WO2022054150A1 - 透明電極、透明電極の製造方法、および電子デバイス - Google Patents
透明電極、透明電極の製造方法、および電子デバイス Download PDFInfo
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- H10K2102/102—Transparent electrodes, e.g. using graphene comprising transparent conductive oxides [TCO] comprising tin oxides, e.g. fluorine-doped SnO2
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- H10K2102/101—Transparent electrodes, e.g. using graphene comprising transparent conductive oxides [TCO]
- H10K2102/103—Transparent electrodes, e.g. using graphene comprising transparent conductive oxides [TCO] comprising indium oxides, e.g. ITO
Definitions
- Embodiments of the present invention relate to transparent electrodes, methods for manufacturing transparent electrodes, and electronic devices.
- ITO films are generally used as transparent electrodes for such devices.
- the ITO film is usually formed by sputtering or the like, and in order to realize high conductivity, it is necessary to perform high-temperature sputtering or high-temperature annealing after sputtering, and it is often not applicable to devices containing organic materials.
- ITO / Ag / ITO which has low resistance and high transparency
- a transparent electrode ITO / Ag / ITO, which has low resistance and high transparency
- amorphous ITO hereinafter sometimes referred to as a-ITO
- silver used for ITO films are deteriorated by acids and halogens.
- acids and halogens There is a strong tendency to deteriorate the performance of the electrodes.
- silver is easy to migrate, and in the active part of the device, it may react with water or the like to reduce the activity of the device itself.
- an object of the present embodiment is to provide a stable transparent electrode having a small migration of metal or halogen, a method for manufacturing the transparent electrode, and an electronic device using the transparent electrode.
- the transparent electrode according to the embodiment includes a transparent substrate and a plurality of conductive regions arranged on the surface thereof and separated from each other in a high resistance region.
- the conductive region has a structure in which a first transparent conductive metal oxide layer, a metal layer, a second transparent conductive metal oxide layer, and a graphene-containing layer are laminated in this order from the base material side. Ori, A compound having a graphene skeleton does not exist in the high resistance region.
- Step of preparing a transparent substrate (B) A step of forming a laminated body including the following steps: (B1) A step of forming a first transparent conductive metal oxide layer on the transparent substrate; (B2) A step of forming a metal layer on the first transparent conductive metal oxide layer; (B3) A step of forming a second transparent conductive metal oxide layer on the metal layer; and (b4) a step of forming a graphene-containing layer on the second transparent conductive metal oxide layer, and (b4).
- C A step of patterning the laminate to form a plurality of conductive regions: Is included.
- the electronic device has a structure in which the transparent electrode, the active layer, and the counter electrode are laminated in this order.
- the conceptual diagram which shows the structure of the transparent electrode by embodiment The conceptual diagram which shows the manufacturing method of the transparent electrode by an embodiment.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic configuration diagram of the transparent electrode 100 according to the present embodiment.
- the transparent electrode includes a plurality of conductive regions 106 on the transparent base material 101, and the plurality of conductive regions 106 are separated from each other by a high resistance region 107.
- the conductive region 106 includes a first transparent conductive metal oxide layer (hereinafter, may be referred to as a first oxide layer) 102, a metal layer 103, and a second transparent conductive oxidation in order from the substrate side. It has a substance (hereinafter, may be referred to as a second oxide layer) 104, and a graphene-containing layer 105 formed on the substance (hereinafter, may be referred to as a second oxide layer).
- the compound having a graphene skeleton is graphene derived from the graphene-containing layer 105, graphene oxide derived from the graphene oxide-containing layer formed as needed, and the like.
- the absence of a compound having a graphene skeleton in the high resistance region means that the surface of the first and second oxide layers and metal layers, particularly the metal layer, exposed on the side wall of the conductive region 106. It means that graphene is not attached.
- the second oxide layer 104 suppresses the migration of metals such as silver from the metal layer 103 to the active layer formed on the transparent electrode, and also suppresses the migration of halogen ions and the like from the active layer to the metal electrode.
- Has the effect of The graphene-containing layer 105 has a function of improving the effect.
- a compound having a graphene skeleton is present in the high resistance region, deterioration of the conductive region may be promoted. The reason is that when a compound having a graphene skeleton is present on the side surface of the conductive region exposed in the high resistance region, particularly on the side surface of the metal layer 103, halogen ions and water are attracted, and the halogen ions and water in that portion are attracted.
- an inorganic material such as glass and an organic material such as polyethylene terephthalate (hereinafter referred to as PET), polyethylene naphthalate (hereinafter referred to as PEN), polycarbonate and PMMA are used. It is preferable to use a flexible organic material because the photoelectric conversion element according to the embodiment becomes highly flexible. Further, the transparent base material is preferably flattened in order to suppress light transmission and defect generation during manufacturing.
- the material of the first oxide layer 102 can be selected from any generally known material. Specifically, indium-doped tin oxide (ITO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), indium-doped zinc oxide, and indium-doped zinc oxide. Examples include objects (Indium-topped zinc oxide, IZO) and the like.
- the metal oxide contains an amorphous structure, and the film thickness is preferably 30 to 200 nm, more preferably 35 to 100 nm, and even more preferably 40 to 70 nm. Having an amorphous structure makes it easy to form a continuous, uniform and flat film.
- ITO is preferable because it has a neutral pH, the zeta potential is close to 0, and the interaction with cations and anions is small.
- Examples of the material of the metal layer 103 include silver, copper, gold, stainless steel, titanium, nickel, chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, tin, zinc, or alloys thereof, and silver, copper, and alloys thereof are preferable. ..
- the metal layer 103 preferably has a film thickness of 4 to 20 nm, more preferably 5 to 15 nm, and even more preferably 6 to 10 nm. If the film thickness is excessively small, the resistance tends to be large, and if the film thickness is excessively large, the transparency tends to decrease. Silver tends to migrate easily but has excellent conductivity, and copper has higher migration resistance than silver and is cheaper but less conductive. By combining these in a well-balanced manner, it is possible to achieve both conductivity and migration suppressing effect.
- the material of the second oxide layer 104 can be selected from the same materials as those listed in the first oxide layer. It is preferable to use the same material for the first oxide layer 102 and the second oxide layer 104.
- the film thickness is preferably 5 to 50 nm, more preferably 10 to 40 nm, and even more preferably 15 to 30 nm. If the film thickness is too small, the function of preventing metal migration tends to deteriorate. If the film thickness is excessively large, the resistance tends to be large and charge transfer tends to be difficult.
- the second oxide layer 104 has an effect of suppressing migration, but the effect becomes greater when the oxide layer is continuous. Whether or not the oxide layer is continuous can be evaluated by cross-section SEM.
- the cross-sectional SEM can be measured at a magnification of 100,000 times. It is preferable that the number of discontinuous portions measured in 10 cross-sectional SEMs at different locations is 2 or less, and 0 is more preferable.
- the graphene-containing layer 105 has a structure in which one to several layers of graphene having a sheet shape are laminated.
- the number of laminated graphene layers is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 to 6 layers so that sufficient transparency, conductivity, or ion shielding effect can be obtained, and 2 to 4 layers are preferable. It is more preferable to have.
- the graphene preferably has a structure in which a polyalkyleneimine, particularly a polyethyleneimine chain, as shown in the following formula is bonded to the graphene skeleton. It is also preferable that the carbon of the graphene skeleton is partially replaced by nitrogen.
- the polyethyleneimine chain is exemplified as the polyalkyleneimine chain.
- the number of carbon atoms contained in the alkyleneimine unit is preferably 2 to 8, and polyethyleneimine containing a unit having 2 carbon atoms is particularly preferable.
- not only linear polyalkyleneimine but also polyalkyleneimine having a branched chain or a cyclic structure can be used.
- n number of repeating units
- Graphene is preferably unsubstituted or nitrogen-doped. Nitrogen-doped graphene is preferred for the cathode.
- the doping amount (N / C atomic ratio) can be measured by an X-ray photoelectron spectrum (XPS), and is preferably 0.1 to 30 atom%, more preferably 1 to 10 atom%.
- the graphene-containing layer has a high shielding effect, and by preventing the diffusion of acids and halogen ions, it is possible to prevent the deterioration of metal oxides and metals and prevent the invasion of impurities from the outside into the photoelectric conversion layer. Further, since the nitrogen-substituted graphene-containing layer (N-graphene-containing layer) contains a nitrogen atom, it has a high ability to trap acid, and thus has a higher shielding effect.
- a metal oxide layer (third oxide layer) may be further placed on the graphene-containing layer.
- the presence of such a layer facilitates a balance between conductivity and the function of preventing metal migration.
- the oxide constituting the third oxide layer can be selected from, for example, titanium oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, and zirconium oxide. These tend to be n-type semiconductors, which is preferable when an electrode is used as a cathode. Among these, titanium oxide and zirconium oxide are preferable because the oxide layer is stable and easy to form, and the zeta potential is close to 0 at a neutral pH and there is little interaction with cations and anions. Further, titanium oxide is more preferable in terms of supply of raw materials.
- each layer described here may have a structure in which two or more layers are laminated.
- the materials and manufacturing methods of the layers to be laminated may be the same or different.
- the high resistance region 107 is a void, but the high resistance region 107 is filled with a material containing a p-type inorganic oxide, an n-type inorganic oxide, a p-type organic compound, or an n-type organic compound. May be. Further, it may be filled with other insulating substances. With such a configuration, even if the conductive region is separated, the mechanical strength of the transparent substrate or the electronic device including the transparent substrate can be reinforced, and the required electrical characteristics can be obtained.
- the n-type inorganic oxide can be selected from, for example, titanium oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, and zirconium oxide.
- Nickel oxide, molybdenum oxide, iron oxide, and copper oxide can be selected as the p-type inorganic oxide.
- a polymer having a skeleton such as polythiophene or polyaniline is preferable.
- the n-type organic compound preferably has a fullerene skeleton.
- a layer containing a p-type inorganic oxide, an n-type inorganic oxide, a p-type organic compound, or a material containing an n-type organic compound can be provided on the graphene-containing layer 105.
- the material that can be used here can be selected from the same materials that can be filled in the high resistance region described above.
- a graphene oxide layer can be formed on the graphene-containing layer 105.
- the graphene oxide contained in the graphene oxide-containing layer the graphene skeleton is oxidized, but it is preferable that the graphene oxide is not modified.
- the method for manufacturing a transparent electrode according to an embodiment includes forming a laminate constituting a conductive region on a base material, and then patterning the laminate to separate the laminate into a plurality of conductive regions.
- the transparent base material 201 is prepared (step (a): FIG. 2 (A)).
- the transparent base material 201 is preferably smooth, and prior to the production of the transparent base material, it can be subjected to a smoothing treatment by polishing or the like, a corona treatment, or the like.
- Step (b) is (B1) A step of forming the first transparent conductive metal oxide layer 202 on the transparent base material 201; (B2) A step of forming the metal layer 203 on the first transparent conductive metal oxide layer 202; (B3) A step of forming a second transparent conductive metal oxide layer 204 on the metal layer 203; and (b4) Forming a graphene-containing layer 205 on the second transparent conductive metal oxide layer 204.
- Step (b) is (B1) A step of forming the first transparent conductive metal oxide layer 202 on the transparent base material 201; (B2) A step of forming the metal layer 203 on the first transparent conductive metal oxide layer 202; (B3) A step of forming a second transparent conductive metal oxide layer 204 on the metal layer 203; and (b4) Forming a graphene-containing layer 205 on the second transparent conductive metal oxide layer 204.
- the first oxide layer 202 is formed.
- the first oxide layer 202 can be formed, for example, by sputtering at a low temperature.
- An amorphous inorganic oxide layer can be formed by low-temperature sputtering, and the amorphous inorganic oxide can be partially crystallized by annealing to form a mixture. Annealing is preferably a high temperature atmosphere or laser annealing.
- the first oxide layer 202 is formed uniformly on the substrate 201, that is, as an unpatterned uniform film.
- the metal film 203 is formed.
- the metal layer 103 can be formed by, for example, sputtering or vapor deposition, but sputtering is preferable.
- the metal layer 203 is formed as a uniform film on the first oxide layer 202.
- the second oxide layer 204 is formed.
- the second oxide layer can also be produced by a method selected from the same methods as those mentioned for the first oxide layer.
- the materials and methods used may be the same as or different from the first oxide layer.
- steps (b1) to (b3) can be produced mainly by sputtering
- the method is not particularly limited and can be formed by any method.
- the graphene-containing layer 205 is formed on the second oxide layer 204.
- the graphene-containing layer can be formed by any method, but it is preferably formed by a coating method. According to the coating method, the electrode can be easily manufactured even when the base material 201 or the second oxide layer 204 has a large area.
- the graphene-containing layer 205 can be obtained by applying a dispersion liquid in which graphene is dispersed in a dispersion medium on the second oxide layer 204 and drying it if necessary.
- the graphene used here is a modified graphene in which an alkyleneimine chain is bound to the graphene skeleton, whether it is unsubstituted or unmodified graphene or N-graphene in which the carbon of the graphene skeleton is replaced with nitrogen. May be.
- a graphene oxide-containing layer is temporarily formed using graphene oxide substituted with an alkyl chain or the like as graphene, and a hydrazine compound or an amine compound, for example, hydrated hydrazine is applied to the formed graphene oxide-containing layer for oxidation. It can also be formed by reducing graphene.
- dispersion medium contained in the dispersion liquid containing graphene or the like water, alcohols, dimethylformamide, methylethylketone, chlorbenzene, or a mixture thereof and a wide range of solvents are used. Of these, water is the most environmentally preferable and inexpensive.
- the graphene-containing layer is other, (I) On the surface of the laminate, in addition to basic raw materials such as methane and hydrogen, a low molecular weight nitrogen compound such as ammonia, pyridine, methylamine, ethylenediamine, or urea is combined and N-graphene is contained by a chemical vapor deposition method. Form a layer, (Ii) After forming the graphene content on another substrate, transfer it onto the laminate. (Iii) Manufactured by forming an unsubstituted graphene film on the surface of the laminate and then treating it in nitrogen plasma. The graphene-containing layer can also be formed by such a method.
- a step (step (b5)) of forming a graphene oxide-containing layer on the graphene-containing layer can be added.
- the graphene oxide aqueous dispersion which can be coated with the graphene oxide dispersion on the graphene-containing layer, has a high affinity with the underlying graphene-containing layer, so that a uniform film can be easily formed.
- Graphene oxide may be applied as a dispersion in an organic solvent such as metall or ethanol.
- step (b5') of forming a third oxide layer on the graphene-containing layer can be added after the step (b4).
- the third oxide layer can be formed by various methods such as a sputtering method and a sol-gel method, but it is thin and has a large area to be formed by applying an alcohol solution of metal alkoxide and then heat-treating it in a water-containing atmosphere. It is preferable because a uniform amorphous film can be formed.
- first transparent conductive metal oxide layer, the metal layer, the second transparent conductive metal oxide layer, or the graphene-containing layer can be produced in two or more stages, respectively. In that case, the materials and methods used at each stage may be the same or different.
- the laminated body 206 After forming the laminated body 206 in this way, the laminated body is separated by patterning to form a plurality of conductive regions 206a (step (c), FIG. 2 (C)). The portion from which the laminated body is removed by patterning becomes the high resistance region 207.
- Patterning can be performed by any method, but mechanical scribing, laser scribing, or etching is preferably used. In the embodiment, it is desirable to avoid the invasion of the compound having a graphene skeleton into the high resistance region. Therefore, mechanical scribes and laser scribes in which dust and the like are less likely to be mixed in the high resistance region are preferable. Although patterning by etching is also possible, it is preferable to remove the compound containing the graphene skeleton from the high resistance region by post-treatment or the like because impurities mixed in the liquid easily invade the high resistance region in wet etching in particular.
- the step of applying the compound having a graphene skeleton after the step (c).
- the graphene oxide-containing layer can be formed on the graphene oxide-containing layer, but the formation of the graphene oxide-containing layer should be performed before the patterning step (c). be.
- a semiconductor material or the like can be filled in the high resistance region, it does not invade the high resistance region even if graphene or the like is applied after the material is filled in the high resistance region.
- various semiconductor materials and the like can be filled in the high resistance region after the step (c).
- semiconductor materials can be laminated by sputtering or the like, or an aqueous dispersion containing the semiconductor material can be applied.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic configuration diagram of a photoelectric conversion element (solar cell) 300, which is an example of an electronic device according to the present embodiment.
- the solar cell 300 is an element having a function as a solar cell that converts light energy such as sunlight L incident on the cell into electric power.
- the solar cell 300 includes a transparent electrode 310 according to the embodiment, a counter electrode 330, and a photoelectric conversion layer 320 provided between them.
- the transparent electrode 310 corresponds to the first embodiment, and is a transparent base material 311, a first transparent conductive metal oxide layer 312, a metal layer 313, and a second transparent conductive metal oxide layer 314. , And a plurality of conductive regions having a structure in which the graphene-containing layer 315 is laminated, and there is a high resistance region 317 between them.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 320 is a semiconductor layer that converts the light energy of incident light into electric power to generate an electric current.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 320 generally includes a p-type semiconductor layer and an n-type semiconductor layer.
- the photoelectric conversion layer includes a laminate of a p-type polymer and an n-type material, RNH 3 PbX 3 (X is a halogen ion, R is an alkyl group, etc.), a silicon semiconductor, InGaAs, GaAs, a chalcopyrite, CdTe, and InP.
- a buffer layer may be inserted between the photoelectric conversion layer 320 and the transparent electrode 310 to promote or block charge injection. Further, another charge buffer layer or charge transport layer may be inserted between the counter electrode 330 and the photoelectric conversion layer 320.
- buffer layer for the anode and the charge transport layer examples include vanadium oxide, PEDOT / PSS, p-type polymer, vanadium pentoxide ( V2O 5 ) , 2,2', 7,7'-Tetracis [N, N-di].
- (4-methoxyphenyl) amino] -9,9'-spirobifluorene hereinafter referred to as Spiro-OMeTAD
- nickel oxide NiO
- WO 3 tungsten trioxide
- MoO 3 molybdenum trioxide
- lithium fluoride LiF
- calcium Ca
- Ca 6,6'-phenyl-C61-butyl acid methyl ester
- C60-PCBM 6,6'-phenyl-C71-butyl acid methyl ester
- C70-PCBM Inden-C60 Bis adduct
- ICBA Inden-C60 Bis adduct
- Cs 2 CO 3 cesium carbonate
- TiO2 titanium dioxide
- poly [(9,9-bis (3'-(N, N-dimethylamino) probel poly [(9,9-bis (3'-(N, N-dimethylamino) probel).
- PFN bathocuproine
- ZrO zirconium oxide
- PFN zinc oxide
- a layer made of ZnO), polyetineimine, or the like can be used.
- a brookite-type titanium oxide layer can be provided between the photoelectric conversion layer and the transparent electrode. It is known that titanium oxide has three types of crystal structures: rutile type, anatase type, and brookite type. In the embodiment, it is preferable to use a layer containing brookite-type titanium oxide. This brookite-type titanium oxide layer has the effect of suppressing the transfer of halogen from the photoelectric conversion layer to the conductive layer and the transfer of metal ions from the conductive layer to the photoelectric conversion layer. Therefore, the life of the electrodes and electronic devices can be extended.
- Such a brookite-type titanium oxide layer is preferably composed of nanoparticles of brookite-type titanium oxide, specifically particles having an average particle diameter of 5 to 30 nm.
- the average particle size was measured by a particle size distribution measuring device.
- Such brookite-type nanoparticles are commercially available from, for example, high-purity chemical laboratories.
- any electrode can be used as the counter electrode 330, and a transparent electrode according to the embodiment can also be used. Generally, an opaque metal electrode is used.
- a metal electrode stainless steel, copper, titanium, nickel, chromium, tungsten, gold, silver, molybdenum, tin, zinc and the like are used.
- the counter electrode 330 may contain an unsubstituted planar single-layer graphene.
- the unsubstituted single-layer graphene can be formed by a CVD method using methane, hydrogen, and argon as reaction gases and a copper foil as a base catalyst layer.
- methane, hydrogen, and argon as reaction gases
- copper is melted to transfer the single-layer graphene onto the thermal transfer film.
- a counter electrode can be obtained by printing a metal wiring for current collection on this film using a silver paste or the like.
- graphene in which some carbons are substituted with boron may be used.
- Boron-substituted graphene can be similarly formed using BH 3 , methane, hydrogen and argon as reaction gases. These graphenes can also be transferred from a thermal transfer film onto a suitable substrate such as PET.
- these monolayer or multilayer graphene may be doped with a tertiary amine as an electron donor molecule.
- An electrode made of such a graphene layer also functions as a transparent electrode.
- the solar cell according to the embodiment can have a structure in which both sides are sandwiched between transparent electrodes.
- a solar cell having such a structure can efficiently use light from both sides.
- the energy conversion efficiency is generally 5% or more, and when the electrode base material is composed of a transparent polymer, it is characterized by being stable and flexible for a long period of time.
- a transparent glass electrode having a metal oxide layer such as ITO can be used as the counter electrode 330. In this case, the flexibility of the solar cell is sacrificed, but the light energy can be used with high efficiency.
- the solar cell can further have an ultraviolet ray blocking layer, a gas barrier layer, and the like.
- the ultraviolet absorber include 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, 2,2-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-2-carboxybenzophenone, and 2-hydroxy-4-n-.
- Benzophenone compounds such as octoxybenzophenone; 2- (2-hydroxy-3,5-dithibylphenyl) benzotriazole, 2- (2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl) benzotriazole, 2- (2-hydroxy) -5-Third octylphenyl)
- Benzotriazole-based compounds such as benzotriazole; examples thereof include salicylic acid ester-based compounds such as phenylsalicylate and p-octylphenylsalicylate. It is desirable that these compounds block ultraviolet rays of 400 nm or less.
- the gas barrier layer a layer that blocks water vapor and oxygen is particularly preferable, and a layer that does not allow water vapor to pass through is particularly preferable.
- a layer made of inorganic substances such as SiN, SiO 2 , SiC, SiO x N y , TiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 , ultrathin glass and the like can be preferably used.
- the thickness of the gas barrier layer is not particularly limited, but is preferably in the range of 0.01 to 3000 ⁇ m, and more preferably in the range of 0.1 to 100 ⁇ m. If it is less than 0.01 ⁇ m, sufficient gas barrier properties tend not to be obtained, while if it exceeds 3000 ⁇ m, the thickness tends to increase and features such as flexibility and flexibility tend to disappear.
- the water vapor permeation amount (moisture permeability) of the gas barrier layer is preferably 10 2 g / m2 ⁇ d to 10-6 g / m 2 ⁇ d, more preferably 101 g / m 2 ⁇ d to 10-5 g / m 2 . It is d, and more preferably 100 g / m 2 ⁇ d to 10 -4 g / m 2 ⁇ d.
- the moisture permeability can be measured based on JIS Z0208 or the like.
- the dry method is suitable for forming the gas barrier layer.
- a method for forming a gas barrier layer having a gas barrier property by a dry method resistance heating vapor deposition, electron beam deposition, induction heating vapor deposition, vacuum vapor deposition methods such as an assist method using plasma or an ion beam, a reactive sputtering method, and an ion beam are used.
- Sputtering method sputtering method such as ECR (electronic cyclotron) sputtering method, physical vapor deposition method (PVD method) such as ion plating method, chemical vapor deposition method (CVD method) using heat, light, plasma, etc.
- the vacuum vapor deposition method in which layers are formed by the vapor deposition method under vacuum is preferable.
- the transparent electrode according to the embodiment includes a base material. However, after manufacturing the transparent substrate, the transparent substrate can be removed if necessary. Specifically, in the process of manufacturing an electronic device, the transparent base material and the photoelectric conversion layer formed on the transparent base material can be integrated and then the base material can be peeled off and removed. In such a case, since the base material is a support for forming the electrode structure, it does not need to be transparent, and a metal, an opaque resin material, or the like can be used.
- the solar cell of this embodiment can also be used as an optical sensor.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic configuration diagram of the organic EL element 400 according to another third embodiment.
- the organic EL element 400 is an element having a function as a light emitting element that converts the electric energy input to this element into light L.
- the organic EL element 400 includes a transparent electrode 410 according to the embodiment, a counter electrode 430, and a photoelectric conversion layer (light emitting layer) 420 provided between the transparent electrodes 410.
- the transparent electrode 410 corresponds to the first embodiment, and is a transparent base material 411, a first transparent conductive metal oxide layer 412, a metal layer 413, and a second transparent conductive metal oxide layer. It has a plurality of conductive regions having a structure in which 414 and a graphene-containing layer 415 are laminated, and a high resistance region 417 is located between them.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 420 is a layer that recombines the electric charge injected from the transparent electrode 410 and the electric charge injected from the counter electrode 430 to convert electrical energy into light.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 420 is generally composed of a p-type semiconductor layer and an n-type semiconductor layer, but any material having a photoelectric conversion function can be used.
- a buffer layer may be provided between the photoelectric conversion layer 420 and the counter electrode 430 to promote or block charge injection, and another buffer layer may be provided between the photoelectric conversion layer 420 and the transparent electrode.
- the counter electrode 430 is usually a metal electrode, but a transparent electrode may be used.
- Example 1 The transparent electrode 500 having the structure shown in FIG. 5 is manufactured.
- a laminated structure of an amorphous ITO (a-ITO) layer 502, an alloy layer 503 containing silver and palladium, and an a-ITO layer 504 is formed on a 100 ⁇ m PET film 501 by a sputtering method.
- the surface resistance of this laminated structure is 8 to 10 ⁇ / ⁇ .
- An average of four N-graphene-containing layers 505, which are planar and have some carbon atoms replaced with nitrogen atoms, are laminated therein. This N-graphene-containing layer functions as a barrier layer.
- the barrier layer is formed as follows. First, the surface of the Cu foil is heat-treated by laser irradiation, and the crystal grains are enlarged by annealing. This Cu foil is used as a base catalyst layer, and ammonia, methane, hydrogen, and argon (15:60:65: 200 ccm) are used as a mixed reaction gas at 1000 ° C. for 5 minutes under the conditions of a planar single layer N-graphene by the CVD method. Manufacture layers. At this time, a single-layer graphene layer is formed in most of the parts, but a part in which two or more layers of N-graphene are laminated is also formed depending on the conditions, but it is called a single-layer graphene layer for convenience.
- the treatment is performed at 1000 ° C. for 5 minutes under a mixed flow of ammonia and argon, and then cooled under a mixed flow of argon.
- the thermal transfer film thickness of 150 ⁇ m
- the single-layer N-graphene layer is transferred onto the thermal transfer film by immersing it in an ammonia-alkaline cupric chloride etchant to dissolve Cu.
- an ammonia-alkaline cupric chloride etchant to dissolve Cu.
- the N-graphene layer is transferred onto the laminated structure by heating to form the barrier layer 505.
- the nitrogen content of the barrier layer 505 (graphene-containing layer) measured by XPS is 1 to 2 atm% under this condition.
- the ratio of carbon atom to oxygen atom of the carbon material measured from XPS is 100 to 200.
- a conductive region 506 separated by a separation region 507 having a width of about 70 ⁇ m is formed at intervals of 13 mm by mechanical scribe.
- Example 1 After forming the transparent electrode in the same manner as in Example 1, the single-layer graphene layer is further transferred, and both the conductive region and the separated region are coated with graphene.
- This transparent electrode is immersed in 3% salt water and a potential is applied at + 0.5 V (against silver-silver chloride electrode) for 10 minutes. When the sheet resistance is measured after washing with water, the increase in resistance is 20% or more.
- Example 2 A transparent electrode is manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1. Next, a conductive region is formed by a laser scribe at intervals of 13 mm in a separated region having a width of about 40 ⁇ m. This transparent electrode is immersed in 3% salt water and a potential is applied at + 0.5 V (against silver-silver chloride electrode) for 10 minutes. When the sheet resistance is measured after washing with water, the increase in resistance is 10% or less.
- Example 3 Similar to Example 1, a laminated structure of a-ITO / alloy layer / a-ITO is formed on a 100 ⁇ m PET film by a sputtering method. The surface resistance is 8 to 10 ⁇ / ⁇ . A planar barrier layer is formed on which an N-graphene layer is laminated, in which a part of carbon atoms is replaced with nitrogen atoms.
- the barrier layer is formed as follows. An aqueous dispersion containing graphene oxide and polyethyleneimine is heated at 90 ° C. for 1 hour. Next, hydrated hydrazine is added to the dispersion and heated for another 1 hour, and then the whole is centrifuged at 12000 rpm. After removing the supernatant, the precipitate is redistributed with water. Centrifuge and removal of the supernatant are repeated 3 times. Finally, redisperse with ethanol. An N-graphene-containing layer (barrier layer) is formed on the laminated structure by applying a meniscus-coated ethanol redispersion solution on the laminated structure and then drying the laminated structure.
- the nitrogen content of the barrier layer measured by XPS is 4 to 5 atm% under this condition.
- the ratio of carbon atom to oxygen atom of the carbon material measured from XPS is 5 to 10.
- a conductive region separated by a separation region having a width of about 70 ⁇ m is formed at intervals of 13 mm by mechanical scribe.
- This transparent electrode is immersed in 3% salt water and a potential is applied at + 0.5 V (against silver-silver chloride electrode) for 10 minutes.
- + 0.5 V against silver-silver chloride electrode
- Example 4 On the transparent electrode obtained in Example 3, an isopropanol solution containing 5 wt% niobium (V) butoxide with respect to titanium (IV) isopropoxide is meniscus-coated. After drying in a nitrogen atmosphere at room temperature, it is dried on a hot plate at 130 ° C. in an atmosphere with a humidity of 40%. By this operation, an Nb-doped n-type titanium oxide layer is formed on the N-graphene-containing layer. This transparent electrode is immersed in 3% salt water and a potential is applied at + 0.5 V (against silver-silver chloride electrode) for 10 minutes. When the sheet resistance is measured after washing with water, the increase in resistance is 5% or less.
- Example 5 The solar cell 60 shown in FIG. 6 is manufactured.
- the separation region 617 is formed by scribe to form the transparent electrode 610.
- scribe is performed by adjusting the strength so that the copper grid 611a is not removed.
- An aqueous solution of lithium fluoride is applied thereto to form an electron injection layer 620.
- a toluene solution of C60-PCBM is applied with a bar coater and dried to form an electron transport layer 630.
- a chlorbenzene solution containing poly (3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) and C60-PCBM is applied with a bar coater and dried at 100 ° C. for 20 minutes to form a photoelectric conversion layer 640. As a result, the laminated body A is formed.
- An aqueous solution of PEDOT / PSS containing sorbitol is applied on the N-graphene-containing layer 660 with a bar coater and dried at 100 ° C. for 30 minutes to form a layer 670 (50 nm thick) containing PEDOT / PSS.
- This PEDOT / PSS layer functions as an adhesive layer and a hole injection layer. As a result, the laminated body B is formed.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 640 of the laminated body A and the PEDOT / PSS layer 670 of the laminated body B are bonded together at 90 ° C.
- the UV cut ink containing 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone is screen-printed on the back surface of the laminate A to form the UV cut layer 680.
- a silica film is formed on the ultraviolet cut layer by a vacuum vapor deposition method to form a gas barrier layer 690, and a solar cell 600 is formed.
- the obtained solar cell shows an energy conversion efficiency of 5% or more with respect to 1 SUN of sunlight, and the deterioration of the efficiency is less than 1% even if it is left outdoors for one month.
- Example 6 Manufactures organic EL devices.
- An a-ITO layer, an alloy layer 613, an a-ITO layer, and a graphene-containing layer are provided on a PET substrate on which a hexagonal grid-shaped copper grid having a line width of 50 ⁇ m is formed in the same manner as in Example 3.
- a separation region is formed by scribe to form a transparent electrode.
- scribe is performed by adjusting the strength so that the copper grid is not removed.
- An aqueous solution of lithium fluoride is applied as an electron transport layer on it, and tris (8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq 3 ) (40 nm), which also functions as an n-type semiconductor and is also a light emitting layer, is vapor-deposited for photoelectric conversion.
- Alq 3 8-hydroxyquinoline
- Alq 3 8-hydroxyquinoline aluminum
- NPD N, N'-di-1-naphthyl-N, N'-diphenyl-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine
- NPD N, N'-di-1-naphthyl-N, N'-diphenyl-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine
- a gold electrode is formed on the gold electrode by a sputtering method.
- the organic EL element is formed by sealing the periphery of the formed element. The obtained organic EL element has little deterioration of output light, and the decrease in output
- Transparent electrode 101 ... Transparent substrate 102 ... First transparent conductive oxide layer 103 ... Metal layer 104 ... Second transparent conductive oxide layer 105 ... Graphene-containing layer 106 ... Conductive region 107 ... High resistance region 200 ... Solar cell 201 ... Transparent substrate 202 ... First transparent conductive oxide layer 203 ... Metal layer 204 ... Second transparent conductive oxide layer 205 ... Graphene-containing layer 206 ... Laminated body 206a ... Conductive region 207 ... High resistance region 300 ... Solar cell 310 ... Transparent electrode 311 ... Transparent substrate 312 ... First transparent conductive oxide layer 313 ... Metal layer 314 ... Second transparent conductive oxide layer 315 ...
- Transparent electrode 611 ... PET base material 611a ... Copper grid 612 ... a-ITO layer 613 ... Alloy layer 614 ... a-ITO Layer 615 ... N-graphene-containing layer 620 ... electron injection layer 630 ... electron transport layer 640 ... photoelectric conversion layer 650 ... stainless foil 660 ... N-graphene layer 670 ... layer containing PEDOT / PSS 680 ... ultraviolet cut layer 690 ... gas barrier layer
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Abstract
Description
に関するものである。
前記導電性領域が、前記基材側から順に第1の透明導電性金属酸化物層、金属層、第2の透明導電性金属酸化物層、およびグラフェン含有層が積層された構造を有しており、
前記高抵抗領域にグラフェン骨格を有する化合物が存在しないものである。
(a)透明基材を準備する工程:
(b)以下の工程を含む、積層体を形成する工程:
(b1)前記透明基材の上に、第1の透明導電性金属酸化物層を形成する工程;
(b2)前記第1の透明導電性金属酸化物層の上に金属層を形成する工程;
(b3)前記金属層の上に第2の透明導電性金属酸化物層を形成する工程;および
(b4)第2の透明導電性金属酸化物層の上にグラフェン含有層を形成する工程、および
(c)前記積層体をパターニングして、複数の導電性領域を形成する工程:
を含むものである。
まず、第1の実施形態に係る透明電極の構成について図1を参照しながら説明すると以下の通りである。
第2の実施形態に係る透明電極200の製造方法を図2を参照しながら説明すると以下の通りである。
工程(b)は、
(b1)前記透明基材201の上に、第1の透明導電性金属酸化物層202を形成する工程;
(b2)前記第1の透明導電性金属酸化物層202の上に金属層203を形成する工程;
(b3)前記金属層203の上に第2の透明導電性金属酸化物層204を形成する工程;および
(b4)第2の透明導電性金属酸化物層204の上にグラフェン含有層205を形成する工程、
の素工程を、この順に行うことを含む。
(i)積層体の表面上に、メタンや水素などの基本原料に加えて、アンモニア、ピリジン、メチルアミン、エチレンジアミン、または尿素などの低分子窒素化合物を組み合わせて、化学蒸着法によってN-グラフェン含有層を形成させる、
(ii)別の基材上にグラフェン含有を形成させた後、それを積層体の上に転写する、
(iii)積層体の表面に無置換グラフェン膜を形成させた後、窒素プラズマ中で処理して製造する、
などの方法で、グラフェン含有層を形成することもできる。
図3を用いて、第3の実施形態の一つに係る電子デバイスの構成について説明する。図3は、本実施形態に係る電子デバイスの一例である光電変換素子(太陽電池セル)300の構成概略図である。太陽電池セル300は、このセルに入射してきた太陽光L等の光エネルギーを電力に変換する太陽電池としての機能を有する素子である。太陽電池セル300は、実施形態による透明電極310と、対向電極330と、その間に設けられた光電変換層320とを具備している。
図4を用いて、第3の別の実施形態に係る有機EL素子400の構成概略図である。有機EL素子400は、この素子に入力された電気エネルギーを光Lに変換する発光素子としての機能を有する素子である。有機EL素子400は、実施形態による透明電極410と、対向電極430と、その間に設けられた光電変換層(発光層)420とを具備している。
図5に示す構造の透明電極500を製造する。
実施例1と同様にして透明電極を形成した後に、単層グラフェン層をさらに転写して、導電領域および分離領域ともグラフェンでコートする。この透明電極を3%塩水中に浸漬して+0.5V(対銀―塩化銀電極)で10分間電位をかける。水洗後シート抵抗を測定すると抵抗の増大は20%以上である。
実施例1と同様にして透明電極を製造する。次にレーザースクライブにより13mm間隔で幅約40μmの分離領域で降りされた導電性領域を形成させる。この透明電極を3%塩水中に浸漬して+0.5V(対銀―塩化銀電極)で10分間電位をかける。水洗後シート抵抗を測定すると抵抗の増大は10%以下である。
実施例1と同様に、a-ITO/合金層/a-ITOの積層構造をスパッタ法で100μmのPETフィルム上に形成する。表面抵抗は8~10Ω/□である。その上に平面状の、炭素原子の一部が窒素原子に置換された、N-グラフェン層が積層されたバリア層を形成する。
実施例3で得られる透明電極上に、チタン(IV)イソプロポキシドに対して5wt%のニオブ(V)ブトキシドを含有するイソプロパノール溶液をメニスカス塗布する。窒素雰囲気中、室温で乾燥後、湿度40%の大気中で130℃のホットプレート上で乾燥する。この操作により、N-グラフェン含有層の上に、Nbがドープされたn型の酸化チタン層を形成する。
この透明電極を3%塩水中に浸漬して+0.5V(対銀―塩化銀電極)で10分間電位をかける。水洗後シート抵抗を測定すると抵抗の増大は5%以下である。
図6に示す太陽電池セル60を製造する。
有機EL素子を製造する。6角格子状の線幅50μmの銅グリッドが形成されたPET基材上に実施例3と同様にしての方法によりa-ITO層、合金層613、a-ITO層、グラフェン含有層を具備する積層体を形成させる。次いでスクライブにより分離領域を形成させて、透明電極を形成させる。このとき、銅グリッドが除去されない強度に調整してスクライブを行う。その上に電子輸送層としてフッ化リチウムの水溶液を塗布し、n型の半導体としても機能し、発光層でもあるトリス(8-ヒドロキシキノリン)アルミニウム(Alq3)(40nm)を蒸着して光電変換層を形成する。その上にN,N’-ジ-1-ナフチル-N,N’-ジフェニル-1,1’-ビフェニル-4,4’-ジアミン(以下、NPDという)を30nmの厚さで蒸着し正孔輸送層を形成する。その上に金電極をスパッタ法により製膜する。さらに形成された素子の周囲を封止することにより有機EL素子を形成する。得られる有機EL素子は出力光の劣化が少なく、1000時間連続運転しても出力の低下は3%以下である。
101…透明基材
102…第1の透明導電性酸化物層
103…金属層
104…第2の透明導電性酸化物層
105…グラフェン含有層
106…導電性領域
107…高抵抗領域
200…太陽電池セル
201…透明基材
202…第1の透明導電性酸化物層
203…金属層
204…第2の透明導電性酸化物層
205…グラフェン含有層
206…積層体
206a…導電性領域
207…高抵抗領域
300…太陽電池セル
310…透明電極
311…透明基材
312…第1の透明導電性酸化物層
313…金属層
314…第2の透明導電性酸化物層
315…グラフェン含有膜
317…高抵抗領域
320…光電変換層
330…対向電極
400…有機EL素子
410…透明電極
411…透明基材
412…第1の透明導電性酸化物層
413…金属層
414…第2の透明導電性酸化物層
415…グラフェン含有膜
417…高抵抗領域
420…光電変換層(発光層)
430…対向電極
500…透明電極
501…PETフィルム
502…a-ITO
503…銀、Pd合金
504…a-ITO
505…N-グラフェン含有層
506…導電性領域
507…高抵抗領域
600…太陽電池セル
610…透明電極
611…PET基材
611a…銅グリッド
612…a-ITO層
613…合金層
614…a-ITO層
615…N-グラフェン含有層
620…電子注入層
630…電子輸送層
640…光電変換層
650…ステンレス箔
660…N-グラフェン層
670…PEDOT・PSSを含む層
680…紫外線カット層
690…ガスバリア層
Claims (18)
- 透明基材と、その表面に配置された、高抵抗領域で相互に分離された複数の導電性領域とを具備する透明電極であって、
前記導電性領域が、前記基材側から順に第1の透明導電性金属酸化物層、金属層、第2の透明導電性金属酸化物層、およびグラフェン含有層が積層された構造を有しており、
前記高抵抗領域にグラフェン骨格を有する化合物が存在しない、透明電極。 - 前記グラフェン含有層に含まれるグラフェンのグラフェン骨格を構成する炭素の一部が窒素によって置換されている、請求項1に記載の透明電極。
- 前記グラフェン含有層に含まれるグラフェンのグラフェン骨格にポリアルキレンイミン鎖が結合されている、請求項1または2に記載の透明電極。
- 前記分離領域にp型無機酸化物、n型の無機酸化物、p型有機化合物またはn型有機化合物を含有する材料が充填されている、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の透明電極。
- 前記透明導電性酸化物が、インジウムドープスズ酸化物、フッ素ドープ酸化スズ、アルミニウムドープ亜鉛酸化物、またはインジウムドープ亜鉛酸化物であることを特徴とする請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の透明電極。
- 前記グラフェン含有層の上に、p型無機酸化物、n型無機酸化物、p型有機化合物またはn型有機化合物を含む層をさらに具備する、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の透明電極。
- 前記グラフェン含有層の上に酸化グラフェン含有層をさらに具備する、請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の透明電極。
- (a)透明基材を準備する工程:
(b)以下の工程を含む、積層体を形成する工程:
(b1)前記透明基材の上に、第1の透明導電性金属酸化物層を形成する工程;
(b2)前記第1の透明導電性金属酸化物層の上に金属層を形成する工程;
(b3)前記金属層の上に第2の透明導電性金属酸化物層を形成する工程;および
(b4)第2の透明導電性金属酸化物層の上にグラフェン含有層を形成する工程、および
(c)前記積層体をパターニングして、複数の導電性領域を形成する工程:
を含む、透明電極の製造方法。 - 前記工程(c)が、メカニカルスクライブ、レーザースクライブ、またはエッチングにより行われる、請求項8に記載の方法。
- 前記工程(b4)が、前記第2の透明導電性金属酸化物層の上に酸化グラフェンを含む水性分散液を塗布し、その後、酸化グラフェンをヒドラジンで還元することにより行われる、請求項8または9に記載の方法。
- 前記水性分散液がポリアルキレンイミンをさらに含む、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記工程(b4)が、前記第2の透明導電性金属酸化物層の上に、ポリエチレンイミン鎖が結合したグラフェン含む水性分散液を塗布することにより行われる、請求項8または9に記載の方法。
- 前記工程(b4)と前記工程(c)との間に、グラフェン含有膜の上に酸化グラフェン含有層を形成する工程(b5)をさらに含む、請求項8~12のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記工程(c)の後に、グラフェン骨格を有する化合物を適用する工程を含まない、請求項8~13のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記工程(c)の後に、前記複数の導電性領域の間にある空隙に絶縁性物質を充填する、請求項8~14のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の透明電極と、活性層と、対向電極とが、この順で積層された構造を有する電子デバイス。
- 前記活性層が光電変換層である、請求項16に記載の電子デバイス。
- 前記活性層がハロゲンイオンまたは硫黄化合物を含有する、請求項17に記載の電子デバイス。
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| JP2022513331A JP7293500B2 (ja) | 2020-09-09 | 2020-09-09 | 透明電極、透明電極の製造方法、および電子デバイス |
| EP20950478.6A EP4213220A4 (en) | 2020-09-09 | 2020-09-09 | TRANSPARENT ELECTRODE, METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING TRANSPARENT ELECTRODE, AND ELECTRONIC DEVICE |
| PCT/JP2020/034040 WO2022054150A1 (ja) | 2020-09-09 | 2020-09-09 | 透明電極、透明電極の製造方法、および電子デバイス |
| CN202080060839.8A CN114600255A (zh) | 2020-09-09 | 2020-09-09 | 透明电极、透明电极的制造方法和电子器件 |
| US17/682,412 US20220181569A1 (en) | 2020-09-09 | 2022-02-28 | Transparent electrode, method of producing transparent electrode, and electronic device |
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| TWI855504B (zh) * | 2023-01-13 | 2024-09-11 | 南臺學校財團法人南臺科技大學 | 使具有金屬氧化物、銀及金屬氧化物之透明導電薄膜提高透光率與降低片電阻的方法 |
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| WO2022054151A1 (ja) * | 2020-09-09 | 2022-03-17 | 株式会社 東芝 | 透明電極、透明電極の製造方法、および電子デバイス |
| WO2022079817A1 (ja) * | 2020-10-14 | 2022-04-21 | シャープ株式会社 | 発光素子 |
| KR20240029634A (ko) * | 2022-08-25 | 2024-03-06 | 삼성디스플레이 주식회사 | 표시 장치 및 이의 제조 방법 |
| CN115548142B (zh) | 2022-11-28 | 2023-03-21 | 浙江晶科能源有限公司 | 一种太阳能电池及光伏组件 |
| CN116113257B (zh) * | 2023-02-08 | 2025-09-26 | 昆山国显光电有限公司 | 一种电极、发光二极管、发光模组和电子设备 |
| CN117374135B (zh) * | 2023-12-04 | 2024-03-22 | 广东省载诚新材料有限公司 | 一种金属氧化物复合导电膜及其在制备异质结太阳能电池中的应用 |
| CN118660469A (zh) * | 2024-08-21 | 2024-09-17 | 江苏汇显显示技术有限公司 | 太阳能电池组件及其制备方法和太阳能电池 |
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- 2020-09-09 JP JP2022513331A patent/JP7293500B2/ja active Active
- 2020-09-09 CN CN202080060839.8A patent/CN114600255A/zh active Pending
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| JP7293500B2 (ja) | 2023-06-19 |
| EP4213220A1 (en) | 2023-07-19 |
| US20220181569A1 (en) | 2022-06-09 |
| JPWO2022054150A1 (ja) | 2022-03-17 |
| CN114600255A (zh) | 2022-06-07 |
| EP4213220A4 (en) | 2024-06-05 |
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