WO2020158182A1 - 電池制御装置 - Google Patents
電池制御装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2020158182A1 WO2020158182A1 PCT/JP2019/047426 JP2019047426W WO2020158182A1 WO 2020158182 A1 WO2020158182 A1 WO 2020158182A1 JP 2019047426 W JP2019047426 W JP 2019047426W WO 2020158182 A1 WO2020158182 A1 WO 2020158182A1
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- voltage
- upper limit
- battery
- limit voltage
- time
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/60—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries including safety or protection arrangements
- H02J7/64—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries including safety or protection arrangements against overvoltage
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/90—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
- H02J7/96—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage in response to battery voltage
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
- B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
- B60L50/60—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells using power supplied by batteries
- B60L50/64—Constructional details of batteries specially adapted for electric vehicles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
- B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
- B60L58/12—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries responding to state of charge [SoC]
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
- B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
- B60L58/12—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries responding to state of charge [SoC]
- B60L58/14—Preventing excessive discharging
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
- B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
- B60L58/16—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries responding to battery ageing, e.g. to the number of charging cycles or the state of health [SoH]
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
- B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
- B60L58/18—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules
- B60L58/21—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules having the same nominal voltage
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/80—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries including monitoring or indicating arrangements
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
- B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
- B60L2240/54—Drive Train control parameters related to batteries
- B60L2240/545—Temperature
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
- B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
- B60L2240/54—Drive Train control parameters related to batteries
- B60L2240/547—Voltage
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
- B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
- B60L2240/54—Drive Train control parameters related to batteries
- B60L2240/549—Current
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
- H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J2105/00—Networks for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by their spatial reach or by the load
- H02J2105/30—Networks for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by their spatial reach or by the load the load networks being external to vehicles, i.e. exchanging power with vehicles
- H02J2105/33—Networks for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by their spatial reach or by the load the load networks being external to vehicles, i.e. exchanging power with vehicles exchanging power with road vehicles
- H02J2105/37—Networks for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by their spatial reach or by the load the load networks being external to vehicles, i.e. exchanging power with vehicles exchanging power with road vehicles exchanging power with electric vehicles [EV] or with hybrid electric vehicles [HEV]
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a battery control device.
- a battery system mounted on an electric vehicle (EV), a plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHEV), a hybrid vehicle (HEV), etc. is generally composed of a plurality of secondary batteries connected in series or in parallel and various electric components. It The electrical components include a relay for controlling the on/off of the electrical connection between the battery and the load, sensors for measuring the current and voltage of the battery, and a battery control device for controlling the charging and discharging of the battery. Be done.
- the battery control device sets a limit value (upper limit voltage) for the voltage of the battery in order to use the battery in an appropriate range, and performs charge/discharge control of the battery within this upper limit voltage range. This prevents overcharging of the battery and suppresses deterioration of the battery.
- a limit value upper limit voltage
- lithium-ion batteries which are often used as secondary batteries, especially at low temperatures
- the potential of the negative electrode potential based on lithium metal
- Lithium metal may precipitate.
- the deposition of lithium metal reduces the amount of lithium ions that should have been used for charging and discharging, which reduces the chargeable and dischargeable capacity of the battery.
- the lithium metal grows like an icicle and contacts the positive electrode side, which may cause an internal short circuit in the worst case. Therefore, in the battery control device, it is necessary to set the upper limit voltage so as to appropriately limit the battery voltage and prevent the deposition of lithium metal.
- Patent Document 1 Regarding the control method of the upper limit voltage of the battery, the technique described in Patent Document 1 is known.
- the negative electrode potential difference is calculated based on the input/output current of the battery, and the allowable upper limit voltage of the battery is set using the calculated negative electrode potential difference, thereby suppressing the deposition of lithium metal in the lithium ion secondary battery.
- the technology is disclosed.
- the upper limit voltage that the battery control device should set for the battery changes variously depending on the usage state of the battery.
- the voltage history of the battery that is, how The important factor is whether it was used at a proper voltage.
- the input/output current of the battery is considered when setting the upper limit voltage, but the voltage history is not considered. Therefore, it is not possible to set the upper limit voltage that can maximize the charging performance of the secondary battery while effectively suppressing the deterioration of the secondary battery.
- the battery control device estimates the upper limit voltage of the secondary battery based on the voltage of the secondary battery, and the voltage of the secondary battery based on time-series data of the voltage of the secondary battery.
- An upper limit voltage calculation unit that calculates a history and calculates the upper limit voltage based on the voltage history is provided.
- the present invention it is possible to set an appropriate upper limit voltage in order to maximize the charging performance of the secondary battery while effectively suppressing the deterioration of the secondary battery.
- a case where the present invention is applied to a battery system that constitutes a power source of a plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHEV) will be described as an example.
- PHEV plug-in hybrid vehicle
- the configuration of the embodiment described below is not limited to this, and a storage battery control circuit of a power storage device that constitutes a power source of a passenger vehicle such as a hybrid vehicle (HEV) or an electric vehicle (EV) or an industrial vehicle such as a hybrid railway vehicle. It can also be applied to
- a case of adopting a lithium ion battery will be described as an example, but as long as it is a rechargeable secondary battery, a nickel-hydrogen battery, a lead battery, an electric double layer capacitor, A hybrid capacitor or the like can also be used.
- a plurality of unit cells are connected in series to form an assembled battery, but a plurality of unit cells connected in parallel are further connected in series to form an assembled battery.
- a plurality of unit cells connected in series may be further connected in parallel to form an assembled battery.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a configuration of a battery system 100 and its periphery according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Battery system 100 is connected to inverter 400 via relays 300 and 310.
- the battery system 100 includes an assembled battery 110, a unit battery management unit 120, a current detection unit 130, a voltage detection unit 140, an assembled battery control unit 150, and a storage unit 180.
- the assembled battery 110 is composed of a plurality of unit cells 111.
- the unit cell management unit 120 monitors the state of the unit cell 111.
- the current detection unit 130 detects the current flowing through the battery system 100.
- the voltage detector 140 detects the total voltage of the assembled battery 110.
- the assembled battery control unit 150 detects the state of the assembled battery 110 and also manages the state.
- the assembled battery 110 is configured by electrically connecting in series a plurality of unit cells 111 capable of storing and releasing electric energy (charging and discharging DC power).
- a lithium ion battery having an output voltage of 3.0 to 4.2 V (average output voltage: 3.6 V) is used for each of the cells 111. Note that other voltage specifications may be used.
- the unit cells 111 that constitute the assembled battery 110 are grouped into a predetermined number of units in order to manage and control the state.
- the unit cells 111 divided into groups are electrically connected in series to form unit cell groups 112a and 112b.
- the number of the unit cells 111 forming the unit cell group 112 may be the same in all the unit cell groups 112, or the number of the unit cells 111 may be different for each unit cell group 112.
- the unit cell management unit 120 monitors the state of the unit cells 111 that form the assembled battery 110.
- the unit cell management unit 120 includes a unit cell control unit 121 provided for each unit cell group 112.
- unit cell control units 121a and 121b are provided corresponding to the unit cell groups 112a and 112b.
- the unit cell control unit 121 monitors and controls the state of the unit cells 111 that form the unit cell group 112.
- unit cells 111 are electrically connected in series to form unit cell groups 112a and 112b, and the unit cell groups 112a and 112b are further electrically connected in series.
- an assembled battery 110 including a total of eight unit cells 111 was obtained.
- the assembled battery control unit 150 includes the measured values of the battery voltage and temperature of the unit battery 111 output from the unit battery management unit 120, the current value from the current detection unit 130, and the assembled battery 110 output from the voltage detection unit 140.
- the total voltage value, the battery characteristic information of the unit cell 111 stored in the storage unit 180, and the like are input.
- the unit cell management unit 120 has a function of diagnosing whether the unit cell 111 is overcharged or overdischarged, and a function of outputting an abnormal signal when a communication error or the like occurs in the unit cell management unit 120.
- the diagnostic result and the abnormal signal are also input to the battery pack controller 150. Further, a signal is also input from the vehicle control unit 200 that is a higher-level control device.
- the battery pack control unit 150 calculates based on the input information, the current limit value stored in advance in the storage unit 180, and the battery characteristics of the single battery 111, to appropriately control the charging and discharging of the battery pack 110. I do. For example, calculation of the limit value of charge/discharge power for each single battery 111, calculation of the charge state (SOC: State of Charge) and deterioration state (SOHR: State of Health based on Resistance) of each single battery 111, and calculation of each single The calculation for performing the voltage equalization control of the battery 111 is executed. The battery pack control unit 150 outputs these calculation results and a command based on the calculation results to the unit cell management unit 120 and the vehicle control unit 200.
- SOC State of Charge
- SOHR State of Health based on Resistance
- the storage unit 180 stores information about the battery characteristics of the assembled battery 110, the unit cell 111, and the unit cell group 112.
- the storage unit 180 is arranged outside the assembled battery control unit 150 or the unit battery management unit 120, but the assembled battery control unit 150 or unit battery management unit 120 includes the storage unit.
- the above information may be stored in a configuration.
- the battery pack control unit 150 and the unit cell management unit 120 send and receive signals via the insulating element 170 represented by a photocoupler and the signal communication unit 160.
- the insulating element 170 is provided because the battery pack control unit 150 and the unit cell management unit 120 have different operating power supplies. That is, the unit cell management unit 120 operates by receiving electric power from the assembled battery 110, while the assembled battery control unit 150 uses a battery for vehicle-mounted auxiliary equipment (for example, a 14V system battery) as a power source.
- the insulating element 170 may be mounted on the circuit board forming the unit cell management unit 120 or may be mounted on the circuit board forming the battery pack control unit 150. The insulating element 170 may be omitted depending on the system configuration.
- the communication means between the assembled battery control unit 150 and the unit cell control units 121a and 121b that form the unit cell management unit 120 will be described.
- the unit cell control units 121a and 121b are connected in series according to the highest potential of the unit cell groups 112a and 112b monitored by them.
- the signal transmitted from the assembled battery control unit 150 to the unit cell management unit 120 is input to the unit cell control unit 121a via the insulating element 170 and the signal communication unit 160.
- the output of the unit cell control unit 121a is input to the unit cell control unit 121b via the signal communication unit 160, and the output of the lowest unit cell control unit 121b is via the insulating element 170 and the signal communication unit 160.
- the insulating element 170 is not provided between the unit cell control unit 121a and the unit cell control unit 121b, but it is also possible to send and receive a signal via the insulating element 170.
- the vehicle control unit 200 uses the information transmitted by the battery pack control unit 150 to control the inverter 400 connected to the battery system 100 via the relays 300 and 310. While the vehicle is running, the battery system 100 is connected to the inverter 400, and the energy stored in the battery pack 110 is used to drive the motor generator 410.
- the battery system 100 When the vehicle system equipped with the battery system 100 starts and runs, the battery system 100 is connected to the inverter 400 under the control of the vehicle control unit 200, and the motor using the energy stored in the assembled battery 110 is used.
- the generator 410 is driven, and the assembled battery 110 is charged by the electric power generated by the motor generator 410 during regeneration.
- the energy stored in the assembled battery 110 by charging is used when the vehicle next runs, or is also used for operating electric components inside and outside the vehicle.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a circuit configuration of the unit cell control unit 121.
- the unit cell control unit 121 includes a voltage detection circuit 122, a control circuit 123, a signal input/output circuit 124, and a temperature detection unit 125.
- the voltage detection circuit 122 measures the terminal voltage of each unit cell 111.
- the control circuit 123 receives the measurement result from the voltage detection circuit 122 and the temperature detection unit 125, and transmits the measurement result to the assembled battery control unit 150 via the signal input/output circuit 124.
- the circuit configuration that is generally mounted in the unit cell control unit 121 and that equalizes the voltage variation and the SOC variation between the unit cells 111 caused by the self-discharge, the consumption current variation, and the like is determined to be known. The description was omitted.
- the temperature detection unit 125 included in the unit cell control unit 121 in FIG. 2 has a function of measuring the temperature of the unit cell group 112.
- the temperature detection unit 125 measures one temperature as the whole unit cell group 112 and handles the temperature as a temperature representative value of the unit cells 111 forming the unit cell group 112.
- the temperature measured by the temperature detection unit 125 is used for various calculations for detecting the state of the unit cell 111, the unit cell group 112, or the assembled battery 110. Since FIG. 2 is premised on this, one temperature detection unit 125 is provided in the unit cell control unit 121. It is possible to provide the temperature detection unit 125 for each unit cell 111, measure the temperature for each unit cell 111, and perform various calculations based on the temperature for each unit cell 111. In this case, the number of temperature detection units 125 is set. As the number of cells increases, the configuration of the unit cell control unit 121 becomes complicated.
- the temperature detection unit 125 is simply shown. Actually, a temperature sensor is installed on the temperature measurement target, the installed temperature sensor outputs temperature information as voltage, and the measurement result is transmitted to the signal input/output circuit 124 via the control circuit 123, and the signal input/output circuit 124 is output. Outputs the measurement result to the outside of the unit cell control unit 121.
- a function for realizing this series of flows is mounted in the unit cell control unit 121 as the temperature detection unit 125, and the voltage detection circuit 122 can be used for measuring the temperature information (voltage).
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a functional configuration of the assembled battery control unit 150 according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- the battery pack control unit 150 based on the current value and voltage value of each battery cell 111 detected while the vehicle is traveling, the state of each battery cell 111 in the battery pack 110 and the power that can be input to and output from each battery cell 111. Which has a function of calculating chargeable power (charging power limit value) for limiting the charging power of each unit cell 111.
- FIG. 3 shows a functional configuration of the battery pack control unit 150 relating to the calculation of the chargeable power. This is a part having a function corresponding to the battery control device according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- the battery pack control unit 150 has various functions necessary for controlling the battery pack 110, such as a function of controlling the discharge of the battery cells 111 and a voltage equalization of the battery cells 111, in addition to the calculation function of the rechargeable power. Although it has a control function and the like, these are well-known functions and are not directly related to the present invention, and therefore detailed description thereof will be omitted below.
- the assembled battery control unit 150 has, as its functions, functional blocks of a battery state detection unit 151, an upper limit voltage calculation unit 152, and a chargeable power calculation unit 153.
- the assembled battery control unit 150 uses these functional blocks to detect the current of the assembled battery 110 detected by the current detection unit 130, the voltage and temperature of the assembled battery 110 detected by the voltage detection unit 140, and Calculate chargeable power.
- the assembled battery control unit 150 calculates the chargeable power of the assembled battery 110, but the chargeable power may be calculated for a plurality of unit cells 111 collectively. For example, it can be calculated for each unit cell group 112a, 112b, or can be calculated based on the voltage for each unit cell 111 detected by the unit cell control unit 120. Even in these cases, the chargeable power can be calculated by the same process as that of the assembled battery 110. The chargeable electric power of each unit cell 111 can be calculated by the same process. Therefore, hereinafter, the calculation target of the rechargeable power is simply referred to as “battery”, and the calculation function of the rechargeable power in the battery pack control unit 150 will be described.
- the battery state detection unit 151 calculates the SOC and SOHR of the battery based on the information on the battery current, voltage and temperature input to the assembled battery control unit 150. Note that the calculation method of SOC and SOHR is publicly known and will not be described.
- the upper limit voltage calculation unit 152 receives the time series data of the voltage of the battery as input, and calculates the voltage history of the battery based on this. Then, the upper limit voltage at the time of charging the battery is calculated and output based on the voltage history of the battery. A specific method of calculating the upper limit voltage by the upper limit voltage calculator 152 will be described later.
- the chargeable power calculation unit 153 calculates the SOC and SOHR of the battery calculated by the battery state detection unit 151, the temperature of the battery input to the assembled battery control unit 150, and the upper limit voltage of the battery calculated by the upper limit voltage calculation unit 152. Based on this, the rechargeable power of the battery is calculated and output. The method of calculating the chargeable power will be described later.
- FIG. 4 is a control block diagram of the upper limit voltage calculation unit 152 according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- the upper limit voltage calculation unit 152 includes a voltage moving average calculation unit 1521, an upper limit voltage estimation unit 1522, and an upper limit voltage selection unit 1523.
- the voltage moving average calculator 1521 receives the time series data of the battery voltage as an input, and calculates the voltage moving average value as the battery voltage history by averaging the time series data over a predetermined time width.
- the voltage moving average value corresponding to each time width is calculated. Is calculated.
- the calculation result of each obtained voltage moving average value is output to the upper limit voltage estimation unit 1522.
- the voltage moving average value is calculated for each of n (n is an arbitrary natural number) time window, and the obtained n voltage moving average values are output to the upper limit voltage estimation unit 1522. doing.
- the upper limit voltage estimation unit 1522 estimates the upper limit voltage of the battery based on the voltage moving average value calculated by the voltage moving average calculation unit 1521.
- the n upper limit voltages are estimated by estimating the upper limit voltages for the n voltage moving average values calculated by the voltage moving average calculator 1521.
- the upper limit voltage selection unit 1523 selects the upper limit voltage to be finally limited from the n upper limit voltages estimated by the upper limit voltage estimation unit 1522 for each time width.
- the smallest upper limit voltage of the n upper limit voltages is selected as the final upper limit voltage.
- FIG. 5 is an explanatory diagram of a method of calculating a voltage moving average value in the voltage moving average calculation unit 1521.
- the horizontal axis represents time and the vertical axis represents voltage, and an example of time series data of the battery voltage input to the voltage moving average calculation unit 1521 is shown by a voltage waveform.
- the voltage moving average calculation unit 1521 uses the current time T1 as a reference, and with respect to the time series data of the battery voltage obtained up to the time T1, the n time widths Tw are different from each other. Set the time window. Then, the voltage history is calculated for each time window by averaging the voltage values of the time series data included in each of the n set time windows within the time window.
- the voltage moving average calculation unit 1521 calculates the voltage history by averaging the time series data by calculating a simple moving average of each voltage value represented by the time series data for each time window.
- this time-series data has a time width Tw of 20 points within a time window of 2 seconds and a time width Tw of 20 seconds.
- the voltage data of 200 points is included in the time window, and the voltage value of 600 points is included in the time window having the time width Tw of 60 seconds. Therefore, the simple moving average as the voltage history corresponding to these time windows can be calculated by the following equation (1).
- Vk in Expression (1) represents voltage value data sampled kth within the time window in time series data.
- the voltage moving average calculation unit 1521 applies a first-order lag filter with a predetermined time constant, and calculates the exponential moving average of each voltage value data included in the time series data for each time window to obtain the time series data.
- the voltage history may be calculated by averaging. For example, in the case of time-series data of the battery voltage detected with the sampling period Ts set to 0.1 seconds as described above, the voltage corresponding to each time window (filter time constant) of which the time width Tw is 2 seconds, 20 seconds, and 60 seconds.
- an exponential moving average weighted according to these filter time constants can be calculated by the following equation (2).
- V represents the current voltage value, that is, the latest voltage value data in the time series data.
- Vave_z represents the previous voltage history calculated for each time width Tw, that is, the value of the exponential moving average calculated by the weighted average for each filter time constant in the previous processing.
- the voltage moving average calculation unit 1521 sets one or more time windows for the time series data of the voltage of the battery by the processing described above, and the voltage moving average as the voltage history corresponding to each time window. The value can be calculated. In addition, although the example which calculates a simple moving average and an exponential moving average as a voltage moving average value was demonstrated above, you may calculate arbitrary moving averages other than this.
- the upper limit voltage estimation unit 1522 estimates the upper limit voltage corresponding to the voltage moving average value for each time width calculated by the voltage moving average calculation unit 1521 using the upper limit voltage map stored in advance in the storage unit 180.
- the upper limit voltage map used in this embodiment is preset for each time width. For example, for the simple moving average calculated by the above formula (1) or the exponential moving average calculated by the formula (2), the time width Tw corresponds to each time window of 2 seconds, 20 seconds, and 60 seconds.
- the upper limit voltage map to be stored is stored in the storage unit 180 in advance.
- the upper limit voltage estimation unit 1522 can estimate the upper limit voltage corresponding to the voltage moving average value for each time width by using these upper limit voltage maps.
- the process of the upper limit voltage estimation unit 1522 is expressed by the following equation (3).
- 2secVmaxMap, 20secVmaxMap, and 60secVmaxMap represent the upper limit voltage maps corresponding to the time windows having the time width Tw of 2 seconds, 20 seconds, and 60 seconds, respectively.
- the upper limit voltage selection unit 1523 selects the upper limit voltage used for battery control from the upper limit voltage for each time width estimated by the upper limit voltage estimation unit 1522 by the equation (3).
- the smallest value is selected as the final upper limit voltage value from the plurality of upper limit voltages, for example, by the following formula (4).
- the upper limit voltage map is created based on the result of the charge/discharge test performed in advance using the battery. For example, a cycle test assuming a charging/discharging cycle in which the battery voltage reached during charging and the voltage stay time (the time during which the battery voltage stays at a certain voltage) are variously performed is carried out as a battery charge/discharge test. .. An upper limit voltage map is constructed based on the result of this cycle test.
- the capacity retention rate or resistance increase rate of the battery can be used.
- the capacity maintenance rate is the ratio of the current (after deterioration) battery capacity to the battery capacity at the time of new product, and decreases with deterioration.
- the resistance increase rate is the ratio of the current (after deterioration) internal resistance to the internal resistance of the battery when it is new, and increases with deterioration.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing an example of a cycle test result according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 shows the results of a cycle test in which the charging and discharging of the battery are repeated by changing the voltage during charging and the voltage dwell time.
- FIG. 6A shows an example where the voltage dwell time is long
- FIG. 6B shows an example when the voltage dwell time is medium
- FIG. 6C shows a short voltage dwell time.
- the horizontal axis represents the number of cycles
- the vertical axis represents the capacity retention rate, respectively, to show the relationship between the cycle number and the capacity retention rate of the battery.
- the evaluation regarding the presence or absence of lithium metal precipitation may be performed not only by the method based on the capacity retention ratio as described above but also by another method.
- the resistance increase rate may be used instead of the capacity maintenance rate as described above.
- the battery may be disassembled and whether or not lithium metal is deposited on the electrode surface may be evaluated by an analysis method such as NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance). Based on such test results, a voltage value at which lithium metal is not deposited is extracted for each voltage dwell time, and an upper limit voltage map is created. For example, when the voltage dwell time shown in FIG. 6A is long, a low voltage value is shown. When the voltage dwell time shown in FIG. 6B is medium, a medium voltage value is shown in FIG. 6C. When the indicated voltage dwell time is short, a high voltage value is set in the upper limit voltage map.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing an outline of an upper limit voltage map according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 shows an outline of the upper limit voltage map created from the cycle test result of FIG. 6 and installed in the storage unit 180.
- FIG. 7A is an example of an upper limit voltage map when the filter time constant (time window) is relatively long
- FIG. 7B is an upper limit voltage when the filter time constant (time window) is relatively long. It is an example of a map.
- the upper limit voltage is set to a high value.
- the upper limit voltage map is set such that the upper limit voltage becomes smaller as the voltage moving average value becomes higher.
- Vth1 the upper limit voltage is lowered, and when it finally reaches another threshold value Vth2, the upper limit voltage is set so that it becomes the upper limit voltage in each filter time constant (time window).
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing an equivalent circuit model that reproduces the voltage behavior of the battery.
- OCV is the open circuit voltage of the battery
- Ro is the ohmic resistance of the members of the battery
- Rp is the internal resistance (polarization resistance) that indicates the loss due to the electrochemical reaction and diffusion of lithium ions.
- ⁇ is the polarization time constant
- Vp is the polarization voltage.
- the chargeable power calculation unit 153 detects the upper limit voltage determined by the upper limit voltage calculation unit 152, the state of charge (SOC) calculated by the battery state detection unit 151 and the increase rate of internal resistance (SOHR), and the temperature detection unit 125. Using the battery temperature as input, the chargeable power of the assembled battery 110 is calculated and output.
- the chargeable power is calculated by the product of the chargeable current that can flow in the battery during charging and the voltage of the battery when the chargeable current is energized.
- the chargeable current is the smaller current of the current value that can flow until the battery voltage reaches the upper limit voltage and the current limit value determined by the constituent members (relay, fuse, etc.) that configure the battery system 100. It can be calculated as a value.
- the current value that can be passed until the battery voltage reaches the upper limit voltage is obtained when the battery voltage V calculated by the equivalent circuit model of FIG. 8 is equal to the upper limit voltage value Vmax calculated by the equation (4).
- the current value can be calculated by the following equation (5).
- the current limit value Ilimit may be a predetermined value or may be changed according to the temperature of the battery or the like.
- the chargeable power is calculated by the following equation (7).
- N represents the number of the unit cells 111 included in the assembled battery 110.
- the terms after OCV(SOC,T) on the right side correspond to the expressions for calculating the battery voltage when a chargeable current is applied. This represents the battery voltage when the chargeable current Imax,chg is applied in the battery equivalent circuit model shown in FIG.
- the current value Ichg calculated based on the above equation (5) is extremely large.
- the current limit value Ilimit determined by the constituent members of the battery system 100 is often adopted as the chargeable current Imax,chg.
- the current value Ichg becomes lower than the current limit value Ilimit after a low temperature where the internal resistance of the battery increases and after deterioration. Therefore, in the formula (6), the current value Ichg is often adopted as the chargeable current Imax,chg, and as a result, the chargeable current and the chargeable power are the upper limit voltage value calculated by the formula (4). It becomes highly dependent on Vmax.
- the chargeable power calculation unit 153 calculates both the chargeable current and the chargeable power has been described, but only one of them may be calculated. That is, it is possible that the chargeable power calculation unit 153 only calculates the chargeable current and not the chargeable power.
- FIG. 9 an example of time series data of the voltage when the battery is charged and discharged at a certain temperature, and the voltage history, the upper limit voltage, and the rechargeable power calculated by the battery pack control unit 150 based on the time series data.
- FIG. 9 shows time series data of voltage
- (b) shows a moving average voltage showing a voltage history
- (c) shows an upper limit voltage
- (d) shows rechargeable power.
- the unit cell control unit 121 acquires time series data of voltage as shown in FIG. 9A, for example.
- the upper limit voltage calculation unit 152 sets two types of time windows having a time width Tw of 2 seconds and 60 seconds for the voltage waveform of FIG.
- the moving average is calculated based on (1) or equation (2).
- a moving average voltage such as the voltage waveform shown in FIG. 9B is obtained as each voltage history.
- the solid line shows the moving average voltage with a time width of 2 seconds
- the broken line shows the moving average voltage with a time width of 60 seconds.
- the upper limit voltage calculation unit 152 estimates the upper limit voltage corresponding to each moving average voltage of FIG. 9B, based on the above-mentioned formula (3). Thereby, the upper limit voltage like the voltage waveform shown in FIG. 9C is obtained for each moving average voltage.
- the solid line indicates the upper limit voltage corresponding to the moving average voltage having a time width of 2 seconds
- the broken line indicates the upper limit voltage corresponding to the moving average voltage having a time width of 60 seconds.
- the upper limit voltage calculation unit 152 compares the respective upper limit voltages of FIG. 9(c) for each predetermined calculation cycle based on the above-mentioned equation (4), selects the smaller one, and determines the final upper limit for the battery. Voltage. Then, the chargeable electric power corresponding to the final upper limit voltage is calculated based on the above equations (5) to (7). As a result, for each upper limit voltage shown in FIG. 9C, chargeable electric power having the voltage waveform shown in FIG. 9D is obtained.
- the final upper limit voltage when the moving average voltage is high, that is, when the voltage dwell time (holding time) in a high voltage region can be regarded as long, the final upper limit voltage is low. It is set to a value.
- the moving average voltage when the moving average voltage is low, that is, when the voltage residence time (holding time) in the high voltage region can be regarded as short, the final upper limit voltage is set to a high value.
- the chargeable power is limited as shown in FIG.
- the assembled battery control unit 150 of the present embodiment it is possible to maximize the chargeable power while suppressing the deposition of lithium metal on the electrode surface of the secondary battery. ..
- the battery pack control unit 150 determines the upper limit voltage at the time of charging the secondary battery cell 111 or the battery pack 110, and calculates the rechargeable power of these batteries based on the upper limit voltage.
- the assembled battery control unit 150 includes an upper limit voltage calculation unit 152 that calculates the voltage history of the battery based on the time series data of the voltage of the battery and calculates the upper limit voltage based on the voltage history. Since this is done, it is possible to set an appropriate upper limit voltage in order to maximize the charging performance of the secondary battery while effectively suppressing the deterioration of the secondary battery.
- the voltage moving average calculation unit 1521 calculates the voltage history by averaging the time series data of the battery voltage in a predetermined time width. Since it did in this way, the voltage history required for calculation of an upper limit voltage can be appropriately calculated from the time series data of the voltage of a battery.
- the voltage moving average calculation unit 1521 weights the simple moving average of each voltage corresponding to a predetermined time width in the time series data of the battery voltage or each voltage according to the time constant.
- the averaged exponential moving average is calculated as the voltage history. Since it did in this way, the time series data of the voltage of a battery can be appropriately averaged according to a time width, and can be used as a voltage history.
- the upper limit voltage calculation unit 152 calculates a plurality of voltage histories by calculating a voltage history for each of a plurality of time windows having different time widths by the voltage moving average calculation unit 1521, and based on the plurality of voltage histories.
- the upper limit voltage estimating unit 1522 sets the smallest upper limit voltage of the plurality of upper limit voltages calculated by the upper limit voltage estimating unit 1522 as the upper limit voltage of the battery. Since it did in this way, the optimal upper limit voltage can be set in consideration of the voltage dwell time.
- the battery pack control unit 150 includes the chargeable power calculation unit 153 that calculates the chargeable current or chargeable power of the battery based on the upper limit voltage determined by the upper limit voltage calculation unit 152. Since it did in this way, chargeable current and chargeable electric power according to an upper limit voltage can be defined and used for charge control of a battery.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing a functional configuration of an assembled battery control unit 150a according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- the assembled battery control unit 150a in the present embodiment has an upper limit voltage calculation unit 152a in place of the upper limit voltage calculation unit 152 in FIG. 3, and the battery voltage and temperature acquired by the assembled battery control unit 150 are the upper limit voltage.
- the functional configuration is the same as that of the battery pack control unit 150 in the first embodiment except that the input is input to the calculation unit 152a.
- the upper limit voltage calculation unit 152a receives the time series data of the battery voltage as an input, and calculates the battery voltage history based on this. Then, based on the voltage history and temperature of the battery, the upper limit voltage at the time of charging the battery is calculated and output.
- FIG. 11 is a control block diagram of the upper limit voltage calculation unit 152a according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- the upper limit voltage calculating unit 152a in the present embodiment has an upper limit voltage estimating unit 1522a in place of the upper limit voltage estimating unit 1522 of FIG. 4, and the battery temperature calculated by the battery state detecting unit 151 is the upper limit voltage estimating unit.
- the functional configuration is the same as that of the upper limit voltage calculation unit 152 in the first embodiment, except that it is input to the 1522a.
- the upper limit voltage estimating unit 1522a estimates the upper limit voltage of the battery based on the voltage moving average value calculated by the voltage moving average calculating unit 1521. At this time, the upper limit voltage estimation unit 1522a calculates the n voltage moving average values for each time width calculated by the voltage moving average calculation unit 1521 and the battery temperature input from the unit cell management unit 120 to the upper limit voltage calculation unit 152a. Based on the above, referring to the upper limit voltage map stored in advance in the storage unit 180, the upper limit voltage is estimated for each of the n voltage moving average values.
- the upper limit voltage map used in this embodiment is set in advance for each combination of time width and temperature, and is created based on the result of the charge/discharge test performed in advance using the battery. For example, a cycle test assuming a charge/discharge cycle in which the battery voltage reached during charging, the voltage dwell time, and the battery temperature are variously changed is performed as a battery charge/discharge test. An upper limit voltage map is constructed based on the result of this cycle test.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram showing an example of a cycle test result according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 12 shows the results when the cycle test in which the combination of the voltage during charging and the voltage dwell time is changed and the battery is repeatedly charged and discharged is carried out at different temperatures.
- FIG. 12(a) shows an example of extremely low temperature (eg -30° C.)
- FIG. 12(b) shows an example of low temperature (eg 0° C.)
- FIG. 12(c) shows room temperature (eg 25° C.).
- the horizontal axis represents the number of cycles and the vertical axis represents the capacity retention rate, respectively, to show the relationship between the cycle number and the capacity retention rate of the battery.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram showing an outline of an upper limit voltage map according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 13 shows an outline of the upper limit voltage map created from the cycle test result of FIG. 12 and installed in the storage unit 180.
- FIG. 13A is an example of an upper limit voltage map when the filter time constant (time window) is relatively long
- FIG. 13B is an upper limit voltage when the filter time constant (time window) is relatively short. It is an example of a map.
- the voltage moving average value is small, a high value is set as the upper limit voltage, and the upper limit voltage map is set so that the upper limit voltage becomes smaller as the voltage moving average value becomes higher. Also, the lower the temperature, the lower the upper limit voltage as a whole. Taking this tendency into consideration, the upper limit voltage according to the voltage moving average value is appropriately set by experiments and simulations so as not to deviate from the upper limit voltage obtained from the experimental result.
- the upper limit voltage calculation unit 152a determines the upper limit voltage based on the voltage history and the battery temperature. Since it did in this way, a more appropriate upper limit voltage can be set in consideration of the temperature of the battery. As a result, it becomes possible to maximize the charging performance of the battery while preventing the deposition of lithium metal even when the battery temperature changes.
- a third embodiment of the present invention Since the presence/absence of lithium metal deposition also largely depends on the current value during charging, in the present embodiment, in addition to the voltage history and temperature of the battery, an example in which the upper limit voltage is calculated in consideration of the current flowing through the battery Will be explained.
- the configuration of the battery system according to the present embodiment is the same as the battery system 100 of FIG. 1 described in the first and second embodiments, except that the assembled battery control unit 150 is replaced by the assembled battery control unit 150b. It is the same. In the following, the content of the present embodiment will be described focusing on the difference points between the battery pack control units 150 and 150a.
- FIG. 14 is a diagram showing a functional configuration of an assembled battery control unit 150b according to the third embodiment of the present invention.
- the battery pack control unit 150b in the present embodiment has the same functional configuration as the battery pack control unit 150 in the first embodiment, except that a current is added as an input to the upper limit voltage calculation unit 152b.
- FIG. 14 is a diagram showing a functional configuration of an assembled battery control unit 150b according to the third embodiment of the present invention.
- the battery pack control unit 150b in the present embodiment has an upper limit voltage calculation unit 152b in place of the upper limit voltage calculation unit 152 in FIG. 3, and in addition to the battery voltage and temperature acquired by the battery pack control unit 150,
- the functional configuration is the same as that of the battery pack control unit 150 in the first embodiment, except that the value of the current flowing through is input to the upper limit voltage calculation unit 152b.
- the upper limit voltage calculation unit 152b receives the time series data of the battery voltage as input, and calculates the battery voltage history based on this. Then, the upper limit voltage of the battery is calculated and output based on the voltage history, current and temperature of the battery.
- FIG. 15 is a control block diagram of the upper limit voltage calculation unit 152b according to the third embodiment of the present invention.
- the upper limit voltage calculation unit 152b in the present embodiment has an upper limit voltage estimation unit 1522b in place of the upper limit voltage estimation unit 1522 of FIG. 4, and additionally, a current moving average calculation based on the value of the current flowing in the battery.
- the portion 1524 is further included.
- the functional configuration is the same as that of the unit 152.
- the upper limit voltage estimating unit 1522b estimates the upper limit voltage of the battery based on the voltage moving average value calculated by the voltage moving average calculating unit 1521. At this time, the upper limit voltage estimation unit 1522b calculates the n moving average voltage values for each time width calculated by the voltage moving average calculation unit 1521, and the battery temperature input from the unit cell management unit 120 to the upper limit voltage calculation unit 152a. Based on the current moving average value calculated by the current moving average calculation unit 1524, the upper limit voltage is estimated for each of the n voltage moving average values by referring to the upper limit voltage map stored in advance in the storage unit 180. To do.
- the current moving average calculator 1524 is calculated based on the current value based on the following equation (8) or equation (9).
- Tw included in Expression (8) or Expression (9) is a filter time constant (time window) for current moving average calculation.
- the filter for current moving average calculation may set the same value as the filter time constant (time constant) for voltage moving average calculation, for example.
- the behavior of the diffusion is assumed on the assumption that the lithium-ion concentration change (diffusion) at the electrode-electrolyte interface is linear diffusion. You may set the value which reproduces.
- Iave is the current moving average value
- Iave_z is the previous value of the current moving average value
- the upper limit voltage map used in this embodiment is set in advance for each combination of time width, temperature, and current moving average value, and is created based on the result of the charge/discharge test performed in advance using the battery. For example, a cycle test assuming a charging/discharging cycle in which the battery voltage reached during charging, the voltage dwell time, the battery temperature, and the charging current value are variously performed is performed as a battery charging/discharging test. An upper limit voltage map is constructed based on the result of this cycle test.
- FIG. 16 is a diagram showing an example of a cycle test result according to the third embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 16 shows the results of a cycle test in which the combination of the voltage and the voltage dwell time at the time of charging is changed and the battery is repeatedly charged and discharged, while the current value flowing at the time of charging is variously changed.
- FIG. 16A shows an example of the result when tested with a large charging current value
- FIG. 16B shows an example of the result when tested with a small charging current value.
- the horizontal axis represents the number of cycles
- the vertical axis represents the capacity retention rate, respectively, to show the relationship between the cycle number and the capacity retention rate of the battery.
- the battery temperature was also added to the level in this cycle test, and when the data was analyzed, it was possible to confirm the presence or absence of metal lithium deposition according to all the conditions of voltage, temperature, and current. It will be possible.
- the upper limit voltage map it is preferable to set the upper limit voltage such that the use of the battery is avoided under the lithium metal deposition conditions.
- FIG. 17 is a diagram showing an outline of an upper limit voltage map according to the third embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 17 shows an outline of an upper limit voltage map created from the cycle test result of FIG. 16 and installed in the storage unit 180.
- 17A is an example of the upper limit voltage map when the filter time constant (time window) is relatively long and the current moving average value is small
- FIG. 17B shows the filter time constant (time window).
- 17) is an example of the upper limit voltage map when the current moving average value is relatively short
- FIG. 17C shows a case where the filter time constant (time window) is relatively long and the current moving average value is large.
- 17D is an example of the upper limit voltage map of FIG. 17D
- FIG. 17D is an example of the upper limit voltage map of FIG. 17D
- 17D is an example of the upper limit voltage map when the filter time constant (time window) is relatively short and the current moving average value is large.
- the upper limit voltage map is set so that the upper limit voltage becomes smaller as the voltage moving average value becomes higher.
- the upper limit voltage is set such that the larger the current moving average value, the smaller the upper limit voltage.
- the lower the temperature the lower the upper limit voltage as a whole. Taking this tendency into consideration, the upper limit voltage according to the voltage moving average value is appropriately set by experiments and simulations so as not to deviate from the upper limit voltage obtained from the experimental result.
- the upper limit voltage calculation unit 152b determines the upper limit voltage based on the voltage history and the temperature of the battery and the value of the current flowing in the battery. Since it did in this way, a further appropriate upper limit voltage can be set in consideration of the current value (current moving average value) of the battery. As a result, it becomes possible to maximize the charging performance of the battery while preventing the deposition of lithium metal even if the current value during charging/discharging changes.
- a fourth embodiment of the present invention will be described.
- the presence/absence of lithium metal precipitation also largely depends on the current value at the time of charging, and thus an example reflecting this has been described.
- the current value is reduced by a simpler method.
- a method of considering the dependency on the value will be described.
- the configuration of the battery system according to the present embodiment is the same as that of the first to third embodiments except that the battery pack control unit 150b has an upper limit voltage calculation unit 152c instead of the upper limit voltage calculation unit 152b. It is similar to the battery system 100 of No. 1.
- the contents of the present embodiment will be described, focusing on the points of difference from the upper limit voltage calculation unit 152b.
- FIG. 18 illustrates an upper limit voltage calculation unit 152c according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention.
- the difference from the upper limit voltage calculation unit 152b is that the current moving average value calculation unit 1524 is deleted and the current moving average value that is an input to the upper limit voltage estimation unit 1522b is deleted, but a current value is added as an input.
- the point is that it has a voltage moving average value calculator 1521a.
- the deposition of lithium metal differs depending on the voltage of the battery and the current flowing in the battery.
- Expression (10) is an example in which weighting by current and voltage is applied to simple moving average, which is so-called weighted average. Based on the acquired voltage value and the current value flowing at that time, a weighting factor is calculated from a predetermined weighting factor map (weightMap) and standardized by the sum of all weighting factors within the time window (Equation (11 ) (12)). Using this result, the voltage moving average value for each time window is calculated by weighted averaging.
- weightMap weighting factor map
- the formula (13) is a weighted average formula when the exponential moving average is applied to the calculation of the voltage moving average.
- a weighting coefficient is calculated from a predetermined weighting coefficient map (weightMap) based on the acquired voltage value and the current value flowing at that time (Equation (14)), and the voltage moving average value for each time window is calculated. ..
- FIG. 19 illustrates an example of weightMap described in equations (12) and (14).
- the map corresponds to the current and the voltage, and the higher the voltage value and the larger the current value (+ on the charging side), the larger the weight coefficient is set.
- the upper limit voltage is estimated using the voltage moving average value calculated based on the above equation (10) or (13). Since various calculations using the voltage moving average value are the same as those described in the first and second embodiments, the description thereof will be omitted.
- the map of FIG. 19 may be set in consideration of the current dependency of the metal lithium deposition conditions introduced in the third embodiment.
- the voltage moving average calculation unit 1521a sets the weighting coefficient set based on the current and voltage of the battery, and by the moving average processing of the voltage reflecting the weighting coefficient, The voltage moving average value can be calculated in consideration of the influence of the current value. Since this is done, the current value of the battery is taken into consideration, and the weighting to the moving average calculation is increased for the voltage value when the current value is high, so that even if the high current state is maintained, it will be faster.
- the upper limit voltage can be limited to. As a result, as a result, it becomes possible to maximize the charging performance of the battery while preventing the deposition of lithium metal even when the current and voltage, which are important factors in the deposition of lithium metal, change.
- the initial value of the voltage moving average value at this time starting is appropriately set. The method to determine is described.
- FIG. 20 is a control block diagram of the assembled battery control means 150c in the embodiment of the present invention.
- the main difference from the first to fourth embodiments is that the vehicle rest time, the voltage at the end of the previous run, and the moving average voltage at the end of the previous run are input and added to the upper limit voltage calculation unit 152c.
- the vehicle leaving time is measured by using a device capable of measuring time, for example, RTC (Real Time Clock).
- the voltage at the end of the previous run and the moving average voltage at the end of the previous run are stored in the storage unit 180 at the end of the previous run and read at the next start.
- the configuration of the battery pack control unit 150c other than this is the same as in the first to fourth embodiments.
- a voltage moving average calculation unit 1521b is provided instead of the voltage moving average calculation unit 1521.
- the voltage moving average calculation unit 1521b is added with the vehicle rest time, the voltage moving average value at the end of the previous traveling, and the voltage at the end of the previous traveling as inputs.
- FIG. 22 is a diagram for explaining a problem to be solved by this embodiment.
- the vehicle system is stopped, and the vehicle is started after rest, charging/discharging is restarted.
- the battery system cannot measure the voltage, but the battery voltage depends on the polarization voltage of the battery generated by charging/discharging (the overvoltage accompanying the electrochemical reaction of the battery and the diffusion of lithium ions). This is an overvoltage and corresponds to Vp in FIG. 8) relaxes, that is, approaches the open circuit voltage (OCV) shown in FIG. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 22, the voltage changes as the rest time elapses.
- OCV open circuit voltage
- FIG. 23 shows the concept of the initial value of the voltage moving average value when the vehicle is started in this embodiment.
- a value obtained by acquiring the voltage during the rest period before and after the rest at the time of starting the vehicle that is, one of the voltage at the end of the previous travel and the voltage value at the present start time. adopt.
- a large value was adopted from the voltage at the end of the previous run and the voltage value at the start of this time so as to be a safe side value, which was maintained at all times during the rest period.
- the initial value of the voltage moving average value is determined.
- the initial value of the voltage moving average value can be calculated by the equation (15) based on the voltage moving average value at the end of the previous run, the voltage during the rest period and the vehicle rest time.
- PrevVave represents the voltage moving average value at the end of the previous travel
- RestTime represents the rest time
- Vrest represents the voltage value during the rest period.
- a large value is set to the above-described voltage at the time of ending the previous travel and the voltage value at the time of this start.
- Vrest is set to the value at the time of this start. Set and execute the calculation by equation (15), or set Vrest as the initial value of the voltage moving average value.
- the formula (15) has described the method of determining the initial value of the voltage history in consideration of the calculation by the exponential moving average
- the calculation by the simple moving average can be reflected in the initial value calculation in the same way.
- the voltage array corresponding to the time window (Vk in equation (1)) is set in order from the value acquired at the old time from the voltage array by the number of elements of the time corresponding to the vehicle downtime. You can replace it with the value of Vrest.
- the averaging process described in equations (1) and (2) is restarted to calculate the voltage moving average value during charging/discharging and Based on this, the upper limit voltage is estimated.
- the voltage moving average calculation unit 1521b is in the direction of suppressing the precipitation of metallic lithium in consideration of the behavior of the voltage during the vehicle rest time, in which the voltage cannot be measured. , The initial value of the voltage history can be set. Since this is done, as a result, it is possible to set a more appropriate upper limit voltage for the deposition of metallic lithium in consideration of the current value of the battery.
- Battery system 110 Battery pack 111: Single battery 112: Single battery group 120: Single battery management unit 121: Single battery control unit 122: Voltage detection circuit 123: Control circuit 124: Signal input/output circuit 125: Temperature detection unit 130 : Current detection unit 140: Voltage detection unit 150: Battery pack control unit 151: Battery state detection unit 152: Upper limit voltage calculation unit 153: Chargeable power calculation unit 154: Power limit rate calculation unit 155: Power limit rate reflection unit 160: Signal communication means 170: Insulation element 180: Storage unit 200: Vehicle control unit 300 to 330: Relay 400: Inverter 410: Motor generator 1521: Voltage moving average calculation unit 1522: Upper limit voltage estimation unit 1523: Upper limit voltage selection unit 1524: Current Moving average calculator
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Abstract
Description
図1は、本発明の一実施形態に係る電池システム100とその周辺の構成を示す図である。電池システム100は、リレー300,310を介してインバータ400に接続される。電池システム100は、組電池110、単電池管理部120、電流検知部130、電圧検知部140、組電池制御部150、記憶部180を備える。
次に、本発明の第2の実施形態について説明する。金属リチウムの析出の有無は、電池の温度にも大きく依存するため、本実施形態では、電池の電圧履歴に加えて、さらに電池の温度を考慮して上限電圧を演算する例を説明する。なお、本実施形態に係る電池システムの構成は、組電池制御部150に替えて組電池制御部150aを有する点以外は、第1の実施形態で説明した図1の電池システム100と同様である。以下では、この組電池制御部150と150aの差分点を中心に、本実施形態の内容を説明する。
次に、本発明の第3の実施形態について説明する。リチウム金属の析出の有無は、充電時における電流値にも大きく依存するため、本実施形態では、電池の電圧履歴、温度に加えて、さらに電池に流れる電流を考慮して上限電圧を演算する例を説明する。なお、本実施形態に係る電池システムの構成は、組電池制御部150に替えて組電池制御部150bを有する点以外は、第1及び第2の実施形態で説明した図1の電池システム100と同様である。以下では、この組電池制御部150、150aの差分点を中心に、本実施形態の内容を説明する。
次に、本発明の第4の実施形態について説明する。第3の実施形態にて、リチウム金属の析出の有無は、充電時における電流値にも大きく依存するため、これを反映した例を述べたが、本実施形態では、より簡便な方法で、電流値に対する依存性を考慮する方法について述べる。なお、本実施形態に係る電池システムの構成は、組電池制御部150bにおける上限電圧演算部152bに替えて、上限電圧演算部152cを有する点以外は、第1~3の実施形態で説明した図1の電池システム100と同様である。以下では、この上限電圧演算部152bとの差分点を中心に、本実施形態の内容を説明する。
次に、本発明の第5の実施形態について図20から図23に基づき説明する。本実施形態では、電動車両システムに搭載する上で課題となる、車両システム休止期間中の電圧をどのように扱うかについて述べる。車両システム休止期間中は、電池電圧を測定することができないため、式(1)(2)に記載したような電圧移動平均演算を継続することができない。このため、車両システム起動時に、時定数毎に、休止期間中の電圧の変化を加味して、電圧履歴(電圧移動平均値)の初期値を定める演算ロジックが必要になる。そこで、本実施形態では、車両休止時間と前回走行終了時の電圧移動平均値および電圧値と、今回起動時の電圧値をもとに、今回起動時の電圧移動平均値の初期値を適切に定める手法について述べる。
110:組電池
111:単電池
112:単電池群
120:単電池管理部
121:単電池制御部
122:電圧検出回路
123:制御回路
124:信号入出力回路
125:温度検知部
130:電流検知部
140:電圧検知部
150:組電池制御部
151:電池状態検知部
152:上限電圧演算部
153:充電可能電力演算部
154:電力制限率演算部
155:電力制限率反映部
160:信号通信手段
170:絶縁素子
180:記憶部
200:車両制御部
300~330:リレー
400:インバータ
410:モータジェネレータ
1521:電圧移動平均演算部
1522:上限電圧推定部
1523:上限電圧選択部
1524:電流移動平均演算部
Claims (11)
- 二次電池の電圧に基づき、前記二次電池の上限電圧を推定する電池制御装置であって、
前記二次電池の電圧の時系列データに基づいて前記二次電池の電圧履歴を演算し、前記電圧履歴に基づいて前記上限電圧を演算する上限電圧演算部を備える電池制御装置。 - 請求項1に記載の電池制御装置において、
前記上限電圧演算部は、前記時系列データを所定の時間幅で平均化することにより、前記電圧履歴を演算する電池制御装置。 - 請求項2に記載の電池制御装置において、
前記上限電圧演算部は、前記時系列データにおける前記所定の時間幅に対応する前記二次電池の電圧の単純移動平均、または前記電圧を時定数に応じて重み付け平均した指数移動平均を、前記電圧履歴として演算する電池制御装置。 - 請求項2または3に記載の電池制御装置において、
前記上限電圧演算部は、時間幅が異なる複数の時間窓について前記電圧履歴をそれぞれ演算することで複数の電圧履歴を演算し、前記複数の電圧履歴に基づいて演算された複数の上限電圧のうちで最も小さい上限電圧を、前記二次電池の上限電圧として設定する電池制御装置。 - 請求項1から請求項4のいずれか一項に記載の電池制御装置において、
前記上限電圧演算部は、前記電圧履歴および前記二次電池の温度に基づいて前記上限電圧を決定する電池制御装置。 - 請求項1から請求項5のいずれか一項に記載の電池制御装置において、
前記上限電圧演算部は、前記電圧履歴および前記二次電池の電流に基づいて前記上限電圧を決定する電池制御装置。 - 請求項3に記載の電池制御装置において、
前記上限電圧演算部は、前記二次電池の電流もしくは電圧の何れか一方、または両方に基づき、前記二次電池の電圧に対する移動平均への反映度合いを調整する重み係数を決定し、決定した重み係数に基づき、前記電圧の単純移動平均もしくは指数移動平均を演算する電池制御装置。 - 請求項7に記載の電池制御装置において、
前記電圧に対する移動平均への反映度合いを調整する重み係数は、前記二次電池に流れる充電電流もしくは電圧のうち、1つもしくは両方が高ければ高いほど、前記電圧に対する移動平均への反映度合いを大きくする電池制御装置。 - 請求項1~8のいずれか一項に記載の電池制御装置において、
前記二次電池の充放電が停止した時点の前記二次電池の電圧と停止時間経過後の充放電再開時における前記二次電池の電圧のうち大きい方の電圧値を用いて、前記二次電池の停止時間経過後の充放電再開時点における前記電圧履歴の初期値を演算する電池制御装置。 - 請求項9に記載の電池制御装置において、
前記二次電池の停止時間が、予め定めた時間幅よりも十分長い場合、前記停止時間経過後の充放電再開時における前記二次電池の電圧を採用して、前記二次電池の停止時間経過後の充放電再開時点における前記電圧履歴の初期値を演算する電池制御装置。 - 請求項1~10のいずれか一項に記載の電池制御装置において、
前記上限電圧演算部が演算する上限電圧に基づいて、前記二次電池の充電可能な最大電流または充電可能な最大電力を演算する電池制御装置。
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| JPWO2020158182A1 (ja) | 2021-11-25 |
| CN113396503A (zh) | 2021-09-14 |
| EP3920308A4 (en) | 2023-03-15 |
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