WO2021020064A1 - 積層体およびその製造方法 - Google Patents

積層体およびその製造方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2021020064A1
WO2021020064A1 PCT/JP2020/026840 JP2020026840W WO2021020064A1 WO 2021020064 A1 WO2021020064 A1 WO 2021020064A1 JP 2020026840 W JP2020026840 W JP 2020026840W WO 2021020064 A1 WO2021020064 A1 WO 2021020064A1
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Prior art keywords
nickel
film layer
plating film
mass
laminate according
Prior art date
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Ceased
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PCT/JP2020/026840
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
章 古谷
忠昭 小島
鈴木 広志
文彰 那賀
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Resonac Holdings Corp
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Showa Denko KK
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Showa Denko KK filed Critical Showa Denko KK
Priority to JP2021536881A priority Critical patent/JP7677146B2/ja
Priority to CN202080037305.3A priority patent/CN113874551B/zh
Priority to US17/595,570 priority patent/US12031213B2/en
Priority to KR1020217037195A priority patent/KR102924902B1/ko
Priority to SG11202112883PA priority patent/SG11202112883PA/en
Priority to EP20848634.0A priority patent/EP4006201A4/en
Publication of WO2021020064A1 publication Critical patent/WO2021020064A1/ja
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • C23C28/00Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
    • C23C28/30Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
    • C23C28/32Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer
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    • C23C18/00Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
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Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a laminate and a method for producing the same. More specifically, the present invention relates to a laminate suitable as a constituent member of a semiconductor manufacturing apparatus or the like, and a manufacturing method thereof.
  • halogen-based reactivity and corrosiveness such as fluorine, hydrogen chloride, boron trichloride, nitrogen trifluoride, chlorine trifluoride, and hydrogen bromide in the dry etching process and cleaning of the manufacturing equipment.
  • Strong special gas hereinafter also referred to as "corrosive gas" is used.
  • ALD is a process in which the CVD method is developed, that is, a film thickness is controlled with high accuracy in a deep drawing portion having a high aspect ratio.
  • the development of the Atomic Layer Deposition) method is underway.
  • H 2 O is mainly used in the ALD method, and the temperature range at the time of film formation reaches about 150 to 400 ° C. Therefore, H 2 O inevitably becomes high temperature steam. Therefore, further improvement in corrosion resistance of the constituent members of the semiconductor device is required.
  • Hastelloy C (registered trademark) or the like is used in the ALD process as a method for preventing corrosion resistance in a high-temperature steam atmosphere, but there is a problem that the price is high and workability may be difficult.
  • pinholes on the plated surface can also cause corrosion to proceed.
  • the cause of pinholes is, for example, that H 2 generated by the plating reaction becomes bubbles during the formation of the plating film and hinders the formation of the film, or impurities (oxide film, dirt, oil, etc.) left on the base material are present.
  • impurities oxide film, dirt, oil, etc.
  • Patent Document 4 discloses a method of covering a pinhole with an oxide film by applying gold plating on a metal base material and heating it in an oxidizing atmosphere.
  • Japanese Patent No. 29541716 Japanese Patent No. 3094000 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2004-3600066 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2008-260646
  • the method of forming a nickel passivation film on the nickel-phosphorus alloy plating surface as in Patent Documents 1 to 3 may be insufficient in terms of steam corrosion resistance. Do you get it. Further, in the method of Patent Document 4, since the oxide film formed is an extremely thin film, the oxide film may easily disappear depending on the environment. Therefore, there is a problem that it is difficult to adapt as a practical member.
  • an object of the present invention is to provide a metal material that can be applied to a constituent member of a semiconductor manufacturing apparatus and has excellent corrosion resistance, particularly corrosion resistance to acid and high-temperature steam.
  • the present invention relates to, for example, the following [1] to [12].
  • [1] It has a metal base material, a nickel-containing plating film layer formed on the metal base material, and a gold plating film layer formed on the nickel-containing plating film layer, and has the gold plating film.
  • the metal base material contains at least one metal selected from the group consisting of stainless steel, iron, aluminum, aluminum alloys, copper and copper alloys.
  • [3] The laminate according to the above [1] or [2], which has a nickel strike layer between the metal base material and the nickel-containing plating film layer.
  • the nickel-containing plating film layer is a nickel-phosphorus alloy plating layer (1) having a phosphorus concentration of 8% by mass or more and less than 10% by mass, and a nickel-phosphorus alloy having a phosphorus concentration of 10% by mass or more and 12% by mass or less.
  • the laminate according to any one of [1] to [3], wherein the plating layer (2) is included in this order from the metal substrate side.
  • the gold plating film layer comprises the replacement type gold plating film layer and the reduction type gold plating film layer in this order from the nickel-containing plating film layer side, according to any one of the above [1] to [4]. The laminate described.
  • a component of a semiconductor manufacturing apparatus which comprises the laminate according to any one of [1] to [5] above.
  • a method for producing a laminated body which comprises a sealing treatment step (C) for forming a passivation film having a thickness of 15 nm or more.
  • the sealing treatment step (C) is performed in an atmosphere having an oxygen gas concentration of 50% by volume or more and a temperature of 140 to 200 ° C.
  • Production method. [10] The method according to any one of [7] to [9] above, which comprises a step of subjecting the metal substrate to a nickel strike treatment under the condition of a current density of 5 to 20 A / dm 2 before the step (A). Method of manufacturing a laminate of. [11]
  • the step (A) includes a step (a1) of forming a nickel-phosphorus alloy plating layer (1) having a phosphorus concentration of 8% by mass or more and less than 10% by mass, and a phosphorus concentration after the step (a1).
  • the method for producing a laminate according to any one of [7] to [10] above which comprises a step (a2) of forming a nickel-phosphorus alloy plating layer (2) in which is 10% by mass or more and 12% by mass or less.
  • the step (B) includes a step (b1) of forming a replacement type gold plating film layer and a step (b2) of forming a reduction type gold plating film layer after the step (b1).
  • the laminate of one embodiment of the present invention includes a metal base material, a nickel-containing plating film layer formed on the metal base material, and a gold plating film layer formed on the nickel-containing plating film layer. Moreover, the pinholes of the gold-plated coating layer are sealed by a passive coating having a thickness of 15 nm or more.
  • the method for producing a laminate according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a step (A) of forming a nickel-containing plating film layer on a metal substrate and a step (B) of forming a gold plating film layer on the nickel-containing plating film layer. ), And a sealing treatment step (C) for forming a passivation film having a thickness of 15 nm or more in the pinholes of the gold plating film layer.
  • the metal base material used in one embodiment of the present invention is a base material whose surface is at least made of metal.
  • the metal base material is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include metals generally used for constituent members of semiconductor manufacturing equipment, preferably stainless steel, iron, aluminum, aluminum alloys, copper and copper alloys.
  • the metal base material is subjected to a treatment according to the base material such as degreasing, acid cleaning or nickel strike treatment as a pretreatment in the step (A). May be good.
  • the nickel strike treatment is a preliminary plating treatment using a nickel-containing plating bath, and the current density in the nickel strike treatment is preferably 5 to 20 A / dm 2 , more preferably 6 to 10 A / dm 2 .
  • the nickel strike treatment time is preferably 5 seconds or more and 5 minutes or less.
  • Nickel-containing plating film layer The nickel-containing plating film layer is formed on the metal substrate by the step (A).
  • a nickel strike layer is provided between the metal base material and the nickel plating film layer.
  • the nickel-containing plating film layer preferably contains phosphorus from the viewpoint of improving corrosion resistance, and has a nickel-phosphorus alloy plating layer (1) having a phosphorus concentration of 8% by mass or more and less than 10% by mass and a phosphorus concentration of 10% by mass. It is more preferable that the nickel-phosphorus alloy plating layer (2) of 12% by mass or less is contained in this order from the metal base material side.
  • the nickel content in the nickel-containing plating film layer is preferably 80% by mass or more, more preferably 85 to 95% by mass, and particularly preferably 88 to 92% by mass, when the entire nickel-containing plating film layer is 100% by mass. Is.
  • the nickel content is in the above range, the ratio of phosphorus in the coating layer is increased, and excellent corrosion resistance can be exhibited.
  • electroless nickel-phosphorus alloy plating films with different phosphorus concentrations are laminated, pinhole defects are formed at different positions while forming a film, which makes it difficult for disturbances to reach the substrate directly and has corrosion resistance. Improvement can be expected.
  • the nickel-containing plating film layer can be formed on a metal substrate by using an electroless plating bath containing a nickel salt and a phosphorus compound as a reducing agent.
  • a nickel salt include nickel sulfate, nickel chloride, nickel acetate, nickel carbonate and the like.
  • phosphorus compound include sodium hypophosphite, potassium hypophosphite and the like.
  • the step (A) includes a step (a1) of forming a nickel-phosphorus alloy plating layer (1) and a step (a2) of forming a nickel-phosphorus alloy plating layer (2) after the step (a1). , Is preferably included.
  • the film forming rate of the nickel-phosphorus alloy plating layer (1) is preferably 20 to 30 ⁇ m / h (hours), more preferably 22 to 25 ⁇ m / h (hours), and the nickel-phosphorus alloy plating layer (2).
  • the thickness of the nickel-phosphorus alloy plating layers (1) and (2) is preferably 5 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 7 to 25 ⁇ m, and further preferably 10 to 20 ⁇ m from the viewpoint of coating performance and cost in which pinholes are less likely to occur. ..
  • the gold plating film layer is formed on the nickel-containing plating film layer by the step (B).
  • the gold content in the gold plating film is preferably 90% by mass or more, more preferably 99% by mass or more, and particularly preferably 99.9% by mass or more, when the entire gold plating film is 100% by mass. ..
  • the gold content is determined by the impurity quantification method, that is, the gold plating is dissolved in aqua regia and measured by atomic absorption spectrometry and high frequency inductively coupled plasma (ICP) emission spectroscopic analysis.
  • the thickness of the gold-plated coating is preferably 0.1 ⁇ m to 1 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.2 to 0.9 ⁇ m, and particularly preferably 0.3, from the viewpoint of coating performance and cost in which pinholes are less likely to occur. It is ⁇ 0.8 ⁇ m. It is known from the prior art that pinholes decrease as the noble metal plating film is thickened, and high corrosion resistance is expected, but it is not practically preferable because the price is high.
  • the method for forming the gold plating film layer is not particularly limited, but an electroless gold plating method is preferable.
  • the electroless gold plating method it is preferable to perform reduction type gold plating after performing replacement type gold plating. That is, the step (B) may include a step (b1) of forming a replacement type gold plating film layer and a step (b2) of forming a reduction type gold plating film layer after the step (b1). preferable.
  • nickel is dissolved from the nickel film, and the gold ions in the solution are reduced by the electrons emitted at that time and precipitated as a gold plating film.
  • gold ions in the solution are reduced by electrons released by the oxidation reaction of the reducing agent, and a gold plating film is precipitated.
  • Examples of the electroless gold plating solution include a plating bath containing potassium gold cyanide, gold chloride, gold sulfite, gold thiosulfate and the like, and examples of the reducing agent include sodium hydroxide, dimethylamine borane and hexa. Examples thereof include methylenetetramine, a chain polyamine having an alkyl group having 3 or more carbon atoms and a plurality of amino groups.
  • Substitution gold plating preferably 50-90 ° C. for 3-7 minutes, more preferably 65-75 ° C. for 3-7 minutes, reduction gold plating, preferably 55-65 ° C. for 7-15 minutes.
  • the gold plating film layer can be formed by preferably carrying out at 58 to 62 ° C. for 7 to 15 minutes.
  • the passivation film By oxidizing the surface of the gold plating film layer in the step (C), the pinholes of the gold plating film layer are sealed by the passivation film.
  • the thickness of the passivation film is usually 15 nm or more, preferably 18 to 50 nm, more preferably 20 to 40 nm, and particularly preferably 25 to 35 nm. When the thickness of the passivation film is within the above range, the durability of the passivation film and the like are practically suitable.
  • a passivation film is formed by forcibly oxidizing the surface of the nickel-containing plating film layer exposed from the pinholes of the gold plating film layer that has undergone the steps (A) and (B) to seal the pinholes. Hole treatment.
  • the step (C) is carried out in an atmosphere where the oxygen gas concentration is preferably 50% by volume or more, more preferably 70 to 100% by volume, and the oxidation temperature is preferably 140 to 200 ° C., more preferably 150 to 180%. °C.
  • the gas accompanying the oxygen gas include an inert gas such as nitrogen gas and argon gas.
  • the metal base material is stainless steel, it is preferably oxidized at 150 to 190 ° C., more preferably 155 ° C. to 175 ° C., and when it is an aluminum alloy, it is oxidized at preferably 140 to 160 ° C., more preferably 145 to 155 ° C.
  • the oxidation treatment time varies depending on the thickness of the passive film to be formed, but is preferably 20 to 100 hours, more preferably 30 to 80 hours in order to exhibit excellent corrosion resistance.
  • Example 1 ⁇ Process (A)> The surface of stainless steel (SUS316L) was subjected to degreasing, acid cleaning and nickel strike treatment as pretreatment. An electroless nickel-phosphorus plating agent "Nimden TM NSX” (manufactured by Uemura Kogyo Co., Ltd.) was used on the surface of the nickel-strike-treated stainless steel, and the plating temperature was 90 ° C., pH 4.5-4.
  • an electroless nickel-phosphorus alloy plating film layer (1) having a phosphorus content of 8 to 10% by mass at the time of film formation was formed at a film formation rate of 10 ⁇ m / 25 minutes.
  • an electroless nickel-phosphorus plating agent "Nimden (trademark) HDX" manufactured by Uemura Kogyo Co., Ltd.
  • the phosphorus content at the time of film formation was 10 to 12 mass at a film formation rate of 10 ⁇ m / 50 minutes.
  • Electroless nickel-phosphorus alloy plating film layer (2) was formed.
  • a nickel-containing plating film layer having a total thickness of 20 ⁇ m was formed on the nickel strike-treated stainless steel.
  • Example 2 A passivation film was formed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the forced oxidation time using 100% by volume oxygen gas was changed to 72 hours in the step (C) of Example 1.
  • the film thickness of the obtained passive film was determined in the same manner as in Example 1, it was confirmed that the film thickness was 30 nm.
  • Example 3 In Example 1, an aluminum alloy (A5052) was used instead of stainless steel (SUS316L), and after performing degreasing, activation treatment, acid cleaning and zinc substitution treatment as pretreatment, the same method as in Example 1 was performed. Steps (A) and (B) were carried out.
  • the activation treatment was carried out at room temperature for 30 seconds using a mixed acid of acidic ammonium fluoride and nitric acid as a treatment agent.
  • the acid cleaning was carried out at room temperature for 25 seconds using nitric acid as a cleaning agent.
  • the zinc substitution treatment was carried out at room temperature for 25 seconds using a zincate bath as a treatment agent.
  • the acid cleaning and the zinc replacement treatment were performed twice under the above conditions.
  • step (C) a passivation film was formed on the gold-plated film in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the forced oxidation temperature was set to 150 ° C.
  • the film thickness of the obtained passive film was determined in the same manner as in Example 1, it was confirmed that the film thickness was 20 nm.
  • Example 1 Only the step (A) of Example 1 was carried out to form a nickel-containing plating film layer of 20 ⁇ m on the surface of the stainless steel.
  • ⁇ Hydrochloric acid corrosion resistance test> A test piece having a length of 15 mm, a width of 15 mm, and a thickness of 1 mm was immersed in a 35 mass% hydrochloric acid solution at 25 ° C. for 5 hours. Hydrochloric acid corrosion resistance was evaluated according to the following criteria based on the amount of mass loss [mg / dm 2 ] before and after immersion. (Evaluation criteria) A: Less than 0.1 mg / dm 2 B: 0.1 mg / dm 2 or more and less than 3 mg / dm 2 C: 3 mg / dm 2 or more
  • SUS indicates stainless steel (SUS316L) and Al indicates an aluminum alloy (A5052).

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Abstract

本発明の課題は、半導体製造装置の構成部材に適用可能であり、耐食性、特に酸や高温スチームに対する耐食性に優れた金属材料を提供することにある。本発明に係る積層体は、金属基材と、前記金属基材上に形成されたニッケル含有めっき被膜層と、前記ニッケル含有めっき被膜層上に形成された金めっき被膜層とを有し、かつ、前記金めっき被膜層のピンホールが厚さ15nm以上の不働態被膜によって封孔されている。

Description

積層体およびその製造方法
 本発明は、積層体およびその製造方法に関する。より具体的には、半導体製造装置等の構成部材として好適な積層体およびその製造方法に関する。
 従来、半導体製造プロセスでは、ドライエッチング工程および製造装置のクリーニング等において、フッ素、塩化水素、三塩化ホウ素、三フッ化窒素、三フッ化塩素、臭化水素等のハロゲン系の反応性および腐食性の強い特殊ガス(以下「腐食性ガス」ともいう。)が使用されている。
 しかしながら、前記腐食性ガスが雰囲気下の水分と反応して加水分解すると、フッ化水素、シュウ酸、および塩化水素等の生成物が発生する。前記生成物は、前記腐食性ガスを使用する際のバルブ、継ぎ手、配管および反応チャンバー等の構成部材の金属表面を容易に腐食するため、問題となっている。
 これまで、耐食性の向上を図るために、金属基材にニッケル-リン合金めっきを施し、ニッケルのフッ化不働態膜を形成する方法が行われている(例えば、特許文献1~3を参照)が、これらの方法は十分ではない場合があった。
 また、前記腐食性ガスを用いてクリーニングを実施する場合、配管を冷却した後に腐食性ガスを導入していることから、製造ラインでの時間ロスが発生する。そのため、配管等の構成部材の金属材料として、冷却することなくクリーニング工程に移行でき、高温域でも耐食性が劣らない新たな金属材料の開発が求められている。
 また、近年、半導体製造の新たなプロセスとして、CVD法を発展させた形で、すなわち高アスペクト比の深絞り部に高精度で膜厚制御された成膜を行うことのできるプロセスとして、ALD(Atomic Layer Deposition)法の開発が進められている。現状、ALD法においては主にH2Oが使用されており、成膜時の温度域は約150~400℃に達するため、必然的に、H2Oは高温スチームとなる。そのため、半導体装置の構成部材のさらなる耐食性の向上が求められている。高温スチーム雰囲気下での耐食を防止する方法として、ALDプロセスではハステロイC(登録商標)などが使用されているが、価格が高額であり、かつ加工性が困難な場合があるといった問題がある。
 さらに、めっき表面のピンホールも腐食を進ませる原因となり得る。ピンホールの発生要因は、例えば、めっき反応により発生したH2が、めっき被膜の形成時に泡となり成膜を阻害する、または、基材に残された不純物(酸化膜、汚れ、油分等)が前処理工程で除去されず成膜を阻害する等、複数の原因が考えられる。これに対して、特許文献4には、金属基材上に金めっきを施し、酸化雰囲気下で加熱することでピンホールを酸化被膜で覆う手法が開示されている。
特許第2954716号公報 特許第3094000号公報 特開2004-360066号公報 特開2008-260646号公報
 本発明者らの検討によれば、特許文献1~3のように、ニッケル-リン合金めっき表面にニッケルのフッ化不働態膜を形成する方法では、スチーム耐食性について不十分な場合があることが分かった。また、特許文献4の方法では、形成される酸化被膜が極薄膜であるため、環境によっては容易に酸化被膜が消失してしまうおそれがある。そのため、実用上の部材として適応し難いという課題があった。
 そこで本発明の課題は、半導体製造装置の構成部材に適用可能であり、耐食性、特に酸や高温スチームに対する耐食性に優れた金属材料を提供することにある。
 本発明は、例えば以下の[1]~[12]に関する。
 [1]金属基材と、前記金属基材上に形成されたニッケル含有めっき被膜層と、前記ニッケル含有めっき被膜層上に形成された金めっき被膜層とを有し、かつ、前記金めっき被膜層のピンホールが、厚さ15nm以上の不働態被膜によって封孔されている積層体。
 [2]前記金属基材が、ステンレス鋼、鉄、アルミニウム、アルミニウム合金、銅および銅合金からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1つの金属を含む、前記[1]に記載の積層体。
 [3]前記金属基材と前記ニッケル含有めっき被膜層との間に、ニッケルストライク層を有する、前記[1]又は[2]に記載の積層体。
 [4]前記ニッケル含有めっき被膜層が、リン濃度が8質量%以上10質量%未満のニッケル-リン合金めっき層(1)と、リン濃度が10質量%以上12質量%以下のニッケル-リン合金めっき層(2)とを、前記金属基材側からこの順で含む、前記[1]~[3]のいずれかに記載の積層体。
 [5]前記金めっき被膜層が、置換型金めっき被膜層および還元型金めっき被膜層を、前記ニッケル含有めっき被膜層側からこの順で含む、前記[1]~[4]のいずれかに記載の積層体。
 [6]前記[1]~[5]のいずれかに記載の積層体からなる、半導体製造装置の構成部材。
 [7]金属基材上にニッケル含有めっき被膜層を形成する工程(A)、前記ニッケル含有めっき被膜層上に金めっき被膜層を形成する工程(B)、および前記金めっき被膜層のピンホールに、厚さ15nm以上の不働態被膜を形成する封孔処理工程(C)を含む、積層体の製造方法。
 [8]前記封孔処理工程(C)が、酸素ガス濃度50体積%以上および温度140~200℃の雰囲気下で行われる、前記[7]に記載の積層体の製造方法。
 [9]前記金属基材が、ステンレス鋼、鉄、アルミニウム、アルミニウム合金、銅および銅合金からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1つの金属を含む、前記[7]又は[8]に記載の積層体の製造方法。
 [10]前記工程(A)の前に、金属基材に対し電流密度5~20A/dm2の条件でニッケルストライク処理を施す工程を含む、前記[7]~[9]のいずれかに記載の積層体の製造方法。
 [11]前記工程(A)が、リン濃度が8質量%以上10質量%未満のニッケル-リン合金めっき層(1)を形成させる工程(a1)と、該工程(a1)の後に、リン濃度が10質量%以上12質量%以下のニッケル-リン合金めっき層(2)を形成させる工程(a2)とを含む、前記[7]~[10]のいずれかに記載の積層体の製造方法。
 [12]前記工程(B)が、置換型金めっき被膜層を形成させる工程(b1)と、該工程(b1)の後に、還元型金めっき被膜層を形成させる工程(b2)を含む、前記[7]~[11]のいずれかに記載の積層体の製造方法。
 本発明によれば、耐食性、特に酸や高温スチームに対する耐食性に優れた積層体を提供することができる。
封孔処理前後の積層体を示す概略図である((a):封孔処理前、(b):封孔処理後)。
 以下、本発明の一実施形態について具体的に説明する。
 本発明の一実施形態の積層体は、金属基材と、前記金属基材上に形成されたニッケル含有めっき被膜層と、前記ニッケル含有めっき被膜層上に形成された金めっき被膜層とを有し、かつ、前記金めっき被膜層のピンホールが厚さ15nm以上の不働態被膜によって封孔されている。
 本発明の一実施形態の積層体の製造方法は、金属基材上にニッケル含有めっき被膜層を形成する工程(A)、前記ニッケル含有めっき被膜層上に金めっき被膜層を形成する工程(B)、および前記金めっき被膜層のピンホールに、厚さ15nm以上の不働態被膜を形成する封孔処理工程(C)を含む。
 [金属基材]
 本発明の一実施形態に用いられる金属基材は、少なくとも表面が金属からなる基材である。前記金属基材としては、特に限定されず、半導体製造装置の構成部材に一般的に用いられる金属が挙げられ、好ましくはステンレス鋼、鉄、アルミニウム、アルミニウム合金、銅および銅合金である。
 前記金属基材は、ニッケル含有めっき被膜層との密着性を強固にするために、工程(A)の前処理として、脱脂、酸洗浄またはニッケルストライク処理等の基材に応じた処理を施してもよい。ニッケルストライク処理は、ニッケル含有めっき浴を使った予備的めっき処理であり、ニッケルストライク処理における電流密度は、好ましくは5~20A/dm2、より好ましくは6~10A/dm2である。また、ニッケルストライク処理の時間は、5秒以上5分以下が好ましい。
 [ニッケル含有めっき被膜層]
 ニッケル含有めっき被膜層は、工程(A)により前記金属基材上に形成される。なお、前記金属基材にニッケルストライク処理を施した場合、金属基材とニッケルめっき被膜層の間にニッケルストライク層を有する。
 ニッケル含有めっき被膜層は、耐食性向上の観点から、リンを含有することが好ましく、リン濃度が8質量%以上10質量%未満のニッケル-リン合金めっき層(1)と、リン濃度が10質量%以上12質量%以下のニッケル-リン合金めっき層(2)とを、前記金属基材側からこの順で含むことがより好ましい。
 ニッケル含有めっき被膜層中のニッケル含有量は、ニッケル含有めっき被膜層全体を100質量%とした場合、好ましくは80質量%以上、より好ましくは85~95質量%、特に好ましくは88~92質量%である。ニッケル含有量が前記範囲であることにより、被膜層中のリンの比率が増え、優れた耐食性が発揮できる。また、リン濃度を変えた無電解ニッケル-リン合金めっき被膜を積層させると、ピンホール欠陥が異なる位置に形成されながら成膜するため、外乱が直接的に基材へと到着しにくくなり、耐食性向上が期待できる。
 <工程(A)>
 ニッケル含有めっき被膜層は、ニッケル塩と、還元剤としてリン化合物とを含む無電解メッキ浴を用いて金属基材上に形成することができる。ニッケル塩としては、例えば、硫酸ニッケル、塩化ニッケル、酢酸ニッケル、炭酸ニッケルなどが挙げられる。リン化合物としては、例えば、次亜リン酸ナトリウム、次亜リン酸カリウムなどが挙げられる。
 前記工程(A)は、ニッケル-リン合金めっき層(1)を形成させる工程(a1)と、該工程(a1)の後に、ニッケル-リン合金めっき層(2)を形成させる工程(a2)とを、含むことが好ましい。
 前記ニッケル-リン合金めっき層(1)の成膜速度は、好ましくは20~30μm/h(時間)、より好ましくは22~25μm/h(時間)であり、前記ニッケル-リン合金めっき層(2)の成膜速度は、好ましくは10~15μm/h(時間)、より好ましくは11~13μm/h(時間)である。このようにしてニッケル-リン合金めっき層(1)および(2)を形成することにより、耐食性を向上させることができる。ニッケル-リン合金めっき層(1)および(2)の膜厚は、それぞれ5μm以上が好ましく、7~25μmがより好ましく、ピンホールが発生しにくい被膜性能およびコストの観点から10~20μmがさらに好ましい。
 [金めっき被膜層]
 金めっき被膜層は、工程(B)により前記ニッケル含有めっき被膜層上に形成される。
 金めっき被膜中の金含有量は、金めっき被膜全体層全体を100質量%とした場合、好ましくは90質量%以上、より好ましくは99質量%以上、特に好ましくは99.9質量%以上である。金含有量が前記範囲であることにより、本願発明の積層体の耐食性が安定する。金含有量は、不純物定量法で求められる、すなわち、金めっきを王水で溶解し、原子吸光分析及び高周波誘導結合プラズマ(ICP)発光分光分析で測定される。
 金めっき被膜の厚みは、ピンホールが発生しにくい被膜性能およびコストの観点から、好ましくは0.1μm~1μmであり、より好ましくは0.2~0.9μmが好ましく、特に好ましくは0.3~0.8μmである。貴金属めっき被膜を厚くするとピンホールが減少していくことは、従来技術から公知であり、高い耐食性が期待されるが、価格が高額になるため実用上好ましくない。
 <工程(B)>
 前記金めっき被膜層の形成方法としては、特に限定されないが、無電解金めっき法が好ましい。無電解金めっき法では、置換型金めっきを行った後、還元型金めっきを行うことが好ましい。すなわち、前記工程(B)は、置換型金めっき被膜層を形成させる工程(b1)と、該工程(b1)の後に、還元型金めっき被膜層を形成させる工程(b2)とを含むことが好ましい。
 置換型金めっきでは、ニッケル被膜からニッケルが溶解し、その際に放出される電子によって溶液中の金イオンが還元され金めっき被膜として析出する。還元型金めっきでは、溶液中の金イオンが還元剤の酸化反応で放出される電子によって還元され、金めっき被膜が析出する。
 無電解金めっき液としては、例えば、シアン化金カリウム、塩化金、亜硫酸金、チオ硫酸金などを含んだめっき浴などが挙げられ、還元剤としては例えば、水酸化ナトリウム、ジメチルアミンボラン、ヘキサメチレンテトラミン、炭素数3個以上のアルキル基と複数アミノ基を有する鎖状ポリアミンなどが挙げられる。
 置換型金めっきを、好ましくは50~90℃で3~7分、より好ましくは65~75℃で3~7分、還元型金めっきを、好ましくは55~65℃で7~15分、より好ましくは58~62℃で7~15分実施することで金めっき被膜層を形成することができる。
 [不働態被膜]
 前記金めっき被膜層表面を工程(C)にて酸化処理することにより、前記金めっき被膜層のピンホールが不働態被膜によって封孔される。
 不働態被膜の厚さは、通常15nm以上、好ましくは18~50nm、より好ましくは20~40nm、特に好ましくは25~35nmである。不働態被膜の厚さが前記範囲であることにより、不働態被膜の耐久性等が実用上適したものとなる。
 <工程(C)>
 工程(C)では、前記工程(A)および(B)を経た金めっき被膜層のピンホールから露出するニッケル含有めっき被膜層表面を強制酸化することで不働態被膜を形成させ、ピンホールを封孔処理する。
 工程(C)は、酸素ガス濃度が、好ましくは50体積%以上、より好ましくは70~100体積%の雰囲気下で行われ、酸化温度は、好ましくは140~200℃、より好ましくは150~180℃である。酸素ガスに同伴されるガスとしては、窒素ガス、アルゴンガスなどの不活性ガスが挙げられる。金属基材がステンレス鋼の場合、好ましくは150~190℃、より好ましくは155℃~175℃、アルミニウム合金の場合、好ましくは140~160℃、より好ましくは145~155℃で酸化される。成膜温度が前記範囲であることにより、無電解ニッケル-合金めっきと金めっきの熱拡散のバランスが良い。
 酸化処理時間は、形成したい不働態被膜の厚さによって異なるが、優れた耐食性を発揮するためには、好ましくは20~100時間、より好ましくは30~80時間である。
 以下、本発明を実施例に基づいて更に具体的に説明するが、本発明はこれら実施例に限定されない。
 [実施例1]
 <工程(A)>
 ステンレス鋼(SUS316L)の表面に、前処理として、脱脂、酸洗浄およびニッケルストライク処理を施した。該ニッケルストライク処理を施したステンレス鋼の表面に、無電解ニッケル-リンめっき薬剤「ニムデン(商標)NSX」(上村工業(株)製)を使用して、めっき温度90℃、pH4.5~4.8の条件下、成膜速度10μm/25分で、成膜時のリン含有量が8~10質量%の無電解ニッケル-リン合金めっき被膜層(1)を形成した。次いで、無電解ニッケル-リンめっき薬剤「ニムデン(商標)HDX」(上村工業(株)製)を使用して、成膜速度10μm/50分で、成膜時のリン含有量が10~12質量%の無電解ニッケル―リン合金めっき被膜層(2)を形成した。これにより、ニッケルストライク処理を施したステンレス鋼上に、合計20μm厚のニッケル含有めっき被膜層を形成させた。
 <工程(B)>
 2種類の無電解金めっき液「フラッシュゴールドNC(置換型)」および「セルフゴールドOTK-IT(還元型)」(いずれも奥野製薬工業(株)製)をこの順で使用して、工程(A)で形成したニッケル含有めっき被膜層上に、それぞれ置換型めっき温度70℃で5分および還元型めっき温度60℃で10分の処理をこの順で行い、合計0.6μm厚の金めっき被膜層を形成させた。
 <工程(C)>
 工程(A)および(B)で形成したニッケル含有めっき被膜層および金めっき被膜層を有するステンレス鋼を常圧気相流通式反応炉の内部に装着し、炉内温度を165℃まで昇温させた。その後、大気を窒素ガスで置換し、続いて100体積%酸素ガスを導入して窒素ガスを酸素ガスに置換した。完全置換後、その状態を36時間保持し、金めっきを施工したときに発生したピンホールによる下地の無電解ニッケル-リン被膜の露出部分を強制酸化して、不働態被膜を形成させた。得られた不働態被膜をW-SEM「JSM-IT200」(日本電子株(製))で分析したところ、不働態被膜厚の膜厚は20nmであることを確認した。
 [実施例2]
 実施例1の工程(C)において100体積%酸素ガスを用いた強制酸化時間を72時間に変更した以外は実施例1と同様の方法で、不働態被膜を形成させた。得られた不働態被膜を実施例1と同様にして膜厚を求めたところ、30nmであることを確認した。
 [実施例3]
 実施例1においてステンレス鋼(SUS316L)の代わりにアルミニウム合金(A5052)を用いて、前処理として、脱脂、活性化処理、酸洗浄および亜鉛置換処理を施した後、実施例1と同様の方法で工程(A)および(B)を実施した。前記活性化処理は、処理剤として酸性フッ化アンモニウムと硝酸の混酸を用い、室温で30秒間行った。前記酸洗浄は、洗浄剤として硝酸を用い、室温で25秒間行った。前記亜鉛置換処理は、処理剤としてジンケート浴を用い、室温で25秒間行った。なお、前記酸洗浄および前記亜鉛置換処理は、上記条件でそれぞれ2回ずつ行った。
 工程(C)では強制酸化温度を150℃としたこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして、金めっき被膜上に不働態被膜を形成させた。得られた不働態被膜を実施例1と同様にして膜厚を求めたところ、20nmであることを確認した。
 [比較例1]
 実施例1の工程(A)のみを実施し、ステンレス鋼の表面にニッケル含有めっき被膜層20μmを形成させた。
 [比較例2]
 実施例1の工程(A)および(B)を実施後、ニッケル含有めっき被膜層および金めっき被膜層を有するステンレス鋼を大気に露出させて自然酸化被膜を形成させた。得られた自然酸化被膜を実施例1と同様にして膜厚を求めたところ、7nmであることを確認した。
 [比較例3]
 実施例1の工程(A)を実施した後に以下の処理を行った。ニッケル含有めっき被膜層を有するステンレス鋼を常圧気相流通式反応炉の内部に装着し、炉内温度を300℃まで昇温させた。その後、大気を窒素ガスで置換し、続いて100体積%酸素ガスを導入して窒素ガスを酸素ガスに置換した。完全置換後、その状態を12時間保持した。次いで、10体積%F2ガスを導入し、その状態を12時間保持することにより、ニッケル含有めっき被膜層上にフッ化ニッケル(NiF2)膜を形成させた。その後、成膜安定化を図るため窒素ガスを12時間注入した。
 [評価]
 上記実施例1~3および比較例1~3で得られた金属基材表面上の被膜について、下記の方法で評価を行った。評価結果を表1に示す。
 <塩酸耐食試験>
 縦15mm×横15mm×厚さ1mmの試験片を35質量%塩酸溶液に25℃で5時間浸漬させた。浸漬前後の質量減少量[mg/dm2]に基づいて下記基準で塩酸耐食性を評価した。
(評価基準)
A:0.1mg/dm2未満
B:0.1mg/dm2以上3mg/dm2未満
C:3mg/dm2以上
 <スチーム耐食試験>
 縦15mm×横15mm×厚さ1mmの試験片を190℃飽和水蒸気雰囲気下、144時間放置させた。試験前後の質量減少量[mg/dm2]に基づいて、下記基準でスチーム耐食性を評価した。
(評価基準)
A:0.1mg/dm2未満
B:0.1mg/dm2以上3mg/dm2未満
C:3mg/dm2以上
Figure JPOXMLDOC01-appb-T000001
 表1中、SUSはステンレス鋼(SUS316L)、Alはアルミニウム合金(A5052)を示す。
1・・・金属基材
2・・・ニッケル含有めっき被膜層
2a・・・ニッケル-リン合金めっき層(1)
2b・・・ニッケル-リン合金めっき層(2)
3・・・金めっき被膜層
4・・・ピンホール
5・・・不働態被膜

Claims (12)

  1.  金属基材と、前記金属基材上に形成されたニッケル含有めっき被膜層と、前記ニッケル含有めっき被膜層上に形成された金めっき被膜層とを有し、かつ、
     前記金めっき被膜層のピンホールが、厚さ15nm以上の不働態被膜によって封孔されている積層体。
  2.  前記金属基材が、ステンレス鋼、鉄、アルミニウム、アルミニウム合金、銅および銅合金からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1つの金属を含む、請求項1に記載の積層体。
  3.  前記金属基材と前記ニッケル含有めっき被膜層との間に、ニッケルストライク層を有する、請求項1又は請求項2に記載の積層体。
  4.  前記ニッケル含有めっき被膜層が、リン濃度が8質量%以上10質量%未満のニッケル-リン合金めっき層(1)と、リン濃度が10質量%以上12質量%以下のニッケル-リン合金めっき層(2)とを、前記金属基材側からこの順で含む、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の積層体。
  5.  前記金めっき被膜層が、置換型金めっき被膜層および還元型金めっき被膜層を、前記ニッケル含有めっき被膜層側からこの順で含む、請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の積層体。
  6.  請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の積層体からなる、半導体製造装置の構成部材。
  7.  金属基材上にニッケル含有めっき被膜層を形成する工程(A)、
     前記ニッケル含有めっき被膜層上に金めっき被膜層を形成する工程(B)、および
     前記金めっき被膜層のピンホールに、厚さ15nm以上の不働態被膜を形成する封孔処理工程(C)を含む、積層体の製造方法。
  8.  前記封孔処理工程(C)が、酸素ガス濃度50体積%以上および温度140~200℃の雰囲気下で行われる、請求項7に記載の積層体の製造方法。
  9.  前記金属基材が、ステンレス鋼、鉄、アルミニウム、アルミニウム合金、銅および銅合金からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1つの金属を含む、請求項7又は請求項8に記載の積層体の製造方法。
  10.  前記工程(A)の前に、金属基材に対し電流密度5~20A/dm2の条件でニッケルストライク処理を施す工程を含む、請求項7~9のいずれか一項に記載の積層体の製造方法。
  11.  前記工程(A)が、リン濃度が8質量%以上10質量%未満のニッケル-リン合金めっき層(1)を形成させる工程(a1)と、該工程(a1)の後に、リン濃度が10質量%以上12質量%以下のニッケル-リン合金めっき層(2)を形成させる工程(a2)とを含む、請求項7~10のいずれか一項に記載の積層体の製造方法。
  12.  前記工程(B)が、置換型金めっき被膜層を形成させる工程(b1)と、該工程(b1)の後に、還元型金めっき被膜層を形成させる工程(b2)とを含む、請求項7~11のいずれか一項に記載の積層体の製造方法。
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