WO2020153063A1 - 構造体の検査方法および製造方法、構造体の検査装置および製造装置 - Google Patents
構造体の検査方法および製造方法、構造体の検査装置および製造装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2020153063A1 WO2020153063A1 PCT/JP2019/049802 JP2019049802W WO2020153063A1 WO 2020153063 A1 WO2020153063 A1 WO 2020153063A1 JP 2019049802 W JP2019049802 W JP 2019049802W WO 2020153063 A1 WO2020153063 A1 WO 2020153063A1
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- MHNGGEWWXKGBGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N C(C1CC1)C1CCCC1 Chemical compound C(C1CC1)C1CCCC1 MHNGGEWWXKGBGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 0 CC(CC*)C1C(CCC2)C2CC1 Chemical compound CC(CC*)C1C(CCC2)C2CC1 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
- G01B11/24—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring contours or curvatures
- G01B11/25—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring contours or curvatures by projecting a pattern, e.g. one or more lines, moiré fringes on the object
- G01B11/2518—Projection by scanning of the object
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
- G01B11/02—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring length, width or thickness
- G01B11/06—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring length, width or thickness for measuring thickness ; e.g. of sheet material
- G01B11/0608—Height gauges
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B15/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electromagnetic waves or particle radiation, e.g. by the use of microwaves, X-rays, gamma rays or electrons
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B21/00—Measuring arrangements or details thereof, where the measuring technique is not covered by the other groups of this subclass, unspecified or not relevant
- G01B21/20—Measuring arrangements or details thereof, where the measuring technique is not covered by the other groups of this subclass, unspecified or not relevant for measuring contours or curvatures, e.g. determining profile
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- G01N23/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material
- G01N23/06—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption
- G01N23/083—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the radiation being X-rays
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- G01N23/06—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption
- G01N23/083—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the radiation being X-rays
- G01N23/087—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the radiation being X-rays using polyenergetic X-rays
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- G01N23/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material
- G01N23/06—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
- B60K15/00—Arrangement in connection with fuel supply of combustion engines or other fuel consuming energy converters, e.g. fuel cells; Mounting or construction of fuel tanks
- B60K15/03—Fuel tanks
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
- B60K15/00—Arrangement in connection with fuel supply of combustion engines or other fuel consuming energy converters, e.g. fuel cells; Mounting or construction of fuel tanks
- B60K15/03—Fuel tanks
- B60K2015/03309—Tanks specially adapted for particular fuels
- B60K2015/03315—Tanks specially adapted for particular fuels for hydrogen
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- G01N2223/30—Accessories, mechanical or electrical features
- G01N2223/33—Accessories, mechanical or electrical features scanning, i.e. relative motion for measurement of successive object-parts
- G01N2223/3308—Accessories, mechanical or electrical features scanning, i.e. relative motion for measurement of successive object-parts object translates
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- G01N2223/629—Specific applications or type of materials welds, bonds, sealing compounds
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- G01N23/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material
- G01N23/04—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and forming images of the material
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention is capable of highly accurately detecting whether a structure is a good product or a defective product, a structure inspection method and manufacturing method, a structure inspection device and manufacturing apparatus, a high pressure tank manufacturing method, and The present invention relates to a manufacturing device, a structure, a high pressure tank, and a fuel cell vehicle.
- a fuel cell vehicle is equipped with, for example, a fuel cell that electrochemically reacts hydrogen with oxygen in the air to generate electricity, and supplies the electricity generated by the fuel cell to a motor as a driving force.
- the fuel cell is a hydrogen cell
- the vehicle is equipped with a high pressure tank for hydrogen.
- the high-pressure tank includes a resin liner member and a fiber reinforced resin layer that covers the outside of the liner member.
- the liner member is made of resin, metal such as aluminum or iron, or the like.
- the resin liner members are light in weight, and because they are excellent in moldability and can be manufactured at low cost, development is being advanced.
- the high-pressure tank manufactured by using the molded product described in Patent Document 1 may be deformed when the high-pressure gas (particularly high-pressure hydrogen gas) is repeatedly filled and released, resulting in reduced reliability.
- the high-pressure gas particularly high-pressure hydrogen gas
- the present inventors have found that factors such as the deformation of the tank are, for example, impurities and voids existing in a portion where a structure manufactured by being divided into two parts is joined. I found that it was due to.
- a welding-based joining method that is generally used for joining structures is used, a step of pushing in the joining portion is required for sufficient welding. In this step, the melted structure rises (hereinafter referred to as burr) at the joint.
- burr the melted structure rises
- FIGS. 23 and 24 show an inspection configuration based on general X-ray transmission imaging, which includes an X-ray emitting means 1, a structure 2 to be inspected, and an X-ray detecting means 3.
- FIG. 24 is a schematic diagram for explaining an example of defects and non-defects that cannot be discriminated by the inspection configuration using the general X-ray transmission imaging shown in FIG. In FIG.
- the structure 2 shows only the bonding cross section on the X-ray emitting means 1 side.
- the change in the transmission amount of the X-rays emitted from the X-ray emitting means 1 causes It was difficult to determine whether it was due to the voids or impurities in the portion or due to the voids or impurities in the burr portion. Further, it is often used to identify a defect occurrence position by irradiating X-rays from a plurality of directions, but it is difficult to determine whether the part is a burr or a joint also from the occurrence position.
- the present invention has been made in view of such a conventional problem, and can detect with high accuracy whether the structure is a good product or a defective product, and a structure that may be deformed in the future or the like.
- a structure inspection method and manufacturing method a structure inspection device and manufacturing apparatus, a high pressure tank manufacturing method and manufacturing apparatus, a structure, and a high pressure tank and a fuel cell vehicle capable of detecting in advance. To aim.
- the structure inspection apparatus which solves the above problems is an X-ray emission unit that emits X-rays in two or more paths, and one or more that detects X-rays that have passed through the structure.
- X-ray detecting means a plurality of position distance measuring means for measuring the distance from the X-ray emitting means to the structure at a plurality of positions, and an image processing means, and the image processing means includes the X-ray detecting means.
- Defect candidate detecting means for detecting a defect candidate in the two or more images acquired by the means, height measuring means, an image in which height position information obtained by the height measuring means is recorded, and the defect candidate.
- Image operation means for logically ANDing defect candidate images obtained by the detection means, inspection range setting means for setting an inspection range from the distance and the thickness of the structure, and a case where the inspection range includes defect candidates And a defect determining means for determining a defect.
- the plural-position distance measuring means is a height measuring means for measuring a linear height profile by a light cutting method.
- the height measuring means is a stereo matching method.
- the inspection range setting means obtains the surface shape of the structure from the plurality of distance values, and the inspection range for each inspection position in the circumferential direction from the thickness of the structure. Is preferably set.
- the structure has a substantially cylindrical shape, and its surface shape is estimated by calculating the arc center position and the arc radius of the structure from the plurality of distance values. It is preferably the surface of the structure.
- the structure is a member for a high pressure tank.
- the structure manufacturing apparatus of the present invention is a sorting device that distinguishes between an inspection unit by the above-described structure inspection device, a structure determined to be defective by the inspection unit, and a structure determined to be non-defective. It is characterized by having means.
- the apparatus for manufacturing a high-pressure tank includes an inspecting unit for inspecting the structure described above, a selecting unit for distinguishing between a structure determined to be a defective product by the inspection unit and a structure determined to be a good product. And an outer layer forming means for forming an outer layer for reinforcement with respect to the structure determined to be non-defective.
- the structure inspection method of the present invention for solving the above-mentioned problems emits X-rays through two or more paths, detects X-rays transmitted through the structure at one or more positions, and X-ray emitting means.
- To the structure at a plurality of positions detect defect candidates in the detected X-ray image, measure the height of the defect candidate, and obtain the height information image and the defect candidate as the defect information.
- the obtained image is logically ANDed, the inspection range is set from the distance and the thickness of the structure, and when the inspection range includes a defect candidate, it is determined to be a defect.
- the method for measuring the distance is a method for measuring a linear height profile by a light cutting method.
- the method of measuring the height of the defect candidate is based on the stereo matching method.
- the method for setting the inspection range is to obtain the surface shape of the structure from the plurality of distance values, and set the inspection range for each inspection position from the thickness of the structure. Preferably.
- the method for obtaining the surface shape is such that the structure has a substantially cylindrical shape, and the surface shape is an arc center position of the structure from the plurality of distance values, It is preferable to calculate and estimate the arc radius.
- the structure is a member for a high-pressure tank.
- the method for manufacturing a structure of the present invention includes an inspection step by a method for inspecting a structure, a selecting step for distinguishing a structure determined to be a defective product and a structure determined to be a good product in the inspection step. It is characterized by being provided.
- the manufacturing method of the high-pressure tank of the present invention an inspection step by the method of inspecting the structure, a sorting step for distinguishing a structure determined to be defective in the inspection step, and a structure determined to be non-defective
- the method for manufacturing a fuel cell vehicle of the present invention includes an inspection step by a method for inspecting a structure, a selection step for distinguishing a structure determined to be a defective product in the inspection step, and a structure determined to be a good product.
- a method and a manufacturing method, a structure inspection device and a manufacturing device, a high pressure tank manufacturing method and a manufacturing device, a structure, a high pressure tank, and a fuel cell vehicle can be provided.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram for explaining an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the configuration of the multi-position distance measuring means in the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram for explaining another configuration of the installation position of the multi-position distance measuring means in the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a flow chart for explaining the processing flow of the image processing means.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram for explaining the difference between the detection positions of the defect and non-defect portions in the X-ray detection means when the X-rays are emitted through two or more paths.
- FIG. 6 is an example of an image acquired by the X-ray detection means.
- FIG. 7 is an example of a processing result image of the defect candidate detecting means.
- FIG. 8 is an example of a stereo matching processing result.
- FIG. 9 is an example of a height position calculation result image.
- FIG. 10 is a schematic view from the top surface showing an example in which the structure is installed while being displaced in the optical axis direction of X-ray transmission imaging.
- FIG. 11 is a defect map diagram showing an example of the inspection range when the structure is installed while being displaced in the optical axis direction of X-ray transmission imaging.
- FIG. 12 is a schematic view from the top surface showing an example in which the structure is installed while being displaced in a direction orthogonal to the optical axis of X-ray transmission imaging.
- FIG. 13 is a defect map diagram showing an example of the inspection range in the case where the structure is installed while being displaced in the direction orthogonal to the optical axis of X-ray transmission imaging.
- FIG. 14 is a schematic view from the upper surface showing an example in which structures having different inner and outer diameters are installed.
- FIG. 15 is a defect map diagram showing an example of an inspection range when structures having different inner and outer diameters are installed.
- FIG. 16 is an example of the multi-position distance measurement data acquired by the multi-position distance measuring means.
- FIG. 17 is an example of the outer and inner inspection range boundary images and the height profile in the image column direction.
- FIG. 18 shows an example of the selection result by the defect judging means.
- FIG. 19 is a schematic diagram for explaining a configuration in which a means for moving the X-ray emitting means is provided in the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 20 is a schematic diagram for explaining the configuration provided with means for moving the high-pressure tank member in the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 21 is a schematic diagram for explaining another configuration example 1 in the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 22 is a schematic diagram for explaining another configuration example 2 in the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 23 is a schematic diagram for explaining an inspection configuration by general X-ray transmission imaging.
- FIG. 24 is a schematic diagram for explaining an example of defects and non-defects that cannot be discriminated by a general X-ray transmission imaging inspection configuration.
- ⁇ Structure inspection device> an embodiment applied to a structure inspection apparatus of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
- the following embodiments are merely examples of the present invention, and the present invention is not limited to the following description.
- the following examples can be modified without departing from the spirit of the present invention.
- the structure inspection apparatus of the present invention can be applied to inspection of various structures.
- a substantially cylindrical high-pressure tank member, a resin pipe, a resin structural member, etc. may be mentioned.
- the inspection of the liner member for the high-pressure tank will be described in detail as an example.
- a high-pressure tank is a container for filling high-pressure gas such as compressed gas or liquefied gas.
- high-pressure gas such as compressed gas or liquefied gas
- a container for fuel cell automobiles a container for high-pressure hydrogen transportation, and a hydrogen station accumulator.
- the structure of the high-pressure tank is not particularly limited.
- a high-pressure tank includes a liner member that is a member for a high-pressure tank, one or more reinforcing layers that cover the liner member, and a supply system (valve member, various piping systems) for supplying high-pressure gas to a fuel cell. Etc.).
- the shape of the high pressure tank is not particularly limited.
- the high pressure tank has a substantially cylindrical shape.
- the high-pressure tank is formed with an opening for filling the tank with high-pressure gas or for extracting high-pressure gas from the tank. The opening is closed by the supply system.
- the structure means, for example, a member constituting a high-pressure tank, and examples thereof include a liner member and a member after a reinforcing layer is formed on the liner member.
- the liner member is a member of the tank container that constitutes the housing of the high-pressure tank.
- the shape of the liner member is not particularly limited.
- the liner member has a substantially cylindrical shape and has a housing space formed therein. The accommodation space is filled with high-pressure gas.
- the opening is formed in the liner member.
- the liner member may be composed of one member, but is generally composed of a plurality of divided members for ease of production. In this case, the plurality of divided members can be integrated by joining or the like.
- blow molding, injection molding, etc. are mentioned as a method of producing a liner member.
- the inspection method of the present invention is suitably used for inspection of a joint surface where a liner member is joined by a plurality of divided members by injection molding.
- the material of the liner member is not particularly limited.
- the liner member is made of resin, metal such as aluminum or iron, or the like.
- the resin liner member is apt to be deformed or broken after being molded into a high-pressure tank when voids or impurities are formed in the joint portion.
- the inspection method of the present invention can appropriately detect voids and impurities. Therefore, the inspection method of the present invention is particularly suitable when the liner member is made of resin.
- the polyolefin resin, the ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, and the polyamide are used for the liner member. It is preferable to include at least one of the resins.
- the liner member more preferably contains a polyamide resin. Since the polyamide resin has a high X-ray absorption rate, voids, resin impurities, etc. in the polyamide resin are easily detected. Further, in particular, when the high-pressure gas is hydrogen gas, the hydrogen gas has a low molecular weight, so that it easily dissolves in the liner member. As a result, even if there are slight voids or impurities in the joint portion of the liner member, the high-pressure tank for hydrogen gas is likely to be deformed or broken at the joint portion. According to the inspection method of the present invention, such voids and resin impurities can be easily detected. Therefore, in the inspection method of the present invention, particularly when the liner member is made of polyamide resin, impurities and the like can be accurately detected and appropriately determined.
- the liner member preferably has an outer surface covered with one or more reinforcing layers to reinforce the liner member.
- the material of the reinforcing layer is not particularly limited.
- the reinforcing layer is a fiber reinforced resin layer.
- the fiber reinforced resin forming the fiber reinforced resin layer include carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) and glass fiber reinforced plastic. These fiber reinforced resins may be used in combination.
- the liner member may be doubly covered with the reinforcing layers made of the respective fiber reinforced resins.
- the fiber reinforced resin is, for example, carbon fiber reinforced plastic
- the fiber reinforced resin layer includes reinforced fibers such as carbon fiber reinforced plastic wound around the outer surface of the liner member, and a thermosetting resin that binds the reinforced fibers together. It is mainly composed of
- the inspection method of the present invention is preferably performed on the joint surface of the liner member before the reinforcement layer is provided in the high-pressure tank.
- a specific inspection method is to determine whether the liner member is a good product by irradiating the liner member with X-rays from the X-ray emitting device and detecting the X-rays transmitted through the liner member using an X-ray detector. Inspect for defective products.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram for explaining the inspection device of the present invention.
- the X-ray emitting means 1 is a device for emitting X-rays to the structure 2.
- the shape and dimensions of the X-ray emitting means 1 are not particularly limited. Further, the X-ray emitting means 1 may be provided with a power cable or the like (not shown) for driving the X-ray emitting means. In this case, it is preferable that the power cable and the like have a shape and dimensions that do not interfere with the structure 2.
- the emitted X-rays need to irradiate the structure with X-rays in two or more paths. In the present invention, X-rays are radiated by the two X-ray radiating means 1a and 1b.
- the radiated X-rays pass through a structure on the X-ray radiating means side and a structure on the X-ray detecting means side, which will be described later, and are detected by the X-ray detecting means 3.
- the arrangement of the X-ray emitting means 1 is not particularly specified, at least one of the two or more X-ray emitting means has both the X-ray emitting means-side bonding surface and the X-ray detecting means-side bonding surface. It is preferable to arrange them so that they do not become transmission paths.
- the X-ray radiating means 1a and the X-ray radiating means 1b are arranged in parallel so as to sandwich the joint surface of the structure, both of which are both the joint surface on the X-ray radiating means side and the joint surface on the X-ray detecting means side. Are arranged so as not to be the irradiation path.
- the structure 2 is exemplified as a member for a high pressure tank in which a molded member divided into two is joined in a cylindrical shape.
- the X-ray detection means 3 is a device for detecting X-rays that have passed through the structure 2.
- the X-ray detection means may be composed of at least one X-ray detector. When the X-rays emitted from the two or more X-ray emitting means 1 are detected by one X-ray detecting means, the X-rays are emitted from the two or more X-ray emitting means at different timings. It may be detected. It is also possible to arrange two or more X-ray detection means in accordance with the number of two or more X-ray emission means 1 and detect X-rays at the same time.
- the X-ray detection means may be moved to a position where one X-ray detection means can detect X-rays emitted from two or more X-ray emission means 1.
- one X-ray detection means can detect X-rays emitted from two or more X-ray emission means 1.
- X-rays are easily transmitted, so it is detected more strongly than the surroundings, and if it is an impurity, it is detected as either strong or weak depending on the specific gravity of the impurities and the specific gravity of the resin material constituting the structure. To be done. Further, since the thickness of the burr portion is larger than that of the normal portion of the structure, it is weakly detected as a whole.
- the X-ray detection means 3 may be a general-purpose X-ray detector.
- the X-ray detecting means 3 may be a direct conversion type X-ray detector or an indirect conversion type X-ray detector. More specifically, the X-ray detection means 3 is an X-ray film, an image intensifier, a computed radiography (CR), a flat panel detector (FPD), or the like.
- the array of the X-ray detection elements of the X-ray detection means 3 may be an area sensor system in which the detection elements are arranged two-dimensionally or a line sensor type X-ray detector in which the detection elements are arranged one-dimensionally.
- the method of sequentially changing the inspection range may be optimized depending on which detection method is used. When adopting the area sensor method, it is sufficient to prepare a mechanism that sequentially switches the visual field according to the inspection visual field of the area sensor, and when adopting the line sensor method, if a mechanism that continuously moves the visual field is prepared. Good.
- the X-ray detection means 3 is preferably an indirect conversion type FPD, because it does not require a development process and the like and can shorten the time required for the inspection as compared with the case where an X-ray film is used, for example. ..
- the indirect conversion type FPD preferably includes a cell type scintillator.
- a scintillator panel is used to convert radiation into visible light.
- the scintillator panel includes an X-ray phosphor such as cesium iodide (CsI), and the X-ray phosphor emits visible light in response to the emitted X-ray, and the emitted light is emitted from a TFT (thin film transmitter) or CCD.
- CsI cesium iodide
- the information of the X-ray is converted into digital image information by converting it into an electric signal by (charge-coupled device).
- charge-coupled device charge-coupled device
- the indirect conversion type FPD when the X-ray phosphor emits light, visible light is scattered by the phosphor itself, so that the sharpness of the image tends to be low.
- the FPD that employs the cell type scintillator phosphors are filled in the cells partitioned by the partition walls, and the influence of light scattering can be suppressed.
- the FPD equipped with the cell-type scintillator has high sharpness and can detect impurities and voids in the structure 2 with high sensitivity.
- the pixel size of the sensor of the X-ray detection means 3 is not particularly limited. As an example, the pixel size of the sensor is preferably 20 to 300 ⁇ m. When the pixel size is less than 20 ⁇ m, even a minute impurity that does not contribute to the deformation or destruction of the structure 2 may be detected and a good product may be erroneously determined as a defective product. Further, with such a pixel size, the image data becomes enormous, and the time required for signal reading and image processing tends to be long. On the other hand, when the pixel size exceeds 300 ⁇ m, impurities and the like may not be sufficiently detected.
- the plural-position distance measuring means 4 is used to accurately obtain the surface position of the structure 2.
- the plural-position distance measuring means 4 may have a configuration in which the measuring means or the structure is moved by a certain distance in the direction in which the number of measurement points is desired to be increased and the measurement is sequentially performed, or the multiple-position distance measurement means 4 may be configured to perform multipoint measurement at one time.
- a laser triangulation type displacement meter a laser interferometer, an ultrasonic distance meter, an eddy current type displacement sensor, a stylus type displacement meter, etc.
- the laser triangulation type displacement meter is preferably used because it is not easily affected by the material, the response speed, and the ease of realization of multipoint measurement.
- a method called a light cutting method in which linear light generated by a laser light source or the like is applied to a measurement target and the trajectory of the reflected and scattered light is acquired as a height profile, is preferably used.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the configuration of the multi-position distance measuring means 4.
- the plural-position distance measuring means 4 irradiates the cylindrical structure 2 with linear light generated by a laser light source or the like in an arc direction.
- the irradiated linear light is reflected and scattered on the surface of the structure 2 and draws a trajectory of light according to the surface shape of the structure 2.
- the trajectory of the light becomes the distance measurement position 4a in the multi-position distance measurement means 4.
- the multi-position distance measuring unit 4 reads the position of the distance measuring position 4a based on the trajectory of the light by a light receiving unit such as an image sensor and digitizes it as the surface shape of the surface of the structure 2.
- the plural-position distance measuring means 4 may be installed at any position as long as the relative distance relationship with the X-ray emitting means 1 is known. Therefore, as shown in FIG.
- the multi-position distance measuring means 4 may be moved in the axial direction to measure the multi-position distance, and the multi-position distance measuring means 4 shown in FIG.
- the X-ray emitting means 1 and the plural-position distance measuring means 4 may be fixedly installed at the optical axis position of the X-ray transmission imaging.
- the plural-position distance measuring means 4 and the structure 2 are arranged at positions where the surface shape of the joint to be inspected in the structure 2 can be measured.
- either the structure 2 or the plural-position distance measuring means 4 is moved back and forth in the optical axis direction of the X-ray transmission imaging, and the measured value by the plural-position distance measuring means 4 is determined by the length of any moving distance. You may correct only that amount.
- the plural-position distance measuring means 4 has a surface shape in which burrs are formed outside the joint surface to be inspected and irregular irregularities are formed, as shown in the schematic views of the structure 2 shown in FIGS. 1 and 3. Since the accurate distance measurement cannot be performed, the distance measurement may be performed on a substantially near surface in which no burr is generated. In this case, it is preferable to estimate the distance from the upper surface of the joint surface by performing measurements at a plurality of places such as left and right of the joint surface to be inspected where burrs are generated and obtaining an average value or an interpolated value. Further, the outer joint surface where burrs are generated may be subjected to a polishing treatment to remove the burrs to form a flat surface, and then the distance measurement may be carried out directly on the joint surface to be inspected. ..
- the image processing means 5 is connected to the X-ray detection means 3 and calculates the position of the defect candidate from the X-ray detection image acquired by the X-ray detection means 3.
- a height measuring means for calculating the height position of a defect candidate by the plurality of images, an image in which height position information obtained by the height measuring means is recorded, and a defect candidate image obtained by the defect candidate detecting means From the image calculation means for logically ANDing and the inspection range setting means for setting the inspection range from the plural position distance measurement data 20 measured by the plural position distance measuring means 4, and the height measurement result and the inspection range setting result.
- Defect judgment means for judging the quality of the defect candidate. The flow of processing in the image processing means 5 will be described with reference to FIG.
- FIG. 4 is a flow chart for explaining the processing flow of the image processing means.
- the X-ray detection image 10a is a detection image in which the X-rays emitted from the X-ray irradiation means 1a are detected by the X-ray detection means 3, and the X-ray detection image 10b is the X-rays emitted from the X-ray emission means 1b. It is a detection image detected by the line detection means 3.
- the detected image outputs the intensity of X-ray detection as a brightness value, and the place where the X-ray is strongly detected has a large brightness value (bright) and the place where the X-ray is weakly detected has a small brightness value (dark).
- the defect candidate detection means detects a defect candidate region from the X-ray detection image.
- the defect candidate detection means is an area area that satisfies the brightness threshold in the bright direction and the brightness threshold in the dark direction that can separate the defect candidate and the other part from the X-ray detection image input as two-dimensional image data. Is detected as a defect candidate.
- the detection may be performed on at least one X-ray detection image among a plurality of X-ray detection images.
- X-ray detection is performed by detecting the X-rays emitted by the X-ray emitting means 1a. This is performed on the image 10a.
- the detection of defect candidates may be performed by narrowing down the region that satisfies the threshold value by the size of the detection area or by narrowing down the feature amount of the detected shape.
- voids and impurities which are defects
- the orientation (angle) of the detection shape and its thinness (aspect ratio), etc. You may narrow down as a feature value.
- a spatial filter or the like may be used prior to the detection with the brightness threshold.
- a high-pass filter that cuts low-frequency components in the X-ray detection image is effective in suppressing the influence of a dark portion due to burrs.
- the erroneous detection region 11 is also detected as a defect candidate even at the boundary line between the burr portion where the brightness changes abruptly and the normal high-pressure tank member portion.
- the height measuring means measures the height of the same point detected in the plurality of X-ray detection images.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram for explaining the difference in the detection positions of the defect and non-defect portions in the X-ray detection means when the X-rays are emitted through a plurality of paths.
- FIG. 6 is an example of an image acquired by the X-ray detection means.
- the structure 2 shows only the bonding cross-section on the X-ray emitting means 1 side.
- the X-ray detector 3 When there is a void defect 7 in the joint portion at the joint portion of the structure 2 and a void 9 in the burr portion at the burr portion, the X-ray detector 3 causes the X-ray radiating means 1a to detect the X-rays.
- the void defect 7 at the joint is imaged at the coordinate position of Xa1 on the X-ray detector 3, and the void 9 in the burr is imaged at the coordinate position of Xa2, and detected as an image like the X-ray detection image 10a shown in FIG. To be done.
- the void defect 7 at the joint is imaged at the coordinate position of Xb1 on the X-ray detector 3, and the void 9 in the burr is imaged at the coordinate position of Xb2. It is detected as an image such as the X-ray detection image 10b shown in FIG.
- the height position Hd0 of the void defect 7 at the joint is f
- the distance from the X-ray emitting means 1a and X-ray emitting means 1b to the X-ray detector 3 is f
- the X-ray emitting means 1a and the X-ray emitting means 1b When the interval between and is w, it is calculated as Equation 1.
- an image block of a predetermined vertical and horizontal size centered on the pixel of interest is set first, and in the other image, one image and the other image are calculated by the image similarity calculation method such as the normalized correlation method.
- This is a method of obtaining a position where the degree of similarity with is highest and sequentially calculating the stereo matching processing result image 13 including the height information shown in FIG. 8 from the coordinate position information of both images which are associated with the position.
- preprocessing may be performed on the X-ray detection image 10a and the X-ray detection image 10b so that a defect candidate area is more easily detected.
- a region that satisfies a predetermined threshold value in the bright direction or the dark direction may be narrowed down by the size of the detection area, or may be narrowed down by the feature amount of the detected shape.
- voids and impurities, which are defects generally have an elongated shape that is oriented in a uniform direction along the joint surface. Therefore, the orientation (angle) of the detection shape and its thinness (aspect ratio), etc. You may narrow down as a feature value.
- a spatial filter or the like may be used prior to the detection with the brightness threshold.
- a high-pass filter that cuts low-frequency components in an X-ray detection image is effective in suppressing the influence of burrs on dark areas.
- step S103 the image calculation means performs image calculation.
- the image calculation means performs image calculation.
- the height position calculation of the defect candidate shown in FIG. Obtain image 14.
- the inspection range setting means sets the inspection range.
- the inspection range is set by the multi-position distance measurement data 20 indicating the distance measurement values at the plural positions on the surface of the structure 2 measured by the multi-position distance measuring means 4.
- the surface shape of the structure 2 is obtained from the distance measurement values at the plurality of positions, and the inspection range for each inspection position in the circumferential direction is calculated from the thickness design value at the joint to be inspected of the structure 2. It is preferable to set the upper limit and the lower limit.
- the inspection range is the surface shape of the structure that is estimated by calculating the arcuate center position of the surface of the structure 2 and the arc radius from the distance measurement values at the plurality of positions.
- FIG. 10 is a schematic view from the upper surface (in the cylinder axis direction of the structure 2, which is a substantially cylinder), showing an example in which the structure is installed displaced in the optical axis direction of X-ray transmission imaging.
- the installation position of the structure 2 if the diameter of the structure 2 is as designed, the shortest value is extracted from the multi-position distance measurement data by the multi-position distance measuring means 4, and the shortest value and the design value of the installation position are set. The difference is calculated as the deviation.
- a circular arc corresponding to the outer diameter of the joint to be inspected of the structure 2 in which the center position of the structure 2 is displaced in the optical axis direction by the amount of the deviation is set as the outer inspection range boundary threshold 15 and the structure
- the inner inspection range boundary threshold 16 is set to an arc corresponding to the inner diameter obtained by shortening the radius of the arc by the thickness T of the joint to be inspected of the body 2
- the actual outer inspection range boundary 17 is set.
- the outer inspection range boundary threshold 15 and the actual inner inspection range boundary 18 and the set inner inspection range boundary threshold 16 coincide with each other.
- the inspection range is a range sandwiched between the set outer inspection range boundary threshold 15 and the set inner inspection range boundary threshold 16, and the structure shown in FIG.
- the void defect 7 at the joint is the range indicated by the set outer inspection range boundary threshold 15 and the set inner inspection range boundary threshold 16. Detected within.
- FIG. 12 is a schematic view from the upper surface (in the cylinder axis direction of the structure 2, which is a substantially cylinder), showing an example in which the structure is displaced in a direction orthogonal to the optical axis of X-ray transmission imaging.
- the installation position of the structure 2 if the diameter of the structure 2 is as designed, the shortest value is extracted from the multi-position distance measurement data by the multi-position distance measuring means 4, and the shortest value and the design value of the installation position are set. The difference is calculated as the deviation.
- An inspection of the structure 2 is performed by setting an arc corresponding to the outer diameter of the joint to be inspected of the structure 2 whose center position is displaced in the optical axis direction by the amount of the displacement as the set outer inspection range boundary threshold 15.
- the actual outer inspection range boundary threshold 16 is set as an arc corresponding to the inner diameter of which the radius is shortened by the thickness T of the joint to be formed, the actual outer inspection range boundary 17 and the outer inspection range set.
- the boundary threshold 15 and the inner inspection range boundary threshold 16 set as the actual inner inspection range boundary 18 do not match.
- the inspection range is a range sandwiched between the set outer inspection range boundary threshold 15 and the set inner inspection range boundary threshold 16, and the structure shown in FIG. 13 is in a direction orthogonal to the optical axis of X-ray transmission imaging.
- a part of the void defects in the joint is set to the outside inspection range boundary threshold 15 and the inside inspection range boundary threshold 16 to be set. It is detected outside the inspection range indicated by and. It becomes the defect 8 of the void of the missing joint, and some voids in the burr are detected within the range of the set outer inspection range boundary threshold 15 and the set inner inspection range boundary threshold 16, so that the error is erroneous. It becomes the void 19 in the detected burr.
- FIG. 14 is a schematic view from above showing an example in which structures having different inner and outer diameters are installed.
- the installation position of the structure 2 the shortest value is extracted from the multi-position distance measurement data by the multi-position distance measuring means 4, and the difference between the shortest value and the design value of the installation position is calculated as a deviation.
- An inspection of the structure 2 is performed by setting an arc corresponding to the outer diameter of the joint to be inspected of the structure 2 whose center position is displaced in the optical axis direction by the amount of the displacement as the set outer inspection range boundary threshold 15. If the inner inspection range boundary threshold 16 is set as an arc corresponding to the inner diameter of which the radius is shortened by the thickness T of the joint to be formed, the actual outer inspection range boundary 17 and the outer inspection range set.
- the boundary threshold 15 and the inner inspection range boundary threshold 16 set as the actual inner inspection range boundary 18 do not match.
- the inspection range is a range sandwiched between the set outer inspection range boundary threshold 15 and the set inner inspection range boundary threshold 16, and the inspection range in the case where a structure having different inner and outer diameters shown in FIG. 15 is installed.
- the defect map diagram showing an example, some of the void defects in the joint are detected outside the range indicated by the set outer inspection range boundary threshold 15 and the set inner inspection range boundary threshold 16. As a result, the void defect 8 of the joint portion which was overlooked.
- the amount of displacement of the installation position of the structure 2 is orthogonal to the optical axis of X-ray transmission imaging because accurate inspection range setting cannot be realized by correcting only the optical axis direction of X-ray transmission imaging. It is necessary to correct the deviation amount at the same time for the direction and the diameter of the structure 2. Therefore, the surface shape model function of the structure 2 is set for the multi-position distance measurement data 20 indicating the plurality of distance values on the surface of the structure 2 measured by the multi-position distance measuring means 4, and the least square method or the like is used. A circular function model that performs the model fitting process described above and estimates the rotation center position of the arc and the radius of the arc is preferably used.
- the cross-sectional shape orthogonal to the cylindrical axis of the structure 2 which is a substantially cylindrical shape is elliptical due to the distortion of the structure generated when the structure 2 is manufactured or installed.
- an elliptic function model may be used.
- the multi-position distance measurement data 20 indicating the plurality of distance values on the surface of the structure 2 measured by the multi-position distance measuring unit 4 includes the surface condition of the joint to be inspected and the multi-position distance measurement. Due to the measurement accuracy of the means 4, vertical movements of measurement values indicating irregularities and noise may be superimposed, so that in the model fitting process, the calculation range of the model fitting process is limited or a low-pass filter or the like is used.
- a spatial filter may be used, or preprocessing for cutting noise components may be performed by a model fitting process such as a median filter.
- Equation 3 the three objective variables to be derived are X0, Y0, and R.
- the accuracy of deriving the model fitting process is expected to improve as the number of measurement points increases, so there is no particular upper limit to the number of measurement points, but it is sufficient to set it based on the actual calculation processing time and the accuracy obtained.
- the score is preferably in the range of 4 to 500 points, or in the range of 100 to 10000 points.
- the inspection range setting means finds and sets the upper limit value and the lower limit value of the inspection range from the wall thickness design value of the joint to be inspected.
- the lower limit value is set based on the allowable depth value from the surface direction of the structure 2 which is acceptable even if a defect occurs
- the upper limit value is set to the wall thickness design value of the structure 2 and a defect occurs. However, set it from the allowable depth value.
- the upper limit value and the lower limit value may be adjusted so that the inspection range is wider than the wall thickness design value. It is preferable to narrow the threshold value for the upper limit value and widen the threshold value for the lower limit value.
- An outer inspection range boundary image 21 and an inner inspection range boundary image 22 are generated from the surface shape of the structure 2 calculated by the method described above.
- the range sandwiched between the outer inspection range boundary image 21 and the inner inspection range boundary image 22 is the inspection range, and each pixel position has a boundary threshold value of the inspection range at each image pixel position in the inspection space.
- step S105 the defect determination means determines the defect.
- the defect determination means (executes S105) is set from the height position calculation image 20 of the defect candidates calculated by the image calculation means (executes S103) and the surface shape of the joint to be inspected of the structure 2.
- the outer inspection range boundary image 21 is compared with the height lower limit value
- the inner inspection range boundary image 22 is compared with the height upper limit value.
- it is judged which of the defect candidates is included in the range of the lower limit of height and the upper limit of height, and if it is included, the void defect, and if not, the joint to be inspected. It is judged that it is a void or an impurity existing in the burr existing above and below the part, or an erroneous detection.
- the defect determining means (which executes S105) has a part of the defect candidate within the above-described upper and lower limits of the inspection range. If the area of the defect is small or the height gradient of the defect is steep, the height information of the defect should contain the upper and lower limit values. Since it may not be included, even in this case, even if the maximum value of the height of the defect is lower than the upper limit value and the minimum value is lower than the defect lower limit value, it may be determined as the defect. ..
- the erroneous detection area 11 and the void 9 in the burr exceed the predetermined height upper limit value, and therefore are not determined as defects, and only the void defect 7 at the joint portion has the height upper limit value and the lower limit value. Since it is within the range, the defect is selected and is output as a defect selection result image 23.
- FIG. 19 is a schematic diagram for explaining a configuration in which a means for moving the X-ray emitting means is provided in the embodiment of the present invention. In order to simplify the explanation, the multi-position distance measuring means 4 is not shown.
- the means for moving the X-ray emitting means is preferably configured such that the moving direction is parallel to the X-ray detecting means 3 and is orthogonal to the joint surface.
- FIG. 20 is a schematic diagram for explaining the configuration provided with the means for moving the structure 2 in the embodiment of the present invention.
- the multi-position distance measuring means 4 is not shown.
- the means for moving the structure 2 is preferably configured such that the moving direction is parallel to the X-ray detecting means 3 and is orthogonal to the arrival plane.
- a configuration in which X-ray emitting means is inserted inside the structure A schematic diagram is shown in FIG. In order to simplify the explanation, the multi-position distance measuring means 4 is not shown. This configuration can be realized when the X-ray emitting means is small with respect to the opening of the structure to be inspected. In this configuration, since the radiated X-rays pass through only one layer of the structure, there is less noise compared to the case where the X-ray radiating means 1 is installed outside the structure 2, and highly accurate inspection can be realized. ..
- a structure manufacturing apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described.
- the apparatus for manufacturing a structure of the present embodiment an inspection unit by the inspection apparatus for the structure described above, a selection unit for distinguishing between the structure determined as defective in the inspection unit and the structure determined as non-defective ,including.
- the details will be described below.
- the structure manufacturing apparatus of the present embodiment only needs to include these inspection means and selection means, and other means are not particularly limited. Therefore, the other means shown below are examples, and the design can be changed appropriately.
- This means is a means for producing a structure.
- the structure when the structure is the above-mentioned liner member, it can be produced by blow molding, injection molding or the like, as described above in the embodiment of the structure inspection device.
- the present means includes X-ray emitting means for emitting X-rays in two or more paths, at least one or more X-ray detecting means for detecting X-rays transmitted through the structure, and image processing means. Is.
- the structure in which impurities and voids are detected by the inspection means is determined to be a defective product, and is sorted and removed by the subsequent sorting means.
- the present means distinguishes a structure body determined to be defective by the inspection means from a structure body determined to be non-defective.
- This means may be carried out artificially by a sorter, or may be carried out mechanically by a carrying means that works in conjunction with a computer program that holds information on whether the product is good or defective.
- a non-defective structure that has not been sorted by the sorting means can be adopted as a material for the high-pressure tank.
- the inspection means can appropriately detect impurities and voids existing in the structure.
- the structure in which impurities and the like are detected can be sorted and eliminated in the sorting step. Therefore, as for the structure, only good products can be selected.
- the selected structure may be subjected to subsequent steps to manufacture a high pressure tank.
- the subsequent process can be omitted for a defective structure.
- the yield of the manufactured high-pressure tank is improved.
- a high-pressure tank manufacturing apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described.
- the high-pressure tank manufacturing apparatus of the present invention an inspection means by the above-described structure inspection device, a structure body which is determined as a defective product in the inspection means, and a selection means which distinguishes the structure body determined as a non-defective product, An outer layer forming means for forming an outer layer for reinforcement with respect to the structure determined to be non-defective.
- the high-pressure tank manufacturing apparatus of the present invention only needs to include these inspection means, sorting means, and outer layer forming means, and other means are not particularly limited. Therefore, the other means shown below are examples, and the design can be changed appropriately.
- This means is a means for producing a structure.
- the structure when the structure is the above-mentioned liner member, it can be produced by blow molding, injection molding or the like, as described above in the embodiment of the structure inspection device.
- the present means includes X-ray emitting means for emitting X-rays in a plurality of two or more paths, at least one or more X-ray detecting means for detecting X-rays transmitted through the structure, and image processing means. This is the same as the inspection means described above in the embodiment of the structure manufacturing apparatus.
- the present means distinguishes a structure body determined to be defective by the inspection means from a structure body determined to be a non-defective product, and is similar to the selection means described above in the embodiment of the apparatus for manufacturing a structure body.
- the present means forms an outer reinforcing layer (reinforcing layer) on a structure judged to be non-defective.
- the reinforcing layer is preferably a fiber reinforced resin layer as described above in the embodiment of the inspection device, and one or a plurality of reinforcing layers are provided on the outer surface of the structure.
- the structure provided with the reinforcing layer is further provided with a supply system (valve member, various piping systems, etc.) for supplying high-pressure gas to the fuel cell, and is used as a high-pressure tank.
- the inspection apparatus can appropriately detect impurities and voids existing in the structure. Further, the structure in which impurities and the like are detected can be sorted out by the sorting means and eliminated. Further, the reinforcing layer is formed only on the structure determined to be non-defective. Therefore, according to the high-pressure tank manufacturing apparatus of the present invention, since the reinforcing layer is not formed on the defective structure, for example, the fiber-reinforced resin is not wastefully used. Moreover, the yield of the manufactured high-pressure tank is improved.
- This apparatus is an apparatus for manufacturing a structure. This is the same as the above-described structure manufacturing apparatus.
- impurities and voids existing in the structure can be appropriately detected in the manufacturing apparatus. Further, the structure in which impurities and the like are detected can be sorted out by the sorting means and eliminated. Therefore, according to the structure of the present invention, since the reinforcing layer is not formed on the defective structure, for example, the fiber reinforced resin is not wastefully used. Moreover, the yield of the manufactured high-pressure tank is improved.
- the structure of the present invention only good products can be selected as the structure.
- the selected structure may be subjected to subsequent steps to manufacture a high pressure tank.
- the subsequent process may be omitted for the defective structure.
- High pressure tank A high pressure tank according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described.
- the high-pressure tank of the present invention is manufactured using the above-described high-pressure tank manufacturing apparatus. The details will be described below.
- the high-pressure tank of the present invention only needs to use these manufacturing devices, and other means are not particularly limited. Therefore, the other means shown below are examples, and the design can be changed appropriately.
- This device is a manufacturing device for a high-pressure tank. This is the same as the above-described high pressure tank manufacturing apparatus.
- the reinforcing layer is formed only on the structure determined to be non-defective. Therefore, according to the high-pressure tank of the present invention, the reinforcing layer is not formed on the defective structure, so that, for example, the fiber-reinforced resin is not wastefully used.
- a fuel cell vehicle according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described.
- the fuel cell vehicle of the present invention uses the high-pressure tank described above. The details will be described below.
- the fuel cell vehicle of the present invention only needs to use these high-pressure tanks, and other means are not particularly limited. Therefore, the other means shown below are examples, and the design can be changed appropriately.
- This tank is a high pressure tank. It is similar to the above-mentioned high-pressure tank.
- the high-pressure tank in which the reinforcing layer is formed is used only for the structure determined to be a good product. Therefore, according to the fuel cell vehicle of the present invention, since the defective high-pressure tank is not used, for example, the other components of the fuel cell vehicle are not wastefully used.
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Abstract
Description
以下、本発明の構造体の検査装置に適用した実施形態を、図面を参照しながら説明する。なお、以下の実施形態は本発明の一実施形態を例示するものであり、本発明は以下の説明に限定されるものではない。本発明の趣旨を逸脱しない限りにおいて、以下の実施例は改変することができる。また、本発明の構造体の検査装置は様々な構造体の検査に適用できる。例えば、略円筒状の高圧タンク用部材や樹脂配管、樹脂構造部材などが挙げられる。ここでは、構造体検査の1つの例として、高圧タンク用ライナー部材の検査を例に詳細に説明する。
ライナー部材は、高圧タンクの筐体を構成するタンク容器の部材である。ライナー部材の形状は特に限定されない。一例を挙げると、ライナー部材は、略円筒状であり、内部に収容空間が形成されている。収容空間には、高圧ガスが充填される。ライナー部材には、上記の開口部が形成されている。ライナー部材は、1の部材から構成されてもよいが、製作の容易さから一般的には複数に分割された部材から構成される。この場合、複数に分割された部材は、接合等によって一体化され得る。また、ライナー部材を作製する方法は、ブロー成形、射出成形等が挙げられる。一方、本発明の検査方法は、ライナー部材が射出成形によって複数に分割された部材を接合する接合面の検査に好適に用いられる。
ライナー部材は、ライナー部材を補強するために、1または複数の補強層によって外表面が覆われることが好ましい。補強層の材料は特に限定されない。一例を挙げると、補強層は、繊維強化樹脂層である。繊維強化樹脂層を構成する繊維強化樹脂としては、炭素繊維強化プラスチック(CFRP)、ガラス繊維強化プラスチック等が例示される。これらの繊維強化樹脂は、併用されてもよい。また、それぞれの繊維強化樹脂からなる補強層がライナー部材を二重に覆ってもよい。繊維強化樹脂層は、繊維強化樹脂がたとえば、炭素繊維強化プラスチックである場合、ライナー部材の外表面に巻き付けられる炭素繊維強化プラスチック等の強化繊維と、強化繊維同士を結着する熱硬化性樹脂とから主に構成される。
図1は、本発明の検査装置を説明するための模式図である。
X線放射手段1は、構造体2にX線を放射するための機器である。X線放射手段1の形状および寸法は特に限定されない。また、X線放射手段1は、X線放射手段を駆動するための図示しない電源ケーブル等が付帯されてもよい。この場合、電源ケーブル等は、構造体2と干渉しない形状、寸法であることが好ましい。また放射されたX線は、2つ以上の経路で構造体にX線を照射する必要がある。本発明ではX線放射手段1aおよびX線放射手段1bの2つのX線放射手段によって、X線が放射される。放射されるX線は、X線放射手段側の構造体と、後述のX線検出手段側の構造体とを透過して、X線検出手段3によって検出される。なお、X線放射手段1の配置は特に規定しないが、2つ以上のX線放射手段の少なくとも1つは、X線放射手段側の接合面とX線検出手段側の接合面との両方が透過経路とならないように配置することが好ましい。ここでは、構造体の接合面を挟み込む形でX線放射手段1aおよびX線放射手段1bが並行配置され、いずれもX線放射手段側の接合面とX線検出手段側の接合面との両方が照射経路とならないように配置されている。
構造体2は、2分割された成形部材を円筒状に接合した高圧タンク用部材として例示されている。
X線検出手段3は、構造体2を透過したX線を検出するための機器である。X線検出手段は、少なくとも1つ以上のX線検出器で構成されればよい。1つのX線検出手段で2つ以上のX線放射手段1からの放射されるX線を検出する場合は、2つ以上のX線放射手段から異なるタイミングでX線を放射してX線を検出するのでもよい。2つ以上のX線放射手段1の個数に併せて、2つ以上のX線検出手段を配置して、同時にX線を検出してもよい。1つのX線検出手段で、2つ以上のX線放射手段1から放出されるX線を検出できる位置に、X線検出手段を移動させてもよい。一般的には、空隙であればX線は透過しやすいため周囲よりも強く検出され、不純物であれば不純物の比重と構造体を構成する樹脂材料の比重の大小に応じて強弱いずれかで検出される。また、バリ部分は構造体の通常部分よりも肉厚が増すため、全体的に弱く検出される。
複数位置距離測定手段4は、構造体2の表面位置を精度良く求めるために使用するものである。複数位置距離測定手段4は、測定点を増やしたい方向に測定手段あるいは構造体を一定距離移動させて逐次測定させる構成であっても良いし、一度に多点計測できる構成であっても良い。複数位置距離測定手段4は、レーザー三角測量方式変位計、レーザー干渉計、超音波距離計、渦電流方式変位センサー、触針式変位計などが用いられるが、非接触であることや測定対象の材質に影響されにくいこと、および応答速度や多点計測の実現の容易さなどの面から、レーザー三角測量方式変位計が好適に用いられる。具体的には、光切断法と呼ばれるレーザー光源などにより生成する線状の光を測定対象に照射し、その反射散乱光の軌跡を高さプロファイルとして取得する方法が好適に用いられる。
図1に示すように、画像処理手段5は、X線検出手段3と接続されており、X線検出手段3によって取得されるX線検出画像から、欠点候補の位置を算出する欠点候補検出手段と、前記複数の画像により欠点候補の高さ位置を算出する高さ測定手段と、高さ測定手段により得られた高さ位置情報を記録した画像と欠点候補検出手段により得られた欠点候補画像とを論理積する画像演算手段と、複数位置距離測定手段4により測定される複数位置距離測定データ20とから検査範囲を設定する検査範囲設定手段と、高さ測定結果と検査範囲設定結果とから、欠点候補の良否を判断する欠点判断手段と、で構成される。 画像処理手段5における処理の流れを、図4を用いて説明する。図4は、画像処理手段の処理の流れを説明するためのフロー図である。X線検出画像10aはX線照射手段1aから放射されるX線をX線検出手段3で検出した検出画像であり、X線検出画像10bはX線放射手段1bから放射されるX線をX線検出手段3で検出した検出画像である。検出画像は、X線の検出の強弱を輝度値で出力し、X線を強く検出した場所は輝度値が大きく(明るく)、X線を弱く検出した場所は輝度値が小さく(暗く)なる。
ステップS101では、欠点候補検出手段により、X線検出画像から欠点候補となる領域を検出する。欠点候補検出手段は、2次元の画像データとして入力されるX線検出画像に対して欠点候補とそうでない部位を切り分けることが可能な明方向の輝度閾値と、暗方向の輝度閾値と満たす面積領域を欠点候補として検出する。検出は複数のX線検出画像のうち少なくとも1つのX線検出画像に対して実施すればよく、本発明の実施例においては、X線放射手段1aにより放射されたX線を検出したX線検出画像10aに対して実施している。なお、欠点候補の検出は閾値を満たす領域を検出面積の大きさで絞りこんでもよいし、検出形状の特徴量で絞り込んでもよい。例えば、欠点となる空隙及び不純物は接合面に沿って一様な方向を向いた細長い形状となることが一般的であるので、検出形状の向き(角度)とその細さ(縦横比)などを特徴量として絞り込んでもよい。また、欠点部位の上下には接合の際に発生するバリの影響で肉厚となり欠点の周囲は暗く検出されるため、輝度閾値での検出に先んじて、空間フィルタなどを用いてもよい。例えば、バリによる暗部の影響を押さえるには、X線検出画像における低周波数成分をカットするハイパスフィルタが有効であるが、この場合は、図7に示す欠点候補画像の通り、X線検出画像の輝度が急変するバリ部分と通常の高圧タンク部材部分との境界線においても、欠点候補として誤検出領域11が検出される。
ステップS102では、高さ測定手段により、複数のX線検出画像に検出された同一点の高さを測定する。この高さ測定の原理に対する理解を深めるため、図5および図6を用いて詳しく説明する。図5は、複数の経路でX線を照射した場合の欠点と非欠点部分のX線検出手段における検出位置の違いを説明するための模式図である。また、図6は、X線検出手段での取得画像の一例である。図5では、説明を簡便にするため、構造体2はX線放射手段1側の接合断面部のみを表示している。構造体2の接合部に接合部の空隙欠点7が存在し、バリ部分にバリ内の空隙9が存在する場合、X線検出器3には、X線放射手段1aから放射されたX線によって、接合部の空隙欠点7はX線検出器3上のXa1の座標位置に、バリ内の空隙9はXa2の座標位置に撮像され、図6に示すX線検出画像10aのような画像として検出される。X線放射手段1bから放射されたX線によっては、接合部の空隙欠点7はX線検出器3上のXb1の座標位置に撮像され、バリ内の空隙9はXb2の座標位置に撮像され、図6に示すX線検出画像10bのような画像として検出される。このとき、接合部の空隙欠点7の高さ位置Hd0は、X線放射手段1aおよびX線放射手段1bからX線検出器3までの距離をf、X線放射手段1aとX線放射手段1bとの間隔をwとすると、式1として算出される。
また、バリ内の空隙9の高さ位置Hf0は、式2として算出される。
この高さ測定処理を逐次的に実行するため、本発明の実施形態においてはX線検出画像10aとX線検出画像10bとの間で高さを測定すべき対応点の紐付けを比較的容易に実現できる手法として、ステレオマッチング法と呼ばれる手法により高さ測定処理を実行することが好ましい。以後、高さ測定処理をステレオマッチング法により実行するとして説明する。ステレオマッチング法は、ブロックマッチング法とも称され、複数の異なる視点で撮像された画像を用いて、撮像された画像間での同一点の撮像位置のズレ(視差)から高さ位置情報を算出するに際して一般的に採用されている手法である。そして、一方の画像において注目画素を中心とした予め定める縦横一定サイズの画像ブロックを最初に設定し、他方の画像において正規化相関法などの画像の類似度算出手法によって一方の画像と他方の画像との類似度が最も高まる位置を求め、その位置を紐付ける両画像の座標位置情報から、図8に示す高さ情報を含むステレオマッチング処理結果画像13を逐次的に算出する手法である。
ステップS103では、画像演算手段により、画像演算をする。欠点候補検出(S101)により生成された欠点候補画像12と、高さ測定(S102)で生成されたステレオマッチング画像13の論理積を算出することで、図9に示す欠点候補の高さ位置算出画像14を得る。
ステップS104では、検査範囲設定手段により検査範囲を設定する。複数位置距離測定手段4によって測定された構造体2表面の複数位置での距離測定値を示す複数位置距離測定データ20により、検査範囲を設定する。検査範囲の設定に際しては、前記複数位置での距離測定値から前記構造体2の表面形状を求め、構造体2の検査すべき接合部における厚み設計値から円周方向の検査位置毎の検査範囲の上限値と下限値を設定することが好ましい。さらには、前記検査範囲は、前記複数位置での距離測定値から構造体2の表面の円弧形状中心位置と、円弧半径を算出し、推定した構造体の表面形状であることが好ましい。
Y :複数位置距離測定手段4による測定点のY軸座標値
X0:構造体2の円筒中心のX軸座標値
Y0:構造体2の円筒中心のY軸座標値
R :構造体2の円筒半径
とするとき、
(式3)R2=(X-X0)2+(Y-Y0)2
未知の目的変数が3点である場合、モデルフィッティング処理に必要な複数位置距離測定手段4によって測定された構造体2表面の複数の距離値の測定点数は、モデルフィッティング処理の解法に最小二乗法を用いた場合は、最低でも4点以上の測定点を必要とする。実際には、測定点数が多いほどモデルフィッティング処理の導出精度は向上すると期待されるので、測定点数の上限は特に制約はないが、実際の計算処理時間と得られる精度から設定すればよく、測定点数は4点から500点の範囲、あるいは100点から10000点の範囲であることが好ましい。
ステップS105では、欠点判断手段により欠点判断する。欠点判断手段(S105を実行する)は、画像演算手段(S103を実行する)で演算された欠点候補の高さ位置算出画像20と、構造体2の検査すべき接合部の表面形状から設定された外側の検査範囲境界画像21を高さ下限値、内側の検査範囲境界画像22を高さ上限値として比較する。画像の各画素において、欠点候補のいずれが高さ下限値と高さ上限値の範囲内に含まれるか否かを判定し、含まれる場合は空隙欠点と、含まれない場合は検査すべき接合部の上下に存在するバリ内に存在する空隙や不純物、もしくは誤検出であると判断する。
本発明の一実施形態の構造体の製造装置について説明する。本実施形態の構造体の製造装置は、上記した構造体の検査装置による検査手段と、検査手段において不良品と判定された構造体と、良品と判定された構造体とを区別する選別手段と、を含む。以下、詳細に説明する。なお、本実施形態の構造体の製造装置は、これら検査手段および選別手段を含んでいればよく、他の手段は特に限定されない。そのため、以下に示される他の手段は例示であり、適宜設計変更され得る。
本手段は、構造体の作製手段である。たとえば、構造体が上記したライナー部材の場合、構造体の検査装置の実施形態において上記したとおり、ブロー成形、射出成形等によって作製され得る。
本手段は、2つ以上の経路でX線を放射するX線放射手段と、構造体を透過したX線を検出する少なくとも1つ以上のX線検出手段と、画像処理手段とを備えたものである。検査手段において不純物や空隙等が検出された構造体は、不良品と判定され、後続の選別手段にて選別されて除去される。
本手段は、検査手段において不良品と判定された構造体と、良品と判定された構造体とを区別するものである。本手段は、選別者によって人為的に実施されてもよく、良品あるいは不良品との情報を保持するコンピュータプログラムと連動する搬送手段によって機械的に行われてもよい。選別手段において選別されなかった良品の構造体は、高圧タンクの材料として採用され得る。
本発明の一実施形態の高圧タンクの製造装置について説明する。本発明の高圧タンクの製造装置は、上記した構造体の検査装置による検査手段と、検査手段において不良品と判定された構造体と、良品と判定された構造体とを区別する選別手段と、良品と判定された構造体に対し、補強用の外層を形成する外層形成手段とを含む。以下、詳細に説明する。なお、本発明の高圧タンクの製造装置は、これら検査手段、選別手段および外層形成手段を含んでいればよく、他の手段は特に限定されない。そのため、以下に示される他の手段は例示であり、適宜設計変更され得る。
本手段は、構造体の作製手段である。たとえば、構造体が上記したライナー部材の場合、構造体の検査装置の実施形態において上記したとおり、ブロー成形、射出成形等によって作製され得る。
本手段は、複数2つ以上の経路でX線を放射するX線放射手段と、構造体を透過したX線を検出する少なくとも1つ以上のX線検出手段と、画像処理手段とを備えたものであり、構造体の製造装置の実施形態において上記した検査手段と同様である。
本手段は、検査手段において不良品と判定された構造体と、良品と判定された構造体とを区別するものであり、構造体の製造装置の実施形態において上記した選別手段と同様である。
本手段は、良品と判定された構造体に対し、補強用外層(補強層)を形成するものである。補強層は、検査装置の実施形態において上記したとおり、好適には繊維強化樹脂層であり、1または複数の補強層が構造体の外表面に設けられる。補強層が設けられた構造体は、さらに、燃料電池に高圧ガスを供給するための供給系統(弁部材、各種配管系統等)が適宜取り付けられ、高圧タンクとして使用される。
本発明の構造体について説明する。本発明の構造体は、上記した構造体の製造装置を用いて製造される。以下、詳細に説明する。なお、本発明の構造体は、これら製造装置を用いていればよく、他の手段は特に限定されない。そのため、以下に示される他の手段は例示であり、適宜設計変更され得る。
本装置は、構造体の製造装置である。上記した構造体の製造装置と同様である。
本発明の一実施形態の高圧タンクについて説明する。本発明の高圧タンクは、上記した高圧タンクの製造装置を用いて製造される。以下、詳細に説明する。なお、本発明の高圧タンクは、これら製造装置を用いていればよく、他の手段は特に限定されない。そのため、以下に示される他の手段は例示であり、適宜設計変更され得る。
本装置は、高圧タンクの製造装置である。上記した高圧タンクの製造装置と同様である。
本発明の一実施形態の燃料電池車について説明する。本発明の燃料電池車は、上記した高圧タンクを用いる。以下、詳細に説明する。なお、本発明の燃料電池車は、これら高圧タンクを用いていればよく、他の手段は特に限定されない。そのため、以下に示される他の手段は例示であり、適宜設計変更され得る。
本タンクは、高圧タンクである。上記した高圧タンクと同様である。
1a X線放射手段
1b X線放射手段
2 構造体
3 X線検出手段
4 複数位置距離測定手段
4a 距離測定位置
5 画像処理手段
7 接合部の空隙欠点
8 見逃した接合部の空隙欠点
9 バリ内の空隙
10a X線放射手段1aによるX線検出画像a
10b X線放射手段1bによるX線検出画像b
11 誤検出領域
12 欠点候補画像
13 ステレオマッチング画像
14 高さ位置算出画像
15 設定される外側の検査範囲境界閾値
16 設定される内側の検査範囲境界閾値
17 実際の外側の検査範囲境界
18 実際の内側の検査範囲境界
19 誤検出したバリ内の空隙
20 複数位置距離測定データ
21 外側の検査範囲境界画像
22 内側の検査範囲境界画像
23 欠陥の選別結果画像
Claims (20)
- 2つ以上の経路でX線を放射するX線放射手段と、構造体を透過したX線を検出する1つ以上のX線検出手段と、前記X線放射手段から前記構造体までの距離を複数の位置で測定する複数位置距離測定手段と、画像処理手段とを備え、
前記画像処理手段は、前記X線検出手段が取得した2つ以上の画像に対して欠点候補を検出する欠点候補検出手段と、高さ測定手段と、前記高さ測定手段により得られた高さ位置情報を記録した画像と前記欠点候補検出手段により得られた欠点候補画像とを論理積する画像演算手段と、前記距離と前記構造体の厚みとから検査範囲を設定する検査範囲設定手段と、前記検査範囲に欠点候補が含まれる場合に欠点と判断する欠点判断手段とで構成される、構造体の検査装置。 - 前記複数位置距離測定手段が、光切断法により、線状の高さプロファイルを測定する高さプロファイル測定手段である、請求項1に記載の構造体の検査装置。
- 高さ測定手段が、ステレオマッチング法によるものである、請求項1または2に記載の構造体の検査装置。
- 前記検査範囲設定手段は、前記複数の距離値から前記構造体の表面形状を求め、前記構造体の厚みから検査位置毎の検査範囲を設定する、請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の構造体の検査装置。
- 前記構造体が略円筒状であり、その表面形状が、前記複数の距離値から前記構造体の円弧中心位置と、円弧半径を算出し、推定した構造体の表面である、請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の構造体の検査装置。
- 前記構造体が高圧タンク用部材である、請求項1~5のいずれかに記載の構造体の検査装置。
- 請求項1~6のいずれかに記載の構造体の検査装置を用いる構造体の製造装置であって、構造体の検査装置による検査手段と、前記検査手段において不良品と判定された構造体と、良品と判定された構造体とを区別する選別手段と、で構成される構造体の製造装置。
- 請求項1~6のいずれかに記載の構造体の検査装置を用いる高圧タンクの製造装置であって、構造体の検査装置による検査手段と、前記検査手段において不良品と判定された構造体と、良品と判定された構造体を区別する選別手段と、良品と判定された構造体に対し、補強用の外層を形成する外層形成手段と、を含む、高圧タンクの製造装置。
- 請求項7に記載の構造体の製造装置を用いて製造される、構造体。
- 請求項8に記載の高圧タンクの製造装置を用いて製造される、高圧タンク。
- 請求項10に記載の高圧タンクを用いた、燃料電池車。
- 2つ以上の経路でX線を放射し、構造体を透過したX線を1つ以上の位置で検出し、X線放射手段から前記構造体までの距離を複数の位置で測定し、検出したX線画像に対して欠点候補を検出し、欠点候補の高さを測定し、得られた高さ情報画像と前記欠点候補として得られた画像とを論理積し、前記距離と構造体の厚みとから検査範囲を設定し、前記検査範囲に欠点候補が含まれる場合に欠点と判断する、構造体の検査方法。
- 前記距離を測定する方法が、光切断法により、線状の高さプロファイルを測定する方法である、請求項12に記載の構造体の検査方法。
- 欠点候補の高さを測定する方法がステレオマッチング法によるものである、請求項12または13に記載の構造体の検査方法。
- 前記検査範囲を設定する方法が、前記複数の距離値から前記構造体の表面形状を求め、前記構造体の厚みから検査位置毎の検査範囲を設定する、請求項12~14のいずれかに記載の構造体の検査方法。
- 前記表面形状を求める方法が、前記構造体が略円筒状であり、その表面形状が、前記複数の距離値から前記構造体の円弧中心位置と、円弧半径を算出し、推定するものである、請求項12~15のいずれかに記載の構造体の検査方法。
- 前記構造体が高圧タンク用部材である、請求項12~16のいずれかに記載の構造体の検査方法。
- 請求項12~17のいずれかに記載の構造体の検査方法を用いる構造体の製造方法であって、構造体の検査方法による検査工程と、前記検査工程において不良品と判定された構造体と、良品と判定された構造体とを区別する選別工程と、を含む、構造体の製造方法。
- 請求項12~17のいずれかに記載の構造体の検査方法を用いる高圧タンクの製造方法であって、構造体の検査方法による検査工程と、前記検査工程において不良品と判定された構造体と、良品と判定された構造体とを区別する選別工程と、良品と判定された構造体に対し、補強用の外層を形成する外層形成工程と、を含む、高圧タンクの製造方法。
- 請求項12~17のいずれかに記載の構造体の検査方法を用いる燃料電池車の製造方法であって、構造体の検査方法による検査工程と、前記検査工程において不良品と判定された構造体と、良品と判定された構造体を区別する選別工程と、良品と判定された構造体に対し、補強用の外層を形成し高圧タンクを得る外層形成工程と、得られた高圧タンクを車台に設置する設置工程を含む、燃料電池車の製造方法。
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| JP2019571381A JP6777248B1 (ja) | 2019-01-25 | 2019-12-19 | 構造体の検査方法および製造方法、構造体の検査装置および製造装置 |
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| KR1020217018184A KR102755685B1 (ko) | 2019-01-25 | 2019-12-19 | 구조체의 검사 방법 및 제조 방법, 구조체의 검사 장치 및 제조 장치 |
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| TWI856362B (zh) * | 2022-08-25 | 2024-09-21 | 中國鋼鐵股份有限公司 | 銲接結果判定系統與方法 |
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| KR102738387B1 (ko) * | 2023-10-31 | 2024-12-03 | 명지대학교 산학협력단 | 건물의 높이를 추정하여 건물의 형상을 생성하는 방법 및 장치 |
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| KR102755685B1 (ko) | 2025-01-21 |
| EP3916342B1 (en) | 2025-03-19 |
| EP3916342A4 (en) | 2022-09-28 |
| US11841332B2 (en) | 2023-12-12 |
| JP6777248B1 (ja) | 2020-10-28 |
| EP3916342A1 (en) | 2021-12-01 |
| KR20210116438A (ko) | 2021-09-27 |
| CN113167567A (zh) | 2021-07-23 |
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| JPWO2020153063A1 (ja) | 2021-02-18 |
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