WO2021193388A1 - リチウム二次電池 - Google Patents
リチウム二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2021193388A1 WO2021193388A1 PCT/JP2021/011260 JP2021011260W WO2021193388A1 WO 2021193388 A1 WO2021193388 A1 WO 2021193388A1 JP 2021011260 W JP2021011260 W JP 2021011260W WO 2021193388 A1 WO2021193388 A1 WO 2021193388A1
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- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
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- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
- H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- This disclosure relates to a lithium secondary battery.
- Patent Document 1 states that as a non-aqueous electrolyte battery in which gas generation suppression and low resistance are compatible, a positive electrode and monooblique titanium dioxide as an active material or Li 4 + a Ti 5 O 12 ( ⁇ 0.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte battery containing a non-aqueous electrolyte including one of them is disclosed.
- P1 is the intensity of the peak appearing in the range of 689 to 685 eV in the spectrum obtained by photoelectron spectroscopy on the surface of the negative electrode
- P2 is the intensity of the peak appearing in the range of 684 to 680 eV in the spectrum.
- Patent Document 1 International Publication No. 2017/154908
- An object of one aspect of the present disclosure is to provide a lithium secondary battery in which battery resistance after storage is reduced.
- the means for solving the above problems include the following aspects.
- the lithium secondary battery according to ⁇ 1> wherein the total content of the lithium difluorophosphate and the lithium monofluorophosphate is 0.01% by mass to 5% by mass with respect to the total amount of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution. .. ⁇ 3>
- the positive electrode includes a positive electrode mixture layer containing the positive electrode active material and the binder, and a positive electrode current collector, and the content of the polyvinylidene fluoride with respect to the total amount of the positive electrode mixture layer is 0.01.
- the lithium secondary battery according to ⁇ 1> or ⁇ 2> which has a mass% or more and 10% by mass or less.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte solution is A non-aqueous solvent containing ethylene carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), Electrolytes containing lithium salts containing fluorine and The lithium secondary battery according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 4>.
- a lithium secondary battery in which the battery resistance after storage is reduced is provided.
- FIG. 1 It is a schematic perspective view which shows an example of the laminated type battery which is an example of the lithium secondary battery of this disclosure. It is schematic cross-sectional view in the thickness direction of the laminated type electrode body housed in the laminated type battery shown in FIG. It is the schematic cross-sectional view which shows the example of the coin type battery which is another example of the lithium secondary battery of this disclosure.
- the numerical range represented by using “-” means a range including the numerical values before and after "-" as the lower limit value and the upper limit value.
- the amount of each component in the composition is the total amount of the plurality of substances present in the composition unless otherwise specified, when a plurality of substances corresponding to each component are present in the composition. Means.
- the lithium secondary battery of the present disclosure includes a positive electrode active material containing a compound represented by the following formula (X), and a positive electrode containing a binder containing polyvinylidene fluoride having a weight average molecular weight of 300,000 or more and 950,000 or less. , A negative electrode and a non-aqueous electrolytic solution containing at least one of lithium difluorophosphate and lithium monofluorophosphate. LiNi a Mn b Co c O 2 ... (X)
- a, b and c are independently more than 0 and less than 1.00, and the total of a, b and c is 0.99 to 1.00.
- the positive electrode includes a positive electrode active material containing a compound represented by the above formula (X) (also referred to as “compound (X)”) and a binder containing polyvinylidene fluoride having a weight average molecular weight of 300,000 or more and 950,000 or less. including.
- the positive electrode is a positive electrode capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions.
- the positive electrode preferably includes a positive electrode mixture layer containing a positive electrode active material and a binder, and a positive electrode current collector. The positive electrode mixture layer is provided on at least a part of the surface of the positive electrode current collector.
- the positive electrode in the lithium secondary battery of the present disclosure contains compound (X).
- compound (X) include LiNi 0.33 Mn 0.33 Co 0.33 O 2 , LiNi 0.5 Mn 0.3 Co 0.2 O 2 , and LiNi 0.6 Mn 0.2 Co 0. .2 O 2 , LiNi 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.1 O 2, and the like can be mentioned.
- a is greater than 0.4 and less than 1
- b is greater than 0 and less than 0.6
- c is greater than 0 and less than 0.6
- the sum of a, b and c is 1. Is preferable.
- a is more preferably 0.42 to 0.90, further preferably 0.45 to 0.90, and further preferably 0.48 to 0.90.
- b is more preferably 0.08 to 0.55, still more preferably 0.10 to 0.50, and even more preferably 0.10 to 0.40.
- c is more preferably 0.08 to 0.55, further preferably 0.10 to 0.50, and further preferably 0.10 to 0.30.
- Examples of the compound (X) include LiNi 0.5 Mn 0.3 Co 0.2 O 2 , LiNi 0.6 Mn 0.2 Co 0.2 O 2 , or LiNi 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.1. O 2 is preferable.
- the positive electrode active material may contain a lithium-containing composite oxide represented by the following general formula (Y) (hereinafter, also referred to as “NCA”).
- Y lithium-containing composite oxide represented by the following general formula (Y) (hereinafter, also referred to as “NCA”).
- NCA LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 .
- the positive electrode active material may be used alone or in combination of two or more. When the positive electrode active material has insufficient conductivity, it can be used together with a conductive auxiliary agent to form a positive electrode.
- a conductive auxiliary agent include carbon materials such as carbon black, amorphous whiskers, and graphite.
- the positive electrode in the lithium secondary battery of the present disclosure contains a binder containing polyvinylidene fluoride (hereinafter, also referred to as “PVDF”) having a weight average molecular weight of 300,000 or more and 950,000 or less.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- the weight average molecular weight of PVDF is preferably 350,000 or more and 900,000 or less, and more preferably 420,000 or more and 850,000 or less, from the viewpoint of further reducing the battery resistance after storage.
- the binder contained in the positive electrode may contain other than polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), for example, polyvinyl acetate, polymethylmethacrylate, nitrocellulose, fluororesin (excluding PVDF), rubber particles. And so on.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- the fluororesin include polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (FEP), vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer and the like.
- the rubber particles include styrene-butadiene rubber particles and acrylonitrile rubber particles.
- One type of binder can be used alone, and two or more types can be used in combination as needed.
- the content of polyvinylidene fluoride having a weight average molecular weight of 300,000 or more and 950,000 or less in the binder is preferably 90% by mass or more, more preferably 95% by mass or more, based on the total amount of the binder. It is more preferably 98% by mass or more, and particularly preferably 100% by mass.
- the positive electrode current collector As the positive electrode current collector, various types can be used, and for example, a metal or an alloy is used. More specific examples of the positive electrode current collector include aluminum, nickel, and SUS. Of these, aluminum is preferable from the viewpoint of balancing high conductivity and cost. Here, “aluminum” means pure aluminum or an aluminum alloy. As the positive electrode current collector, aluminum foil is particularly preferable. The aluminum foil is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include A1085 material and A3003 material.
- the weight average molecular weight with respect to the total mass of the positive electrode mixture layer is 300,000 or more and 95.
- the content of vinylidene fluoride which is 10,000 or less, is preferably 0.01% by mass or more and 10% by mass or less, more preferably 0.1% by mass or more and 9% by mass or less, and 1% by mass or more 8 It is more preferably 1% by mass or less, further preferably 1% by mass or more and 7% by mass or less, and particularly preferably 2% by mass or more and 5% by mass or less.
- the content of the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode mixture layer is, for example, 10% by mass or more, preferably 30% by mass or more, more preferably 50% by mass or more, and particularly preferably 70, based on the total amount of the positive electrode mixture layer. It is mass% or more.
- the content of the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode mixture layer is, for example, 99.9% by mass or less, preferably 99% by mass or less.
- the positive electrode includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode mixture layer
- the positive electrode mixture layer preferably contains a conductive auxiliary material.
- a known conductive auxiliary material can be used as the conductive auxiliary material.
- the conductive auxiliary material a known conductive auxiliary material can be used.
- the known conductive auxiliary material is not particularly limited as long as it is a conductive carbon material, but graphite, carbon black, conductive carbon fibers (carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, carbon fibers), fullerene and the like can be used. It can be used alone or in combination of two or more. Examples of commercially available carbon black include Talker Black # 4300, # 4400, # 4500, # 5500 (Tokai Carbon Co., Ltd., Furness Black), Printex L, etc. (Degusa Co., Ltd., Furness Black), Raven7000, 5750, etc.
- graphite examples include, but are not limited to, artificial graphite, natural graphite (for example, flake graphite, lump graphite, earth graphite, etc.) and the like.
- the positive electrode mixture layer may contain other components in addition to the above components.
- other components include thickeners, surfactants, dispersants, wetting agents, antifoaming agents and the like.
- the positive electrode mixture layer can be formed, for example, by applying a positive electrode mixture slurry containing a positive electrode active material and a binder to the surface of a positive electrode current collector and drying it.
- a positive electrode mixture slurry containing a positive electrode active material and a binder
- an organic solvent such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) is preferable.
- the coating method and the drying method are not particularly limited in applying the positive electrode mixture slurry to the positive electrode current collector and drying it.
- Examples of the coating method include slot die coating, slide coating, curtain coating, gravure coating and the like.
- Examples of the drying method include drying with warm air, hot air, and low humidity air; vacuum drying; drying with infrared (for example, far infrared) irradiation;
- the drying time and the drying temperature are not particularly limited, but the drying time is, for example, 1 minute to 30 minutes, and the drying temperature is, for example, 40 ° C. to 80 ° C.
- the positive electrode mixture layer is manufactured by applying a positive electrode mixture slurry on a positive electrode current collector, drying it, and then applying pressure treatment using a mold press, a roll press, or the like to obtain a void ratio of the positive electrode active material layer. It is preferable to have a step of lowering the temperature.
- the negative electrode in the lithium secondary battery of the present disclosure is a negative electrode capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions.
- the negative electrode preferably contains at least one negative electrode active material capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions.
- the negative electrode more preferably includes a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode mixture layer containing a negative electrode active material and a binder. The negative electrode mixture layer is provided on at least a part of the surface of the negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode active material is not particularly limited as long as it is a substance that can occlude and release lithium ions.
- the negative electrode active material include metallic lithium, lithium-containing alloys, metals or alloys that can be alloyed with lithium, oxides that can be doped / dedoped with lithium ions, and lithium ions that can be doped / dedoped.
- At least one selected from the group consisting of transition metal nitridants and carbon materials capable of doping and dedoping lithium ions may be used alone, or a mixture containing two or more of these may be used. Good) can be used.
- a negative electrode active material capable of increasing the charging voltage (that is, the potential difference obtained by subtracting the negative electrode potential from the positive electrode potential) when the battery is fully charged (for example, 3.5 V or more) is preferable.
- the charging voltage when the battery is fully charged is high (for example, 3.5 V or more)
- the effect of limiting the weight average molecular weight of polyvinylidene fluoride in the positive electrode to 300,000 or more and 950,000 or less (that is, the battery after storage).
- the effect of reducing resistance is played more effectively.
- the preferable range of the charging voltage when the battery is fully charged the preferable range of the charging voltage when the lithium secondary battery of the present disclosure is fully charged, which will be described later, can be referred to.
- a carbon material capable of doping and dedoping lithium ions is preferable from the viewpoint of being able to raise the charging voltage when the battery is fully charged (for example, 3.5 V or more).
- the carbon material include carbon black, activated carbon, graphite material (for example, artificial graphite, natural graphite, etc.), amorphous carbon material, and the like.
- the form of the carbon material may be fibrous, spherical, potato-like, or flake-like.
- the particle size of the carbon material is not particularly limited, but is, for example, 5 ⁇ m to 50 ⁇ m, preferably 20 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m.
- amorphous carbon material examples include hard carbon, coke, mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB) fired at 1500 ° C. or lower, and mesophase pitch carbon fiber (MCF).
- MCMB mesocarbon microbeads
- MCF mesophase pitch carbon fiber
- the negative electrode preferably contains a negative electrode active material containing a graphite material.
- the charging voltage when the battery is fully charged can be made higher (for example, 3.5 V or more).
- the graphite material include natural graphite and artificial graphite.
- the artificial graphite graphitized MCMB, graphitized MCF and the like are used.
- the graphite material a material containing boron or the like can also be used.
- a material coated with a metal such as gold, platinum, silver, copper or tin
- a material coated with amorphous carbon, or a mixture of amorphous carbon and graphite can also be used.
- These carbon materials may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the negative electrode mixture layer preferably contains a conductive auxiliary material.
- a conductive auxiliary material a known conductive auxiliary material can be used. Specific examples of the conductive auxiliary material that can be contained in the negative electrode mixture layer are the same as the specific examples of the conductive auxiliary material that can be contained in the positive electrode mixture layer described above.
- the negative electrode mixture layer may contain other components in addition to the above components.
- other components include thickeners, surfactants, dispersants, wetting agents, antifoaming agents and the like.
- the negative electrode mixture layer can be formed, for example, by applying a negative electrode mixture slurry containing a negative electrode active material and a binder to the surface of the negative electrode current collector and drying it.
- Water is preferably used as the solvent contained in the negative electrode mixture slurry, but if necessary, for example, a liquid medium compatible with water is used in order to improve the coatability on the current collector. You may.
- Liquid media compatible with water include alcohols, glycols, cellosolves, aminoalcohols, amines, ketones, carboxylic acid amides, phosphoric acid amides, sulfoxides, carboxylic acid esters, and phosphoric acid esters. , Ethers, nitriles and the like, and may be used as long as they are compatible with water.
- the preferred embodiment of the method for forming the negative electrode mixture layer is the same as the preferred embodiment of the method for forming the positive electrode mixture layer described above.
- Examples of the separator in the lithium secondary battery of the present disclosure include a porous flat plate containing a resin such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyester, cellulose, and polyamide. Further, as the separator, a non-woven fabric containing the above resin can also be mentioned.
- a preferable example is a porous resin sheet having a single-layer or multi-layer structure composed mainly of one or more types of polyolefin resins.
- the thickness of the separator can be, for example, 5 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m.
- the separator is preferably arranged between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte solution in the lithium secondary battery of the present disclosure contains at least one of lithium difluorophosphate (LiPO 2 F 2 : also referred to as “LiDFP”) and lithium monofluorophosphate (Li 2 PO 3 F). ..
- the non-aqueous electrolyte solution preferably contains a non-aqueous solvent containing ethylene carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and methyl ethyl carbonate (EMC), and an electrolyte containing a lithium salt containing fluorine.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- EMC methyl ethyl carbonate
- the battery resistance after storage is reduced.
- the reason for this effect is not clear, but it is presumed as follows.
- the positive electrode of the lithium secondary battery of the present disclosure contains polyvinylidene fluoride having a weight average molecular weight of 300,000 or more and 950,000 or less as a binder. It is considered that the inclusion of polyvinylidene fluoride having a weight average molecular weight in this range makes the space between the positive electrode active materials in the positive electrode an appropriate distance so as not to hinder the diffusivity of lithium ions and electrons.
- the circulation of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution is improved, and at least one of the lithium difluorophosphate and the lithium monofluorophosphate contained in the non-aqueous electrolyte solution is positive electrode. It becomes easy to be stably supplied to the surface of the active material. Therefore, it is considered that the increase in the positive electrode resistance is suppressed during storage, and as a result, the battery resistance after storage is reduced.
- the total content of lithium difluorophosphate and lithium monofluorophosphate with respect to the total amount of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution is not particularly limited, but is 0.01% by mass to 5% by mass from the viewpoint of reducing battery resistance after storage. Is preferable.
- the total content of lithium difluorophosphate and lithium monofluorophosphate with respect to the total amount of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution is more preferably 0.2% by mass or more, still more preferably 0.3% by mass or more, still more preferably 0.3% by mass or more. It is 0.5% by mass or more.
- the chemical stability of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution is further improved.
- the total content of lithium difluorophosphate and lithium monofluorophosphate with respect to the total amount of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution is more preferably 3.0% by mass or less, still more preferably 2.0% by mass or less, still more preferably. It is 1.0% by mass or less.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte solution in the lithium secondary battery of the present disclosure may contain at least one of lithium difluorophosphate and lithium monofluorophosphate as an additive for a battery, or may be contained as a source of an electrolyte.
- the concentration of the electrolyte is 0.1 mol / L to 3 mol /. L is preferable, and 0.5 mol / L to 2 mol / L is more preferable.
- the amount of at least one of the above lithium difluorophosphate and lithium monofluorophosphate was compared with the amount added to the non-aqueous electrolyte solution. May decrease. Therefore, if at least one of the above lithium difluorophosphate and lithium monofluorophosphate can be detected in the non-aqueous electrolyte solution taken out from the battery even in a small amount, it falls within the range of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution in the lithium secondary battery of the present disclosure. included.
- the lithium difluorophosphate and the lithium monofluorophosphate can be found in the non-aqueous electrolyte solution or in the coating of the electrode. If a compound derived from at least one decomposition product of lithium phosphate is detected, it is also considered to be included in the range of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution in the lithium secondary battery of the present disclosure. These treatments are the same for compounds other than at least one of the above lithium difluorophosphate and lithium monofluorophosphate that can be contained in the non-aqueous electrolytic solution.
- the non-aqueous electrolytic solution in the lithium secondary battery of the present disclosure preferably contains at least one non-aqueous solvent.
- the non-aqueous solvent include cyclic carbonates, fluorocyclic carbonates, chain carbonates, fluorochain carbonates, aliphatic carboxylic acid esters, fluoroaliphatic carboxylic acid esters, and ⁇ -lactones.
- Fluorine-containing ⁇ -lactones Fluorine-containing ⁇ -lactones, cyclic ethers, fluorocyclic ethers, chain ethers, fluorine-containing chain ethers, nitriles, amides, lactams, nitromethane, nitroethane, sulfolane, trimethyl phosphate, dimethyl sulfoxide , Dimethylsulfoxidophosphate, and the like.
- Examples of the cyclic carbonates include ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), butylene carbonate (BC), and the like.
- Examples of the fluorine-containing cyclic carbonates include fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and the like.
- Examples of chain carbonates include dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), methyl propyl carbonate (MPC), ethyl propyl carbonate (EPC), dipropyl carbonate (DPC), and the like. Can be mentioned.
- Examples of aliphatic carboxylic acid esters include methyl formate, methyl acetate, methyl propionate, methyl butyrate, methyl isobutyrate, methyl trimethylbutyrate, ethyl formate, ethyl acetate, ethyl propionate, ethyl butyrate, ethyl isobutyrate, and trimethyl.
- Ethyl butyrate, etc. may be mentioned.
- Examples of ⁇ -lactones include ⁇ -butyrolactone, ⁇ -valerolactone, etc.
- cyclic ethers examples include tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, 1,3-dioxolane, 4-methyl-.
- chain ethers such as 1,3-dioxoran, 1,3-dioxane, 1,4-dioxane, etc. include 1,2-ethoxyethane (DEE), ethoxymethoxyethane (EME), diethyl ether. , 1,2-Dimethoxyethane, 1,2-dibutoxyethane, and the like.
- nitriles include acetonitrile, glutaronitrile, adiponitrile, methoxynitrile, 3-methoxypropionitrile, and the like.
- amides include N, N-dimethylformamide, and the like.
- lactams include N-methylpyrrolidinone, N-methyloxazolidinone, N, N'-dimethylimidazolidinone, and the like.
- the non-aqueous solvent preferably contains at least one selected from the group consisting of cyclic carbonates, fluorine-containing cyclic carbonates, chain carbonates, and fluorine-containing chain carbonates.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte solution is more preferably a non-aqueous solvent containing ethylene carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and methyl ethyl carbonate (EMC).
- EC ethylene carbonate
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- EMC methyl ethyl carbonate
- the total ratio of the cyclic carbonates, the fluorocyclic carbonates, the chain carbonates, and the fluorine-containing chain carbonates to the non-aqueous solvent is preferably 50% by mass to 100% by mass. It is more preferably 60% by mass to 100% by mass, and further preferably 80% by mass to 100% by mass.
- the non-aqueous solvent preferably contains at least one selected from the group consisting of cyclic carbonates and chain carbonates.
- the total ratio of the cyclic carbonates and the chain carbonates to the non-aqueous solvent is preferably 50% by mass to 100% by mass, more preferably 60% by mass to 100% by mass, and further. It is preferably 80% by mass to 100% by mass.
- the ratio of the non-aqueous solvent to the non-aqueous electrolytic solution is preferably 60% by mass or more, and more preferably 70% by mass or more.
- the upper limit of the ratio of the non-aqueous solvent to the non-aqueous electrolyte solution depends on the content of other components (electrolytes, etc.), but the upper limit is, for example, 99% by mass, preferably 97% by mass, and further. It is preferably 90% by mass.
- the intrinsic viscosity of the non-aqueous solvent is preferably 10.0 mPa ⁇ s or less at 25 ° C. from the viewpoint of further improving the dissociability of the electrolyte and the mobility of ions.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte solution preferably contains at least one type of electrolyte which is a fluorine-containing lithium salt (hereinafter, also referred to as “fluorine-containing lithium salt”).
- fluorine-containing lithium salt examples include; Lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF 4), lithium hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF 6), lithium hexafluoro tantalate (LiTaF 6), etc.
- Lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate Lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiCF 3 SO 3 ), Lithium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide (Li (FSO 2 ) 2 N), Lithium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (Li (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N), Lithium Organic acid anion salts such as bis (pentafluoroethanesulfonyl) imide (Li (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 N); And so on.
- LiPF 6 is particularly preferable.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte solution may contain an electrolyte which is a lithium salt containing no fluorine.
- an electrolyte which is a lithium salt containing no fluorine.
- fluorine-free lithium salt include lithium perchlorate (LiClO 4 ), lithium tetrachloride (LiAlCl 4 ), lithium decachlorodecaboric acid (Li 2 B 10 Cl 10 ) and the like.
- the ratio of the fluorine-containing lithium salt to the total electrolyte contained in the non-aqueous electrolyte solution is preferably 50% by mass to 100% by mass, more preferably 60% by mass to 100% by mass, and further preferably 80. It is from mass% to 100% by mass.
- the ratio of LiPF 6 to the total electrolyte contained in the non-aqueous electrolyte solution is preferably 50% by mass to 100% by mass, more preferably 60% by mass to 100% by mass, and further preferably 80% by mass. ⁇ 100% by mass.
- the concentration of the electrolyte in the non-aqueous electrolyte solution is preferably 0.1 mol / L to 3 mol / L, and more preferably 0.5 mol / L to 2 mol / L.
- the concentration of LiPF 6 in the non-aqueous electrolytic solution is preferably 0.1 mol / L to 3 mol / L, and more preferably 0.5 mol / L to 2 mol / L.
- the non-aqueous electrolytic solution in the lithium secondary battery of the present disclosure preferably contains at least one cyclic carbonate having an unsaturated bond from the viewpoint of further improving the chemical stability of the non-aqueous electrolytic solution. ..
- Examples of the cyclic carbonate having an unsaturated bond include a vinylene carbonate-based compound, a vinylethylene carbonate-based compound, and a methyleneethylene carbonate-based compound.
- vinylene carbonate-based compound examples include vinylene carbonate (also known as 1,3-dioxol-2-one), methylvinylene carbonate (also known as 4-methyl-1,3-dioxol-2-one), and ethylvinylene carbonate (also known as 4-methyl-1,3-dioxol-2-one).
- vinylethylene carbonate-based compound examples include vinylethylene carbonate (also known as 4-vinyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-one), 4-methyl-4-vinyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-one, and 4, -Ethyl-4-vinyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-one, 4-n-propyl-4-vinyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-one, 5-methyl-4-vinyl-1,3-dioxolane -2-one, 4,4-divinyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-one, 4,5-divinyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-one, and the like can be mentioned.
- vinylethylene carbonate also known as 4-vinyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-one
- 4-methyl-4-vinyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-one examples include 4-methyl-4-vinyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-one, and 4, -
- methylene ethylene carbonate compounds examples include 4-methylene-1,3-dioxolane-2-one, 4,4-dimethyl-5-methylene-1,3-dioxolane-2-one, and 4,4-diethyl-5-one. Examples thereof include methylene-1,3-dioxolane-2-one, and the like.
- vinylene carbonate is particularly preferable.
- the content of the cyclic carbonate having an unsaturated bond is preferably 0.1% by mass to 5% by mass based on the total amount of the non-aqueous electrolytic solution. It is 0.0% by mass, more preferably 0.2% by mass to 3.0% by mass, further preferably 0.2% by mass to 2.0% by mass, still more preferably 0.3% by mass to 0.3% by mass. It is 1.0% by mass.
- the content of vinylene carbonate is preferably 0.1% by mass to 5.0% by mass, more preferably 0.2, based on the total amount of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution. It is from mass% to 3.0% by mass, more preferably 0.2% by mass to 2.0% by mass, and further preferably 0.3% by mass to 1.0% by mass.
- the method for producing the non-aqueous electrolytic solution in the lithium secondary battery of the present disclosure is not particularly limited.
- the non-aqueous electrolytic solution may be produced by mixing each component.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte solution for example, The process of dissolving the electrolyte in a non-aqueous solvent to obtain a solution, A step of adding at least one of lithium difluorophosphate and lithium monofluorophosphate (and other additives, if necessary) to the obtained solution and mixing them to obtain a non-aqueous electrolyte solution.
- Examples thereof include manufacturing methods including.
- the lithium secondary battery of the present disclosure can take various known shapes, and can be formed into a cylindrical type, a coin type, a square type, a laminated type, a film type, or any other shape.
- the basic structure of the battery is the same regardless of the shape, and the design can be changed according to the purpose.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view showing an example of a laminated battery which is an example of the lithium secondary battery of the present disclosure
- FIG. 2 is a thickness of a laminated electrode body housed in the laminated battery shown in FIG. It is a schematic cross-sectional view of a direction.
- the laminated battery shown in FIG. 1 contains a non-aqueous electrolytic solution (not shown in FIG. 1) and a laminated electrode body (not shown in FIG. 1), and the peripheral edge thereof is sealed.
- a laminated exterior body 1 whose inside is hermetically sealed is provided.
- the laminated electrode body housed in the laminated exterior body 1 is a laminated body in which a positive electrode plate 5 and a negative electrode plate 6 are alternately laminated via a separator 7, and a laminated body of the laminated body.
- a separator 8 that surrounds the periphery is provided.
- the positive electrode plate 5, the negative electrode plate 6, the separator 7, and the separator 8 are impregnated with the non-aqueous electrolytic solution of the present disclosure.
- the plurality of positive electrode plates 5 in the laminated electrode body are all electrically connected to the positive electrode terminal 2 via the positive electrode tab (not shown), and a part of the positive electrode terminal 2 is the laminated exterior body 1. It protrudes outward from the peripheral end (Fig. 1).
- the plurality of negative electrode plates 6 in the laminated electrode body are all electrically connected to the negative electrode terminal 3 via the negative electrode tab (not shown), and a part of the negative electrode terminal 3 is the laminated exterior. It protrudes outward from the peripheral end of the body 1 (FIG. 1). A portion of the peripheral end of the laminated exterior body 1 from which the negative electrode terminal 3 protrudes is sealed with an insulating seal 4.
- the number of positive electrode plates 5 is 5 and the number of negative electrode plates 6 is 6, and the positive electrode plate 5 and the negative electrode plate 6 are located on both sides of the battery via the separator 7.
- the outer layers are all laminated so as to be the negative electrode plate 6.
- the number of positive electrode plates, the number of negative electrode plates, and the arrangement of the laminated battery are not limited to this example, and various changes may be made.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic perspective view showing an example of a coin-type battery, which is another example of the lithium secondary battery of the present disclosure.
- a disk-shaped negative electrode 12 a separator 15 injected with a non-aqueous electrolyte solution, a disk-shaped positive electrode 11, and, if necessary, spacer plates 17 and 18 made of stainless steel or aluminum are arranged in this order.
- the positive electrode can 13 hereinafter, also referred to as “battery can”
- the sealing plate 14 hereinafter, also referred to as “battery can lid”.
- the positive electrode can 13 and the sealing plate 14 are caulked and sealed via the gasket 16.
- a non-aqueous electrolytic solution containing at least one of lithium difluorophosphate and lithium monofluorophosphate is used as the non-aqueous electrolytic solution to be injected into the separator 15.
- the lithium secondary battery of the present disclosure may be a lithium secondary battery obtained by charging / discharging a lithium secondary battery (a lithium secondary battery before charging / discharging). That is, in the lithium secondary battery of the present disclosure, first, a lithium secondary battery before charging / discharging is manufactured, and then the lithium secondary battery manufactured by charging / discharging the lithium secondary battery before charging / discharging at least once. It may be a secondary battery (charged / discharged lithium secondary battery).
- the use of the lithium secondary battery of the present disclosure is not particularly limited, and it can be used for various known uses.
- the lithium secondary battery of the present disclosure preferably has a high charging voltage (for example, 3.5 V or more) when fully charged.
- a high charging voltage for example, 3.5 V or more
- the charging voltage of the lithium secondary battery of the present disclosure when fully charged is preferably 3.5 V or more, more preferably 3.7 V or more, still more preferably 4.0 V or more, still more preferably 4. It is 0V or more.
- the upper limit of the charging voltage when the lithium secondary battery of the present disclosure is fully charged is preferably 5.0 V, more preferably 4.8 V, still more preferably 4.6 V, still more preferably 4.2 V. Is.
- addition amount means the content of the finally obtained non-aqueous electrolytic solution with respect to the total amount
- wt% means mass%
- Example 1 A coin-type lithium secondary battery (hereinafter, also referred to as “coin-type battery”) having the configuration shown in FIG. 3 was produced by the following procedure.
- Amorphous coated natural graphite (97 parts by mass), carboxymethyl cellulose (1 part by mass) and SBR latex (2 parts by mass) were kneaded with an aqueous solvent to prepare a paste-like negative electrode mixture slurry.
- this negative electrode mixture slurry is applied to a negative electrode current collector made of a strip-shaped copper foil having a thickness of 10 ⁇ m, dried, and then compressed by a roll press to form a sheet composed of the negative electrode current collector and the negative electrode active material layer.
- a negative electrode was obtained.
- the coating density of the negative electrode active material layer was 10 mg / cm 2
- the packing density was 1.5 g / ml.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- EMC methyl ethyl carbonate
- LiPF 6 as an electrolyte was dissolved in the obtained mixed solvent so that the electrolyte concentration in the finally prepared non-aqueous electrolyte solution was 1.2 mol / liter.
- Lithium difluorophosphate also referred to as "LiDFP" was dissolved in the obtained solution so as to be 1.0% by mass based on the total amount of the non-aqueous electrolytic solution to obtain a non-aqueous electrolytic solution.
- the reference non-aqueous electrolyte solution is the same as the above preparation of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution except that LiDFP is not contained as the reference non-aqueous electrolyte solution (hereinafter, also referred to as “reference non-aqueous electrolyte solution”).
- ⁇ Making coin-type batteries> The above-mentioned negative electrode was punched in a disk shape with a diameter of 14 mm and the above-mentioned positive electrode was punched in a disk shape, respectively, to obtain a coin-shaped negative electrode and a coin-shaped positive electrode, respectively. Further, a microporous polyethylene film having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m was punched into a disk shape having a diameter of 17 mm to obtain a separator.
- the obtained coin-shaped negative electrode, separator, and coin-shaped positive electrode are laminated in a stainless steel battery can (2032 size) in this order, and then 20 ⁇ L of the above non-aqueous electrolyte solution is placed in the battery can.
- a coin-type battery that is, a coin-type lithium secondary battery having a diameter of 20 mm and a height of 3.2 mm and having the configuration shown in FIG. 3 was obtained.
- reference coin-type battery (hereinafter, also referred to as “reference battery”)
- the above-mentioned reference non-aqueous electrolyte solution that is, a non-aqueous electrolyte solution not containing LiDFP
- a reference battery was obtained in the same manner as in the above-mentioned production of the coin-type battery except that the above-mentioned coin-type battery was used.
- the obtained coin-type battery and the reference battery were each repeatedly charged and discharged at a constant voltage of 4.2 V three times, and charged until the SOC became 100% and the voltage became 4.2 V.
- the charging voltage (4.2V) is the charging voltage when the battery is fully charged.
- the coin-type battery and the reference battery were stored in an environment of 60 ° C. for 9 days, respectively.
- the DC resistance was determined by the following method and used as the DC resistance of the battery after storage for 9 days.
- Examples 2 to 3 Comparative Examples 1 to 2
- a coin-type battery and a reference battery were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that PVDF having a weight average molecular weight shown in Table 1 was used, and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. rice field. The results are shown in Table 1.
- the non-aqueous electrolytic solution contains LiDFP. Therefore, it can be seen that the effect of reducing the battery resistance after storage can be obtained.
- the weight average molecular weight of PVDF contained in the positive electrode was more than 950,000, the above effect was not obtained even if the non-aqueous electrolyte solution contained LiDFP, and the battery resistance after storage was rather increased. .. Further, even when the weight average molecular weight of PVDF contained in the positive electrode is less than 300,000, the above effect was not obtained even if the non-aqueous electrolytic solution contained LiDFP.
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Abstract
Description
例えば、特許文献1には、ガス発生の抑制と低抵抗とが両立された非水電解質電池として、正極と、活物質としての単斜晶型二酸化チタンまたはLi4+aTi5O12(-0.5≦a≦3)とバインダーとしての分子量が40万以上100万以下であるポリフッ化ビニリデンとを含み、下記式(I)を満たす負極と、ジフルオロリン酸塩またはモノフルオロリン酸塩の少なくともいずれか一方を含む非水電解質とを含む非水電解質電池が開示されている。
0.1≦(P2/P1)≦0.4 (I)
ここで、P1は前記負極の表面に対する光電子分光測定によって得られるスペクトルにおいて689~685eVの範囲内に現れるピークの強度、P2は前記スペクトルにおいて684~680eVの範囲内に現れるピークの強度である。
本開示の一態様の目的は、保存後の電池抵抗が低減されるリチウム二次電池を提供することである。
LiNiaMnbCocO2 … (X)
〔式(X)中、a、b及びcは、それぞれ独立に、0超1.00未満であり、かつ、a、b及びcの合計は、0.99~1.00である。〕
<2> 前記非水電解液の全量に対する、前記ジフルオロリン酸リチウム及び前記モノフルオロリン酸リチウムの合計含有量は0.01質量%~5質量%である<1>に記載のリチウム二次電池。
<3> 前記正極が、前記正極活物質と前記バインダーとを含む正極合材層と、正極集電体とを含み、前記正極合材層の全量に対する前記ポリフッ化ビニリデンの含有量が0.01質量%以上10質量%以下である<1>又は<2>に記載のリチウム二次電池。
<4> 前記負極が、黒鉛材料を含有する負極活物質を含む<1>~<3>のいずれか一つに記載のリチウム二次電池。
<5> 前記非水電解液が、
エチレンカーボネート(EC)とジメチルカーボネート(DMC)とエチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)とを含む非水溶媒と、
フッ素を含むリチウム塩を含む電解質と、
を含有する<1>~<4>のいずれか一つに記載のリチウム二次電池。
<6> 満充電時における充電電圧が、3.5V以上である、<5>に記載のリチウム二次電池。
本明細書において、組成物中の各成分の量は、組成物中に各成分に該当する物質が複数存在する場合は、特に断らない限り、組成物中に存在する当該複数の物質の合計量を意味する。
本開示のリチウム二次電池は、下記式(X)で表される化合物を含む正極活物質と、重量平均分子量が30万以上95万以下であるポリフッ化ビニリデンを含むバインダーと、を含む正極と、負極と、ジフルオロリン酸リチウム及びモノフルオロリン酸リチウムの少なくとも一方を含有する非水電解液と、を含む。
LiNiaMnbCocO2 … (X)
正極は、上記式(X)で表される化合物(「化合物(X)」ともいう。)を含む正極活物質と、重量平均分子量が30万以上95万以下であるポリフッ化ビニリデンを含むバインダーとを含む。
正極は、リチウムイオンを吸蔵及び放出可能な正極である。
正極は、好ましくは、正極活物質及びバインダーを含有する正極合材層と、正極集電体と、を備える。
正極合材層は、正極集電体の表面の少なくとも一部に設けられる
本開示のリチウム二次電池における正極には、化合物(X)を含む。
化合物(X)の具体例としては、LiNi0.33Mn0.33Co0.33O2、LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2、LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2、LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2等が挙げられる。
式(X)中、bは、より好ましくは0.08~0.55であり、更に好ましくは0.10~0.50であり、更に好ましくは0.10~0.40である。
式(X)中、cは、より好ましくは0.08~0.55であり、更に好ましくは0.10~0.50であり、更に好ましくは0.10~0.30である。
(一般式(Y)中、tは、0.95以上1.15以下であり、xは、0以上0.3以下であり、yは、0.1以上0.2以下であり、x及びyの合計は、0.5未満である。)
本開示のリチウム二次電池における正極には、重量平均分子量が30万以上95万以下であるポリフッ化ビニリデン(以下、「PVDF」ともいう。)を含むバインダーを含む。これにより、保存後の電池抵抗を低減することができる。
PVDFの重量平均分子量は、保存後の電池抵抗をより低減する観点から、好ましくは35万以上90万以下であり、より好ましくは42万以上85万以下である。
フッ素樹脂としては、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)、テトラフルオロエチレン-ヘキサフルオロプロピレン共重合体(FEP)、フッ化ビニリデン-ヘキサフルオロプロピレン共重合体等が挙げられる。
ゴム粒子としては、スチレン-ブタジエンゴム粒子、アクリロニトリルゴム粒子等が挙げられる。
バインダーは1種を単独で使用でき、必要に応じて2種以上を組み合わせて使用できる。
正極集電体としては、各種のものを使用することができるが、例えば、金属又は合金が用いられる。
正極集電体として、より具体的には、アルミニウム、ニッケル、SUS等が挙げられる。中でも、導電性の高さとコストとのバランスの観点から、アルミニウムが好ましい。ここで、「アルミニウム」は、純アルミニウム又はアルミニウム合金を意味する。
正極集電体として、特に好ましくはアルミニウム箔である。
アルミニウム箔としては特に限定されないが、A1085材、A3003材、等が挙げられる。
また、正極合材層中の正極活物質の含有量は、例えば99.9質量%以下、好ましくは99質量%以下である。
正極が、正極集電体と正極合材層とを備える場合、正極合材層は、導電助材を含むことが好ましい。
導電助材としては、公知の導電助材を使用することができる。
公知の導電助材としては、導電性を有する炭素材料であれば特に限定されるものではないが、グラファイト、カーボンブラック、導電性炭素繊維(カーボンナノチューブ、カーボンナノファイバー、カーボンファイバー)、フラーレン等を単独で、もしくは2種類以上を併せて使用することができる。
市販のカーボンブラックとしては、例えば、トーカブラック#4300、#4400、#4500、#5500等(東海カーボン社製、ファーネスブラック)、プリンテックスL等(デグサ社製、ファーネスブラック)、Raven7000、5750、5250、5000ULTRAIII、5000ULTRA等、Conductex SC ULTRA、Conductex 975ULTRA等、PUER BLACK100、115、205等(コロンビヤン社製、ファーネスブラック)、#2350、#2400B、#2600B、#30050B、#3030B、#3230B、#3350B、#3400B、#5400B等(三菱化学社製、ファーネスブラック)、MONARCH1400、1300、900、VulcanXC-72R、BlackPearls2000、LITX-50、LITX-200等(キャボット社製、ファーネスブラック)、Ensaco250G、Ensaco260G、Ensaco350G、Super-P(TIMCAL社製)、ケッチェンブラックEC-300J、EC-600JD(アクゾ社製)、デンカブラック、デンカブラックHS-100、FX-35(電気化学工業社製、アセチレンブラック)等が挙げられる。
グラファイトとしては、例えば、人造黒鉛、天然黒鉛(例えば、燐片状黒鉛、塊状黒鉛、土状黒鉛等)等が挙げられるが、これらに限定されるものではない。
正極が、正極集電体と正極合材層とを備える場合、正極合材層は、上記各成分に加えて、その他の成分を含んでいてもよい。
その他の成分としては、増粘剤、界面活性剤、分散剤、濡れ剤、消泡剤等が挙げられる。
正極合材層は、例えば、正極活物質及びバインダーを含む正極合材スラリーを正極集電体の表面に塗布し、乾燥させることによって形成できる。
正極合材スラリーに含まれる溶媒としては、N-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)等の有機溶媒が好ましい。
塗布方法としては、例えば、スロット・ダイコーティング、スライドコーティング、カーテンコーティング、グラビアコーティング等が挙げられる。
乾燥方法としては、温風、熱風、低湿風による乾燥;真空乾燥;赤外線(例えば遠赤外線)照射による乾燥;が挙げられる。
乾燥時間及び乾燥温度については、特に限定されないが、乾燥時間は例えば1分~30分であり、乾燥温度は例えば40℃~80℃である。
正極合材層の製造方法は、正極集電体上に正極合剤スラリーを塗布し、乾燥させた後、金型プレス、ロールプレス等を用いた加圧処理により、正極活物質層の空隙率を低くする工程を有することが好ましい。
本開示のリチウム二次電池における負極は、リチウムイオンを吸蔵及び放出可能な負極である。
負極は、好ましくは、リチウムイオンを吸蔵及び放出可能な負極活物質を少なくとも1種含む。
負極は、より好ましくは、負極集電体と、負極活物質及びバインダーを含有する負極合材層と、を備える。
負極合材層は、負極集電体の表面の少なくとも一部に設けられる。
負極活物質としては、リチウムイオンを吸蔵及び放出可能な物質であれば特に制限はない。
負極活物質としては、例えば、金属リチウム、リチウム含有合金、リチウムとの合金化が可能な金属もしくは合金、リチウムイオンのドープ・脱ドープが可能な酸化物、リチウムイオンのドープ・脱ドープが可能な遷移金属窒素化物、および、リチウムイオンのドープ・脱ドープが可能な炭素材料からなる群から選ばれた少なくとも1種(単独で用いてもよいし、これらの2種以上を含む混合物を用いてもよい)を用いることができる。
電池の満充電時における充電電圧が高い(例えば3.5V以上)場合には、正極におけるポリフッ化ビニリデンの重量平均分子量を30万以上95万以下に限定したことによる効果(即ち、保存後の電池抵抗を低減させる効果)がより効果的に奏される。
電池の満充電時における充電電圧の好ましい範囲については、後述する本開示のリチウム二次電池の満充電時における充電電圧の好ましい範囲を参照することができる。
上記炭素材料としては、カーボンブラック、活性炭、黒鉛材料(例えば、人造黒鉛、天然黒鉛等)、非晶質炭素材料、等が挙げられる。
上記炭素材料の形態は、繊維状、球状、ポテト状、フレーク状いずれの形態であってもよい。
上記炭素材料の粒径は特に限定されないが、例えば5μm~50μm、好ましくは20μm~30μmである。
負極が、黒鉛材料を含有する負極活物質を含む場合には、電池の満充電時における充電電圧をより高くする(例えば3.5V以上とする)ことができる。
黒鉛材料としては、天然黒鉛、人造黒鉛が挙げられる。
人造黒鉛としては、黒鉛化MCMB、黒鉛化MCFなどが用いられる。
また、黒鉛材料としては、ホウ素を含有するものなども用いることができる。
また、黒鉛材料としては、金、白金、銀、銅、スズなどの金属で被覆したもの、非晶質炭素で被覆したもの、非晶質炭素と黒鉛を混合したものも使用することができる。
負極が、負極集電体と負極合材層とを備える場合、負極合材層は、導電助材を含むことが好ましい。
導電助材としては、公知の導電助材を使用することができる。
負極合材層に含まれ得る導電助材の具体例は、前述した、正極合材層に含まれ得る導電助材の具体例と同様である。
負極が、負極集電体と負極合材層とを備える場合、負極合材層は、上記各成分に加えて、その他の成分を含んでいてもよい。
その他の成分としては、増粘剤、界面活性剤、分散剤、濡れ剤、消泡剤等が挙げられる。
負極合材層は、例えば、負極活物質及びバインダーを含む負極合材スラリーを負極集電体の表面に塗布し、乾燥させることによって形成できる。
負極合材スラリーに含まれる溶媒としては、水を使用することが好ましいが、必要に応じて、例えば、集電体への塗工性向上のために、水と相溶する液状媒体を使用してもよい。
水と相溶する液状媒体としては、アルコール類、グリコール類、セロソルブ類、アミノアルコール類、アミン類、ケトン類、カルボン酸アミド類、リン酸アミド類、スルホキシド類、カルボン酸エステル類、リン酸エステル類、エーテル類、ニトリル類等が挙げられ、水と相溶する範囲で使用してもよい。
本開示のリチウム二次電池におけるセパレータとしては、例えば、ポリエチレン(PE)、ポリプロピレン(PP)、ポリエステル、セルロース、ポリアミド等の樹脂を含む多孔質の平板が挙げられる。また、セパレータとしては、上記樹脂を含む不織布も挙げられる。
好適例として、一種または二種以上のポリオレフィン樹脂を主体に構成された単層または多層構造の多孔性樹脂シートが挙げられる。
セパレータの厚みは、例えば5μm~30μmとすることができる。
セパレータは、好ましくは、正極と負極との間に配置される。
本開示のリチウム二次電池における非水電解液は、ジフルオロリン酸リチウム(LiPO2F2:「LiDFP」ともいう。)及びモノフルオロリン酸リチウム(Li2PO3F)の少なくとも一方を含有する。
非水電解液は、好ましくは、エチレンカーボネート(EC)とジメチルカーボネート(DMC)とメチルエチルカーボネート(EMC)とを含む非水溶媒と、フッ素を含むリチウム塩を含む電解質と、を含有する。
かかる効果が奏される理由は明らかではないが、以下のように推測される。
非水電解液の全量に対するジフルオロリン酸リチウム及びモノフルオロリン酸リチウムの合計含有量が5.0質量%以下である場合には、非水電解液の化学的安定性がより向上する。
非水電解液の全量に対するジフルオロリン酸リチウム及びモノフルオロリン酸リチウムの合計含有量は、より好ましくは3.0質量%以下であり、更に好ましくは2.0質量%以下であり、更に好ましくは1.0質量%以下である。
また、非水電解液から上記ジフルオロリン酸リチウム及びモノフルオロリン酸リチウムの少なくとも一方が検出できない場合であっても、非水電解液中や電極の被膜中に、上記ジフルオロリン酸リチウム及びモノフルオロリン酸リチウムの少なくとも一方の分解物由来の化合物が検出される場合も、本開示のリチウム二次電池における非水電解液の範囲に含まれるとみなされる。
これらの取り扱いは、非水電解液に含有され得る上記ジフルオロリン酸リチウム及びモノフルオロリン酸リチウムの少なくとも一方以外の化合物についても同様である。
本開示のリチウム二次電池における非水電解液は、非水溶媒を少なくとも1種含有することが好ましい。
非水溶媒としては、例えば、環状カーボネート類、含フッ素環状カーボネート類、鎖状カーボネート類、含フッ素鎖状カーボネート類、脂肪族カルボン酸エステル類、含フッ素脂肪族カルボン酸エステル類、γ-ラクトン類、含フッ素γ-ラクトン類、環状エーテル類、含フッ素環状エーテル類、鎖状エーテル類、含フッ素鎖状エーテル類、ニトリル類、アミド類、ラクタム類、ニトロメタン、ニトロエタン、スルホラン、燐酸トリメチル、ジメチルスルホキシド、ジメチルスルホキシド燐酸、等が挙げられる。
含フッ素環状カーボネート類としては、例えば、フルオロエチレンカーボネート(FEC)、等が挙げられる。
鎖状カーボネート類としては、例えば、ジメチルカーボネート(DMC)、ジエチルカーボネート(DEC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)、メチルプロピルカーボネート(MPC)、エチルプロピルカーボネート(EPC)、ジプロピルカーボネート(DPC)、等が挙げられる。
脂肪族カルボン酸エステル類としては、例えば、ギ酸メチル、酢酸メチル、プロピオン酸メチル、酪酸メチル、イソ酪酸メチル、トリメチル酪酸メチル、ギ酸エチル、酢酸エチル、プロピオン酸エチル、酪酸エチル、イソ酪酸エチル、トリメチル酪酸エチル、等が挙げられる。
γ-ラクトン類としては、例えば、γ-ブチロラクトン、γ-バレロラクトン、等が挙げられる
環状エーテル類としては、例えば、テトラヒドロフラン、2-メチルテトラヒドロフラン、テトラヒドロピラン、1,3-ジオキソラン、4-メチル-1,3-ジオキソラン、1,3-ジオキサン、1,4-ジオキサン、等が挙げられる
鎖状エーテル類としては、例えば、1,2-エトキシエタン(DEE)、エトキシメトキシエタン(EME)、ジエチルエーテル、1,2-ジメトキシエタン、1,2-ジブトキシエタン、等が挙げられる。
ニトリル類としては、例えば、アセトニトリル、グルタロニトリル、アジポニトリル、メトキシアセトニトリル、3-メトキシプロピオニトリル、等が挙げられる。
アミド類としては、例えば、N,N-ジメチルホルムアミド、等が挙げられる。
ラクタム類としては、例えば、N-メチルピロリジノン、N-メチルオキサゾリジノン、N,N'-ジメチルイミダゾリジノン、等が挙げられる。
この場合、非水溶媒中に占める、環状カーボネート類、含フッ素環状カーボネート類、鎖状カーボネート類、及び含フッ素鎖状カーボネート類の合計の割合は、好ましくは50質量%~100質量%であり、より好ましくは60質量%~100質量%であり、更に好ましくは80質量%~100質量%である。
この場合、非水溶媒中に占める、環状カーボネート類及び鎖状カーボネート類の合計の割合は、好ましくは50質量%~100質量%であり、より好ましくは60質量%~100質量%であり、更に好ましくは80質量%~100質量%である。
非水電解液中に占める非水溶媒の割合の上限は、他の成分(電解質等)の含有量にもよるが、上限は、例えば99質量%であり、好ましくは97質量%であり、更に好ましくは90質量%である。
非水電解液は、フッ素を含むリチウム塩(以下、「含フッ素リチウム塩」ともいう)である電解質を少なくとも1種含有することが好ましい。
含フッ素リチウム塩としては、例えば;
六フッ化リン酸リチウム(LiPF6)、四フッ化ホウ酸リチウム(LiBF4)、六フッ化ヒ酸リチウム(LiAsF6)、六フッ化タンタル酸リチウム(LiTaF6)、等の無機酸陰イオン塩;
トリフルオロメタンスルホン酸リチウム(LiCF3SO3)、リチウムビス(フルオロスルホニル)イミド(Li(FSO2)2N)、リチウムビス(トリフルオロメタンスルホニル)イミド(Li(CF3SO2)2N)、リチウムビス(ペンタフルオロエタンスルホニル)イミド(Li(C2F5SO2)2N)等の有機酸陰イオン塩;
等が挙げられる。
含フッ素リチウム塩としては、LiPF6が特に好ましい。
フッ素を含まないリチウム塩としては、過塩素酸リチウム(LiClO4)、四塩化アルミニウム酸リチウム(LiAlCl4)、リチウムデカクロロデカホウ素酸(Li2B10Cl10)等が挙げられる。
本開示のリチウム二次電池における非水電解液は、非水電解液の化学的安定性をより向上させる観点から、不飽和結合を有する環状炭酸エステルの少なくとも1種を含有していることが好ましい。
本開示のリチウム二次電池における非水電解液を製造する方法には特に限定はない。非水電解液は、各成分を混合して製造すればよい。
非水溶媒に電解質を溶解させて溶液を得る工程と、
得られた溶液に対し、ジフルオロリン酸リチウム及びモノフルオロリン酸リチウムの少なくとも一方(及び必要に応じ、その他の添加剤)を添加して混合し、非水電解液を得る工程と、
を含む製造方法が挙げられる。
本開示のリチウム二次電池は、種々公知の形状をとることができ、円筒型、コイン型、角型、ラミネート型、フィルム型その他任意の形状に形成することができる。しかし、電池の基本構造は、形状によらず同じであり、目的に応じて設計変更を施すことができる。
図1は、本開示のリチウム二次電池の一例であるラミネート型電池の一例を示す概略斜視図であり、図2は、図1に示すラミネート型電池に収容される積層型電極体の厚さ方向の概略断面図である。
図1に示すラミネート型電池は、内部に非水電解液(図1中では不図示)及び積層型電極体(図1中では不図示)が収納され、且つ、周縁部が封止されることにより内部が密閉されたラミネート外装体1を備える。ラミネート外装体1としては、例えばアルミニウム製のラミネート外装体が用いられる。
ラミネート外装体1に収容される積層型電極体は、図2に示されるように、正極板5と負極板6とがセパレータ7を介して交互に積層されてなる積層体と、この積層体の周囲を囲むセパレータ8と、を備える。正極板5、負極板6、セパレータ7、及びセパレータ8には、本開示の非水電解液が含浸されている。
上記積層型電極体における複数の正極板5は、いずれも正極タブを介して正極端子2と電気的に接続されており(不図示)、この正極端子2の一部が上記ラミネート外装体1の周端部から外側に突出している(図1)。ラミネート外装体1の周端部において正極端子2が突出する部分は、絶縁シール4によってシールされている。
同様に、上記積層型電極体における複数の負極板6は、いずれも負極タブを介して負極端子3と電気的に接続されており(不図示)、この負極端子3の一部が上記ラミネート外装体1の周端部から外側に突出している(図1)。ラミネート外装体1の周端部において負極端子3が突出する部分は、絶縁シール4によってシールされている。
なお、上記一例に係るラミネート型電池では、正極板5の数が5枚、負極板6の数が6枚となっており、正極板5と負極板6とがセパレータ7を介し、両側の最外層がいずれも負極板6となる配置で積層されている。しかし、ラミネート型電池における、正極板の数、負極板の数、及び配置については、この一例には限定されず、種々の変更がなされてもよいことは言うまでもない。
図3は、本開示のリチウム二次電池の別の一例であるコイン型電池の一例を示す概略斜視図である。
図3に示すコイン型電池では、円盤状負極12、非水電解液を注入したセパレータ15、円盤状正極11、必要に応じて、ステンレス、又はアルミニウムなどのスペーサー板17、18が、この順序に積層された状態で、正極缶13(以下、「電池缶」ともいう)と封口板14(以下、「電池缶蓋」ともいう)との間に収納される。正極缶13と封口板14とはガスケット16を介してかしめ密封する。
この一例では、セパレータ15に注入される非水電解液として、ジフルオロリン酸リチウム及びモノフルオロリン酸リチウムの少なくとも一方を含有する非水電解液を用いる。
即ち、本開示のリチウム二次電池は、まず、充放電前のリチウム二次電池を作製し、次いで、この充放電前のリチウム二次電池を1回以上充放電させることによって作製されたリチウム二次電池(充放電されたリチウム二次電池)であってもよい。
本開示のリチウム二次電池の満充電時における充電電圧は、好ましくは3.5V以上であり、より好ましくは3.7V以上であり、更に好ましくは4.0V以上であり、更に好ましくは4.0V以上である。
本開示のリチウム二次電池の満充電時における充電電圧の上限は、好ましくは5.0Vであり、より好ましくは4.8Vであり、更に好ましくは4.6Vであり、更に好ましくは4.2Vである。
なお、以下の実施例において、「添加量」は、最終的に得られる非水電解液の全量に対する含有量を意味し、「wt%」は、質量%を意味する。
以下の手順にて、図3に示す構成を有するコイン型のリチウム二次電池(以下、「コイン型電池」とも称する)を作製した。
アモルファスコート天然黒鉛(97質量部)、カルボキシメチルセルロース(1質量部)及びSBRラテックス(2質量部)を水溶媒で混錬してペースト状の負極合剤スラリーを調製した。
次に、この負極合剤スラリーを厚さ10μmの帯状銅箔製の負極集電体に塗布し乾燥した後に、ロールプレスで圧縮して負極集電体と負極活物質層とからなるシート状の負極を得た。このときの負極活物質層の塗布密度は10mg/cm2であり、充填密度は1.5g/mlであった。
LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2(90質量部)、アセチレンブラック(5質量部)及び重量平均分子量が81.5万であるPVDF(5質量部)を、N-メチルピロリジノンを溶媒として混錬してペースト状の正極合剤スラリーを調製した。
次に、この正極合剤スラリーを厚さ20μmの帯状アルミ箔の正極集電体に塗布し乾燥した後に、ロールプレスで圧縮して正極集電体と正極活物質層とからなるシート状の正極を得た。このときの正極活物質層の塗布密度は16mg/cm2であり、充填密度は2.5g/mlであった。
非水溶媒として、エチレンカーボネート(EC)とジメチルカーボネート(DMC)とメチルエチルカーボネート(EMC)とをそれぞれ30:35:35(体積比)の割合で混合し、混合溶媒を得た。
得られた混合溶媒中に、電解質としてのLiPF6を、最終的に調製される非水電解液中における電解質濃度が1.2モル/リットルとなるように溶解させた。
得られた溶液に対し、ジフルオロリン酸リチウム(「LiDFP」ともいう。)を、非水電解液の全量に対し1.0質量%となるように溶解させ、非水電解液を得た。
更に、基準用の非水電解液(以下、「基準非水電解液」ともいう。)として、LiDFPを含有させない以外は、上記の非水電解液の調製と同様にして、基準非水電解液を得た。
上述の負極を直径14mmで、上述の正極を直径13mmで、それぞれ円盤状に打ち抜き、コイン状の負極及びコイン状の正極をそれぞれ得た。また、厚さ20μmの微多孔性ポリエチレンフィルムを直径17mmの円盤状に打ち抜き、セパレータを得た。
得られたコイン状の負極、セパレータ、及びコイン状の正極を、この順序でステンレス製の電池缶(2032サイズ)内に積層し、次いで、この電池缶内に、上記の非水電解液20μLを注入し、セパレータと正極と負極とに含漬させた。
次に、正極上にアルミニウム製の板(厚さ1.2mm、直径16mm)及びバネを乗せ、ポリプロピレン製のガスケットを介して、電池缶蓋をかしめることにより電池を密封した。
以上により、直径20mm、高さ3.2mmの図3で示す構成を有するコイン型電池(即ち、コイン型のリチウム二次電池)を得た。
更に、基準用のコイン型電池(以下、「基準電池」ともいう。)として、上記の非水電解液に代えて、上記の基準非水電解液(すなわち、LiDFPを含まない非水電解液)を使用した以外は、上記のコイン型電池の作製と同様にして、基準電池を得た。
得られたコイン型電池及び基準電池をそれぞれ、定電圧4.2Vで充放電を3回繰り返し、SOC100%、電圧4.2Vとなるまで充電した。
ここで、充電電圧(4.2V)は、電池を満充電させた状態での充電電圧である。
その後、コイン型電池及び基準電池をそれぞれ、60℃の環境下で9日間保管した。9日間保管後のタイミングで、下記の方法により直流抵抗を求め、9日間保管後の電池の直流抵抗とした。
コイン型電池及び基準電池をそれぞれ、SOC50%の状態に調整し、ついで25℃において0.2mA定電流で放電し、放電開始から10秒間における電位低下を測定することにより、コイン型電池及び基準電池のそれぞれの直流抵抗[Ω]を測定した。
そして、コイン型電池の保存9日間後の直流抵抗の値について、基準電池の保存9日間後の直流抵抗の値を100とした場合の相対値を求めた。結果を表1に示す。
正極に含まれるPVDFについて、表1で示される重量平均分子量のPVDFを使用した以外は、実施例1と同様に、コイン型電池及び基準電池を作製して、実施例1と同様に評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。
これに対し、正極に含まれるPVDFの重量平均分子量が95万超である場合は、非水電解液がLiDFPを含有しても、上記効果が得られず、保存後の電池抵抗はむしろ増加した。また、正極に含まれるPVDFの重量平均分子量が30万未満である場合も同様、非水電解液がLiDFPを含有しても、上記効果が得られなかった。
本明細書に記載された全ての文献、特許出願、及び技術規格は、個々の文献、特許出願、及び技術規格が参照により取り込まれることが具体的かつ個々に記された場合と同程度に、本明細書中に参照により取り込まれる。
Claims (6)
- 下記式(X)で表される化合物を含む正極活物質と、重量平均分子量が30万以上95万以下であるポリフッ化ビニリデンを含むバインダーと、を含む正極と、
負極と、
ジフルオロリン酸リチウム及びモノフルオロリン酸リチウムの少なくとも一方を含有する非水電解液と、
を含むリチウム二次電池。
LiNiaMnbCocO2 … (X)
〔式(X)中、a、b及びcは、それぞれ独立に、0超1.00未満であり、かつ、a、b及びcの合計は、0.99~1.00である。〕 - 前記非水電解液の全量に対する、前記ジフルオロリン酸リチウム及び前記モノフルオロリン酸リチウムの合計含有量は0.01質量%~5質量%である請求項1に記載のリチウム二次電池。
- 前記正極が、前記正極活物質と前記バインダーとを含む正極合材層と、正極集電体とを含み、前記正極合材層の全量に対する前記ポリフッ化ビニリデンの含有量が0.01質量%以上10質量%以下である請求項1又は請求項2に記載のリチウム二次電池。
- 前記負極が、黒鉛材料を含有する負極活物質を含む請求項1~請求項3のいずれか一項に記載のリチウム二次電池。
- 前記非水電解液が、
エチレンカーボネート(EC)とジメチルカーボネート(DMC)とエチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)とを含む非水溶媒と、
フッ素を含むリチウム塩を含む電解質と、
を含有する請求項1~請求項4のいずれか一項に記載のリチウム二次電池。 - 満充電時における充電電圧が、3.5V以上である、請求項5に記載のリチウム二次電池。
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| EP4131469A4 (en) | 2025-01-01 |
| US20230143385A1 (en) | 2023-05-11 |
| JPWO2021193388A1 (ja) | 2021-09-30 |
| EP4131469A1 (en) | 2023-02-08 |
| JP7510496B2 (ja) | 2024-07-03 |
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