WO2022038937A1 - 触覚センサ - Google Patents
触覚センサ Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022038937A1 WO2022038937A1 PCT/JP2021/026660 JP2021026660W WO2022038937A1 WO 2022038937 A1 WO2022038937 A1 WO 2022038937A1 JP 2021026660 W JP2021026660 W JP 2021026660W WO 2022038937 A1 WO2022038937 A1 WO 2022038937A1
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- electrodes
- electrode
- tactile sensor
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- view
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L5/00—Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes
- G01L5/0061—Force sensors associated with industrial machines or actuators
- G01L5/0076—Force sensors associated with manufacturing machines
- G01L5/009—Force sensors associated with material gripping devices
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L1/00—Measuring force or stress, in general
- G01L1/14—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations in capacitance or inductance of electrical elements, e.g. by measuring variations of frequency of electrical oscillators
- G01L1/142—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations in capacitance or inductance of electrical elements, e.g. by measuring variations of frequency of electrical oscillators using capacitors
- G01L1/146—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations in capacitance or inductance of electrical elements, e.g. by measuring variations of frequency of electrical oscillators using capacitors for measuring force distributions, e.g. using force arrays
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L5/00—Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes
- G01L5/16—Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes for measuring several components of force
- G01L5/165—Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes for measuring several components of force using variations in capacitance
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L5/00—Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes
- G01L5/22—Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes for measuring the force applied to control members, e.g. control members of vehicles, triggers
- G01L5/226—Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes for measuring the force applied to control members, e.g. control members of vehicles, triggers to manipulators, e.g. the force due to gripping
- G01L5/228—Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes for measuring the force applied to control members, e.g. control members of vehicles, triggers to manipulators, e.g. the force due to gripping using tactile array force sensors
Definitions
- the technology disclosed in this application relates to a tactile sensor.
- tactile sensors capable of detecting the pressure distribution and shear force of the contact surface in contact with an object.
- the tactile sensor described in Patent Document 1 includes a support substrate, a first insulator, a second insulator, a plurality of electrodes, a plurality of first band-shaped electrodes, and a plurality of second band-shaped electrodes. ..
- the support substrate, the second insulator, and the first insulator are laminated side by side in order from the side opposite to the side where the pressure is input to the tactile sensor.
- a plurality of electrodes are provided so as to be completely spread between the second insulator and the support substrate.
- the plurality of first band-shaped electrodes are provided so as to extend in the first direction on the side opposite to the second insulator of the first insulator.
- the plurality of first band-shaped electrodes extend between the electrodes adjacent to each other in the direction intersecting the first direction among the plurality of electrodes, and thus overlap only a part of each of the adjacent electrodes in a plan view.
- the plurality of second band-shaped electrodes are provided extending in the second direction intersecting the first direction between the first insulator and the second insulator.
- the plurality of second band-shaped electrodes extend between the electrodes adjacent to each other in the direction intersecting the second direction among the plurality of electrodes, and thus overlap only a part of each of the adjacent electrodes in a plan view.
- the tactile sensor is connected to the capacitance measurement circuit.
- the capacitance measuring circuit can detect the capacitance generated between the electrode and the first band-shaped electrode overlapping the electrode in a plan view. Further, the capacitance measuring circuit can detect the capacitance generated between the electrode and the second band-shaped electrode overlapping the electrode in a plan view.
- the tactile sensor described in Patent Document 2 includes a first substrate, a second substrate, and a dielectric.
- the first substrate includes a plurality of first electrodes.
- the second substrate includes a plurality of second electrodes corresponding to each of the plurality of first electrodes.
- the dielectric is provided between the first substrate and the second substrate.
- the second electrode corresponding to any one of the plurality of first electrodes is arranged so as to be offset in one direction in the second substrate with respect to any one of the first electrodes.
- the other second electrode corresponding to the other first electrode adjacent to any one first electrode is arranged so as to be offset in the other direction in the second substrate with respect to the other first electrode.
- the plurality of first electrodes are matched one-to-one with the plurality of second electrodes.
- the plurality of first electrodes are arranged apart from each other, and the plurality of second electrodes are arranged apart from each other.
- the counter electrode facing the plurality of electrodes has a two-layer structure of a plurality of first band-shaped electrodes and a plurality of second band-shaped electrodes. Therefore, the structure of the tactile sensor becomes complicated, and the manufacturing process of the tactile sensor also becomes complicated.
- a plurality of first electrodes are matched one-to-one with a plurality of second electrodes. Further, in order to detect the shearing force, a plurality of first electrodes are arranged apart from each other, and a plurality of second electrodes are also arranged apart from each other. Therefore, since the distance between the plurality of first electrodes is widened and the distance between the plurality of second electrodes is widened, the number of the plurality of first electrodes and the number of the plurality of second electrodes cannot be increased. The resolution of the pressure distribution is reduced.
- One aspect of the technology disclosed in the present application is to obtain a tactile sensor that can detect shear force even with a simple structure and manufacturing process and can secure the resolution of pressure distribution.
- the first electrode layer and the first electrode layer located on both sides of the elastic layer and the elastic layer are provided while having a contact surface with the object.
- the first electrode layer includes a capacitive sensor unit having a laminated structure in which two electrode layers are laminated in the normal direction of the contact surface, and the first electrode layer has a plurality of first electrodes and the second electrode.
- the layer is composed of one or a plurality of second electrodes which are a single layer, and two or more of the plurality of first electrodes are a plurality of portions which partially overlap the second electrode when viewed in the normal direction.
- the number of overlapping electrodes, one or more openings formed in one of the second electrodes, or the number of one or more islands formed by one or more of the second electrodes is the plurality of. Tactile sensors are provided, which is less than the number of first electrodes.
- the shearing force can be detected even with a simple structure and a manufacturing process, and the resolution of the pressure distribution can be ensured.
- FIG. 3 is a plan view showing a state in which the second electrode, the elastic layer, and the substrate of FIG. 3 are overlapped with each other. It is a bottom view of the substrate of FIG. It is a figure explaining an example of the manufacturing method of the tactile sensor of FIG. It is a top view explaining an example of the displacement ⁇ x and the displacement ⁇ y in the tactile sensor of FIG.
- FIG. 3 is a plan view showing a state in which the second electrode, the elastic layer, and the substrate of FIG. 12 are overlapped with each other. It is a vertical sectional view of the tactile sensor which concerns on 3rd Embodiment. It is a top view of the 2nd electrode layer of FIG. FIG.
- FIG. 3 is a plan view showing a state in which the second electrode, the elastic layer, and the substrate of FIG. 15 are overlapped with each other. It is a vertical sectional view of the tactile sensor which concerns on 4th Embodiment. It is a top view of the 2nd electrode layer of FIG. FIG. 3 is a plan view showing a state in which the second electrode, the elastic layer, and the substrate of FIG. 18 are overlapped with each other.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing an example of the robot system 100.
- the robot system 100 includes a robot 102 and a controller 104.
- the robot 102 is, for example, an articulated robot, and includes a robot arm 106 and a robot hand 108.
- the robot arm 106 includes a plurality of joints 110.
- the robot hand 108 is provided at the tip of the robot arm 106.
- the robot hand 108 is connected to the tip of the robot arm 106 via the wrist joint portion 112.
- the robot hand 108 is provided with a pair of grip portions 114.
- the pair of grips 114 are arranged so as to face each other.
- the pair of grips 114 are brought into contact with each other in directions facing each other by driving a drive unit (not shown).
- a drive unit not shown.
- the controller 104 controls the robot 102 and is electrically connected to the robot 102.
- the controller 104 is connected to the robot 102 by wire, but the controller 104 may be wirelessly connected to the robot 102.
- the robot system 100 is equipped with a tactile sensing system 1.
- the tactile sensing system 1 includes a pair of tactile sensors 10 and an output unit 12.
- the pair of tactile sensors 10 are provided on the facing surfaces 114A of the pair of grip portions 114, respectively.
- the pair of tactile sensors 10 are provided at a position where the work W is in contact with the work W when the work W is gripped by the pair of grip portions 114, that is,, for example, at a portion of the tips of the pair of grip portions 114 facing each other. There is.
- the output unit 12 is electrically connected to the pair of tactile sensors 10.
- the output unit 12 may be connected to the pair of tactile sensors 10 by wire, or may be connected to the pair of tactile sensors 10 wirelessly.
- the output unit 12 has a function of performing various processes based on the data output from the pair of tactile sensors 10 and outputting the data based on the result of this process to the controller 104.
- the output unit 12 is provided on the wrist joint portion 112 as an example.
- FIG. 2 is a perspective view showing an example of the pair of tactile sensors 10 of FIG.
- the pair of tactile sensors 10 are plane-symmetrical in the directions facing each other.
- the X-axis direction corresponds to the first direction orthogonal to the direction in which the pair of tactile sensors 10 face each other
- the Y-axis direction corresponds to the second direction orthogonal to the direction in which the pair of tactile sensors 10 face each other, and the Z-axis direction.
- the direction corresponds to the direction in which the pair of tactile sensors 10 face each other.
- the X-axis direction is orthogonal to the Y-axis direction.
- the X-axis direction corresponds to the vertical direction of the tactile sensor 10
- the Y-axis direction corresponds to the horizontal direction of the tactile sensor 10.
- the tactile sensor 10 includes a support plate 14, a substrate 16, and a sensor unit 18.
- the support plate 14 is configured separately from the grip portion 114 (see FIG. 1) described above, and is fixed to the grip portion 114.
- the support plate 14 may be integrally configured with the grip portion 114.
- the substrate 16 is fixed to the support plate 14, and the sensor unit 18 is provided on the substrate 16. The details of the sensor unit 18 will be described in detail later.
- FIG. 3 is a vertical sectional view of the tactile sensor 10 according to the first embodiment.
- the tactile sensor 10 according to the first embodiment includes a sensor unit 18 and a substrate 16.
- the sensor unit 18 is of a capacitance type. More specifically, the sensor unit 18 is a self-capacity method and has a laminated structure in which a plurality of layers are laminated. That is, the sensor unit 18 has an insulating layer 20, an elastic layer 22, a first electrode layer 24, and a second electrode layer 26 as a plurality of layers. The first electrode layer 24 and the second electrode layer 26 are located on both sides of the elastic layer 22.
- the insulating layer 20 is located on the opposite side of the elastic layer 22 with respect to the second electrode layer 26.
- the insulating layer 20 forms a surface layer portion of the sensor portion 18.
- the surface of the insulating layer 20 is formed as a contact surface 28 with the work W (see FIG. 1).
- the insulating layer 20 may be omitted. When the insulating layer 20 is omitted, the surface of the surface layer formed on the second electrode layer 26 and the second electrode layer 26 is referred to as the contact surface 28.
- the elastic layer 22 is a dielectric.
- the elastic layer 22 has flexibility and elasticity.
- the elastic layer 22 is formed by, for example, a gel.
- the insulating layer 20, the elastic layer 22, the first electrode layer 24, and the second electrode layer 26 are laminated in the Z-axis direction.
- the Z-axis direction corresponds to the normal direction of the contact surface 28.
- the insulating layer 20, the elastic layer 22, the first electrode layer 24, and the second electrode layer 26 are adhered to each other by, for example, an adhesive.
- the insulating layer 20 preferably has a size that covers the entire surface of the second electrode layer 26 in order to increase the adhesive strength of the entire sensor portion 18.
- the first electrode layer 24 has a plurality of first electrodes 34.
- the plurality of first electrodes 34 are formed on the first surface 16A on the sensor portion 18 side of the substrate 16.
- a plurality of capacitance detection ICs (Integrated Circuits) 44 are mounted on the second surface 16B on the side opposite to the sensor unit 18 of the substrate 16.
- the plurality of first electrodes 34 and the plurality of capacitance detection ICs 44 are connected by a through-hole via 46 extending in the plate thickness direction of the substrate 16.
- FIG. 4 is a plan view of the substrate 16 of FIG.
- the plurality of first electrodes 34 formed on the first surface 16A of the substrate 16 are arranged in a matrix along the XY plane. That is, the plurality of first electrodes 34 are arranged with the X-axis direction as the vertical direction and the Y-axis direction as the horizontal direction.
- the XY plane is a plane parallel to the above-mentioned contact surface 28 (see FIG. 2).
- the plurality of first electrodes 34 are independent of each other.
- the plurality of first electrodes 34 have the same shape.
- the plurality of first electrodes 34 are formed in a square shape in a plan view. Plane view corresponds to viewing in the Z-axis direction.
- the plurality of first electrodes 34 are arranged six by six in the X-axis direction and six by six in the Y-axis direction. That is, the number of the plurality of first electrodes 34 is 36.
- the plurality of first electrodes 34 are arranged at equal intervals in the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction, respectively.
- FIG. 5 is a plan view of the second electrode layer 26 of FIG.
- the second electrode layer 26 is composed of a plurality of second electrodes 36 which are single layers.
- the plurality of second electrodes 36 are formed of, for example, conductive rubber.
- the plurality of second electrodes 36 are each formed in a flat plate shape.
- the plurality of second electrodes 36 may be connected to the ground of the substrate 16 or may float with respect to the ground.
- the plurality of second electrodes 36 form a plurality of islands independent of each other.
- the plurality of second electrodes 36 are arranged in a matrix along the XY plane. That is, the plurality of second electrodes 36 are arranged with the X-axis direction as the vertical direction and the Y-axis direction as the horizontal direction.
- the plurality of second electrodes 36 have the same shape.
- the plurality of second electrodes 36 are each formed into a square in a plan view.
- the number of the plurality of second electrodes 36 is smaller than the number of the plurality of first electrodes 34 (see FIG. 4) described above.
- the plurality of second electrodes 36 are arranged three by three in the X-axis direction and three by three in the Y-axis direction. That is, the number of the plurality of second electrodes 36 is nine.
- the plurality of second electrodes 36 are arranged at equal intervals in the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction, respectively.
- FIG. 6 is a plan view showing a state in which the plurality of second electrodes 36 of FIG. 3, the elastic layer 22 and the substrate 16 are overlapped with each other.
- the plurality of second electrodes 36 are arranged so as to overlap all of the plurality of first electrodes 34 in a plan view.
- Each of the plurality of second electrodes 36 is formed so as to partially overlap each of the four first electrodes 34 adjacent to each other in the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction among the plurality of first electrodes 34 in a plan view. There is.
- Each second electrode 36 is located at the center of the four first electrodes 34 in a plan view and partially overlaps with the four first electrodes 34.
- all of the plurality of first electrodes 34 partially overlap with the plurality of second electrodes 36.
- all of the plurality of first electrodes 34 correspond to an example of "a plurality of partially overlapping electrodes partially overlapping the plurality of second electrodes", and are output from the plurality of first electrodes 34.
- the plurality of signals correspond to an example of "plurality of partially overlapping electrode signals”.
- all of the plurality of first electrodes 34 correspond to an example of "a plurality of partially overlapping electrodes partially overlapping the second electrode", and a plurality of signals output from the plurality of first electrodes 34.
- the capacitance C [F] between the first electrode 34 and the second electrode 36 is obtained by the following equation.
- C ⁇ ⁇ A / d ⁇ is the dielectric constant [Fm -1 ] of the elastic layer 22
- A is the area where the first electrode 34 and the second electrode 36 overlap in a plan view [m 2 ]
- d is the first along the Z-axis direction.
- the capacitance C changes according to the change in the distance d. Further, in the sensor unit 18, when a shearing force is applied to the contact surface 28 and the overlapping area A of the first electrode 34 and the second electrode 36 changes, the capacitance C changes according to the change in the area A.
- the pressure applied to the contact surface 28 corresponds to the force applied to the contact surface 28 along the Z-axis direction.
- the shearing force applied to the contact surface 28 corresponds to a force applied to the contact surface 28 along a direction orthogonal to the Z-axis direction.
- the direction orthogonal to the Z-axis direction includes an X-axis direction, a Y-axis direction, and a direction in which the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction are combined.
- the plurality of first electrodes 34 are driven by the capacitance detection IC 44 (see FIGS. 3 and 7) described later, and output a signal corresponding to the capacitance C between the first electrode 34 and the second electrode 36. That is, the sensor unit 18 outputs a plurality of signals corresponding to each of the plurality of first electrodes 34.
- the plurality of signals are analog signals.
- FIG. 7 is a bottom view of the substrate 16 of FIG.
- the plurality of capacitance detection ICs 44 are arranged in a matrix along the XY plane. That is, the plurality of capacitance detection ICs 44 are arranged with the X-axis direction as the vertical direction and the Y-axis direction as the horizontal direction.
- the plurality of capacitance detection ICs 44 have the same configuration. As an example, the plurality of capacitance detection ICs 44 are arranged three by three in the X-axis direction and three by three in the Y-axis direction. That is, the number of the plurality of capacitance detection ICs 44 is nine.
- Each capacitance detection IC 44 is connected to four first electrodes 34 that overlap with the capacitance detection IC in a plan view.
- Each capacitance detection IC 44 has a configuration capable of driving four first electrodes 34 and outputting data corresponding to the signals output from the four first electrodes 34.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating an example of a method for manufacturing the tactile sensor 10 of FIG.
- the tactile sensor 10 is manufactured, for example, as follows. That is, a plurality of capacitance detection ICs 44 are mounted on the second surface 16B of the substrate 16 in which the plurality of first electrodes 34 are formed on the first surface 16A by the pattern. A plurality of through-hole vias 46 are formed on the substrate 16, and the plurality of capacitance detection ICs 44 are connected to the plurality of first electrodes 34 via the plurality of through-hole vias 46.
- the elastic layer 22 is laminated on the first electrode layer 24 having the plurality of first electrodes 34.
- a second electrode layer 26 composed of a plurality of second electrodes 36 (see FIG. 5) is laminated on the elastic layer 22, and an insulating layer 20 is further laminated on the second electrode layer 26.
- the insulating layer 20, the elastic layer 22, the first electrode layer 24, and the second electrode layer 26 are adhered to each other by, for example, an adhesive.
- the tactile sensor 10 is manufactured in the above manner.
- examples of the processing method for forming a plurality of openings 38 in the second electrode 36 include punching, cutting, casting, and die press molding.
- FIG. 9 is a plan view illustrating an example of the displacement ⁇ x and the displacement ⁇ y in the tactile sensor 10 of FIG.
- the capacitances C 00 to C 55 between each of the plurality of first electrodes 34 and the second electrode 36 are shown corresponding to each of the plurality of first electrodes 34.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating an example of displacement ⁇ x and displacement ⁇ z in the tactile sensor 10 of FIG. 10 shows the cases of (A) without vertical load Fz', (B) with vertical load Fz', (C) with shear force Fx, and (D) with vertical load Fz'+ with shear force Fx, respectively. ing.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating an example of displacement ⁇ y and displacement ⁇ z in the tactile sensor 10 of FIG.
- FIG. 11 shows the cases of (A) without vertical load Fz', (B) with vertical load Fz', (C) with shear force Fy, and (D) with vertical load Fz' + with shear force Fy, respectively. ing.
- the displacement ⁇ x corresponds to the distance that the second electrode 36 moves along the X-axis direction due to the action of the shear force Fx.
- the displacement ⁇ y corresponds to the distance that the second electrode 36 has moved along the Y-axis direction due to the action of the shearing force Fy.
- the distance Z 0 corresponds to the distance along the Z-axis direction between the first electrode 34 and the second electrode 36 when the vertical load Fz'is not applied. ..
- the displacement ⁇ z corresponds to the distance that the second electrode 36 moves toward the first electrode 34 along the Z-axis direction due to the action of the vertical load Fz'.
- Equation 1 holds.
- C 01_0 K2 / Z 0
- C 00_0 and C 01_0 are the capacitances between the adjacent first electrode 34 and the second electrode 36 when the vertical load Fz'is not acting, and K1 and K2 are constants.
- the same equation as in Equation 1 holds for the capacitance between the other adjacent first electrodes 34 and the second electrode 36.
- C 00_z K1 / (Z 0 - ⁇ z)
- C 01_z K2 / (Z 0 - ⁇ z)
- C 00_z and C 01_z are the capacitances between the adjacent first electrode 34 and the second electrode 36 when only the vertical load Fz'is applied.
- Equation 1 the following can be obtained for the displacement ⁇ z of the second electrode 36 with respect to one of the first electrodes 34.
- Z 0 K1 / C 00_0
- ⁇ z K1 (1 / C 00_0 -1 / C 00_z )
- ⁇ z K2 (1 / C 01_0 -1 / C 01_z )
- the displacement ⁇ z of the second electrode 36 with respect to the other first electrode 34 can also be obtained in the same manner as described above.
- C 00_x K1 / Z 0 + ⁇ x ⁇ Kp / Z 0
- C 01_x K2 / Z 0 - ⁇ x ⁇ Kp / Z 0
- C 00_x and C 01_x are the capacitances between the first electrode 34 and the second electrode 36 adjacent to each other in the x direction when only the shear force Fx is acting, and Kp is a constant.
- ⁇ x Z 0 / Kp ⁇ (C 01_0 -C 01_x )
- the displacement ⁇ x of the second electrode 36 with respect to the other first electrode 34 can also be obtained in the same manner as described above.
- C 00_zx K1 / (Z 0 - ⁇ z) + ⁇ x ⁇ Kp / (Z 0 - ⁇ z)
- C 01_zx K2 / (Z 0 - ⁇ z) + ⁇ x ⁇ Kp / (Z 0 - ⁇ z)
- C 00_zx and C 01_zx are the capacitances between the first electrode 34 and the second electrode 36 when only the vertical load Fz'and the shearing force Fx are acting.
- the displacements ⁇ z and ⁇ x of the second electrode 36 with respect to the other first electrodes 34 can also be obtained in the same manner as described above.
- the displacements ⁇ x, ⁇ y and ⁇ z of the second electrode 36 with respect to the first electrode 34 can be obtained as follows. In the range of the four first electrodes 34 that partially overlap the one second electrode 36, the values of the displacement ⁇ z in each first electrode 34 are often close to each other, so that the values of the displacement ⁇ z are common. Suppose. In that case, the magnitude (capacitance value) of the signal corresponding to each first electrode 34 is proportional to the overlapping area of each first electrode 34 with the second electrode 36.
- Equation 6 the sum of the four overlapping areas is 4a 2 , which is a constant. Therefore, from the sum 4a 2 of the four overlapping areas and the equation 5, the overlapping areas S 00 , S 01 , S 10 and S 11 are known values. From the above, unknown displacements ⁇ x and ⁇ y can be calculated by the simultaneous equations of Equation 6.
- the displacements ⁇ z assumed to be common values may be corrected to the individual displacements ⁇ z in each first electrode 34 by using them as known values.
- This correction is performed by, for example, acquiring the correlation between the displacements ⁇ x and ⁇ y and the four displacements ⁇ z in advance in an environment where the true values of the four displacements ⁇ z can be measured by another means and using it. It can be carried out. The acquisition of this correlation may be performed by machine learning.
- the displacement ⁇ z in the four first electrodes 34 may be calculated individually by the method described.
- the displacements ⁇ x and ⁇ y mainly change while the displacement ⁇ z does not change so much. Therefore, it is possible to treat the displacement ⁇ z as a known value and obtain the displacements ⁇ x and ⁇ y more accurately. can.
- calculating the pressure value of each of the plurality of pressure detection positions is calculated when it is assumed that the displacement ⁇ z at the plurality of pressure detection positions such as the four first electrodes 34 is common. It includes treating the pressure value based on the common displacement ⁇ z as the pressure value at each pressure detection position. Further, “calculating the aggregated pressure value by calculating the representative value for each pressure value of the plurality of pressure detection positions” means that the displacement ⁇ z at the plurality of pressure detection positions such as the four first electrodes 34 is determined. This includes calculating the aggregated pressure value using the pressure value based on the calculated common displacement ⁇ z as a representative value when it is assumed to be common.
- the output unit 12 has a plurality of first electrodes 34 including at least one partially overlapping electrode which is a first electrode 34 whose shear force Fx and Fy values partially overlap with the second electrode 36. Based on the plurality of signals corresponding to each of the above, the calculation is made so as to eliminate the influence of the pressure on the plurality of signals.
- the second electrode layer 26 is composed of a plurality of second electrodes 36 which are single layers. Therefore, the structure and manufacturing process of the tactile sensor 10 can be simplified.
- the pressure can be detected at each position of the plurality of first electrodes 34. Further, since each second electrode 36 partially overlaps with each of the four first electrodes 34 adjacent to each other in the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction, the four first electrodes 34 and the second electrode 36 By detecting the capacitance that changes according to the overlapping area of the two electrodes, the shearing force can also be detected at the position of each second electrode 36.
- the plurality of first electrodes 34 are matched against one second electrode 36, so that, for example, a plurality of first electrodes 34 are matched.
- the distance between the plurality of first electrodes 34 can be narrowed as compared with the case where the first electrode 34 of the above is matched one-to-one with the plurality of second electrodes 36.
- the number of the plurality of first electrodes 34 can be secured, so that the resolution of the pressure distribution can be secured.
- the shearing force can be detected even with a simple structure and a manufacturing process, and the resolution of the pressure distribution can be ensured.
- the tactile sensor 10 has 36 first electrodes 34, but the number of the plurality of first electrodes 34 may be any number.
- the number of the plurality of second electrodes 36 may be any number as long as it is smaller than the number of the plurality of first electrodes 34.
- the plurality of first electrodes 34 are preferably arranged in a matrix along the contact surface 28, but are arranged in a mode other than the matrix if a desired pressure distribution can be obtained in the contact surface 28. You may.
- FIG. 12 is a vertical sectional view of the tactile sensor 10 according to the second embodiment.
- the configuration of the second electrode layer 26 is changed as follows with respect to the tactile sensor 10 (see FIGS. 3 to 6) according to the first embodiment described above.
- FIG. 13 is a plan view of the second electrode layer 26 of FIG.
- the second electrode layer 26 is composed of one second electrode 36, which is a single layer. That is, the second electrode 36 forms one island portion.
- the second electrode 36 is formed of, for example, conductive rubber.
- the second electrode 36 is formed in a flat plate shape.
- the second electrode 36 may be connected to the ground of the substrate 16 or may be floating with respect to the ground.
- FIG. 14 is a plan view showing a state in which the second electrode 36 of FIG. 12, the elastic layer 22 and the substrate 16 are overlapped with each other.
- the number of the plurality of first electrodes 34 is 36, whereas the second electrode 36 forms one island portion. Therefore, in the second embodiment, the island formed by the second electrode 36 is formed. The number of parts is smaller than the number of the plurality of first electrodes 34.
- the second electrode 36 is formed in a square smaller than the contact surface 28 (see FIG. 12).
- the second electrode 36 has a size that overlaps with all of the plurality of first electrodes 34 in a plan view.
- the second electrode 36 has a size in which the outer peripheral portion of the first electrode 34 and the outer peripheral portion of the second electrode 36, which are arranged along the outer peripheral portion of the second electrode 36, overlap with each other in a plan view among the plurality of first electrodes 34. have.
- the first electrode 34 arranged along the outer peripheral portion of the second electrode 36 partially overlaps with the second electrode 36 in a plan view, and the outer peripheral portion of the second electrode 36 out of the plurality of first electrodes 34.
- the first electrode 34 located inside the second electrode 36 overlaps with the second electrode 36 as a whole.
- the first electrode 34 that partially overlaps the second electrode 36 among the plurality of first electrodes 34 corresponds to an example of "a plurality of partially overlapping electrodes that partially overlap the second electrode”.
- the plurality of signals output from the first electrode 34 that partially overlaps with the second electrode 36 correspond to an example of the “plurality of partially overlapping electrode signals”.
- the tactile sensor 10 having such a configuration is manufactured in the same manner as the tactile sensor 10 (see FIGS. 3 to 6) according to the first embodiment described above.
- the displacements ⁇ x, ⁇ y, and ⁇ z are calculated based on the same concept as in the case of the first embodiment.
- the second electrode layer 26 is composed of the second electrode 36 of 1, which is a single layer. Therefore, the structure and manufacturing process of the tactile sensor 10 can be simplified.
- the pressure can be detected at each position of the plurality of first electrodes 34.
- a part of the plurality of first electrodes 34 that is, the first electrodes 34 arranged along the outer peripheral portion of the second electrode 36 partially overlaps with the second electrode 36 in a plan view, and thus the first electrode 34 is present.
- the shearing force can also be detected at the position of the first electrode 34 arranged along the outer peripheral portion of the second electrode 36.
- the number of the second electrodes 36 is 1, which is smaller than the number of the plurality of first electrodes 34, the plurality of first electrodes 34 are matched against one second electrode 36, for example.
- the distance between the plurality of first electrodes 34 can be narrowed as compared with the case where the plurality of first electrodes 34 are matched one-to-one with the plurality of second electrodes 36.
- the number of the plurality of first electrodes 34 can be secured, so that the resolution of the pressure distribution can be secured.
- the shearing force can be detected even with a simple structure and a manufacturing process, and the resolution of the pressure distribution can be ensured.
- the second electrode 36 has a single configuration, for example, the manufacturing efficiency can be improved and the number of parts can be reduced as compared with the case where the second electrode 36 is composed of a plurality of members. can do.
- the tactile sensor 10 has 36 first electrodes 34, but the number of the plurality of first electrodes 34 may be any number.
- the number of the second electrodes 36 is 1, but the number of the second electrodes 36 may be any number as long as it is smaller than the number of the plurality of first electrodes 34.
- the plurality of first electrodes 34 are preferably arranged in a matrix along the contact surface 28, but are arranged in a mode other than the matrix if a desired pressure distribution can be obtained in the contact surface 28. You may.
- FIG. 15 is a vertical sectional view of the tactile sensor 10 according to the third embodiment.
- the configuration of the second electrode layer 26 is changed as follows with respect to the tactile sensor 10 (see FIGS. 3 to 6) according to the first embodiment described above.
- FIG. 16 is a plan view of the second electrode layer 26 of FIG.
- the second electrode layer 26 is composed of one second electrode 36, which is a single layer.
- the second electrode 36 is formed of, for example, conductive rubber.
- the second electrode 36 is formed in a flat plate shape. As an example, the second electrode 36 is formed in a square shape in a plan view.
- the second electrode 36 may be connected to the ground of the substrate 16 (see FIG. 3) or may be floating with respect to the ground.
- a plurality of openings 38 are formed in the second electrode 36.
- the plurality of openings 38 penetrate the second electrode 36 in the plate thickness direction, that is, in the Z-axis direction.
- the plurality of openings 38 are arranged in a matrix along the XY plane. That is, the plurality of openings 38 are arranged with the X-axis direction as the vertical direction and the Y-axis direction as the horizontal direction.
- the plurality of openings 38 have the same shape.
- the plurality of openings 38 are formed in a square shape in a plan view.
- the number of the plurality of openings 38 is smaller than the number of the plurality of first electrodes 34 (see FIG. 4) described above.
- the plurality of openings 38 are arranged three by three in the X-axis direction and three by three in the Y-axis direction. That is, the number of the plurality of openings 38 is nine.
- the plurality of openings 38 are arranged at equal intervals in the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction, respectively.
- FIG. 17 is a plan view showing a state in which the second electrode 36 of FIG. 15, the elastic layer 22 and the substrate 16 are overlapped with each other.
- the second electrode 36 has a size that overlaps with all of the plurality of first electrodes 34 in a plan view.
- the second electrode 36 has a size in which all of the plurality of first electrodes 34 are accommodated inside the outer peripheral portion of the second electrode 36 in a plan view.
- Each of the plurality of openings 38 is formed so as to partially overlap each of the four first electrodes 34 adjacent to each other in the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction among the plurality of first electrodes 34 in a plan view. Specifically, each opening 38 is located at the center of the four first electrodes 34 in a plan view, and partially overlaps the four first electrodes 34.
- all of the plurality of first electrodes 34 are housed inside the outer shape portion of the second electrode 36 in a plan view, and all of the plurality of first electrodes 34 have an opening 38. It partially overlaps. The fact that all of the plurality of first electrodes 34 partially overlap with the opening 38 corresponds to the fact that all of the plurality of first electrodes 34 partially overlap with the second electrode 36.
- all of the plurality of first electrodes 34 correspond to an example of "a plurality of partially overlapping electrodes partially overlapping the second electrode", and a plurality of signals output from the plurality of first electrodes 34.
- the tactile sensor 10 having such a configuration is manufactured in the same manner as the tactile sensor 10 (see FIGS. 3 to 6) according to the first embodiment described above.
- the displacements ⁇ x, ⁇ y, and ⁇ z are calculated based on the same concept as in the case of the first embodiment.
- the second electrode layer 26 is composed of the second electrode 36 of 1, which is a single layer. Therefore, the structure and manufacturing process of the tactile sensor 10 can be simplified.
- the pressure can be detected at each position of the plurality of first electrodes 34. Further, since each opening 38 partially overlaps with each of the four first electrodes 34 adjacent to each other in the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction, the four first electrodes 34 and the plurality of openings 38 overlap each other. By detecting the capacitance that changes according to the area, the shearing force can also be detected at the position of each opening 38.
- the plurality of first electrodes 34 are matched to one opening 38, for example.
- the distance between the plurality of first electrodes 34 can be narrowed as compared with the case where the plurality of first electrodes 34 are matched one-to-one with the plurality of openings 38.
- the number of the plurality of first electrodes 34 can be secured, so that the resolution of the pressure distribution can be secured.
- the shearing force can be detected even with a simple structure and a manufacturing process, and the resolution of the pressure distribution can be ensured.
- the second electrode 36 has a single configuration having a plurality of openings 38, the manufacturing efficiency can be improved as compared with the case where the second electrode 36 is composed of a plurality of members, for example. At the same time, the number of parts can be reduced.
- the tactile sensor 10 has 36 first electrodes 34, but the number of the plurality of first electrodes 34 may be any number.
- the number of the plurality of second electrodes 36 may be any number as long as it is smaller than the number of the plurality of first electrodes 34.
- the plurality of first electrodes 34 are preferably arranged in a matrix along the contact surface 28, but are arranged in a mode other than the matrix if a desired pressure distribution can be obtained in the contact surface 28. You may.
- FIG. 18 is a vertical sectional view of the tactile sensor 10 according to the fourth embodiment.
- the configuration of the second electrode layer 26 is changed as follows with respect to the tactile sensor 10 (see FIGS. 3 to 6) according to the first embodiment described above.
- FIG. 19 is a plan view of the second electrode layer 26 of FIG.
- the second electrode layer 26 is composed of one second electrode 36, which is a single layer.
- the second electrode 36 is formed in a flat plate shape.
- the second electrode 36 may be connected to the ground of the substrate 16 or may float with respect to the ground.
- the second electrode 36 is formed of, for example, conductive rubber.
- One opening 38 is formed in the second electrode 36.
- the opening 38 is formed in the central portion of the second electrode 36 as an example.
- the second electrode 36 is formed in a square shape in a plan view, and the opening 38 is also formed in a square shape in a plan view.
- FIG. 20 is a plan view showing a state in which the second electrode 36 of FIG. 18, the elastic layer 22 and the substrate 16 are overlapped with each other.
- the number of the plurality of first electrodes 34 is 36, whereas one opening 38 is formed in the second electrode 36. Therefore, in the fourth embodiment, the second electrode 36 is formed. The number of openings 38 made is less than the number of plurality of first electrodes 34.
- the second electrode 36 has a size that overlaps with all of the plurality of first electrodes 34 in a plan view. Specifically, the second electrode 36 has a size in which all of the plurality of first electrodes 34 are accommodated inside the outer peripheral portion of the second electrode 36 in a plan view.
- the opening 38 is formed in a square smaller than the smallest square that accommodates all of the four central first electrodes 34 adjacent in the X-axis direction and the Y-axis direction in a plan view.
- the opening 38 is located at the center of the four central first electrodes 34 in a plan view, and partially overlaps the four first electrodes 34.
- the four first electrodes 34 in the center of the plurality of first electrodes 34 partially overlap the second electrode 36 in a plan view, and the four central ones of the plurality of first electrodes 34
- the first electrode 34 other than the first electrode 34 overlaps with the second electrode 36 as a whole.
- the four first electrodes 34 in the center of the plurality of first electrodes 34 correspond to an example of "a plurality of partially overlapping electrodes partially overlapping the second electrode", and the four in the center thereof.
- the plurality of signals output from the first electrodes correspond to an example of "plurality of partially overlapping electrode signals”.
- the tactile sensor 10 having such a configuration is manufactured in the same manner as the tactile sensor 10 (see FIGS. 3 to 6) according to the first embodiment described above.
- the displacements ⁇ x, ⁇ y, and ⁇ z are calculated based on the same concept as in the case of the first embodiment.
- the second electrode layer 26 is composed of the second electrode 36 of 1, which is a single layer. Therefore, the structure and manufacturing process of the tactile sensor 10 can be simplified.
- the pressure can be detected at each position of the plurality of first electrodes 34. Further, since the four first electrodes 34 in the center of the plurality of first electrodes 34 partially overlap the opening 38 formed in the center of the second electrode 36 in a plan view, the four first electrodes 34 By detecting the capacitance that changes according to the overlapping area of the one electrode 34 and the second electrode 36, the shearing force can also be detected at the position of the opening 38.
- the number of openings 38 formed in the second electrode 36 is 1, which is smaller than the number of the plurality of first electrodes 34, the plurality of first electrodes 34 are matched with respect to one opening 38. Therefore, for example, the distance between the plurality of first electrodes 34 can be narrowed as compared with the case where the plurality of first electrodes 34 are matched one-to-one with the plurality of openings 38. As a result, the number of the plurality of first electrodes 34 can be secured, so that the resolution of the pressure distribution can be secured.
- the shearing force can be detected even with a simple structure and a manufacturing process, and the resolution of the pressure distribution can be ensured.
- the second electrode 36 has a single configuration, for example, the manufacturing efficiency can be improved and the number of parts can be reduced as compared with the case where the second electrode 36 is composed of a plurality of members. can do.
- the tactile sensor 10 has 36 first electrodes 34, but the number of the plurality of first electrodes 34 may be any number.
- One opening 38 is formed in the second electrode 36, but the number of openings 38 may be any number as long as the number of openings 38 is smaller than the number of the plurality of first electrodes 34.
- the plurality of first electrodes 34 are preferably arranged in a matrix along the contact surface 28, but are arranged in a mode other than the matrix if a desired pressure distribution can be obtained in the contact surface 28. You may.
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Abstract
Description
はじめに、ロボットシステム100の一例の概略を説明する。
続いて、触覚センシングシステム1の一例の概略を説明する。
はじめに、第一実施形態を説明する。
図3は、第一実施形態に係る触覚センサ10の縦断面図である。第一実施形態に係る触覚センサ10は、センサ部18と、基板16とを備える。
C=ε×A/d
εは弾力層22の誘電定数[Fm-1]であり、Aは第一電極34と第二電極36の平面視で重なり合う面積[m2]であり、dはZ軸方向に沿った第一電極34と第二電極36との間の距離[m]である。
図8は、図3の触覚センサ10の製造方法の一例を説明する図である。触覚センサ10は、例えば、次の要領で製造される。すなわち、複数の第一電極34がパターンによって第一面16Aに形成された基板16の第二面16Bに複数の静電容量検出IC44が実装される。基板16には、複数のスルーホールビア46が形成されており、複数の静電容量検出IC44は、複数のスルーホールビア46を介して複数の第一電極34と接続される。
図9は、図3の触覚センサ10における変位Δxと変位Δyの一例を説明する平面図である。なお、図9では、複数の第一電極34のそれぞれと第二電極36との間の静電容量C00~C55が複数の第一電極34のそれぞれに対応して示されている。
図10(A)、図11(A)に示されるように、垂直荷重Fz’が作用していないときには、Δx、Δy、Δz=0であり、第二電極36と部分的に重なる隣り合わせの第一電極34については、式1が成立する。
C00_0=K1/Z0
C01_0=K2/Z0
C00_0、C01_0は垂直荷重Fz’が作用していないときの隣り合わせの第一電極34と第二電極36との間の静電容量であり、K1、K2は定数である。
他の隣り合わせの第一電極34と第二電極36との間の静電容量についても、式1と同様の式が成立する。
図10(B)、図11(B)に示されるように、垂直荷重Fz’のみが作用しているときには、Δx、Δy=0、Δz≠0であり、第二電極36と部分的に重なる隣り合わせの第一電極34については、式2が成立する。
C00_z=K1/(Z0-Δz)
C01_z=K2/(Z0-Δz)
C00_z、C01_zは垂直荷重Fz’のみが作用しているときの隣り合わせの第一電極34と第二電極36との間の静電容量である。
C00_z/K1=1/(Z0-Δz)
Z0-Δz=K1/C00_z
Δz=Z0-K1/C00_z
Z0=K1/C00_0
∴Δz=K1(1/C00_0-1/C00_z)
同様に、他方の第一電極34に対する第二電極36の変位Δzについて以下が求まる。
Δz=K2(1/C01_0-1/C01_z)
他の第一電極34に対する第二電極36の変位Δzについても、上記と同様に求まる。
図10(C)に示されるように、せん断力Fxのみが作用しているときには、Δy、Δz=0、Δx≠0であり、第二電極36と部分的に重なる隣り合わせの第一電極34については、式3が成立する。
C00_x=K1/Z0+Δx・Kp/Z0
C01_x=K2/Z0-Δx・Kp/Z0
C00_x、C01_xはせん断力Fxのみが作用しているときのx方向に隣り合わせの第一電極34と第二電極36との間の静電容量であり、Kpは定数である。
Δx・Kp/Z0=C00_x-K1/Z0
Δx・Kp=Z0・C00_x-K1
Δx=(Z0・C00_x-K1)/Kp
式1より、K1=Z0×C00_0であるため、一方の第一電極34に対する第二電極36の変位Δxについて以下が求まる。
Δx=(Z0・C00_x-Z0×C00_0)/Kp
Δx=Z0/Kp×(C00_x-C00_0)
同様に、他方の第一電極34に対する第二電極36の変位Δxについて以下が求まる。
Δx=Z0/Kp×(C01_0-C01_x)
他の第一電極34に対する第二電極36の変位Δxについても、上記と同様に求まる。
図11(C)に示されるように、せん断力Fyのみが作用しているときには、せん断力Fxのみが作用しているときと同様の計算により、第一電極34に対する第二電極36の変位Δyが求まる。
図10(D)に示されるように、垂直荷重Fz’及びせん断力Fxのみが作用しているときには、Δy=0、Δx、Δz≠0であり、第二電極36と部分的に重なる隣り合わせの第一電極34については、式4が成立する。
C00_zx=K1/(Z0-Δz)+Δx・Kp/(Z0-Δz)
C01_zx=K2/(Z0-Δz)+Δx・Kp/(Z0-Δz)
C00_zx、C01_zxは垂直荷重Fz’及びせん断力Fxのみが作用しているときの第一電極34と第二電極36との間の静電容量である。
Δz=(K1+K2){1/(C00_0+C01_0)-1/(C00_zx+C01_zx)}
Δx=(K1+K2)/2Kp・(C00_zx-C01_zx)/(C00_zx+C01_zx)
他の第一電極34に対する第二電極36の変位Δz、Δxについても、上記と同様に求まる。
図11(D)に示されるように、垂直荷重Fz’及びせん断力Fyのみが作用しているときには、垂直荷重Fz’及びせん断力Fxのみが作用しているときと同様の計算により、隣り合わせの第一電極34に対する第二電極36の変位Δz、Δyが求まる。
垂直荷重Fz’及びせん断力Fx、Fyが作用しているときには、第一電極34に対する第二電極36の変位Δx、Δy、Δzを次のようにして求めることができる。1つの第二電極36と部分的に重なる4つの第一電極34の範囲では、各第一電極34における変位Δzの値は互いに近似している場合が多いので、変位Δzの値は共通であると仮定する。その場合、各第一電極34に対応する信号の大きさ(静電容量値)は、各第一電極34の第二電極36との重なり面積に比例する。よって、静電容量値C00、C01、C10、C11の比は、重なり面積S00、S01、S10、S11の比と等しい。すなわち、式5が成立する。
[式5]
C00:C01:C10:C11=S00:S01:S10:S11
[式6]
S00=(a-Δx)×(a-Δy)、S01=(a-Δx)×(a+Δy)、S10=(a+Δx)×(a-Δy)、S11=(a+Δx)×(a+Δy)
次に、第二実施形態を説明する。
図12は、第二実施形態に係る触覚センサ10の縦断面図である。第二実施形態に係る触覚センサ10は、上述の第一実施形態に係る触覚センサ10(図3~図6参照)に対し、第二電極層26の構成が次のように変更されている。
次に、第三実施形態を説明する。
図15は、第三実施形態に係る触覚センサ10の縦断面図である。第三実施形態に係る触覚センサ10は、上述の第一実施形態に係る触覚センサ10(図3~図6参照)に対し、第二電極層26の構成が次のように変更されている。
次に、第四実施形態を説明する。
図18は、第四実施形態に係る触覚センサ10の縦断面図である。第四実施形態に係る触覚センサ10は、上述の第一実施形態に係る触覚センサ10(図3~図6参照)に対し、第二電極層26の構成が次のように変更されている。
Claims (5)
- 対象物との接触面を有すると共に、弾力層と、前記弾力層を挟んだ両側に位置する第一電極層及び第二電極層とが前記接触面の法線方向に積層された積層構造を有する静電容量方式のセンサ部を備え、
前記第一電極層は、複数の第一電極を有し、
前記第二電極層は、単層である1又は複数の第二電極によって構成され、
前記複数の第一電極のうちの2以上は、前記法線方向に見て前記第二電極と部分的に重なる部分重複電極であり、
1の前記第二電極に形成された1又は複数の開口の数、若しくは、1又は複数の前記第二電極によって形成される1又は複数の島部の数は、前記複数の第一電極の数よりも少ない、
触覚センサ。 - 前記第二電極層は、複数の前記島部を形成する複数の前記第二電極によって構成され、
複数の前記第二電極のそれぞれは、前記法線方向に見て前記複数の第一電極のうち隣接する第一電極のそれぞれと部分的に重なるように形成されている、
請求項1に記載の触覚センサ。 - 前記第二電極層は、複数の前記開口が形成された1の前記第二電極によって構成され、
複数の前記開口のそれぞれは、前記法線方向に見て前記複数の第一電極のうち隣接する第一電極のそれぞれと部分的に重なるように形成されている、
請求項1に記載の触覚センサ。 - 前記第二電極層は、1の前記島部を形成する1の前記第二電極によって構成され、
前記複数の部分重複電極のそれぞれは、前記法線方向に見て1の前記第二電極と部分的に重なるように形成されている、
請求項1に記載の触覚センサ。 - 前記第二電極層は、1の前記開口が形成された1の前記第二電極によって構成され、
前記複数の部分重複電極のそれぞれは、前記法線方向に見て1の前記開口と部分的に重なるように形成されている、
請求項1に記載の触覚センサ。
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| CN116773073A (zh) * | 2023-04-06 | 2023-09-19 | 北京信息科技大学 | 一种非对称结构的三维触觉传感器及其制备方法 |
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| EP4202390A4 (en) | 2024-08-07 |
| JP2022035827A (ja) | 2022-03-04 |
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| JP7420011B2 (ja) | 2024-01-23 |
| US20230324242A1 (en) | 2023-10-12 |
| CN116157663A (zh) | 2023-05-23 |
| US12455204B2 (en) | 2025-10-28 |
| TW202208816A (zh) | 2022-03-01 |
| EP4202390A1 (en) | 2023-06-28 |
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