WO2020217088A1 - Procédé et appareil d'étalonnage par radio pour une surveillance de vswr d'antenne intégrée - Google Patents

Procédé et appareil d'étalonnage par radio pour une surveillance de vswr d'antenne intégrée Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2020217088A1
WO2020217088A1 PCT/IB2019/053402 IB2019053402W WO2020217088A1 WO 2020217088 A1 WO2020217088 A1 WO 2020217088A1 IB 2019053402 W IB2019053402 W IB 2019053402W WO 2020217088 A1 WO2020217088 A1 WO 2020217088A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
signal power
directional coupler
output signal
power levels
combination
Prior art date
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Ceased
Application number
PCT/IB2019/053402
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English (en)
Inventor
Ahmed BADAWY
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Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson AB
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Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson AB
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Priority to PCT/IB2019/053402 priority Critical patent/WO2020217088A1/fr
Publication of WO2020217088A1 publication Critical patent/WO2020217088A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B17/00—Monitoring; Testing
    • H04B17/10—Monitoring; Testing of transmitters
    • H04B17/101—Monitoring; Testing of transmitters for measurement of specific parameters of the transmitter or components thereof
    • H04B17/104—Monitoring; Testing of transmitters for measurement of specific parameters of the transmitter or components thereof of other parameters, e.g. DC offset, delay or propagation times
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B1/02—Transmitters
    • H04B1/04—Circuits
    • H04B1/0458—Arrangements for matching and coupling between power amplifier and antenna or between amplifying stages
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B17/00—Monitoring; Testing
    • H04B17/10—Monitoring; Testing of transmitters
    • H04B17/11—Monitoring; Testing of transmitters for calibration
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B17/00—Monitoring; Testing
    • H04B17/10—Monitoring; Testing of transmitters
    • H04B17/101—Monitoring; Testing of transmitters for measurement of specific parameters of the transmitter or components thereof
    • H04B17/102—Power radiated at antenna
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B17/00—Monitoring; Testing
    • H04B17/10—Monitoring; Testing of transmitters
    • H04B17/101—Monitoring; Testing of transmitters for measurement of specific parameters of the transmitter or components thereof
    • H04B17/103—Reflected power, e.g. return loss

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to wireless communications devices, and in particular to techniques for over the air calibration for integrated antenna Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) monitoring.
  • VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
  • Voltage standing wave ratio is a fundamental parameter that is always measured in radio equipment to detect antenna failure and/or obstructions in the proximity of the radiating antenna and to monitor transmission efficiency.
  • VSWR is calculated by measuring forward and reverse power levels using a bi- directional coupler inserted between the radio equipment and the antenna.
  • bi-directional coupler is a 4-port device that includes a“through” path between ports 1 and 2, a“forward” path between ports 1 and 3, and“reverse” path between ports 2 and 4.
  • so-called forward signals being transmitted by a radio transceiver, for example, enter the bi-directional coupler at port 1 , and are transmitted via the through-path to port 2 which is connected to the antenna.
  • a portion of the forward signal is coupled into port 3, which enables the forward power level to be measured by means of a detector coupled to port 3.
  • reflected signals from the antenna enter the bi-directional coupler at port 2 and are transmitted via the through-path to port 1 which is connected to the radio transceiver.
  • a portion of the reflected (or reverse) signal is coupled into port 4, which enables the reflected power level to be measured by means of a detector coupled to port 4.
  • comparison between the forward and reverse power levels enables calculation of a reflection ratio, from which the VSWR can be calculated.
  • Another prominent source of error is a difference in gain between the forward and reverse coupling paths.
  • the respective proportions of the forward power coupled into port 3, and the reflected power coupled into port 4 must be known in order to accurately calculate the reflection coefficient. Any errors between the expected proportions and the actual proportions will produce corresponding errors in the calculated reflection coefficient.
  • bi-directional couplers are calibrated prior to being used for measuring forward and reverse power levels.
  • Various methods are known performing the required calibration process. In general, these methods involve connecting a known resistive load to port 2, and using the radio transceiver to transmit a known signal into port 1 . Calibrated sensors coupled to ports 3 and 4 then measure the forward and reverse power level, from which the reflection coefficient can be calculated. In some techniques, this process is repeated with different resistive loads attached to port 2 to obtain a set of reflection coefficient values. Using these reflection coefficient values in combination with the known values of the resistive loads and a linear error model for the coupler, a set of calibration parameters of the coupler can be calculated and saved for future use to compensate systemic errors of the coupler.
  • a limitation of known calibration methods is that the antenna must be disconnected from port 2 in order to permit the resistive load(s) to be connected.
  • the antenna and the directional coupler together as a single component, for example on a common printed circuit (PC) board.
  • the antenna and directional coupler may even be integrated onto a common PC board with the radio transceiver. This raises a problem in that it precludes disconnecting the antenna from port2, which means that conventional calibration methods cannot be used.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide methods and apparatus for calibrating a bi-directional coupler integrated with an antenna.
  • an aspect of the present invention provides a method comprisin: supplying combinations of first and second signals, each combination comprising at least one of: a first input signal supplied to the antenna via a wireless channel; and a second input signal supplied to an input port of the bi-direction coupler; measuring, for each combination of first and second signals, a corresponding set of output signal power levels emitted from the bi-directional coupler; and calculating a set of calibration values based on the measured sets of output signal power levels.
  • Advantages of the present invention provide methods and apparatus enabling the accurate calibration of a bi-directional coupler integrated with an antenna. This, in turn, enables the deployment of smaller and lower-cost wireless devices that still exhibit excellent performance.
  • Figures 1 A and 1B are block diagrams illustrating a wireless device including a bi-directional coupler integrated with an antenna
  • Figures 2A and 2B illustrate effects of directivity of a bi-directional coupler
  • Figure 3 illustrates nomenclature associated with a bi-directional coupler integrated with an antenna
  • Figures 4A and 4B respectively illustrate an example process and apparatus in accordance with embodiments of the present invention
  • Figure 5 illustrates operation of the apparatus of Figure 4B in a first example method in accordance with embodiments of the present invention
  • Figure 6 illustrates further operation of the apparatus of Figure 4B in the first example method in accordance with embodiments of the present invention
  • Figure 7 illustrates further operation of the apparatus of Figure 4B in the first example method in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.
  • Figure 8 illustrates operation of the apparatus of Figure 4B in a further methods in accordance with embodiments of the present invention
  • FIG. 1A is a block diagram illustrating a wireless device of a type in which embodiments of the present invention may be used.
  • the wireless device 100 includes a radio unit 102 connected to an antenna 104.
  • a Bi- Directional coupler 1 06 is connected between the radio unit 102 and the antenna 104 to enable measurements of forward and reverse (or reflected) radio signal power flows between the radio unit 102 and the antenna 1 04.
  • the wireless device 1 00 is configured to transmit and/or receive radio signals via the antenna 1 04, and so may be incorporated within any device or equipment in which such functionality may be desired.
  • the radio unit 102 may include hardware components defining a transmitter and/or a receiver, and may be connected to other hardware components including, for example, a power supply (not shown).
  • the radio unit 102 may also be connected to one or more signal and/or data processing devices, which may include a controller configured to control operation of the radio unit 102.
  • the antenna 1 04 may be any suitable type of antenna including single element and/or multi-element configurations.
  • the antenna 104 may be an element within a larger multi- element antenna array.
  • the Bi-Directional coupler 106 is configured with four ports (labeled as ports 1 ...4).
  • port 1 is directly connected port 2 via a so-called“through” path (not shown), so that radio frequency (RF) signals can propagate through the coupler between ports 1 and 2 with very low loss.
  • RF radio frequency
  • port 1 is connected to the radio unit 102 and port 2 is connected to the antenna 104. This allows RF signals to be transmitted and/or received by the radio unit 102, via the antenna 104, with low losses being incurred through the bi-directional coupler 106.
  • signals emitted by the radio unit 102 and propagating toward the antenna 104 are referred to as forward propagating signals, while RF signals propagating from the antenna 104 toward the radio unit 102 are referred to as reverse propagating signals.
  • port 1 is also coupled to port 3, such that a portion of forward propagating signals arriving at port 1 from the radio unit 102 are coupled to port 3, which allows the power level of the forward propagating signals to be measured.
  • port 2 is coupled to port 4, such that a portion of reverse propagating signals arriving at port 2 are coupled to port 4, which allows the power level of the reverse propagating signals to be measured. It is customary to refer to port 3 as a forward coupled port, and to refer to port 4 as the reverse coupled port.
  • Voltage standing wave ratio is one paramount parameter that is always measured by radios to detect antenna failure and/or obstruction within the proximity of the radiating antenna and to monitor transmission efficiency.
  • bi- directional couplers are used to measure forward power (i.e. the power level of forward propagating signals emitted by the radio unit 102) through port 3 as described above and reflected power (i.e. the power level of reverse propagating signals reflected from the antenna) through port 4.
  • V f the power level of forward propagating signals emitted by the radio unit 102
  • reflected power i.e. the power level of reverse propagating signals reflected from the antenna
  • FIG. 1B schematically illustrates signal propagation paths in the bi- directional coupler 106.
  • the signal power measured at port 3 includes both the desired forward power coupled from port 1 (at 108), and an undesired leakage signal (at 110) from port 2.
  • the signal power measured at port 4 includes both the desired reverse power coupled from port 2 (at 1 12), and an undesired leakage signal (at 114) from port 1 .
  • Directivity is the parameter that describes the power of the leaked signal and hence is important for improving the accuracy of the RL/ VSWR estimation algorithm. In other words, the higher the directivity, the lower the power of the leaked signal(s) and the better the accuracy of the RL estimation algorithm.
  • G the reflection coefficient looking towards the antenna.
  • the reflection coefficient can also be defined in terms of impedances.
  • G (Z A - Z C )/(Z A + Z C ), where Z A is the impedance of the antenna and Z c is the impedance of the coupler circuitry.
  • G -G C .
  • S 31 is the coupler’s forward coupling
  • S 21 is the coupler’s insertion loss
  • S 32 is the forward isolation. Note that the isolation is defined as directivity multiplied by coupling.
  • the first term in (Equ.4) is the forward coupled desired signal, while the second term is the leaked undesired signal.
  • the received reflected signal through port 4 is defined as:
  • S 42 is the coupler’s reverse coupling and S 41 is the reverse path isolation.
  • the first term in (Equ.5) is the desired reflected signal, while the second term is the leaked undesired signal.
  • Step 1 Apply three known loads with G 1; G 2 and G 3
  • Step 2 Measure the corresponding G m1 , G m2 and G m3
  • Step 3 Solve (Equ.7) for the unknowns A, B, C and save them as calibration parameters of the bi-directional coupler 106.
  • an over the air calibration process is described.
  • By transmitting an external signal to the antenna and collecting it through different ports of the coupler it is possible to calibrate the coupler and measure its inherent parameters and save them for future use to improve estimates of the RL and/or VSWR.
  • Example embodiments of the calibration process are described below.
  • Figure 4A is a flow-cart illustrating steps in a method in accordance with an example embodiment of the present invention.
  • combinations of first and second input signals are supplied.
  • Each combination comprises at least one of: a first input signal supplied to the antenna (104) via a wireless channel (414); and a second input signal supplied to an input port of the bi- direction coupler (106).
  • a second step includes measuring, for each combination of first and second signals, a corresponding set of output signal power levels emitted from the bi-directional coupler (1 06). Finally, a set of calibration values based on the measured sets of output signal power levels are calculated.
  • FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating an apparatus in accordance with an example embodiment of the present invention.
  • a device under test (DUT) 400 is connected via suitable RF signal paths 402, 404, 406 (such as coaxial cables, for example) to a transceiver unit 408. It is contemplated that the DUT 400 will include at least the bi-direction coupler 106 and the integrated antenna 104, as shown in Figure 4. In embodiments in which the bi-direction coupler 106 and the integrated antenna 104 are also integrated with the radio unit 102, then the DUT 400 will also include the radio unit 102.
  • the transceiver unit 408 includes an antenna 410 and appropriate radio circuitry 412 configured to establish a wireless channel 414 with the antenna 104 of the DUT 400.
  • the transceiver 408 includes a pair of wired RF signal receiver circuits 416 and 41 8 configured to receive RF signals from coupler ports 3 and 4 via signal paths 402, 404 and an RF transceiver circuit 420 configured to send and receive RF signals to and from coupler port 1 via signal path 406.
  • the transceiver unit 408 is also connected to a digital signal processor (DSP) unit 422 configured to control operation of the transceiver unit 408 and analyze received RF signals to calculate estimates of the calibration parameters as described below.
  • DSP digital signal processor
  • the DSP unit 422 may be integrated within the transceiver unit 408.
  • one or more of the RF circuits 412, 416, 418 and 420 may be provided as separate units, which may be connected together (and to the DSP unit 422) via suitable cable connections, for example.
  • the DUT 400 and the transceiver unit antenna 410 are located within a chamber 424 (such as an anechoic chamber) configured to prevent multipath effects between the DUT 400 and the transceiver unit antenna 410.
  • a chamber 424 such as an anechoic chamber
  • both the DUT 400 and the transceiver unit 408 are located with the chamber 424, but this is not essential.
  • the purpose of the chamber 424 is to enable the channel coefficient H of the wireless channel 414 between the DUT 400 and the transceiver unit antenna 410 to be measured and characterized using conventional techniques and equipment such as, for example, a commercially available Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). Any suitable configuration of the chamber 424, DUT 400 and transceiver unit 408 that achieves this purpose may be used.
  • VNA Vector Network Analyzer
  • Scenario 1 Access to the coupler’s input port (port 1 ) is available.
  • Step 1 Connect ports 3 and 4 to matched loads and control the radio circuit 412 of the transceiver unit 408 to emit an external RF signal X E from the antenna 410, as may be seen in Figure 5.
  • the radio circuits 416 and 418 incorporate matched loads and can be controlled to connect the coupler ports 3 and 4 to the matched loads via RF signal paths 402 and 404.
  • RF signal paths 402 and 404 may be connected to matched loads externally to the radio circuits 416 and 41 8. The resulting input signal to the antenna 104 of the DUT 400 will be
  • H is the channel coefficient of the wireless channel 414, that may be determined using conventional methods as described above.
  • the signal X R1 output through port 1 of the coupler 1 06, and thus received by the transceiver circuit 420 may be defined as
  • an average value of S 12 taken over a suitable sample set may be determined and stored for subsequent use in calculating the estimated reflection coefficient G.
  • Step 2 Connect coupler port 1 to a matched load and connect coupler ports 3 and 4 to radio circuits 416 and 418 to enable measurement of received signals, or alternatively, configure the radio circuits 416 and 418 to measure RF signals received from coupler ports 3 and 4.
  • the radio circuit 412 of the transceiver unit 408 is controlled to emit the external RF signal X E from the antenna 410.
  • the transceiver circuit 420 may incorporate a matched load and can be controlled to connect the coupler port 1 to the matched loads via RF signal path 406.
  • RF signal path 406 may be connected to a matched load externally to the transceiver circuit 420.
  • the signals X F2 output through port 3 of the coupler 1 06 and X REFL2 output through port 4 of the coupler 106, and thus received by the radio circuits 416 and 418, may be defined as:
  • Step 3 Referring to Figure 6, coupler port 1 is connected to the transceiver circuit 420 which is configured to transmit an input signal X IN3 , while coupler ports 3 and 4 remain connected to radio circuits 41 6 and 418 to enable measurement of received signals.
  • the radio circuit 412 of the transceiver unit 408 is controlled to not emit the external RF signal X E from the antenna 410.
  • the signals X F3 output through port 3 of the coupler 106 and X REFL3 output through port 4 of the coupler 106, and thus received by the radio circuits 416 and 41 8 may be defined as:
  • X F3 S 31 X in3 + S 21 S 32 G X in3 (Equ.15)
  • X REFL3 S 41 X in3 + S 21 S 42 G X in3 (Equ.16)
  • Step 4 Referring to Figure 7, coupler port 1 is connected to the transceiver circuit 420 which is configured to transmit an input signal X in4 , while coupler ports 3 and 4 remain connected to radio circuits 416 and 418 to enable measurement of received signals.
  • the radio circuit 412 of the transceiver unit 408 is controlled to emit the external RF signal X E from the antenna 410, which is supplied to port 2 of the coupler 106 as X inE .
  • C B G m2 .
  • Step 5 The calculated values of calibration parameters A, B, C are saved.
  • the reflection coefficient G m can be measured (for example using input radio signals emitted from radio unit 1 02 into coupler port 1 ) and used with the saved calibration parameter values, to determine the actual reflection coefficient, G, as:
  • the coupler’s input port i.e., port 1
  • the DUT 400 may also include the radio unit 1 02, either because the coupler 1 06 and integrated antenna 1 04 are not detachable from the radio unit 1 02, or it would be very inconvenient and/or expensive to detach and subsequently reattach them.
  • Figure 8 illustrates an example apparatus in which this scenario may be implemented. As may be seen in Figure 8, the radio unit 102 may be connected to the DSP unit 422 to enable the DSP unit 422 to control operation of the radio unit 102.
  • the radio signal channel inside the radio unit 102 and between the radio unit 102 and the input port (port 1 ) of the coupler 106 can be fully characterized using known techniques.
  • calibration of the coupler 106 can be performed according to the following steps:
  • Step 1 Connect ports 3 and 4 of the bi-directional coupler 106 to matched loads and control the radio unit 102 to supply a known input signal X in1 , to port 1 of the coupler 106.
  • the radio circuits 416 and 41 8 incorporate matched loads and can be controlled to connect the coupler ports 3 and 4 to the matched loads via RF signal paths 402 and 404.
  • RF signal paths 402 and 404 may be connected to matched loads external to the radio circuits 416 and 418.
  • the known input signal X in1 propagates through the coupler 106, the integrated antenna 104, then the wireless channel 414, and is finally received (as received signal X R1 ) by the radio circuit 412 of the transceiver unit 408.
  • the received signal X R1 is defined as
  • the reflection coefficient G can then be calculated using G m1 and S 21 as described above with reference to scenario 1 .
  • This scenario is similar to scenario 2, except that in this case the input signal X IN1 , supplied to port 1 of the coupler 106 is not known.
  • This scenario may arise when the radio signal channel inside the radio unit 102 and between the radio unit 102 and the input port (port 1 ) of the coupler 106 cannot be fully characterized, or exhibits unknown variations in magnitude and/or phase so that even if an input signal to the radio unit 102 is known, the input signal X IN1 , supplied to port 1 of the coupler 106 is not known.
  • prior knowledge of S 21 is not necessary.
  • the reflection coefficient of the integrated antenna should be known a priori.
  • calibration of the coupler 106 can be performed according to the following steps:
  • Step 1 Although the input signal to coupler’s port 1 is not known, it is still transmitted.
  • the received signal X R1 is defined as:
  • the signal transmitted from the DUT antenna 1 04 can be defined as:
  • the transmitted signal X T can be calculated and saved for use in a later step.
  • S 21 and the antenna’s reflection coefficient G are known a priori, these values can be used to compute an estimate of X in .
  • Step 2 of Scenario 3 is similar to step 2 of scenarios 1 and 2.
  • the radio circuit 412 of the transceiver unit 408 is controlled to emit an external signal X E through the antenna 410.
  • This external signal X E can have any desired magnitude and phase, and if desired may correspond with the transmitted signal X T stored in step 1 .
  • a second measured reflection coefficient can be defined as:
  • Step 3 of scenario 3 is similar to step 3 of Scenarios 1 and 2.
  • knowledge of the input signal X in is not required to calculate the third measured reflection coefficient since the ratio between the forward and received signal is used.
  • the third measured reflection coefficient is defined as:
  • Step 4 In this step, the radio circuit 412 of the transceiver unit 408 is controlled to emit an external signal X E through the antenna 410. This external signal X E is calculated to generate a received signal, in the DUT antenna 104 that replicates the transmitted signal X T stored in step 1 . To counteract the impact of the channel coefficient, H, the external signal is transmitted as Consequently, the
  • Step 5 This step is similar to step 5 of scenario 2.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Transmitters (AREA)

Abstract

Selon des modes de réalisation, l'invention porte sur un procédé d'étalonnage d'un coupleur bidirectionnel intégré à une antenne. Le procédé consiste à : fournir des combinaisons de premier et second signaux, chaque combinaison comprenant au moins un élément parmi : un premier signal d'entrée fourni à l'antenne par l'intermédiaire d'un canal sans fil ; et un second signal d'entrée fourni à un port d'entrée du coupleur bidirectionnel ; mesurer, pour chaque combinaison de premier et second signaux, un ensemble correspondant de niveaux de puissance de signal de sortie émis à partir du coupleur bidirectionnel ; et calculer un ensemble de valeurs d'étalonnage en fonction des ensembles mesurés de niveaux de puissance de signal de sortie.
PCT/IB2019/053402 2019-04-24 2019-04-24 Procédé et appareil d'étalonnage par radio pour une surveillance de vswr d'antenne intégrée Ceased WO2020217088A1 (fr)

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN114868344A (zh) * 2020-11-20 2022-08-05 华为技术有限公司 一种双向耦合器的方向性校准装置及方法
CN116626378A (zh) * 2022-02-18 2023-08-22 苹果公司 具有输出负载独立检测能力的电子设备
EP4312036A1 (fr) * 2022-07-26 2024-01-31 Nokia Solutions and Networks Oy Procédé et appareil de mesure, équipement radiofréquence et support lisible par ordinateur

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20150355251A1 (en) * 2014-06-09 2015-12-10 Apple Inc. Electronic Device Having Coupler for Tapping Antenna Signals
US20170026020A1 (en) * 2015-07-20 2017-01-26 Infineon Technologies Ag System and Method for a Directional Coupler
WO2017081522A1 (fr) * 2015-11-13 2017-05-18 Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) Mesure simultanée de vswr et étalonnage de coupleurs sur des ports d'antennes multiples
WO2019069119A1 (fr) * 2017-10-06 2019-04-11 Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) Détection d'obstruction de champ et d'éléments défectueux de réseaux d'antennes

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20150355251A1 (en) * 2014-06-09 2015-12-10 Apple Inc. Electronic Device Having Coupler for Tapping Antenna Signals
US20170026020A1 (en) * 2015-07-20 2017-01-26 Infineon Technologies Ag System and Method for a Directional Coupler
WO2017081522A1 (fr) * 2015-11-13 2017-05-18 Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) Mesure simultanée de vswr et étalonnage de coupleurs sur des ports d'antennes multiples
WO2019069119A1 (fr) * 2017-10-06 2019-04-11 Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) Détection d'obstruction de champ et d'éléments défectueux de réseaux d'antennes

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN114868344A (zh) * 2020-11-20 2022-08-05 华为技术有限公司 一种双向耦合器的方向性校准装置及方法
CN114868344B (zh) * 2020-11-20 2023-11-03 华为技术有限公司 一种双向耦合器的方向性校准装置、方法、芯片组、设备及可读存储介质
CN116626378A (zh) * 2022-02-18 2023-08-22 苹果公司 具有输出负载独立检测能力的电子设备
EP4312036A1 (fr) * 2022-07-26 2024-01-31 Nokia Solutions and Networks Oy Procédé et appareil de mesure, équipement radiofréquence et support lisible par ordinateur

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