WO2020116158A1 - 光検出装置及び光検出装置の制御方法、並びに、測距装置 - Google Patents
光検出装置及び光検出装置の制御方法、並びに、測距装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2020116158A1 WO2020116158A1 PCT/JP2019/045367 JP2019045367W WO2020116158A1 WO 2020116158 A1 WO2020116158 A1 WO 2020116158A1 JP 2019045367 W JP2019045367 W JP 2019045367W WO 2020116158 A1 WO2020116158 A1 WO 2020116158A1
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- light receiving
- receiving element
- vehicle
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- photodetector
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
- G01S7/48—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S17/00
- G01S7/481—Constructional features, e.g. arrangements of optical elements
- G01S7/4816—Constructional features, e.g. arrangements of optical elements of receivers alone
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
- H10F77/95—Circuit arrangements
- H10F77/953—Circuit arrangements for devices having potential barriers
- H10F77/959—Circuit arrangements for devices having potential barriers for devices working in avalanche mode
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01C—MEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS OR BEARINGS; SURVEYING; NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY
- G01C3/00—Measuring distances in line of sight; Optical rangefinders
- G01C3/02—Details
- G01C3/06—Use of electric means to obtain final indication
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J1/00—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter
- G01J1/42—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter using electric radiation detectors
- G01J1/44—Electric circuits
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
- G01S13/88—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications
- G01S13/93—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for anti-collision purposes
- G01S13/931—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for anti-collision purposes of land vehicles
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S17/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves, e.g. lidar systems
- G01S17/02—Systems using the reflection of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves
- G01S17/06—Systems determining position data of a target
- G01S17/08—Systems determining position data of a target for measuring distance only
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S17/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves, e.g. lidar systems
- G01S17/88—Lidar systems specially adapted for specific applications
- G01S17/93—Lidar systems specially adapted for specific applications for anti-collision purposes
- G01S17/931—Lidar systems specially adapted for specific applications for anti-collision purposes of land vehicles
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
- G01S7/48—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S17/00
- G01S7/483—Details of pulse systems
- G01S7/486—Receivers
- G01S7/4861—Circuits for detection, sampling, integration or read-out
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N25/00—Circuitry of solid-state image sensors [SSIS]; Control thereof
- H04N25/70—SSIS architectures; Circuits associated therewith
- H04N25/76—Addressed sensors, e.g. MOS or CMOS sensors
- H04N25/77—Pixel circuitry, e.g. memories, A/D converters, pixel amplifiers, shared circuits or shared components
- H04N25/772—Pixel circuitry, e.g. memories, A/D converters, pixel amplifiers, shared circuits or shared components comprising A/D, V/T, V/F, I/T or I/F converters
- H04N25/773—Pixel circuitry, e.g. memories, A/D converters, pixel amplifiers, shared circuits or shared components comprising A/D, V/T, V/F, I/T or I/F converters comprising photon counting circuits, e.g. single photon detection [SPD] or single photon avalanche diodes [SPAD]
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J1/00—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter
- G01J1/42—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter using electric radiation detectors
- G01J1/44—Electric circuits
- G01J2001/444—Compensating; Calibrating, e.g. dark current, temperature drift, noise reduction or baseline correction; Adjusting
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J1/00—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter
- G01J1/42—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter using electric radiation detectors
- G01J1/44—Electric circuits
- G01J2001/4446—Type of detector
- G01J2001/446—Photodiode
- G01J2001/4466—Avalanche
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
- G01S13/88—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications
- G01S13/93—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for anti-collision purposes
- G01S13/931—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for anti-collision purposes of land vehicles
- G01S2013/9323—Alternative operation using light waves
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F30/00—Individual radiation-sensitive semiconductor devices in which radiation controls the flow of current through the devices, e.g. photodetectors
- H10F30/20—Individual radiation-sensitive semiconductor devices in which radiation controls the flow of current through the devices, e.g. photodetectors the devices having potential barriers, e.g. phototransistors
- H10F30/21—Individual radiation-sensitive semiconductor devices in which radiation controls the flow of current through the devices, e.g. photodetectors the devices having potential barriers, e.g. phototransistors the devices being sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation
- H10F30/22—Individual radiation-sensitive semiconductor devices in which radiation controls the flow of current through the devices, e.g. photodetectors the devices having potential barriers, e.g. phototransistors the devices being sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation the devices having only one potential barrier, e.g. photodiodes
- H10F30/225—Individual radiation-sensitive semiconductor devices in which radiation controls the flow of current through the devices, e.g. photodetectors the devices having potential barriers, e.g. phototransistors the devices being sensitive to infrared, visible or ultraviolet radiation the devices having only one potential barrier, e.g. photodiodes the potential barrier working in avalanche mode, e.g. avalanche photodiodes
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to a photodetector, a control method for the photodetector, and a distance measuring device.
- a light receiving element for detecting light
- the number of pulses is detected when the light intensity is low, and the pulse width is detected when the light intensity is high, based on the measurement result of ToF (Time of Flight). I am trying to do it.
- the avalanche current In order to prevent this latching current problem, it is necessary to determine the recharge current by considering the avalanche current, but the avalanche current has a large temperature dependency, so the avalanche current should be set considering the worst condition. Become. However, when the operating temperature required range of the light receiving element is wide, there arises a problem that, under conditions such as room temperature, the time during which the optical sensor cannot react more than necessary, that is, the so-called dead time becomes longer.
- Patent Document 1 The prior art described in Patent Document 1 above does not consider the temperature dependence of the avalanche current.
- the present disclosure provides a photodetector capable of performing a photodetection operation without causing a latching current problem in a wide temperature range, a control method of the photodetector, and a distance measuring device including the photodetector. With the goal.
- the photodetector of the present disclosure for achieving the above object, Light receiving element, A load circuit connected to the light receiving element, and A control unit that controls the recharge current flowing in the load circuit according to the element characteristics of the light receiving element, Equipped with.
- the control method of the photodetection device of the present disclosure for achieving the above object A light receiving element, and A load circuit connected to the light receiving element, In controlling the photodetector equipped with The recharge current flowing in the load circuit is controlled according to the element characteristics of the light receiving element.
- the distance measuring device (distance measuring device) of the present disclosure for achieving the above object is A light source that irradiates the measurement object with light, and Equipped with a light detection device that detects the light reflected by the measurement object, As the photodetector, the photodetector having the above configuration is used.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic configuration diagram showing a distance measuring device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- 2A and 2B are block diagrams showing a specific configuration of the distance measuring device according to the embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 3A is a circuit diagram showing a first example of a basic pixel circuit of a photodetector using a SPAD element
- FIG. 3B is a second basic pixel circuit of a photodetector using a SPAD element.
- It is a circuit diagram which shows an example.
- FIG. 4A is a characteristic diagram showing the current-voltage characteristic of the PN junction of the SPAD element
- FIG. 4B is a characteristic diagram explaining the behavior of the current-voltage characteristic of the PN junction at high temperature.
- FIG. 4A is a characteristic diagram showing the current-voltage characteristic of the PN junction of the SPAD element
- FIG. 4B is a characteristic diagram explaining the behavior of the current-voltage characteristic of the PN junction at high temperature.
- FIG. 5 is a waveform diagram for explaining the circuit operation of the pixel circuit.
- FIG. 6 is a waveform diagram illustrating the dead time DT of the SPAD element when the irradiation light amount is relatively small.
- FIG. 7 is a circuit diagram showing a pixel circuit in the photodetector according to the first embodiment.
- FIG. 8 is a circuit diagram showing a pixel circuit in the photodetector according to the second embodiment.
- FIG. 9 is a circuit diagram showing a pixel circuit in the photodetector according to the third embodiment.
- FIG. 10 is a circuit diagram showing a pixel circuit in the photodetector according to the fourth embodiment.
- FIG. 11A is a characteristic diagram for explaining the behavior of the IV characteristic of the PN junction of the SPAD element at low temperature and high temperature
- FIG. 11B is an example of a look-up table in which a breakdown voltage and a recharge current are associated with each other.
- FIG. 12 is a flowchart illustrating an example of processing of the control method of the photodetector according to the fifth embodiment.
- FIG. 13 is a block diagram showing a schematic configuration example of a vehicle control system that is an example of a mobile body control system to which the technology according to the present disclosure can be applied.
- FIG. 14 is a diagram showing an example of the installation position of the distance measuring device.
- the element characteristic of the light receiving element may be the temperature of the light receiving element detected by the temperature sensor.
- the control unit may be configured to perform control to increase the recharge current according to the temperature decrease of the light receiving element.
- the element characteristics of the light receiving element can be a form of avalanche current of the light receiving element.
- the control unit may be configured to control the recharge current so that the ratio of the avalanche current of the light receiving element to the recharge current becomes constant.
- the element characteristic of the light receiving element may be a breakdown voltage of the light receiving element.
- the control unit can be configured to perform control to increase the recharge current according to the decrease in the breakdown voltage of the light receiving element. Further, the control unit may be configured to control the recharge current based on a lookup table in which the breakdown voltage of the light receiving element and the recharge current are associated with each other.
- the light receiving element may be configured to be an element that generates a signal in response to the reception of a photon. Further, the light receiving element may be configured by a single photon avalanche diode.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic configuration diagram showing a distance measuring device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- the distance measuring apparatus 1 according to the present embodiment is a measurement method for measuring the distance to the subject 10 that is a measurement target, and light (for example, laser light) emitted toward the subject 10 is reflected by the subject 10.
- the ToF method is used to measure the time it takes to return.
- the distance measuring device 1 according to this embodiment includes a light source 20 and a light detecting device 30. Then, as the light detection device 30, a light detection device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure described later is used.
- the light source 20 includes, for example, a laser driver 21, a laser light source 22, and a diffusion lens 23, and irradiates the subject 10 with laser light.
- the laser driver 21 drives the laser light source 22 under the control of the control unit 40.
- the laser light source 22 is made of, for example, a semiconductor laser, and is driven by the laser driver 21 to emit laser light.
- the diffusing lens 23 diffuses the laser light emitted from the laser light source 22 and irradiates the subject 10 with the diffused laser light.
- the light detection device 30 has a light receiving lens 31, an optical sensor 32, and a logic circuit 33, and receives the reflected laser light that is reflected by the subject 10 and is returned from the laser light emitted by the laser irradiation unit 20.
- the light receiving lens 31 focuses the reflected laser light from the subject 10 on the light receiving surface of the optical sensor 32.
- the optical sensor 32 receives the reflected laser light from the subject 10 that has passed through the light receiving lens 31 on a pixel-by-pixel basis and photoelectrically converts it.
- the output signal of the optical sensor 32 is supplied to the control unit 40 via the logic circuit 33. Details of the optical sensor 32 will be described later.
- the control unit 40 is configured by, for example, a CPU (Central Processing Unit), controls the light source 20 and the light detection device 30, and controls the laser light emitted from the light source 20 toward the subject 10.
- the time t until the light is reflected at 10 and returned is measured.
- the distance L to the subject 10 can be calculated based on the measured time t.
- the timer is started at the timing when the pulsed light is emitted from the light source 20, and the time t is measured by stopping the timer at the timing when the photodetector 30 receives the pulsed light.
- pulsed light is emitted from the light source 20 at a predetermined cycle, and the cycle when the photodetector 30 receives the pulsed light is detected, and the phase difference between the light emission cycle and the light reception cycle is detected.
- the time t from may be measured.
- the time measurement is executed a plurality of times, and the time t is measured by detecting the peak of the histogram in which the times measured a plurality of times are accumulated.
- a two-dimensional array sensor in which pixels including light receiving elements (light receiving portions) are arranged in a two-dimensional array can be used, or pixels including light receiving elements are linear. It is also possible to use a one-dimensional array sensor (so-called line sensor) that is arranged in the.
- the optical sensor 32 a sensor in which the light receiving element of the pixel generates a signal in response to the reception of photons, for example, a sensor including a SPAD (Single Photon Avalanche Diode) element I am using. That is, the photodetector 30 according to the present embodiment has a configuration in which the light receiving element of the pixel is a SPAD element.
- the light receiving element is not limited to the SPAD element, and may be various elements such as APD (Avalanche Photo Diode) and CAPD (Current Assisted Photonic Demodulator).
- FIG. 3A A first example of a basic pixel circuit of the photo-detecting device 30 using the SPAD element is shown in FIG. 3A, and a second example is shown in FIG. 3B. Here, the basic configuration for one pixel is illustrated.
- the first example of the pixel circuit is an example in which the load circuit 55 includes a resistance element R.
- the cathode electrode is connected to the terminal 52 to which the power supply voltage V DD is applied via the resistance element R which is the load circuit 55, and the anode electrode is connected to the anode voltage. It is connected to a terminal 53 to which V bd is applied. A large negative voltage that causes avalanche multiplication is applied as the anode voltage V bd .
- the cathode voltage V CA of the SPAD element 51 is derived as a SPAD output (pixel output) via the waveform shaping circuit 54 including the P-type MOS transistor Q p and the N-type MOS transistor Q n .
- a voltage equal to or higher than the breakdown voltage V BD (for example, ⁇ 50 to ⁇ 10 V) is applied to the SPAD element 51.
- An excess voltage equal to or higher than the breakdown voltage V BD is called an excess bias voltage V EX, and a voltage of about 2-5 V is common. This is a larger value than the conventional photodiode.
- the SPAD element 51 operates in a region called a Geiger mode that has no DC stable point.
- FIG. 4A shows the I (current)-V (voltage) characteristics of the PN junction of the SPAD element 51.
- the behavior of the IV characteristic of the PN junction of the SPAD element 51 at high temperature will be described with reference to the characteristic diagram of FIG. 4B.
- the characteristic at high temperature is indicated by a broken line.
- the breakdown voltage V BD shifts to the negative side and the avalanche current I a decreases. That is, at high temperature, the lattice vibration of silicon is large, and the mean free path of electrons is short. Therefore, even if a high electric field is applied, the number of electrons that become high energy is small, so that the avalanche current I a is less likely to be generated.
- the load circuit 55 is a constant current source, for example is an example made of P-type MOS transistor Q L.
- V DD -V bd When no current is flowing through the SPAD element 51, a voltage of V DD -V bd is applied to the SPAD element 51. This voltage value (V DD -V bd ) is (V BD +V EX ). Then, at the PN junction of the SPAD element 51, dark electron generation rate DCR (Dark Count Rate) and electrons generated by light irradiation undergo avalanche multiplication, and avalanche current I a is generated. This phenomenon stochastically occurs even in a state where light is shielded (that is, a state where no light is incident). This is the dark electron generation rate DCR.
- DCR dark Count Rate
- the cathode voltage V CA decreases and the voltage across the terminals of the SPAD element 51, that is, the cathode voltage V CA becomes the breakdown voltage V BD of the PN diode, the avalanche current I a stops. This operation is a so-called quench operation, and the cathode voltage V CA of the SPAD element 51 at this time is the quench voltage.
- a load circuit 55 resistance element R, or recovery from the P-type MOS transistor Q L by recharging current I r is supplied, a cathode voltage V CA in SPAD device 51, from the quench voltage to the power supply voltage V DD Then, it returns to the initial state again. That is, the resistance element R, or load circuit 55 composed of a P-type MOS transistor Q L is a recharging circuit for supplying recharging current I r in the SPAD device 51 in order to recover the cathode voltage V CA of SPAD devices 51.
- the avalanche current I a is generated as a seed. Therefore, even if one photon is incident, there is a certain probability PDE (Photon Detection Efficiency). ) Can be detected.
- PDE Photon Detection Efficiency
- the cathode voltage V CA is waveform-shaped by the waveform shaping circuit 54, and the pulse signal having the pulse width T starting from the arrival time of one photon becomes the SPAD output (pixel output).
- the SPAD element 51 is a high-performance optical sensor that can detect the incidence of a single photon with a certain probability PDE.
- a dead time DT Dead Time
- the photon detection frequency becomes high under the high light amount condition, and when the total time of the dead time DT becomes a size that cannot be ignored with respect to the observation time, the light detection accuracy decreases.
- the dead time DT that cannot react to photons as an optical sensor will be described more specifically with reference to the waveform diagram of FIG.
- the SPAD element 51 has the dead time DT that cannot react even when light is incident, due to the time required for the cathode voltage V CA to recover to the power supply voltage V DD .
- avalanche multiplication occurs twice, and two pulse signals are generated as SPAD outputs accordingly, but in area b, avalanche multiplication occurs twice, but the pulse signal Is generated only once.
- the SPAD element 51 when the SPAD element 51 reacts once and the cathode voltage V CA becomes equal to or higher than the threshold voltage of the waveform shaping circuit 54 of the next stage, the SPAD element 51 receives the incident light. Do not generate SPAD output. That is, this period is the dead time DT, and the pulse width T is its limit value.
- the photodetection operation using the SPAD element 51 is performed by repeatedly generating/stopping the avalanche current I a .
- Cathode voltage V CA in SPAD device 51 which is pulled down by an avalanche current I a is the power by recharging current I r is supplied from the load circuit 55 (constant current source including the resistor element R and P-type MOS transistor Q L) Recovery to the voltage V DD is performed.
- the recharge current I r it is necessary to make the recharge current I r sufficiently smaller than the avalanche current I a , and the temperature dependence is large.
- the distance measuring device 1 having the light detecting device 30 using the SPAD element 51 as the light sensor 32 can be mounted on a moving body such as an automobile and used, as described later. As described above, when it is attempted to realize a wide temperature range operation such as when mounted on a vehicle, an adverse effect such as deterioration of the dead time DT at room temperature occurs.
- the SPAD element 51 has a diode structure, and a voltage higher than the breakdown voltage V BD is applied (Geiger mode) when no current flows in the SPAD element 51.
- the avalanche current I a caused by photons or thermal noise flows, the cathode voltage V CA of the SPAD element 51 decreases, and the difference voltage (V CA ⁇ V AN ) from the anode voltage V AN is the breakdown voltage V CA.
- the avalanche current I a is stopped, so that ON/OFF operation is performed.
- the breakdown voltage V BD has a large temperature dependency, and it is necessary to apply a larger voltage under high temperature conditions, and the avalanche current I a also decreases.
- the resistance element R and P-type MOS transistor Q L comprising a constant current source, such as The recharge operation is performed by.
- the avalanche current I a of the SPAD element 51 needs to be sufficiently larger than the recharge current I r , and the cathode voltage V CA needs to drop to a level at which the breakdown voltage V BD is reached. Therefore, if the recharge current I r is too large, a cathode current V CA does not decrease and a through current remains flowing during light detection, which causes a latching current problem.
- the avalanche current I a has a large temperature dependency, and therefore is set under the worst condition. Become. If the operating temperature required range is wide, such as when mounted in a vehicle, the problem arises that the dead time DT becomes longer than necessary under conditions such as room temperature.
- the control unit that controls the recharge current I r flowing through the load circuit 55 controls the recharge current I r according to the element characteristics of the SPAD element 51 that is an example of the light receiving element. It is configured to do. Accordingly, for example, when mounted in a vehicle, the light detection operation can be performed in a wide temperature range without causing the latching current problem, and thus, for example, the in-vehicle standard temperature can be supported. Further, since the appropriate recharge current I r can be set for each temperature, it is not necessary to determine the recharge current I r under the worst condition, and the optimum dead time DT can be realized under each condition. Further, it is possible to set a mode that intentionally lengthens the dead time DT, for example, an energy saving mode or a night mode.
- Example 1 is an example in which the element characteristic of the SPAD element 51 is the temperature of the SPAD element 51.
- a circuit diagram of the pixel circuit in the photodetector according to the first embodiment is shown in FIG.
- FIG. 7 shows a circuit configuration for one pixel.
- the pixel circuit 50 according to the first embodiment includes the SPAD element 51, the waveform shaping circuit 54, the load circuit 55, the control unit 61 that controls the recharge current I r flowing through the load circuit 55, and the elements of the SPAD element 51.
- a temperature sensor 62 for detecting the temperature of the SPAD element 51 is provided.
- the control unit 61 and the temperature sensor 62 are commonly provided for the plurality of pixel circuits 50.
- the pixel circuit 50 uses the variable resistance element VR having a variable resistance value as the load circuit 55.
- the variable resistance element VR can change the recharge current I r supplied to the SPAD element 51 by changing the resistance value.
- variable resistance element VR is used as the load circuit 55 here, the present invention is not limited to this, and is composed of, for example, a combination of a plurality of resistance elements and a switch element, and the resistance value is changed by the switch element. It can also be configured.
- the control unit 61 sets the temperature of the SPAD element 51 detected by the temperature sensor 62 as an element characteristic, and according to the element characteristic, the recharge current I r flowing through the load circuit 55, that is, the recharge current I supplied to the SPAD element 51. control r . More specifically, the control unit 61 controls to increase the recharge current I r according to the temperature decrease of the SPAD element 51 with respect to a predetermined set temperature, and conversely to decrease the recharge current I r according to the temperature increase. To do. At low temperatures, by increasing the recharge current I r, it is possible to reduce the dead time DT. Further, when the temperature is high, the quench operation can be surely realized by reducing the recharge current I r .
- the photodetector has, for example, a laminated structure in which at least two semiconductor substrate substrates of a first semiconductor substrate and a second semiconductor substrate are laminated, and the SPAD elements 51 are arranged in a two-dimensional array on the first semiconductor substrate.
- a circuit portion such as the pixel circuit 50 excluding the SPAD element 51 is arranged on the second semiconductor substrate.
- the temperature sensor 62 can detect the temperature of the SPAD element 51 by being mounted on the second semiconductor substrate, for example.
- the temperature sensor 62 for example, a well-known temperature sensor that measures the temperature by utilizing the characteristic that the electrical characteristics change proportionally due to the temperature change in the band gap of the semiconductor can be used.
- the recharge current I r flowing through the load circuit 55 is controlled according to the temperature of the SPAD element 51.
- the light detection operation can be performed in a wide temperature range without causing the latching current problem.
- the appropriate recharge current I r can be set for each temperature, it is not necessary to determine the recharge current I r under the worst condition, and the optimum dead time DT can be realized under each condition.
- the second embodiment is a modification of the first embodiment and is an example in which the load circuit 55 is composed of a constant current source, for example, a P-type MOS transistor Q L.
- a circuit diagram of the pixel circuit in the photodetector according to the second embodiment is shown in FIG.
- the load circuit 55 can change the recharge current I r supplied to the SPAD element 51 by changing the gate voltage of the P-type MOS transistor Q L. Therefore, the control unit 61, depending on the temperature of the SPAD device 51 detected by the temperature sensor 62, the recharging current I r flowing in the load circuit 55, i.e., controls the recharge current I r to be supplied to the SPAD device 51.
- the present invention is not limited to this. It may be configured to change the number of parallel connections of the transistors constituting the mold MOS transistor Q L.
- the photodetector including the pixel circuit 50 according to the second embodiment in which the load circuit 55 includes a constant current source the photodetector including the pixel circuit 50 according to the first embodiment in which the load circuit 55 includes the variable resistance element VR.
- the recharge current I r flowing through the load circuit 55 is controlled according to the temperature of the SPAD element 51, the photodetection operation can be performed in a wide temperature range without causing the latching current problem. Further, since the appropriate recharge current I r can be set for each temperature, it is not necessary to determine the recharge current I r under the worst condition, and the optimum dead time DT can be realized under each condition.
- Example 3 is an example in which the element characteristics of the SPAD element 51 are the avalanche current I a of the SPAD element 51.
- a circuit diagram of the pixel circuit in the photodetector according to the fifth embodiment is shown in FIG.
- the load circuit 55 includes a constant current source, for example, a P-type MOS transistor Q L , and the SPAD element 51 has an element characteristic that the avalanche current I of the SPAD element 51 is the same. It is configured to have an avalanche current monitoring circuit 63 for monitoring the a.
- the control unit 61 sets the avalanche current I a of the SPAD element 51 detected by the avalanche current observation circuit 63 as an element characteristic, and controls the recharge current I r flowing through the load circuit 55 according to the element characteristic. More specifically, the control unit 61 controls the recharging current I r as the ratio of the avalanche current I a and recharge current I r of the SPAD device 51 is constant. The ratio between the avalanche current I a and the recharge current I r is fixed to, for example, 100:1.
- the recharge current I r flowing through the load circuit 55 is controlled according to the avalanche current I a of the SPAD element 51.
- the light detection operation can be performed in a wide temperature range without causing the latching current problem.
- the appropriate recharge current I r can be set for each temperature, it is not necessary to determine the recharge current I r under the worst condition, and the optimum dead time DT can be realized under each condition.
- Example 3 as in Example 2, the load circuit 55 is a constant current source, for example has been illustrated a pixel circuit consisting of P-type MOS transistor Q L, as in Example 1, the load Even when the circuit 55 is a pixel circuit including the variable resistance element VR, similar actions and effects can be obtained.
- the fourth embodiment is an example in which the element characteristic of the SPAD element 51 is the breakdown voltage V BD of the SPAD element 51.
- a circuit diagram of the pixel circuit in the photodetector according to the fourth embodiment is shown in FIG.
- the pixel circuit 50 as in the second embodiment, the load circuit 55 is a constant current source, for example, a P-type MOS transistor Q L, reference SPAD device 64 having the same element characteristics as SPAD device 51
- the breakdown voltage V BD of the reference SPAD element 64 is monitored as an element characteristic of the SPAD element 51.
- the breakdown voltage V BD of the reference SPAD element 64 can be obtained from the IV characteristic of the reference SPAD element 64. Specifically, for example, a reverse voltage is applied to the cathode electrode/anode electrode of the single reference SPAD element 64, and the voltage difference at which a desired current flows is defined as the breakdown voltage V BD . Alternatively, a current is passed through the reference SPAD element 64, and the voltage difference generated at this time is monitored and defined as the breakdown voltage V BD .
- Control unit 61 controls to increase the recharge current I r according to the decrease of the breakdown voltage V BD which is the element characteristic of the SPAD element 51.
- the absolute value of the breakdown voltage V BD increases as the temperature increases, and the avalanche current I a decreases even if the excess bias voltage V EX is constant. Therefore, an optimum current value for the recharge current I r flowing through the load circuit 55 under each breakdown voltage V BD is obtained in advance. Then, a look-up table that associates the breakdown voltage V BD with the recharge current I r is created, and the recharge current I r is controlled based on the look-up table.
- FIG. 11A The behavior of the I-VF characteristic of the PN junction of the SPAD element at low temperature and high temperature is shown in FIG. 11A, and an example of a lookup table in which the breakdown voltage V BD and the recharge current I r are associated is shown in FIG. 11B.
- the recharge current I r flowing through the load circuit 55 is controlled according to the breakdown voltage V BD of the SPAD element 51.
- the light detection operation can be performed in a wide temperature range without causing the latching current problem.
- the appropriate recharge current I r can be set for each temperature, it is not necessary to determine the recharge current I r under the worst condition, and the optimum dead time DT can be realized under each condition.
- Example 4 as in Example 2, the load circuit 55 is a constant current source, for example has been illustrated a pixel circuit consisting of P-type MOS transistor Q L, similarly to the case of Example 1, Even when the load circuit 55 is a pixel circuit including the variable resistance element VR, the same action and effect can be obtained.
- Example 5 is an example of a control method of the photodetecting device 30 according to the embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 12 shows a flowchart of an example of processing of the control method of the photodetector according to the fifth embodiment.
- control method a control method in the photodetector according to the first embodiment, that is, the photodetector that uses the temperature of the SPAD element 51 as the element characteristic of the SPAD element 51 will be described.
- the processing of this control method is executed under the control of the control unit 61.
- the control unit 61 acquires the temperature of the SPAD element 51 from the temperature sensor 62 as the element characteristic of the SPAD element 51 (step S11), and then sets the temperature of the SPAD element 51 acquired as the element characteristic of the SPAD element 51 to a predetermined value. If the temperature is compared with the temperature (step S12) and the temperature is the set temperature (YES in S12), a series of processes for the present control method ends.
- the control unit 61 performs a process of increasing the recharge current I r (step S13), and then returns to the process of step S11.
- the above-mentioned processing is repeatedly executed. Further, if the temperature of the SPAD element 51 is higher than the set temperature (increase in S12), the control section 61 performs a process of lowering the recharge current I r (step S14), and then in the process of step S11. Returning to this, the above-mentioned processing is repeatedly executed.
- the temperature of the SPAD element 51 is acquired from the temperature sensor 62 as the element characteristic of the SPAD element 51, and the temperature of the SPAD element 51 is acquired according to the acquired temperature.
- the recharge current I r flowing through the load circuit 55 is controlled.
- the light detection operation can be performed in a wide temperature range without causing the latching current problem.
- the appropriate recharge current I r can be set for each temperature, it is not necessary to determine the recharge current I r under the worst condition, and the optimum dead time DT can be realized under each condition.
- the technology according to the present disclosure has been described above based on the preferred embodiment, the technology according to the present disclosure is not limited to the embodiment.
- the configuration and structure of the image pickup apparatus described in the above embodiments are examples, and can be changed as appropriate.
- the case where the SPAD element is used as the light receiving element has been described as an example.
- the light receiving element is not limited to the SPAD element, and the same applies when an element such as APD or CAPD is used. The action and effect of can be obtained.
- the technology according to the present disclosure can be applied to various products.
- the technology according to the present disclosure is applicable to any type of movement such as an automobile, an electric vehicle, a hybrid electric vehicle, a motorcycle, a bicycle, a personal mobility, an airplane, a drone, a ship, a robot, a construction machine, and an agricultural machine (tractor). It may be realized as a distance measuring device mounted on the body.
- FIG. 13 is a block diagram showing a schematic configuration example of a vehicle control system 7000 that is an example of a mobile body control system to which the technology according to the present disclosure can be applied.
- the vehicle control system 7000 includes a plurality of electronic control units connected via a communication network 7010.
- the vehicle control system 7000 includes a drive system control unit 7100, a body system control unit 7200, a battery control unit 7300, a vehicle exterior information detection unit 7400, a vehicle interior information detection unit 7500, and an integrated control unit 7600. ..
- the communication network 7010 connecting these plural control units complies with any standard such as CAN (Controller Area Network), LIN (Local Interconnect Network), LAN (Local Area Network), or FlexRay (registered trademark). It may be an in-vehicle communication network.
- CAN Controller Area Network
- LIN Local Interconnect Network
- LAN Local Area Network
- FlexRay registered trademark
- Each control unit includes a microcomputer that performs arithmetic processing according to various programs, a storage unit that stores a program executed by the microcomputer or parameters used for various arithmetic operations, and a drive circuit that drives various controlled devices. Equipped with.
- Each control unit is equipped with a network I/F for communicating with other control units via the communication network 7010, and is also capable of wired or wireless communication with devices or sensors inside or outside the vehicle. A communication I/F for performing communication is provided. In FIG.
- a microcomputer 7610 As the functional configuration of the integrated control unit 7600, a microcomputer 7610, a general-purpose communication I/F 7620, a dedicated communication I/F 7630, a positioning unit 7640, a beacon receiving unit 7650, an in-vehicle device I/F 7660, an audio image output unit 7670, An in-vehicle network I/F 7680 and a storage unit 7690 are illustrated.
- the other control units also include a microcomputer, a communication I/F, a storage unit, and the like.
- the drive system control unit 7100 controls the operation of devices related to the drive system of the vehicle according to various programs.
- the drive system control unit 7100 includes a drive force generation device for generating a drive force of a vehicle such as an internal combustion engine or a drive motor, a drive force transmission mechanism for transmitting the drive force to wheels, and a steering angle of the vehicle. It functions as a steering mechanism for adjusting and a control device such as a braking device for generating a braking force of the vehicle.
- the drive system control unit 7100 may have a function as a control device such as ABS (Antilock Brake System) or ESC (Electronic Stability Control).
- a vehicle state detection unit 7110 is connected to the drive system control unit 7100.
- the vehicle state detection unit 7110 includes, for example, a gyro sensor that detects the angular velocity of the shaft rotational movement of the vehicle body, an acceleration sensor that detects the acceleration of the vehicle, or an accelerator pedal operation amount, a brake pedal operation amount, or a steering wheel steering operation. At least one of the sensors for detecting the angle, the engine speed, the rotation speed of the wheels, etc. is included.
- the drive system control unit 7100 controls the internal combustion engine, the drive motor, the electric power steering device, the brake device, and the like by performing arithmetic processing using the signal input from the vehicle state detection unit 7110.
- the body system control unit 7200 controls the operation of various devices mounted on the vehicle body according to various programs.
- the body system control unit 7200 functions as a keyless entry system, a smart key system, a power window device, or a control device for various lamps such as a head lamp, a back lamp, a brake lamp, a winker, or a fog lamp.
- the body system control unit 7200 may receive radio waves or signals of various switches transmitted from a portable device that substitutes for a key.
- the body system control unit 7200 receives inputs of these radio waves or signals and controls the vehicle door lock device, power window device, lamp, and the like.
- the battery control unit 7300 controls the secondary battery 7310 that is the power supply source of the drive motor according to various programs. For example, the battery control unit 7300 receives information such as the battery temperature, the battery output voltage, and the remaining capacity of the battery from the battery device including the secondary battery 7310. The battery control unit 7300 performs arithmetic processing using these signals to control the temperature adjustment of the secondary battery 7310 or the cooling device provided in the battery device.
- the exterior information detection unit 7400 detects information outside the vehicle equipped with the vehicle control system 7000.
- the image capturing unit 7410 and the vehicle exterior information detection unit 7420 is connected to the vehicle exterior information detection unit 7400.
- the imaging unit 7410 includes at least one of a ToF (Time Of Flight) camera, a stereo camera, a monocular camera, an infrared camera, and other cameras.
- the outside-vehicle information detection unit 7420 detects, for example, an environment sensor for detecting current weather or weather, or another vehicle around the vehicle equipped with the vehicle control system 7000, an obstacle, a pedestrian, or the like. At least one of the ambient information detection sensors of.
- the environmental sensor may be, for example, at least one of a raindrop sensor that detects rainy weather, a fog sensor that detects fog, a sunshine sensor that detects the degree of sunshine, and a snow sensor that detects snowfall.
- the ambient information detection sensor may be at least one of an ultrasonic sensor, a radar device, and a LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging, Laser Imaging Detection and Ranging) device.
- the image pickup unit 7410 and the vehicle exterior information detection unit 7420 may be provided as independent sensors or devices, or may be provided as a device in which a plurality of sensors or devices are integrated.
- FIG. 14 shows an example of installation positions of the imaging unit 7410 and the vehicle exterior information detection unit 7420.
- the imaging units 7910, 7912, 7914, 7916, 7918 are provided at at least one of the front nose of the vehicle 7900, the side mirrors, the rear bumper, the back door, and the upper part of the windshield inside the vehicle.
- the image capturing unit 7910 provided on the front nose and the image capturing unit 7918 provided on the upper part of the windshield in the vehicle interior mainly acquire an image in front of the vehicle 7900.
- the imaging units 7912 and 7914 provided in the side mirrors mainly acquire images of the side of the vehicle 7900.
- the imaging unit 7916 provided in the rear bumper or the back door mainly acquires an image of the rear of the vehicle 7900.
- the imaging unit 7918 provided on the upper part of the windshield in the vehicle interior is mainly used for detecting a preceding vehicle, a pedestrian, an obstacle, a traffic signal, a traffic sign, a lane, or the like.
- FIG. 14 shows an example of the shooting ranges of the respective image pickup units 7910, 7912, 7914, 7916.
- the imaging range a indicates the imaging range of the imaging unit 7910 provided on the front nose
- the imaging ranges b and c indicate the imaging ranges of the imaging units 7912 and 7914 provided on the side mirrors
- the imaging range d is The imaging range of the imaging part 7916 provided in the rear bumper or the back door is shown. For example, by overlaying the image data captured by the image capturing units 7910, 7912, 7914, 7916, a bird's-eye view image of the vehicle 7900 viewed from above can be obtained.
- the vehicle exterior information detection units 7920, 7922, 7924, 7926, 7928, 7930 provided on the front, rear, sides, corners of the vehicle 7900 and on the upper portion of the windshield inside the vehicle may be ultrasonic sensors or radar devices, for example.
- the vehicle exterior information detection units 7920, 7926, 7930 provided on the front nose, rear bumper, back door, and windshield of the vehicle 7900 may be, for example, LIDAR devices.
- These vehicle exterior information detection units 7920 to 7930 are mainly used for detecting a preceding vehicle, a pedestrian, an obstacle, or the like.
- the vehicle exterior information detection unit 7400 causes the image capturing unit 7410 to capture an image of the vehicle exterior and receives the captured image data. Further, the vehicle exterior information detection unit 7400 receives the detection information from the vehicle exterior information detection unit 7420 connected thereto.
- the vehicle exterior information detection unit 7420 is an ultrasonic sensor, a radar device, or a LIDAR device
- the vehicle exterior information detection unit 7400 transmits ultrasonic waves, electromagnetic waves, or the like, and receives information on the received reflected waves.
- the vehicle exterior information detection unit 7400 may perform object detection processing or distance detection processing such as people, vehicles, obstacles, signs, or characters on the road surface based on the received information.
- the vehicle exterior information detection unit 7400 may perform environment recognition processing for recognizing rainfall, fog, road surface conditions, or the like based on the received information.
- the vehicle exterior information detection unit 7400 may calculate the distance to the object outside the vehicle based on the received information.
- the vehicle exterior information detection unit 7400 may perform image recognition processing or distance detection processing that recognizes a person, a car, an obstacle, a sign, characters on the road surface, or the like based on the received image data.
- the vehicle exterior information detection unit 7400 performs processing such as distortion correction or position adjustment on the received image data, combines the image data captured by different image capturing units 7410, and generates an overhead image or a panoramic image. Good.
- the vehicle exterior information detection unit 7400 may perform viewpoint conversion processing using image data captured by different image capturing units 7410.
- the in-vehicle information detection unit 7500 detects in-vehicle information.
- a driver state detection unit 7510 that detects the state of the driver is connected.
- the driver state detection unit 7510 may include a camera that captures an image of the driver, a biometric sensor that detects biometric information of the driver, a microphone that collects voice in the vehicle, and the like.
- the biometric sensor is provided on, for example, a seat surface or a steering wheel, and detects biometric information of an occupant sitting on a seat or a driver who holds the steering wheel.
- the in-vehicle information detection unit 7500 may calculate the degree of fatigue or concentration of the driver based on the detection information input from the driver state detection unit 7510, or determine whether the driver is asleep. You may.
- the in-vehicle information detection unit 7500 may perform processing such as noise canceling processing on the collected audio signal.
- the integrated control unit 7600 controls overall operations in the vehicle control system 7000 according to various programs.
- An input unit 7800 is connected to the integrated control unit 7600.
- the input unit 7800 is realized by, for example, a device such as a touch panel, a button, a microphone, a switch or a lever that can be input and operated by a passenger. Data obtained by voice-recognizing voice input by a microphone may be input to the integrated control unit 7600.
- the input unit 7800 may be, for example, a remote control device that uses infrared rays or other radio waves, or may be an external connection device such as a mobile phone or a PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) that supports the operation of the vehicle control system 7000. May be.
- the input unit 7800 may be, for example, a camera, in which case the passenger can input information by gesture. Alternatively, data obtained by detecting the movement of the wearable device worn by the passenger may be input. Furthermore, the input unit 7800 may include, for example, an input control circuit that generates an input signal based on information input by a passenger or the like using the input unit 7800 and outputs the input signal to the integrated control unit 7600. A passenger or the like operates the input unit 7800 to input various data or instruct a processing operation to the vehicle control system 7000.
- the storage unit 7690 may include a ROM (Read Only Memory) that stores various programs executed by the microcomputer, and a RAM (Random Access Memory) that stores various parameters, calculation results, sensor values, and the like.
- the storage unit 7690 may be realized by a magnetic storage device such as an HDD (Hard Disc Drive), a semiconductor storage device, an optical storage device, a magneto-optical storage device, or the like.
- the general-purpose communication I/F 7620 is a general-purpose communication I/F that mediates communication with various devices existing in the external environment 7750.
- the general-purpose communication I/F 7620 is a cellular communication protocol such as GSM (registered trademark) (Global System of Mobile communications), WiMAX, LTE (Long Term Evolution) or LTE-A (LTE-Advanced), or a wireless LAN (Wi-Fi). (Also referred to as a registered trademark), Bluetooth (registered trademark), and other wireless communication protocols may be implemented.
- the general-purpose communication I/F 7620 is connected to a device (for example, an application server or a control server) existing on an external network (for example, the Internet, a cloud network, or a network unique to an operator) via a base station or an access point, for example. You may.
- the general-purpose communication I/F 7620 uses, for example, P2P (Peer To Peer) technology, and is a terminal existing in the vicinity of the vehicle (for example, a driver, a pedestrian or a shop terminal, or an MTC (Machine Type Communication) terminal). May be connected with.
- P2P Peer To Peer
- MTC Machine Type Communication
- the dedicated communication I/F 7630 is a communication I/F that supports a communication protocol formulated for use in a vehicle.
- the dedicated communication I/F 7630 uses, for example, a standard protocol such as WAVE (Wireless Access in Vehicle Environment), DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications), or a cellular communication protocol, which is a combination of a lower layer IEEE 802.11p and an upper layer IEEE 1609. May be implemented.
- the dedicated communication I/F 7630 is typically a vehicle-to-vehicle communication, a vehicle-to-infrastructure communication, a vehicle-to-home communication, and a vehicle-to-pedestrian communication. ) Perform V2X communications, a concept that includes one or more of the communications.
- the positioning unit 7640 receives, for example, a GNSS signal from a GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) satellite (for example, a GPS signal from a GPS (Global Positioning System) satellite) and performs positioning to determine the latitude, longitude, and altitude of the vehicle.
- the position information including is generated.
- the positioning unit 7640 may specify the current position by exchanging a signal with the wireless access point, or may acquire the position information from a terminal having a positioning function, such as a mobile phone, PHS, or smartphone.
- the beacon receiving unit 7650 receives, for example, a radio wave or an electromagnetic wave transmitted from a wireless station or the like installed on the road, and acquires information such as the current position, traffic jam, traffic closure, and required time.
- the function of the beacon receiving unit 7650 may be included in the dedicated communication I/F 7630 described above.
- the in-vehicle device I/F 7660 is a communication interface that mediates a connection between the microcomputer 7610 and various in-vehicle devices 7760 existing in the vehicle.
- the in-vehicle device I/F 7660 may establish a wireless connection using a wireless communication protocol such as wireless LAN, Bluetooth (registered trademark), NFC (Near Field Communication) or WUSB (Wireless USB).
- a wireless communication protocol such as wireless LAN, Bluetooth (registered trademark), NFC (Near Field Communication) or WUSB (Wireless USB).
- the in-vehicle device I/F 7660 is connected to a USB (Universal Serial Bus), HDMI (registered trademark) (High-Definition Multimedia Interface), or MHL (Mobile) via a connection terminal (and a cable if necessary) not shown.
- Wired connection such as High-definition Link
- the in-vehicle device 7760 may include, for example, at least one of a mobile device or a wearable device that the passenger has, or an information device that is carried in or attached to the vehicle.
- the in-vehicle device 7760 may include a navigation device that searches for a route to an arbitrary destination.
- the in-vehicle device I/F 7660 exchanges control signals or data signals with these in-vehicle devices 7760.
- the in-vehicle network I/F 7680 is an interface that mediates communication between the microcomputer 7610 and the communication network 7010.
- the in-vehicle network I/F 7680 sends and receives signals and the like according to a predetermined protocol supported by the communication network 7010.
- the microcomputer 7610 of the integrated control unit 7600 passes through at least one of a general-purpose communication I/F 7620, a dedicated communication I/F 7630, a positioning unit 7640, a beacon receiving unit 7650, an in-vehicle device I/F 7660, and an in-vehicle network I/F 7680.
- the vehicle control system 7000 is controlled according to various programs based on the information acquired by the above. For example, the microcomputer 7610 calculates a control target value of the driving force generation device, the steering mechanism or the braking device based on the acquired information on the inside and outside of the vehicle, and outputs a control command to the drive system control unit 7100. Good.
- the microcomputer 7610 realizes the functions of ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance System) that includes collision avoidance or impact mitigation of the vehicle, follow-up traveling based on inter-vehicle distance, vehicle speed maintenance traveling, vehicle collision warning, vehicle lane departure warning, etc. You may perform the coordinated control aiming at.
- the microcomputer 7610 controls the driving force generation device, the steering mechanism, the braking device, and the like based on the acquired information about the surroundings of the vehicle, so that the microcomputer 7610 automatically travels independently of the driver's operation. You may perform cooperative control for the purpose of driving etc.
- ADAS Advanced Driver Assistance System
- a general-purpose communication I/F 7620 a dedicated communication I/F 7630, a positioning unit 7640, a beacon receiving unit 7650, an in-vehicle device I/F 7660, and an in-vehicle network I/F 7680.
- the microcomputer 7610 may generate a warning signal by predicting a danger such as a vehicle collision, a pedestrian or the like approaching or entering a closed road, based on the acquired information.
- the warning signal may be, for example, a signal for generating a warning sound or lighting a warning lamp.
- the voice image output unit 7670 transmits an output signal of at least one of a voice and an image to an output device capable of visually or audibly notifying information to a passenger of the vehicle or the outside of the vehicle.
- an audio speaker 7710, a display unit 7720, and an instrument panel 7730 are illustrated as output devices.
- the display unit 7720 may include at least one of an onboard display and a head-up display, for example.
- the display unit 7720 may have an AR (Augmented Reality) display function.
- the output device may be a device other than these devices, such as headphones, a wearable device such as a glasses-type display worn by a passenger, a projector, or a lamp.
- the display device When the output device is a display device, the display device displays results obtained by various processes performed by the microcomputer 7610 or information received from another control unit in various formats such as text, images, tables, and graphs. Display visually.
- the output device is a voice output device, the voice output device converts an audio signal composed of reproduced voice data, acoustic data, or the like into an analog signal, and outputs it audibly.
- At least two control units connected via the communication network 7010 may be integrated as one control unit.
- each control unit may be composed of a plurality of control units.
- the vehicle control system 7000 may include another control unit not shown.
- some or all of the functions of one of the control units may be given to another control unit. That is, if the information is transmitted and received via the communication network 7010, the predetermined arithmetic processing may be performed by any of the control units.
- a sensor or device connected to one of the control units may be connected to another control unit, and a plurality of control units may send and receive detection information to and from each other via the communication network 7010. .
- the technology according to the present disclosure can be applied to, for example, the image capturing units 7910, 7912, 7914, 7916, 7918 and the vehicle exterior information detecting units 7920, 7922, 7924, 7926, 7928, 7930 among the configurations described above. Then, by applying the technology according to the present disclosure, as the photodetector, it is possible to correspond to the in-vehicle standard temperature, and it is possible to perform the photodetection operation without causing the latching current problem in a wide temperature range. It is possible to construct a vehicle control system capable of detecting an imaging target with high accuracy.
- the control unit controls the recharge current so that the ratio between the avalanche current of the light receiving element and the recharge current becomes constant.
- the element characteristic of the light receiving element is the breakdown voltage of the light receiving element, The photodetector according to the above [A-1].
- the control unit controls to increase the recharge current according to the decrease of the breakdown voltage of the light receiving element, The photodetector according to the above [A-6].
- the control unit controls the recharge current based on a lookup table in which the breakdown voltage of the light receiving element and the recharge current are associated with each other.
- the light receiving element is an element that generates a signal in response to the reception of a photon, The photodetector according to any one of [A-1] to [A-8].
- the light receiving element comprises a single photon avalanche diode, The photodetector according to the above [A-9].
- the element characteristic of the light receiving element is the temperature of the light receiving element detected by the temperature sensor, The distance measuring device according to [B-1].
- the control unit performs control to increase the recharge current according to the temperature drop of the light receiving element, The distance measuring device according to the above [B-2].
- the element characteristic of the light receiving element is the avalanche current of the light receiving element, The distance measuring device according to [B-1].
- the control unit controls the recharge current so that the ratio between the avalanche current of the light receiving element and the recharge current becomes constant.
- the element characteristic of the light receiving element is the breakdown voltage of the light receiving element, The distance measuring device according to [B-1].
- the control unit controls to increase the recharge current according to the decrease in the breakdown voltage of the light receiving element, The distance measuring device according to [B-6].
- the control unit controls the recharge current based on a lookup table in which the breakdown voltage of the light receiving element and the recharge current are associated with each other.
- the distance measuring device is an element that generates a signal in response to the reception of a photon, The distance measuring device according to any one of [B-1] to [B-8].
- the light receiving element comprises a single photon avalanche diode, The distance measuring device according to [B-9].
- 1... Distance measuring device 10... Subject (measurement object), 20... Light source, 21... Laser driver, 22... Laser light source, 23... Diffusing lens, 30... Photodetector, 31... Light receiving lens, 32... Photosensor, 33... Circuit part, 40... Control part, 50... Pixel circuit, 51... SPAD element, 54... Waveform shaping circuit, 55... Load circuit, 61... Control unit, 62... Temperature sensor, 63... Avalanche current observation circuit, 64... Reference SPAD element
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Abstract
Description
受光素子、
受光素子に接続される負荷回路、及び、
受光素子の素子特性に応じて、負荷回路に流れるリチャージ電流を制御する制御部、
を備える。
受光素子、及び、
受光素子に接続される負荷回路、
を備える光検出装置の制御に当たって、
受光素子の素子特性に応じて、負荷回路に流れるリチャージ電流を制御する。
更に、上記の目的を達成するための本開示の測距装置(距離測定装置)は、
測定対象物に対して光を照射する光源、及び、
測定対象物で反射された光を検出する光検出装置を備え、
光検出装置として、上記の構成の光検出装置を用いる。
1.本開示の光検出装置及び測距装置、全般に関する説明
2.実施形態に係る測距装置
2-1.測距装置の構成の概略
2-2.SPAD素子を用いた光検出装置の基本的な画素回路
2-2-1.第1例に係る画素回路
2-2-2.第2例に係る画素回路
2-3.画素回路の回路動作
2-4.SPAD素子のデッドタイムDTについて
2-5.ラッチングカレント問題について
3.実施形態に係る光検出装置
3-1.実施例1(SPAD素子の素子特性が温度の例)
3-2.実施例2(実施例1の変形例:負荷回路が定電流源から成る例)
3-3.実施例3(SPAD素子の素子特性がアバランシェ電流の例)
3-4.実施例4(SPAD素子の素子特性がブレークダウン電圧の例)
3-5.実施例5(実施形態に係る光検出装置の制御方法の例)
4.変形例
5.本開示に係る技術の適用例(移動体の例)
6.本開示がとることができる構成
本開示の光検出装置及び測距装置にあっては、受光素子の素子特性について、温度センサによって検出される受光素子の温度である形態とすることができる。このとき、制御部について、受光素子の温度の低下に応じてリチャージ電流を上げる制御を行う構成とすることができる。
[測距装置の構成の概略]
図1は、本開示の実施形態に係る測距装置を示す概略構成図である。本実施形態に係る測距装置1は、測定対象物である被写体10までの距離を測定する測定法として、被写体10に向けて照射した光(例えば、レーザ光)が、当該被写体10で反射されて戻ってくるまでの時間を測定するToF法を採用している。ToF法による距離測定を実現するために、本実施形態に係る測距装置1は、光源20及び光検出装置30を備えている。そして、光検出装置30として、後述する本開示の一実施形態に係る光検出装置を用いる。
SPAD素子を用いた光検出装置30の基本的な画素回路の第1例を図3Aに示し、第2例を図3Bに示す。ここでは、1画素分の基本構成を図示している。
画素回路の第1例は、負荷回路55が抵抗素子Rから成る例である。第1例に係る画素回路50では、SPAD素子51は、カソード電極が、負荷回路55である抵抗素子Rを介して、電源電圧VDDが与えられる端子52に接続され、アノード電極が、アノード電圧Vbdが与えられる端子53に接続されている。アノード電圧Vbdとしては、アバランシェ増倍が発生する大きな負電圧が印加される。そして、SPAD素子51のカソード電圧VCAが、P型MOSトランジスタQp及びN型MOSトランジスタQnから成る波形整形回路54を介してSPAD出力(画素出力)として導出される。
画素回路の第2例は、負荷回路55が定電流源、例えばP型MOSトランジスタQLから成る例である。第2例に係る画素回路50は、第1例に係る画素回路50における負荷回路55を、抵抗素子RからP型MOSトランジスタQLに置き換えただけの違いであり、それ以外の回路構成は、基本的に、図3Aに示す第1例に係る画素回路50と同じである。
続いて、上記の構成の画素回路50の回路動作について、図5の波形図を用いて説明する。
ここで、光センサとして光子に反応できないデッドタイムDTについて、図6の波形図を用いてより具体的に説明する。上述したように、SPAD素子51には、カソード電圧VCAが電源電圧VDDまで回復する時間に起因して、光入射があっても反応できないデッドタイムDTが存在する。例えば、領域aでは、アバランシェ増倍が2回発生し、これに伴ってSPAD出力として2つのパルス信号が生成されるが、領域bでは、アバランシェ増倍が2回発生しているが、パルス信号の生成は1つである。
上述したように、SPAD素子51を用いた光検出動作は、アバランシェ電流Iaの発生/停止を繰り返すことによって行われる。アバランシェ電流Iaによって引き下げられたSPAD素子51のカソード電圧VCAは、負荷回路55(抵抗素子RやP型MOSトランジスタQLから成る定電流源)からリチャージ電流Irが供給されることによって電源電圧VDDへの回復が行われる。
本開示の実施形態に係る光検出装置30は、負荷回路55に流れるリチャージ電流Irを制御する制御部が、受光素子の一例であるSPAD素子51の素子特性に応じてリチャージ電流Irを制御する構成となっている。これにより、例えば車両に搭載する場合など、広い温度範囲でラッチングカレント問題を起こすことなく、光検出動作を行うことができるため、例えば車載規格温度に対応できる。また、温度毎に適切なリチャージ電流Irを設定できるため、最悪の条件でリチャージ電流Irを決める必要がなく、各条件で最適なデッドタイムDTが実現できる。更に、敢えてデッドタイムDTを長くするようなモード、例えば、省エネモードや夜間モード等の設定も可能になる。
実施例1は、SPAD素子51の素子特性が、SPAD素子51の温度の例である。実施例1に係る光検出装置における画素回路の回路図を図7に示す。
実施例2は、実施例1の変形例であり、負荷回路55が定電流源、例えばP型MOSトランジスタQLから成る例である。実施例2に係る光検出装置における画素回路の回路図を図8に示す。
実施例3は、SPAD素子51の素子特性が、SPAD素子51のアバランシェ電流Iaの例である。実施例5に係る光検出装置における画素回路の回路図を図9に示す。
実施例4は、SPAD素子51の素子特性が、SPAD素子51のブレークダウン電圧VBDの例である。実施例4に係る光検出装置における画素回路の回路図を図10に示す。
実施例5は、本開示の実施形態に係る光検出装置30の制御方法の例である。実施例5に係る光検出装置の制御方法の処理の一例のフローチャートを図12に示す。
以上、本開示に係る技術について、好ましい実施形態に基づき説明したが、本開示に係る技術は当該実施形態に限定されるものではない。上記の実施形態において説明した撮像装置の構成、構造は例示であり、適宜、変更することができる。例えば、上記の実施形態では、受光素子としてSPAD素子を用いる場合を例に挙げて説明したが、受光素子としては、SPAD素子に限られるものではなく、APDやCAPD等の素子を用いても同様の作用、効果を得ることができる。
本開示に係る技術は、様々な製品に適用することができる。以下に、より具体的な適用例について説明する。例えば、本開示に係る技術は、自動車、電気自動車、ハイブリッド電気自動車、自動二輪車、自転車、パーソナルモビリティ、飛行機、ドローン、船舶、ロボット、建設機械、農業機械(トラクター)などのいずれかの種類の移動体に搭載される測距装置として実現されてもよい。
図13は、本開示に係る技術が適用され得る移動体制御システムの一例である車両制御システム7000の概略的な構成例を示すブロック図である。車両制御システム7000は、通信ネットワーク7010を介して接続された複数の電子制御ユニットを備える。図13に示した例では、車両制御システム7000は、駆動系制御ユニット7100、ボディ系制御ユニット7200、バッテリ制御ユニット7300、車外情報検出ユニット7400、車内情報検出ユニット7500、及び統合制御ユニット7600を備える。これらの複数の制御ユニットを接続する通信ネットワーク7010は、例えば、CAN(Controller Area Network)、LIN(Local Interconnect Network)、LAN(Local Area Network)又はFlexRay(登録商標)等の任意の規格に準拠した車載通信ネットワークであってよい。
尚、本開示は、以下のような構成をとることもできる。
[A-1]受光素子、
受光素子に接続される負荷回路、及び、
受光素子の素子特性に応じて、負荷回路に流れるリチャージ電流を制御する制御部、
を備える光検出装置。
[A-2]受光素子の素子特性は、温度センサによって検出される受光素子の温度である、
上記[A-1]に記載の光検出装置。
[A-3]制御部は、受光素子の温度の低下に応じてリチャージ電流を上げる制御を行う、
上記[A-2]に記載の光検出装置。
[A-4]受光素子の素子特性は、受光素子のアバランシェ電流である、
上記[A-1]に記載の光検出装置。
[A-5]制御部は、受光素子のアバランシェ電流とリチャージ電流との比が一定になるようにリチャージ電流の制御を行う、
上記[A-4]に記載の光検出装置。
[A-6]受光素子の素子特性は、受光素子のブレークダウン電圧である、
上記[A-1]に記載の光検出装置。
[A-7]制御部は、受光素子のブレークダウン電圧の低下に応じてリチャージ電流を上げる制御を行う、
上記[A-6]に記載の光検出装置。
[A-8]制御部は、受光素子のブレークダウン電圧とリチャージ電流とを対応付けたルックアップテーブルを基にリチャージ電流の制御を行う、
上記[A-7]に記載の光検出装置。
[A-9]受光素子は、光子の受光に応じて信号を発生する素子である、
上記[A-1]乃至上記[A-8]のいずれかに記載の光検出装置。
[A-10]受光素子は、単一光子アバランシェダイオードから成る、
上記[A-9]に記載の光検出装置。
[B-1]測定対象物に対して光を照射する光源、及び、
測定対象物で反射された光を検出する光検出装置を有し、
光検出装置は、
受光素子、
受光素子に接続される負荷回路、及び、
受光素子の素子特性に応じて、負荷回路に流れるリチャージ電流を制御する制御部、
を備える、
測距装置。
[B-2]受光素子の素子特性は、温度センサによって検出される受光素子の温度である、
上記[B-1]に記載の測距装置。
[B-3]制御部は、受光素子の温度の低下に応じてリチャージ電流を上げる制御を行う、
上記[B-2]に記載の測距装置。
[B-4]受光素子の素子特性は、受光素子のアバランシェ電流である、
上記[B-1]に記載の測距装置。
[B-5]制御部は、受光素子のアバランシェ電流とリチャージ電流との比が一定になるようにリチャージ電流の制御を行う、
上記[B-4]に記載の測距装置。
[B-6]受光素子の素子特性は、受光素子のブレークダウン電圧である、
上記[B-1]に記載の測距装置。
[B-7]制御部は、受光素子のブレークダウン電圧の低下に応じてリチャージ電流を上げる制御を行う、
上記[B-6]に記載の測距装置。
[B-8]制御部は、受光素子のブレークダウン電圧とリチャージ電流とを対応付けたルックアップテーブルを基にリチャージ電流の制御を行う、
上記[B-7]に記載の測距装置。
[B-9]受光素子は、光子の受光に応じて信号を発生する素子である、
上記[B-1]乃至上記[B-8]のいずれかに記載の測距装置。
[B-10]受光素子は、単一光子アバランシェダイオードから成る、
上記[B-9]に記載の測距装置。
Claims (12)
- 受光素子、
受光素子に接続される負荷回路、及び、
受光素子の素子特性に応じて、負荷回路に流れるリチャージ電流を制御する制御部、
を備える光検出装置。 - 受光素子の素子特性は、温度センサによって検出される受光素子の温度である、
請求項1に記載の光検出装置。 - 制御部は、受光素子の温度の低下に応じてリチャージ電流を上げる制御を行う、
請求項2に記載の光検出装置。 - 受光素子の素子特性は、受光素子のアバランシェ電流である、
請求項1に記載の光検出装置。 - 制御部は、受光素子のアバランシェ電流とリチャージ電流との比が一定になるようにリチャージ電流の制御を行う、
請求項4に記載の光検出装置。 - 受光素子の素子特性は、受光素子のブレークダウン電圧である、
請求項1に記載の光検出装置。 - 制御部は、受光素子のブレークダウン電圧の低下に応じてリチャージ電流を上げる制御を行う、
請求項6に記載の光検出装置。 - 制御部は、受光素子のブレークダウン電圧とリチャージ電流とを対応付けたルックアップテーブルを基にリチャージ電流の制御を行う、
請求項7に記載の光検出装置。 - 受光素子は、光子の受光に応じて信号を発生する素子である、
請求項1に記載の光検出装置。 - 受光素子は、単一光子アバランシェダイオードから成る、
請求項9に記載の光検出装置。 - 受光素子、及び、
受光素子に接続される負荷回路、
を備える光検出装置の制御に当たって、
受光素子の素子特性に応じて、負荷回路に流れるリチャージ電流を制御する、
光検出装置の制御方法。 - 測定対象物に対して光を照射する光源、及び、
測定対象物で反射された光を検出する光検出装置を有し、
光検出装置は、
受光素子、
受光素子に接続される負荷回路、及び、
受光素子の素子特性に応じて、負荷回路に流れるリチャージ電流を制御する制御部、
を備える、
測距装置。
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- 2019-11-20 WO PCT/JP2019/045367 patent/WO2020116158A1/ja not_active Ceased
- 2019-11-20 US US17/297,199 patent/US12352896B2/en active Active
- 2019-11-20 CN CN201980067272.4A patent/CN112840183B/zh active Active
- 2019-11-20 EP EP19892071.2A patent/EP3892972A4/en active Pending
- 2019-11-26 TW TW108142856A patent/TWI840456B/zh active
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| JP2024528463A (ja) * | 2021-06-22 | 2024-07-30 | 上海禾賽科技有限公司 | 光検出回路及び方法、レーザーレーダー、記憶媒体並びに検出システム |
| JP7806217B2 (ja) | 2022-03-24 | 2026-01-26 | 株式会社Magnolia White | 検出装置 |
| WO2025169609A1 (ja) * | 2024-02-09 | 2025-08-14 | ソニーセミコンダクタソリューションズ株式会社 | 測距装置 |
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|---|---|
| CN112840183B (zh) | 2024-09-27 |
| US20220026536A1 (en) | 2022-01-27 |
| TWI840456B (zh) | 2024-05-01 |
| TW202028779A (zh) | 2020-08-01 |
| EP3892972A1 (en) | 2021-10-13 |
| EP3892972A4 (en) | 2022-01-19 |
| JPWO2020116158A1 (ja) | 2021-10-21 |
| JP7407734B2 (ja) | 2024-01-04 |
| CN112840183A (zh) | 2021-05-25 |
| US12352896B2 (en) | 2025-07-08 |
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