天然矿物颜料和/或人造颜料，天然矿物颜料包括石绿、炭黑、云母、珊瑚和雄黄中的 一种或几种，人造颜料包括氧化铁红、氧化铁黄、钛白、铬黄和铁蓝中的一种或几种。
进一步优选地，按重量份计，所述颜料可选择有机颜料，有机颜料5～15份，所述有机颜料包括偶氮颜料、酞菁颜料、三芳甲烷颜料和多环颜料中的一种或几种。
进一步优选地，所述面层原材料中还包括砂石粉末，所述砂石粉末包括石英砂、高岭土、大理石粉和汉白玉粉中的一种或几种。
作为优选地，按重量份计，采用母液占143～296份，颜料占1～10份。
进一步优选地，所述的母液包括水玻璃30～90份、填料90～160份、消泡剂0.1～0.5份、增稠剂3～5份、成膜助剂1～5份、固化剂5～9份和水14～27份。所选液体材料的固化机理为在空气中吸收二氧化碳形成无定型硅酸盐并逐渐干燥而固化。
进一步优选地，所述水玻璃包括钠水玻璃和/或钾水玻璃，所述填料包括白炭黑、高岭土、重质碳酸钙、轻质碳酸钙、硅灰石粉、滑石粉、石英粉、云母粉、硅酸铝、沉淀硫酸钡和膨润土中的一种或几种；所述消泡剂包括低级醇类，矿物油类和有机硅树脂中的一种或几种；所述增稠剂包括硅凝胶、甲基纤维素和羟丙基甲基纤维素中的一种或几种；所述成膜助剂包括十二碳醇酯；所属固化剂包括乙烯基三胺和/或间苯二胺m-PDA。
进一步优选地，所述颜料包括无机颜料和/或有机颜料，无机颜料包括天然矿物颜料和/或人造颜料，天然矿物颜料包括石绿、炭黑、云母、珊瑚和雄黄中的一种或几种，人造颜料包括氧化铁红、氧化铁黄、钛白、铬黄、铁蓝、珠光银和珠光金中的一种或几种；所述有机颜料包括偶氮颜料、酞菁颜料、三芳甲烷颜料和多环颜料中的一种或几种；
作为优选地，按重量份计，采用母液占75～115份，颜料占1～5份。
进一步优选地，按重量份计，所述母液包括基料、填料、助剂；基料占50～70份，填料占5～15份，助剂占3～6份。
进一步优选地，所述基料包括氟碳树脂；颜料包括天然矿物颜料和/或人造颜料，天然矿物颜料包括石绿、炭黑、云母、珊瑚和雄黄中的一种或几种，人造颜料包括氧化铁红、氧化铁黄、钛白、铬黄和铁蓝中的一种或几种；填料包括白炭黑、高岭土、碳酸钙、硅灰石粉、滑石粉、石英粉、云母粉、硅酸铝、沉淀硫酸钡和膨润土中的一种或几种；助剂包括润湿剂、分散剂、消泡剂、成膜助剂、 防霉剂和增稠剂。
作为优选地，所述润湿剂包括甘油和/或二甲基亚砜；分散剂包括聚羧酸钠盐和/或聚丙烯酸铵盐；所述消泡剂包括乳化硅油、聚氧乙烯聚氧丙烯季戊四醇醚和聚氧乙烯聚氧丙醇胺醚的一种或几种；所述成膜助剂包括十二碳酯醇；所述防霉剂包括丙酸钙、过硫酸铵和邻苯基苯酚中的一种或几种；所述增稠剂为硅凝胶、甲基纤维素和羟丙基甲基纤维素中的一种或几种；
作为优选地，采用的颜料包括感温变色颜料和\或感光变色颜料。
作为优选地，所述的光伏建材保护层包括陶瓷薄膜、乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物(EVA)、聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)、聚乙烯-丁烯共聚物(POE)、硅胶、聚乙烯(PE)、聚乙烯-四氟乙烯共聚物(ETFE)、全氟乙烯丙烯共聚物(FEP)、聚偏二氟乙烯膜(PVDF)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)、无机玻璃、有机玻璃(PMMA)和聚碳酸酯(PC)中的一种或几种。
其中，所述保护层只有陶瓷薄膜，所述保护层采用的陶瓷薄膜包括氧化物、氮化物和氟化物中的一种或几种。所述氧化物包括氧化硅、氧化锌和氧化钛中的一种或几种；所述氮化物包括氮化铝和/或氮化硅；所述氟化物包括聚四氟乙烯。
其中，当所述保护层包括胶膜，即EVA、PVB、POE和硅胶中的一种或几种时，所述保护层还包括前膜；
其中，前膜包括玻璃和/或高分子材料。
作为优选地，所述高分子材料包括PMMA、PC、ETFE、PVDF、FEP、PET和PET/PE中的一种或几种。
作为优选地，所述陶瓷薄膜的厚度为0.4～1000μm。
作为优选地，所述陶瓷薄膜可以采用溅射法、化学气相沉积法制备得到。
作为优选地，所述的面层、发电层与第一基底的组合可以粘贴于第二基底上，第二基底包括玻璃、金属板、水泥基板材、木材板、竹材板、石材板、混凝土板、塑料板、瓷砖或瓦片中的一种或几种。
本发明提供的一种光伏建材的制备方法，包括如下步骤：1)将发电层附着到基底层之上，并引出正负极；或者直接在基底层上制备发电层，并引出正负极；或者直接取晶硅电池组件或薄膜太阳电池组件；
2)在发电层上制备面层，所述面层是直接在发电层表面覆盖液体固化制得。
作为优选地，对步骤1)中所述的基底进行清洗，标准清洗工艺流程如下：
上片→洗剂滚刷洗→纯水滚刷洗→超声→BJ喷淋→纯水喷淋→纯水冲洗→ 风刀干燥→下料。
其中，清洗机每个模段的工艺参数如下所示：(1)滚刷段：滚刷转速为400r/min，上下喷淋水压控制在1.0～1.3MPa，清洗剂与去离子水的体积比为1:9。(2)刷洗段：滚刷转速为300r/min，上下喷淋水压控制在0.5～1.0MPa。(3)超声段：超声频率固定为18kHz，超声段的水须浸没基板玻璃。(4)BJ喷淋段：BJ喷头须与传动方向成30°，水压控制在2MPa之间，气压须大于3MPa。(5)纯水喷淋段：上下喷淋压力控制在0.5～1.2MPa之间。(6)纯水冲洗段：上下喷淋压力控制在0.5～1.1MPa之间。(7)风刀段：风刀的压力应高于0.4MPa。(8)去静电：基片吹干后须去除静电。
作为优选地，所述的面层可以采用手工喷涂、自动喷涂、刷涂、旋涂、打印、印刷、流浆、滚刷、刮涂或涂布的方法将液态材料制备于发电层上。
作为优选地，步骤2)中所述的固化温度为-10℃～100℃，固化时间为0.2s～48h。
一些方法制备面层材料需要在高温条件下进行，而高温会对光伏组件产生损伤。本发明改进了面层材料的配方，可使面层材料在-10℃～100℃固化；此外，通过控制面层的厚度和配方，还可使面层保持有较高的透过率。
上述制备方法整个过程在较低的温度下进行，无需进行高温处理，可有效降低能耗，亦可保证电池不受损伤。
与现有技术相比，本发明的用于建筑领域的光伏建材优势在于：
1)本发明在太阳电池的表面制备面层，可使太阳电池表面呈现出常规建材的质感，在保证发电的同时，太阳电池保持较高转换效率；
2)本发明采用的面层固化温度在-10℃～100℃之间，不会对光伏组件造成损伤，可以在光伏组件上形成硬度较高的面层；
3)本发明所制备的面层不仅能够稳固地与光伏组件相结合，而且还具有较好的耐磨性能；
4)本发明所制备的面层具有较好的耐候性，在建筑外墙可以服役数十年；
5)本发明制备的面层，具有较强的致密性和抗腐蚀性，因此，其能将面层内被包裹的太阳电池与外界有效隔离开；
6)本发明所制备的发电建材性能稳定，色彩鲜艳，装饰性良好，具有广阔的应用前景。
7)本发明提供的发电建材除了具有利用太阳光发电的功能外，还采用具有 光学调控作用的材料作为面层，完全克服了常规光伏组件由于镜面反射所造成闪光、眩晕等光污染的缺点。
附图说明
图1为新型发电建材剖面结构图，在该图中，1为基底材料(瓷砖、水泥基材、金属板、塑料膜、瓦片等)；2为发电层；3为封装层；4为保护层(瓷釉)；
图2为不同釉质保护层在300nm-1300nm波长范围内的透过率曲线；
图3为所提供一种发电建材的I-V曲线；
图4为本发明光伏建材结构图(含陶瓷薄膜)，1为面层；2为发电层；3为基底层；
图5为图4所示光伏建材的侧视结构图，1为面层；2-1为陶瓷薄膜；2-2为太阳电池层；2*2为负电极面；2*3为正电极面；e1为引出负电极；e2为引出正电极；
图6为本发明光伏建材结构图(含前膜与胶膜)，1为面层；2为发电层；3为基底层；
图7为图6所示光伏建材的侧视结构图，1为面层；2-1为前膜；2-2为胶膜；2-3为太阳电池层；2*2为负电极面；2*3为正电极面；e1为引出负电极；e2为引出正电极；
图8为本发明光伏建材结构图(含陶瓷薄膜与胶膜)，1为面层；2为发电层；3为基底层；
图9为图8所示光伏建材的侧视结构图，1为面层；2-1为陶瓷薄膜；2-2为太阳电池层；3-1为胶膜；3-2为基底；2*2为负电极面；2*3为正电极面；e1为引出负电极；e2为引出正电极；
图10为本发明光伏建材结构图(含前膜与两层胶膜)，1为面层；2为发电层；3为基底层；
图11为图10所示光伏建材的侧视结构图，1为面层；2-1为前膜；2-2为胶膜；2-3为太阳电池层；3-1为胶膜；3-2为基底；2*3为负电极面；2*4为正电极面；e1为引出负电极；e2为引出正电极；
图12为本发明光伏建材结构图(含陶瓷薄膜与两层胶膜)，1为面层；2为发电层；3为第一基底层；4为第二基底层；
图13为图12所示光伏建材的侧视结构图，1为面层；2-1为陶瓷薄膜；2-2为太阳电池层；3-1为胶膜；3-2为第一基底；4-1为胶膜；4-2为第二基底；2*2为负电极面；2*3为正电极面；e1为引出负电极；e2为引出正电极；
图14为本发明光伏建材结构图(含前膜与三层胶膜)，1为面层；2为发电层；3为第一基底层；4为第二基底层；2-1为前膜；2-2为胶膜；2-3为太阳电池层；3-1为胶膜；3-2为第一基底；4-1为胶膜；4-2为第二基底；2*3为负电极面；2*4为正电极面；e1为引出负电极；e2为引出正电极；
图15为图14所示光伏建材的侧视结构图，1为面层；2-1为前膜；2-2为胶膜；2-3为太阳电池层；3-1为胶膜；3-2为第一基底；4-1为胶膜；4-2为第二基底；2*3为负电极面；2*4为正电极面；e1为引出负电极；e2为引出正电极；
图16为本发明实施例6面层在300nm～1300nm波长范围内的透过率曲线，加权平均透过率为85％；
图17为本发明实施例7面层在300nm～1300nm波长范围内的透过率曲线，加权平均透过率为35％；
图18为本发明实施例8面层在300nm～1300nm波长范围内的透过率曲线，加权平均透过率为52％；
图19为本发明实施例9面层在300nm～1300nm波长范围内的透过率曲线，加权平均透过率为10％。
具体实施方式
如下将结合附图对本发明进行进一步的解释和说明，其仅用作对本发明的解释而并非限制。
请参见图1，其示出了一种新型发电建材。
从下至上，该发电建材包括为基底材料1，薄膜太阳电池及引流条2和保护层3(釉质薄膜)。
所述的基底材料可以选择玻璃、瓷砖、水泥基材、金属板、塑料膜、瓦片等材料。
所述的薄膜太阳电池可以为多种太阳电池的核心结构，其具体可以为具有CIGS薄膜太阳电池、GaAs薄膜太阳电池、非晶硅薄膜太阳电池、CdTe薄膜太阳电池、OPV薄膜太阳电池、CZTS薄膜太阳电池或钙钛矿薄膜太阳电池的结构。
所述保护层薄膜最佳厚度为0.01-5mm的薄膜，较厚的薄膜会带来较好的保护效果，但是显然会使得保护层透过率下降。
所述的薄膜可以为釉质膜，可以为发电建材选择光泽釉、半光泽釉、无光釉和碎纹釉，并且可以根据需要为釉质膜选择不同的颜色。按照本领域的通常做法， 保护层应当尽量透明，以使得太阳光可以最大的通过，而本发明中通过引入釉质层，并且可以对釉质层选择性的着色，使得发电建材可以融入周围的环境，从而拓宽了太阳电池的应用。
本发明所选用的釉质膜最好是无机硅酸盐材料或无机有机复合材料，其组成包括O、Na、Ga、Mg、S、Si、Al、Ca、Co、K、Zr、Ba、P和B等元素中的多种，其形成可以是通过将含有这些元素的原料(如氧化物或者相应的盐，如硅酸钠、氢氧化镁、碳酸钾)在低温下反应形成釉料。
以釉料0.05MgSO 4·0.05CaO·0.15ZrO·0.70Na 2SiO 3·0.05Al 2(SO 4) 3的制备为例，按照上述釉料的原料成分配比准确称量各种原料，加入30-35wt％重量份的水，进行球磨，球磨时间36～40h，球磨至釉料细度250目筛筛余0.015％以内，即得合格釉料研磨料。
所述的原料还可以选择硅钛酸钠、石英砂、长石粉、碳酸钠、硝酸钠3.7～4.0份、冰晶石、二氧化锆、磷酸铝、硝酸钴、硝酸镍、氧化锌、碳酸钡等原料作为不同氧化物的来源。
所述的研磨料在高温下(如800-850℃)烧结，并且经淬冷和粉碎得到搪瓷釉料，该釉料可以经球磨得到较细的颗粒，从而使得其可以适用于喷墨打印或者直接喷涂。
其他可以用的釉料的组分还可以为
0.06MgSO 4·0.10CaO·0.12ZrO·0.64Na 2SiO 3·0.05Al 2(SO 4) 3·0.03Co 2O 3,或0.06BaSO 4·0.11CaO·0.13TiO 2·0.65Na 2SiO 3·0.04Al 2(SO 4) 3·0.01Co 2O 3,0.10BaSO 4·0.10TiO 2·0.75K 2SiO 3·0.04Al 2(SO 4) 3·0.01Co 2O 3。或0.06MgSO 4·0.10TiO 2·0.12ZrO·0.605K 2SiO 3·0.085Al 2(SO 4) 3·0.03CoCl 2，或0.08BaO·0.10Ga 2O 3·0.12ZrO·0.565K 2SiO 3·0.085Al 2(SO 4) 3·0.03CoCl 2·0.02B 2O 3等。
在如下的实施例中，所称的水性釉可以为上述材料的任一种。
可以在上述的薄膜内添加各种掺杂物，从而使得其在特定波长范围内透过，如加入紫外光吸收剂为苯并三唑类紫外线吸收剂，选自2-(2ˊ-羟基-5ˊ-甲基)-苯并三唑、2-(2ˊ-羟基-3ˊ-叔丁基-5ˊ-甲基)-5-氯-苯并三唑、2-(2ˊ-羟基-3ˊ5ˊ-二叔丁基)-5-氯-苯并三唑、2'-(2'-羟基-3'-叔丁基-5'-甲基苯基)-5-氯苯并三唑、2-(2ˊ-羟基-5ˊ-叔辛基)-苯并三唑中一种或多种可以实现对于紫外光的吸收；加入氧化铟锡、氧化锡锑、三氧化钨、三氧化钼、钨青铜或具有氧缺陷的硫化铜中 的一种或几种实现对于近红外光的调控；加入富勒烯衍生物PC61BM或PC71BM(参见CN106025080A)或者其他具有着色的材料实现对于可见光吸收的调控。
所述的薄膜还可以为含氟高分子化合物，所述的含氟高分子化合物典型的如聚四氟乙烯，0.01-1mm厚度的含氟高分子化合物作为保护层时，不仅可以保证透光，而且可以对太阳电池的外观做出改变。
所述的保护层的薄膜在300-1300nm上的透过率为0％-79％，本领域技术人员可以根据需要对此进行进一步的改进，如通过在薄膜内添加或者掺杂特定的组分，从而使得其在特定的波长具有吸收或者保持高的透过率。请参见图2所示的釉质层材料的吸收光谱，其在300-400，400-500，500-600，600-700，700-760，760-860，860-1300nm不同波长区间至少有一处透过率为0％-79％，并且随着包膜种类的差异，其对于可见光以及760-1300nm的光的透过率从上到下依次降低。
图3为一发电建材的I-V效率曲线图，其具有图1所示的结构，从图3可以看出，小面积的发电建材转换效率大于14％。
实施例1
一种发电建材，其基底为柔性不锈钢箔，厚度为0.2mm，其上设置有发电电极层，并设置有导线引出电极。在电池层上设置有保护层，保护层的材质为水性釉，水性釉包括可溶性硅无机金属盐，其厚度为0.1mm，并且具有大理石的花纹。
其制备方法具体如下：
将柔性不锈钢箔衬底清洗干净后放入磁控溅射机中。为防止不锈钢中元素向太阳电池中扩散，先溅射一层0.5μm的WTi阻挡层。工作气体采用Ar气，溅射气压为0.7Pa，本底真空为2.0×10 -3Pa，溅射时基底不加热。采用三亚层工艺制备Mo膜，第一层溅射气压为1.5Pa，第二层溅射气压为0.6Pa，第三层溅射气压为1.5Pa。在Mo膜上通过溅射方法沉积2μm的CIGS薄膜，溅射气压为0.7Pa，本底真空为1.5×10 -3Pa，随后进行硒化退火处理。将硒化后的薄膜置于硫酸镉，硫脲以及氨水的混合溶液中，于70℃下沉积50nmCdS。接着，重新将薄膜置于溅射腔室内，工作气体采用O 2+Ar，溅射气压为0.7Pa，本底真空为2.0×10 -3Pa，溅射时保持基底温度为200℃，分别沉积本征ZnO薄膜及AZO薄膜。最后再采用蒸发方法沉积Ni-Al栅极，制成柔性的薄膜太阳电池板。
保护层的形成是通过喷墨打印的方式形成的，所选用的釉质层的原料包括醋酸钴、氯化亚铁、铬酸钾和次氯酸锆，通过常规的方式(通过水或者醇类溶剂溶 解，并加入OP、水性丙烯酸乳液)形成釉料溶液后，按照釉料颜色的不同将其装入不同的打印机设备内，将其直接按照大理石的花纹打印，得到发电建材。
发电建材具有大理石的花纹，其在500-700nm的可见光的透过率为71％，其光伏转换效率为14.6％。
实施例2
一种发电建材，其基底为瓷砖，厚度为8.0mm，其上设置有电池层，并设置有导线引出电极。电池层具有CdTe太阳电池结构，具体制备工艺如下：先将清洗干净的基底置于溅射仪中，工作气体为Ar气，溅射气压为0.7Pa，本底真空为1.5×10 -3Pa，在基底上溅射沉积一层透明导电氧化物氧化铟锡薄膜。随后采用丝网印刷方法将CdS浆料涂覆成薄膜，于120℃下烘干3h，再在N 2气氛下烧结2h，烧结温度为650℃。接着将含有CdTe粉料的浆液印刷至CdS上烧结1h。最后在CdTe上印刷碳电极和Ag浆作为引出电极。在电池层上设置有保护层，保护层的材质为水性釉，水性釉包括可溶性无机金属盐，其厚度为0.1mm，并且具有大理石的花纹。
可以采用将釉料溶液以喷涂、丝印、流桨的形式涂覆到电池层的表面，其在450-760nm的光的透过率为52％，得到的电池具有不低于14.1％的光电转换效率，且其可以用于建筑的外墙。
实施例3
一种发电建材，其基底为氮化铝陶瓷，厚度为1.0cm，其上设置有电池层，并设置有导线引出电极。在电池层上设置有封装层和保护层，保护层的材质为聚四氟乙烯层，其厚度为0.05mm，并且表面为深灰色，且发电层的表面有不超过4层的石墨烯层。
电池的制备可以参见实施例1，石墨烯层可以通过低温的方式形成，为了避免对于发电层产生不利影响，石墨烯层应当在不高于400℃的低温下形成。
本实施例得到的电池其在450-760nm的光的透过率为21％，具有不低于14.0％的光电转换效率，且其可以用于建筑的外墙。
实施例4
一种发电建材，其基底为聚酰亚胺薄膜，其上设置有电池层，并设置有导线引出电极。在电池层上设置有封装层和保护层，保护层的材质为聚四氟乙烯层，其厚度为0.05mm，并且表面为米黄色。电池的制备可以参见实施例1。
本实施例得到的电池其在500-760nm的光的透过率为50％，具有不低于 14.2％的光电转换效率。
实施例5
一种发电建材，其基底为搪瓷，其上设置有电池层，并设置有导线引出电极。在电池层上设置有保护层，保护层的材质为聚四氟乙烯层，其厚度为0.6mm，并且表面为白色。电池的制备可以参见实施例1，电池表面制备石墨烯，石墨烯层数不超过15层。石墨烯层可以通过低温的方式形成，为了避免对于发电层进行干扰，石墨烯层应当在不高于400℃的低温下形成。
本实施例得到的电池其在450-760nm的光的透过率为76％，具有不低于14.2％的光电转换效率。
实施例6
请参见图4、5，其示出了一种光伏建材。
从上至下，光伏建材依次包括面层、发电层和基底层。
其基底为柔性不锈钢箔，厚度为0.2mm，其上设置有发电层，并设置有导线引出电极。在发电层上设置有面层。
发电层制备方法具体如下，
将柔性不锈钢箔衬底清洗干净后放入磁控溅射机中。为防止不锈钢中元素向太阳电池中扩散，先溅射一层1.0m的WTi阻挡层。工作气体采用Ar气，溅射气压为0.7Pa，本底真空为2.0×10 -3Pa，溅射时基底不加热。采用三亚层工艺制备Mo膜，第一层溅射气压为1.5Pa，第二层溅射气压为0.6Pa，第三层溅射气压为1.5Pa。在Mo膜上通过溅射方法沉积1.2μm的CIGS薄膜，溅射气压为0.7Pa，本底真空为1.5×10 -3Pa，随后进行硒化退火处理。将硒化后的薄膜置于硫酸镉，硫脲以及氨水的混合溶液中，于70℃下沉积30nmCdS。接着，重新将薄膜置于溅射腔室内，工作气体采用O 2+Ar，溅射气压为0.7Pa，本底真空为2.0×10 -3Pa，溅射时保持基底温度为200℃，分别沉积本征ZnO薄膜及AZO薄膜。最后再采用蒸发方法沉积Ni-Al栅极，制成柔性的薄膜太阳电池板。然后，通过射频溅射法沉积一层厚度为15μm的氮化铝，最终形成发电层。
采用打印方法制备面层，面层以母液为主，辅以无机颜料。按重量份计算，母液占155份，颜料占7份，颜料选择相同重量的钛白粉和氧化铁红粉。所述母液包括去离子水764份、A1522交联剂0.4份、250HBR纤维素3份、5040分散剂1.5份、AMP-95多功能助剂1.5份、M30杀菌剂2.5份、R103成型剂21份、乙二醇4份、C-12成膜助剂9.5份、有机硅光扩散剂0.1份、半导体氧化铈量子 点0.02份、石墨烯0.001份、无皂聚合的硅丙乳液21份、核-壳结构共聚而成的自交联硅丙乳液90份、有机硅接枝丙烯酸酯乳液70份。制备的面层厚度为0.01mm，其固化温度为90℃，固化时间为1h。
如图16所示，光伏建材面层在300～1300nm的可见光的透过率曲线，加权平均透过率为85％。
实施例7
请参见图6、7，其示出了一种光伏建材。
从上至下，光伏建材依次包括面层、发电层和基底层。
一种光伏建材，其基底为玻璃，厚度为2.0mm，其上设置有电池层，并设置有导线引出电极。电池的制备工艺与实施例1的相似，所不同的是将CIGS薄膜换成Cu 2(ZnSn)(SSe) 4，薄膜的后处理工艺换为硒化或硫化。在电池层上设置有保护层，保护层为EVA和玻璃，面层是通过手工喷涂方法制备得到的。
按重量份计，采用母液占186份，颜料占5份。采用的母液包括钾水玻璃45份，填料130份，为滑石粉、碳酸钙、高岭土的混合，其重量比例为2：1：1。有机硅树脂0.2份、硅凝胶3份、十二碳醇酯1份、乙烯基三胺6份、水20份、硫酸钡光扩散剂0.2份。颜料5份，为石绿和雄黄的混合，其重量比为1：3；制得的面层厚度为2mm，其固化温度为20℃，固化时间为2h。
光伏建材面层在300～1300nm的可见光的透过率曲线，加权平均透过率为35％，如图17所示。
实施例8
请参见图6、7，其示出了一种光伏建材。
从上至下，光伏建材依次包括面层、发电层和基底层。
一种光伏建材，其基底为瓷砖，厚度为8.0mm，其上设置有电池层，并设置有导线引出电极。电池层具有CdTe太阳能电池结构，具体制备工艺如下：先将清洗干净的基底置于溅射仪中，工作气体为Ar气，溅射气压为0.7Pa，本底真空为1.8×10 -3Pa，在基底上溅射沉积一层透明导电氧化铟锡薄膜。随后采用丝网印刷方法将CdS浆料涂覆成薄膜，于100℃下烘干2h，再在N 2气氛下烧结0.5h，烧结温度为680℃。接着将含有CdTe粉料的浆液印刷至CdS上烧结1h。最后在CdTe上印刷碳电极和Ag浆作为引出电极。在电池层上设置有保护层，保护层为PVB和ETFE，再在保护层上制备面层，面层厚度为0.1mm，其原料如下所示。
按重量份计，采用母液占100份，颜料占5份。所述母液原材料包括基料、填料、助剂；基料占60份，填料占15份，助剂占3.8份。所述基料包括氟碳树脂；颜料采用天然矿物颜料，天然矿物颜料包括云母、珊瑚两种；填料包括硅灰石粉、石英粉及膨润土，重量比为1：1.5：0.8；助剂包括二甲基亚砜0.2份、聚羧酸钠盐1.1份、乳化硅油0.3份、十二碳酯醇1.5份、邻苯基苯酚0.2份、甲基纤维素0.5份。
将构成面层的液态原料以流桨法涂覆到电池层的表面，其固化温度为100℃，固化时间为0.2s。如图18所示，面层在300～1300nm的可见光的透过率曲线，加权平均透过率为52％。
实施例9
请参见图4、5，其示出了一种光伏建材。
从上至下，光伏建材依次包括面层、发电层和基底层。
一种光伏建材，其基底为氮化铝陶瓷，厚度为20.0mm，其上设置有电池层，电池层选择非晶硅电池，并设置有导线引出电极。在电池层上设置有保护层，保护层的材质为二氧化硅陶瓷薄膜，其厚度为5μm，二氧化硅是通过反应溅射得到的：将真空室抽至2.0×10 -3Pa后开始工作。采用600W恒功率溅射，0.6Pa溅射气压，溅射气氛为Ar+O 2，其中Ar：O 2为3:1，靶材为6N纯度的单晶硅，靶基距为60mm。
面层是通过印刷方法制备得到的，按重量份计，采用母液占240份，颜料占10份。采用的母液包括钠水玻璃75份，填料112份，为硅灰石粉、硅酸铝、高岭土的混合，其重量比为3：2：5。有机硅树脂0.1份、甲基纤维素5份、十二碳醇酯5份、间苯二胺6份、水14份、有机硅光扩散剂0.05份。颜料10份，为酞菁颜料；制得的面层厚度为0.5mm，其固化温度为-10℃，固化时间为48h。
光伏建材面层在300～1300nm的可见光的透过率曲线参见图19所示，其加权平均透过率为45％。
实施例10
请参见图8、9，其示出了一种光伏建材。
从上至下，光伏建材依次包括面层、发电层和基底层。
一种光伏建材，选择选择多晶硅组件产品，其基底为吸水率小于1％的瓷砖，厚度为5mm，发电层上设置有导线引出电极。在电池层上设置有保护层，保护层是二氧化硅陶瓷薄膜。
面层是通过自动喷涂的方法制备的，原材料包括母液和颜料，按重量份计，采用母液占75，颜料占1份。所述母液原材料包括基料、填料、助剂；基料占70份，填料占10份，助剂占6份。所述基料采用氟碳树脂；颜料采用人造颜料，人造颜料采用铁蓝；填料包括石英粉及沉淀硫酸钡；助剂包括甘油0.4份、聚羧酸钠盐1.0份、聚氧乙烯聚氧丙醇胺醚0.4份、十二碳酯醇2份、过硫酸铵0.1份、羟丙基甲基纤维素0.6份。
将构成面层的液态原料以打印的形式涂覆到电池层的表面，面层厚度为0.3mm，固化温度为50℃，固化时间为1s。面层在300～1300nm的可见光加权平均透过率为45％。
实施例11
请参见图10、11，其示出了一种光伏建材。
从上至下，光伏建材依次包括面层、发电层和基底层。
一种光伏建材，选择市售单晶硅电池组件产品。其基底为玻璃，厚度为2mm，发电层上设置有导线引出电极，并设置有保护层，保护层包括硅胶和前膜，前膜选用ETFE。
面层是通过旋涂的方法制备的，原材料包括母液和颜料，按重量份计，所采用母液占140份，颜料占5份。
所述母液包括去离子水800份、A151交联剂0.3份、250HBR纤维素2份、5040分散剂0.5份、AMP-95多功能助剂3份、M30杀菌剂1份、R103成型剂15份、乙二醇6份、C-12成膜助剂8份、纳米二氧化硅光扩散剂0.1份、无皂聚合的硅丙乳液28份、核-壳结构共聚而成的自交联硅丙乳液70份、有机硅接枝丙烯酸酯乳液110份，颜料选择偶氮颜料，共1份。制备的面层厚度为0.05mm。固化温度为-10℃，固化时间为30h。
本实施例得到的电池其对于300～1300nm的光的加权平均透过率为55％。
实施例12
请参见图12、13，其示出了一种光伏建材。
从上至下，光伏建材依次包括面层、发电层、第一基底层、第二基底层。
一种光伏建材，发电层选择单晶硅电池组件，组件粘贴在瓦片上，电池组件上设置有导线引出电极，在发电层上设置有面层。
面层的制备方式参见实施例7。
实施例13
请参见图14、15，其示出了一种光伏建材。
从上至下，光伏建材依次包括面层、发电层、第一基底层、第二基底层。
一种光伏建材，发电层选择单晶硅电池组件，组件粘贴在瓷砖上，电池组件上设置有导线引出电极，在发电层上设置有面层。
面层的制备方式参见实施例9。
实施例14
一种光伏建材，从上至下，依次包括面层、发电层、第一基底层、第二基底层。
发电层选择非晶硅薄膜电池组件，组件粘贴在水泥基板材上，电池组件上设置有导线引出电极，在发电层上设置有面层。
面层的制备方式参见实施例8。
最后所应说明的是，以上实施例仅用以说明本发明的技术方案而非限制。尽管参照实施例对本发明进行了详细说明，本领域的普通技术人员应当理解，对本发明的技术方案进行修改或者等同替换，都不脱离本发明技术方案的精神和范围，其均应涵盖在本发明的权利要求范围当中。

Claims (22)

  1. 一种发电建材，所述发电建材包括基底、发电层和保护层；
    所述发电层设置在基底上，所述保护层覆盖于发电层上；
    所述基底为玻璃、金属板、水泥基板材、柔性塑料薄膜、瓷砖和瓦片；
    所述保护层在300nm～1300nm波长范围内加权平均透过率为0％～79％。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的发电建材，其特征在于：所述基底具有0.01mm～5cm的厚度。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的发电建材，其特征在于：所述发电层具有铜铟镓硒薄膜太阳电池、砷化镓太阳电池、晶体硅太阳电池、硅基薄膜太阳电池、碲化镉薄膜太阳电池、有机太阳电池、铜锌锡硫薄膜太阳电池或钙钛矿薄膜太阳电池的结构。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的发电建材，其特征在于：所述的保护层的材质为无机硅酸盐材料或无机有机复合材料。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的发电建材，其特征在于：所述的保护层厚度为0.01～5mm。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的发电建材，其特征在于：所述太阳电池还包括封装层，其位于发电层和保护层之间，所述封装层材料包括乙烯-辛烯共聚物或乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物。
  7. 根据权利要求6所述的发电建材，其特征在于：所述封装材料的厚度为0.05mm～3mm。
  8. 制备权利要求1-7任一所述的发电建材的方法，包括如下的步骤：
    1)将发电层附着到基底之上，并引出正负极，或者直接在基底上制备发电层，并引出正负极；
    2)涂覆室温下为液态的保护层材料，经过室温固化8-12小时后，形成坚固的釉质保护层。
  9. 根据权利要求8所述的方法，其特征在于，所述基底在制备发电层前需经抛光和清洁处理，处理后的基底表面粗糙度小于100nm，接触角为5～15°。
  10. 根据权利要求8所述的方法，其特征在于，步骤1)还包括在引出正负极后，在其上形成封装层的步骤。
  11. 一种光伏建材，其特征在于，所述光伏建材包括面层、发电层和基底层；所述面层是直接在发电层表面覆盖液体固化制得，所述面层在300nm～1300nm波 长范围内加权平均透过率为10％～85％。
  12. 根据权利要求11所述的光伏建材，其特征在于，所述的面层厚度为0.01～5mm。
  13. 根据权利要求11所述的光伏建材，其特征在于，所述面层在300nm～1300nm波长范围内加权平均透过率为45％～75％，雾度为10％～99％。
  14. 根据权利要求11所述的光伏建材，其特征在于，所述的面层原料包括固化母液与填充颜料。
  15. 根据权利要求14所述的光伏建材，其特征在于，所述面层原料中还包括纳米颗粒、量子点和石墨烯中的一种或几种。
  16. 根据权利要求11所述的光伏建材，其特征在于，所述发电层和基底层的组合为晶硅太阳电池组件或薄膜太阳电池组件。
  17. 根据权利要求11所述的光伏建材，其特征在于，所述发电层包括太阳电池层和保护层。
  18. 根据权利要求11或17所述的光伏建材，其特征在于，
    所述基底层包括玻璃、金属板、柔性塑料薄膜和瓷砖中的一种或几种；
    所述发电层的太阳电池层包括铜铟镓硒太阳电池、砷化镓太阳电池、非晶硅太阳电池、碲化镉太阳电池、染料敏化太阳电池、铜锌锡硫太阳电池或钙钛矿太阳电池。
  19. 根据权利要求17所述的光伏建材，其特征在于，所述保护层包括陶瓷薄膜、乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物、聚乙烯醇缩丁醛、聚乙烯-丁烯共聚物、硅胶、聚乙烯、聚乙烯-四氟乙烯共聚物、全氟乙烯丙烯共聚物、聚偏二氟乙烯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯、无机玻璃、有机玻璃和聚碳酸酯中的一种或几种；
    其中，所述保护层只有陶瓷薄膜；或者，
    其中，当所述保护层包括乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物、聚乙烯醇缩丁醛、聚氧化乙烯和硅胶中的一种或几种时，所述保护层还包括前膜；
    所述前膜包括无机玻璃和/或高分子材料。
  20. 根据权利要求19所述的光伏建材，其特征在于，所述高分子材料包括有机玻璃、聚碳酸酯、乙烯-四氟乙烯共聚物、聚偏二氟乙烯膜、全氟乙烯丙烯共聚物、聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯和聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯/聚乙烯中的一种或几种。
  21. 一种制备光伏建材的方法，包括如下的步骤，
    1)将发电层附着到基底层之上，并引出正负极；或者直接在基底层上制备 发电层，并引出正负极；或者直接取晶硅太阳电池组件或薄膜太阳电池组件；
    2)在发电层上制备面层，通过在发电层表面直接覆盖液体，再经过固化即制得面层。
  22. 根据权利要求21所述的方法，其特征在于，所述面层的固化温度为-10℃～100℃，固化时间为0.2s～48h。
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