WO2022169331A1 - 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질, 그 제조방법 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차 전지 - Google Patents
리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질, 그 제조방법 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차 전지 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery comprising large primary particles that are high-Ni lithium transition metal oxide and a method for manufacturing the same.
- lithium secondary battery has been in the spotlight as a driving power source for a portable device because it is lightweight and has a high energy density. Accordingly, research and development efforts for improving the performance of lithium secondary batteries are being actively conducted.
- an organic electrolyte or a polymer electrolyte is charged between a positive electrode and a negative electrode made of an active material capable of intercalation and deintercalation of lithium ions, and lithium ions are intercalated/deintercalated from the positive electrode and the negative electrode. Electric energy is produced by a reduction reaction with
- lithium cobalt oxide As a positive active material of the lithium secondary battery, lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO 2 ), nickel-based lithium transition metal oxide, lithium manganese oxide (LiMnO 2 or LiMn 2 O 4 , etc.), lithium iron phosphate compound (LiFePO 4 ), etc. were used. Among them, lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO 2 ) has the advantage of high operating voltage and excellent capacity characteristics, and is widely used, and is applied as a high voltage positive electrode active material. However, there is a limit to mass use as a power source in fields such as electric vehicles due to an increase in the price of cobalt (Co) and unstable supply, and the need to develop a cathode active material that can replace it has emerged.
- Co cobalt
- nickel-based lithium transition in which a part of cobalt (Co), represented by nickel-cobalt-manganese-based lithium composite transition metal oxide (hereinafter simply referred to as 'NCM-based lithium composite transition metal oxide'), is substituted with nickel (Ni) or the like Metal oxides have been developed.
- Co cobalt
- Ni nickel-cobalt-manganese-based lithium composite transition metal oxide
- the conventionally developed nickel-based lithium transition metal oxide is in the form of secondary particles in which fine primary particles having a micro average particle diameter (D50) are aggregated, as shown in FIG. 1 , and has a large specific surface area and high particle strength. low. Therefore, in the case of rolling after manufacturing an electrode with a cathode active material including secondary particles in which fine primary particles are aggregated as shown in FIG. 1, particle breakage is severe, resulting in a large amount of gas generated during cell operation and poor stability.
- a high-content nickel-based (High-Ni) lithium transition metal oxide having an increased nickel (Ni) content to secure a high capacity, chemical stability is further reduced due to the structural problem described above, and it is difficult to secure thermal stability .
- nickel-based lithium transition in the form of secondary particles in which fine primary particles are aggregated nickel-based lithium transition in the form of secondary particles in which large primary particles having a large average particle diameter (D50) are aggregated.
- a metal oxide positive electrode active material has been proposed.
- the nickel-based lithium transition metal oxide positive electrode active material in the form of secondary particles in which large primary particles are aggregated minimizes the interface between secondary particles, thereby improving thermal stability, deterioration of lifespan due to side reactions during electrochemical reactions, and gas generation. .
- a high-Ni lithium transition metal oxide positive electrode active material it is common for a high-Ni lithium transition metal oxide positive electrode active material to undergo a water washing process in order to reduce the content of lithium impurities remaining on the surface.
- This washing process removes lithium by-products on the surface, so it is advantageous to reduce gas generation, but is disadvantageous in terms of lifespan due to surface damage of the cathode active material particles.
- the nickel-based lithium transition metal oxide positive electrode active material in the form of secondary particles in which large primary particles are aggregated has a problem of inherently inferior lifespan characteristics. As this progresses, the resistance also increases.
- An object to be solved according to an aspect of the present invention is to provide a nickel-based lithium transition metal oxide positive electrode active material having a secondary particle form in which large primary particles are aggregated, and having improved lifespan characteristics.
- An object to be solved according to another aspect of the present invention is to provide a nickel-based lithium transition metal oxide positive electrode active material having a secondary particle form in which large primary particles are aggregated, and a resistance increase rate during charging and discharging is reduced.
- An object to be solved according to another aspect of the present invention is to provide a method of manufacturing a nickel-based lithium transition metal oxide positive electrode active material having an agglomerated secondary particle form and having improved lifespan characteristics.
- a problem to be solved according to another aspect of the present invention is to provide a method of manufacturing a nickel-based lithium transition metal oxide positive electrode active material having a secondary particle form in which large primary particles are aggregated, and a resistance increase rate during charging and discharging is reduced. have.
- An object to be solved according to another aspect of the present invention is to provide a positive electrode and a lithium secondary battery including a nickel-based lithium transition metal oxide positive electrode active material having the above-described characteristics.
- a cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery according to the following embodiments.
- Two or more large primary particles with an average particle diameter (D50) of 0.1 to 3 ⁇ m are agglomerated secondary particles having an average particle diameter (D50) of 1 to 15 ⁇ m formed;
- the primary particles are Li a Ni 1-xy Co x M1 y M2 w O 2 (1.0 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.5, 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.2, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.2, 0 ⁇ w ⁇ 0.1, 0 ⁇ x+y ⁇ 0.2, M1 is at least one metal of Mn or Al, and M2 is one or more metal elements selected from the group consisting of Ba, Ca, Zr, Ti, Mg, Ta, Nb and Mo);
- the lithium-metal oxide is Li x CoO in a low-temperature phase having at least one structure of a spinel structure (Fd-3m) or a disordered rock-sal structure (Fm-em) 2 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1), relates to a positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery.
- the lithium-metal oxide relates to a cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery, characterized in that it has a spinel structure (Fd-3m).
- a third embodiment according to the first or second embodiment,
- It relates to a positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery, characterized in that the average particle diameter (D50) of the large primary particles is 1 to 3 ⁇ m, and the average particle diameter (D50) of the secondary particles is 3 to 10 ⁇ m.
- a fourth embodiment according to any one of the first to third embodiments,
- the content of the coating layer relates to a cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery, characterized in that 0.05 to 3 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the secondary particles.
- a fifth embodiment according to any one of the first to fourth embodiments,
- the average crystallite size of the large primary particles relates to a cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery, characterized in that 130 nm or more.
- the lithium impurity content of the positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery relates to a positive active material for a lithium secondary battery, characterized in that not more than 0.7% by weight.
- S2 a spinel structure (Fd-3m) or disordered rock formed by a reaction of a cobalt source with lithium impurities contained on the surface of the secondary particles by mixing and calcining a cobalt source with the secondary particles -salt) forming a coating layer of Li x CoO 2 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1) of a low-temperature phase having at least one structure of the structure (Fm-em) on the surface of the secondary particles including,
- It relates to a method of manufacturing a positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery that does not include a water washing process between the steps (S1) and (S2).
- It relates to a method of manufacturing a positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery, characterized in that the average particle diameter (D50) of the large primary particles is 1 to 3 ⁇ m, and the average particle diameter (D50) of the secondary particles is 3 to 10 ⁇ m.
- the cobalt source relates to a method of manufacturing a cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery, characterized in that at least one selected from the group consisting of cobalt oxide and cobalt hydroxide.
- the cobalt source relates to a method of manufacturing a cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery, characterized in that at least one selected from the group consisting of CoO, Co 3 O 4 and Co(OH) 2 .
- the mixing amount of the cobalt source relates to a method of manufacturing a positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery, characterized in that the equivalent ratio of Li:Co to the lithium content contained in the lithium impurity is 0.6 to 1.
- the lithium impurity content of the positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery relates to a method of manufacturing a positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery, characterized in that not more than 0.7% by weight.
- a thirteenth embodiment provides a positive electrode for a lithium secondary battery comprising the above-described positive electrode active material.
- a fourteenth embodiment provides a lithium secondary battery including the above-described positive electrode.
- the lifespan characteristics of a lithium secondary battery having a nickel-based lithium transition metal oxide positive electrode active material having a secondary particle form in which large primary particles are aggregated due to the lithium-cobalt oxide coating layer are improved.
- a lithium secondary battery having a nickel-based lithium transition metal oxide positive electrode active material having a secondary particle form in which large primary particles are aggregated due to a lithium-cobalt oxide coating layer having a specific structure is charged. As the discharge proceeds, the resistance increase rate is reduced.
- 1 is an SEM image of conventional secondary particles having an average particle diameter (D50) of 5 ⁇ m, in which fine primary particles are aggregated.
- FIG. 2 is an SEM image of a cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery prepared according to Example 1.
- FIG. 2 is an SEM image of a cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery prepared according to Example 1.
- FIG. 3 is an EPMA image of the Co distribution of the cathode active material particles for a lithium secondary battery prepared according to Example 1.
- FIG. 4 is a TEM SAED pattern of a coating layer of a cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery prepared according to Example 1.
- FIG. 4 is a TEM SAED pattern of a coating layer of a cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery prepared according to Example 1.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing the results of lifespan characteristics of a battery having a cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery prepared according to Example 1 and a cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery prepared according to Comparative Example 1.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing the results of lifespan characteristics of a battery having a cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery prepared according to Example 1 and a cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery prepared according to Comparative Example 1.
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing the results of initial resistance measurement of a battery including the positive active material for a lithium secondary battery prepared according to Example 1 and the positive active material for a lithium secondary battery prepared according to Comparative Example 1.
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing the results of initial resistance measurement of a battery including the positive active material for a lithium secondary battery prepared according to Example 1 and the positive active material for a lithium secondary battery prepared according to Comparative Example 1.
- the crystal size of the crystal grains may be quantitatively analyzed using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) by Cu K ⁇ X-rays (Xr ⁇ ).
- XRD X-ray diffraction analysis
- Xr ⁇ Cu K ⁇ X-rays
- the average crystal size of the crystal grains can be quantitatively analyzed by putting the prepared particles in a holder and analyzing the diffraction grating emitted by irradiating X-rays to the particles.
- D50 may be defined as a particle size based on 50% of a particle size distribution, and may be measured using a laser diffraction method.
- the particles of the positive active material are dispersed in a dispersion medium, and then introduced into a commercially available laser diffraction particle size measuring device (eg, Microtrac MT 3000) to about 28 kHz After irradiating the ultrasonic waves with an output of 60 W, it is possible to calculate the average particle diameter (D50) corresponding to 50% of the volume accumulation amount in the measuring device.
- a laser diffraction particle size measuring device eg, Microtrac MT 3000
- the term 'primary particles' refers to particles having no apparent grain boundaries when observed in a field of view of 5000 times to 20000 times using a scanning electron microscope.
- 'secondary particles' are particles formed by agglomeration of the primary particles.
- the term 'single particle' exists independently of the secondary particles, and is a particle having no grain boundary in appearance, for example, a particle having a particle diameter of 0.5 ⁇ m or more.
- 'particle' when 'particle' is described, it may mean that any one or all of single particles, secondary particles, and primary particles are included.
- the primary particles are Li a Ni 1-xy Co x M1 y M2 w O 2 (1.0 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.5, 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.2, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.2, 0 ⁇ w ⁇ 0.1, 0 ⁇ x+y ⁇ 0.2, M1 is at least one metal of Mn or Al, and M2 is one or more metal elements selected from the group consisting of Ba, Ca, Zr, Ti, Mg, Ta, Nb and Mo);
- the lithium-metal oxide is Li x CoO in a low-temperature phase having at least one structure of a spinel structure (Fd-3m) or a disordered rock-sal structure (Fm-em) 2 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1), to provide a cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery.
- a spinel structure Fe-3m
- Fm-em disordered rock-sal structure
- the nickel-based lithium transition metal oxide is a secondary particle.
- These secondary particles may be in the form of agglomerated primary particles.
- the high-density nickel-based transition metal hydroxide secondary particles prepared by the co-precipitation method are used as a precursor, and when this precursor is mixed with a lithium precursor and calcined at a temperature of less than 960 ° C, fine primary particles are formed Agglomerated nickel-based lithium transition metal oxide secondary particles can be obtained.
- Such conventional secondary particles are shown in FIG. 1 .
- the conventional positive electrode active material including secondary particles is applied on the current collector and then rolled, the particles themselves are broken and the specific surface area is widened. If the specific surface area is increased, there is a problem that the resistance is lowered due to the formation of rock salt on the surface.
- single-particle positive electrode active materials have been additionally developed.
- the conventional method using the aforementioned dense nickel-based lithium transition metal hydroxide secondary particles as a precursor it can be synthesized at a lower sintering temperature compared to the same nickel content by using a porous precursor compared to the existing precursor And, it no longer has the form of secondary particles, and a single-particulated nickel-based lithium transition metal oxide can be obtained.
- the positive active material including the single particles is applied on the current collector and then rolled, the single particles themselves are not broken, but there is a problem in that other active materials are broken.
- One aspect of the present invention is to solve this problem.
- the average particle diameter (D50) of the primary particles and the average particle diameter (D50) of the secondary particles inevitably increase at the same time.
- the secondary particle according to an aspect of the present invention is different from the conventional method for obtaining single particles in the following points.
- the conventional single particles were formed by increasing only the primary firing temperature by using the existing precursor for secondary particles as they are.
- the secondary particles according to an aspect of the present invention a precursor having a high porosity is used separately. Accordingly, primary large particles having a large particle size may be grown without increasing the firing temperature, while secondary particles may be grown relatively less than in the prior art.
- the secondary particles according to an aspect of the present invention exhibit a large average diameter (D50) of the primary particles while having the same or similar average particle diameter (D50) as before. That is, in contrast to the conventional positive electrode active material, in which primary particles with small average particle diameters gather to form secondary particles, secondary particles in which large primary particles with increased primary particles are aggregated within a predetermined number. provide form.
- the large primary particles Compared to the micro primary particles constituting the conventional secondary particles, the large primary particles have an average particle diameter and an average crystal size of the primary particles grown at the same time.
- the large primary particles in the present invention have a large average crystal size as well as an average particle diameter, and are particles having no apparent grain boundaries.
- the average crystal size of the large primary particles may be quantitatively analyzed using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) by Cu K ⁇ X-rays.
- XRD X-ray diffraction analysis
- the average crystal size of the primary large particles can be quantitatively analyzed by putting the prepared particles in a holder and analyzing the diffraction grating that irradiates the particles with X-rays.
- the average crystal size of the primary large particles may be 130 nm or more, more specifically 200 nm or more, still more specifically 250 nm or more, and even more specifically 300 nm or more.
- secondary particles refer to an aggregate of two or more macro primary particles, as shown in FIG. 2 .
- the average particle diameter (D50) of the large primary particles constituting the secondary particles is 0.1 to 3 ⁇ m. If the average particle diameter (D50) of the large primary particles is less than 0.1 ⁇ m, the resistance increase rate may increase, and if it exceeds 3 ⁇ m, the initial resistance may increase and lifespan characteristics may decrease.
- the average particle diameter (D50) of the large primary particles may be 0.5 to 3 ⁇ m, and more specifically, 0.7 to 3 ⁇ m.
- the large primary particles are nickel-based lithium transition metal oxides with a high content, Li a Ni 1-xy Co x M1 y M2 w O 2 (1.0 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.5, 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.2, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.2, 0 ⁇ w ⁇ 0.1, 0 ⁇ x+y ⁇ 0.2, M1 is at least one metal of Mn or Al, and M2 is one selected from the group consisting of Ba, Ca, Zr, Ti, Mg, Ta, Nb and Mo or more metal elements).
- a, x, y and w represent the molar ratio of each element in the nickel-based lithium transition metal oxide.
- the doped metal M2 in the crystal lattice of the primary particle may be located only on a part of the surface of the particle according to the position preference of the element M2, and may be located with a concentration gradient decreasing from the particle surface to the particle center direction, , or uniformly throughout the particles.
- the secondary particles are particles formed by aggregation of two or more large primary particles, and the average particle diameter (D50) of the secondary particles is 1 to 15 ⁇ m. More specifically, the secondary particles may be aggregates of about 2 to 30 large primary particles. If the average particle diameter (D50) of the secondary particles is less than 1 ⁇ m, the lifespan characteristics may be deteriorated, and if it exceeds 15 ⁇ m, the initial resistance may increase and the lifespan characteristics may decrease. Specifically, the average particle diameter (D50) of the secondary particles may be 3 to 10 ⁇ m. More specifically, it may be 3 ⁇ m or more or 3.5 ⁇ m or more, and 10 ⁇ m or less, 8 ⁇ m or less, 7 ⁇ m or less. or 5 ⁇ m or less.
- a coating layer of lithium-metal oxide is formed on the surface of the secondary particles.
- the coating layer may be formed on a part or all of the surface of the secondary particles, and may be located in the gaps between the primary particles, so the coating layer in the present invention should be interpreted as meaning including all of these properties.
- the lithium-metal oxide is Li x CoO in a low-temperature phase having at least one structure of a spinel structure (Fd-3m) or a disordered rock-sal structure (Fm-em) 2 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1).
- the lithium cobalt oxide having such a structure is formed by reacting a cobalt source with lithium impurities remaining on the surface of the secondary particles, as will be described later. Accordingly, the lithium impurity remaining on the surface is changed to lithium-metal oxide even if the secondary particles are not treated through the water washing process, so that the lithium impurity content is, for example, 0.7 wt% or less, more specifically 0.5 wt% or less is reduced, and the phenomenon of deterioration of life characteristics is improved.
- the content of the coating layer may be 0.05 to 3 parts by weight, more specifically 0.5 to 2 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the secondary particles, but is not limited thereto.
- the positive electrode active material according to an aspect of the present invention may be manufactured by the following method. However, the present invention is not limited thereto.
- Li a Ni 1-xy Co x M1 y M2 w O 2 (1.0 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.5, 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.2, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.2, 0 ⁇ w ⁇ 0.1, 0 ⁇ x+y ⁇ 0.2, M1 is at least one or more metals of Mn or Al, and M2 is one or more metal elements selected from the group consisting of Ba, Ca, Zr, Ti, Mg, Ta, Nb and Mo) and has an average particle diameter (D50)
- Two or more large primary particles of 0.1 to 3 ⁇ m are aggregated to prepare secondary particles having an average particle diameter (D50) of 1 to 15 ⁇ m (step S1).
- This step S1 is basically (S11) a step of mixing a nickel-based transition metal oxide precursor and a lithium precursor having a tap density of 2.0 g/cc or less, and performing primary firing; and (S12) secondary firing of the first fired product;
- At least one secondary particle including an aggregate of two or more macro primary particles is prepared through the primary and secondary firing.
- the method for preparing the secondary particles will be further described step by step.
- a cathode active material precursor including nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), M1 and M2 is prepared.
- the precursor for preparing the cathode active material may be prepared by purchasing a commercially available cathode active material precursor or according to a method for preparing a cathode active material precursor well known in the art.
- the precursor may be prepared by adding an ammonium cation-containing complexing agent and a basic compound to a transition metal solution including a nickel-containing raw material, a cobalt-containing raw material, and a manganese-containing raw material, followed by a co-precipitation reaction.
- the nickel-containing raw material may be, for example, nickel-containing acetate, nitrate, sulfate, halide, sulfide, hydroxide, oxide or oxyhydroxide, specifically, Ni(OH) 2 , NiO, NiOOH, NiCO 3 ⁇ 2Ni(OH) 2 ⁇ 4H 2 O, NiC 2 O 2 ⁇ 2H 2 O, Ni(NO 3 ) 2 ⁇ 6H 2 O, NiSO 4 , NiSO 4 ⁇ 6H 2 O, fatty acid nickel salt, nickel halide or these It may be a combination, but is not limited thereto.
- the cobalt-containing raw material may be cobalt-containing acetate, nitrate, sulfate, halide, sulfide, hydroxide, oxide or oxyhydroxide, and specifically, Co(OH) 2 , CoOOH, Co(OCOCH 3 ) 2 ⁇ 4H 2 O , Co(NO 3 ) 2 ⁇ 6H 2 O, CoSO 4 , Co(SO 4 ) 2 ⁇ 7H 2 O, or a combination thereof, but is not limited thereto.
- the M1-containing raw material may be, for example, manganese-containing acetate, nitrate, sulfate, halide, sulfide, hydroxide, oxide, oxyhydroxide, or a combination thereof, specifically Mn 2 O 3 , MnO 2 , Mn 3 O 4 such as manganese oxide; manganese salts such as MnCO 3 , Mn(NO 3 ) 2 , MnSO 4 , manganese acetate, dicarboxylic acid manganese salt, manganese citrate, fatty acid manganese salt; It may be manganese oxyhydroxide, manganese chloride, or a combination thereof, but is not limited thereto.
- the M2-containing raw material may have a similar form.
- the transition metal solution is a mixture of a nickel-containing raw material, a cobalt-containing raw material, and an M1 and M2-containing raw material with a solvent, specifically water, or an organic solvent that can be uniformly mixed with water (eg, alcohol, etc.) It may be prepared by adding it to a solvent, or it may be prepared by mixing an aqueous solution of a nickel-containing raw material, an aqueous solution of a cobalt-containing raw material, and an M1 and M2 containing raw material.
- a solvent specifically water, or an organic solvent that can be uniformly mixed with water (eg, alcohol, etc.) It may be prepared by adding it to a solvent, or it may be prepared by mixing an aqueous solution of a nickel-containing raw material, an aqueous solution of a cobalt-containing raw material, and an M1 and M2 containing raw material.
- the ammonium cation-containing complexing agent may be, for example, NH 4 OH, (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , NH 4 NO 3 , NH 4 Cl, CH 3 COONH 4 , NH 4 CO 3 or a combination thereof, However, the present invention is not limited thereto.
- the ammonium cation-containing complexing agent may be used in the form of an aqueous solution, and as the solvent, water or a mixture of water and an organic solvent that can be uniformly mixed with water (specifically, alcohol, etc.) and water may be used.
- the basic compound may be a hydroxide of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal such as NaOH, KOH or Ca(OH) 2 , a hydrate thereof, or a combination thereof.
- the basic compound may also be used in the form of an aqueous solution, and as the solvent, water or a mixture of water or an organic solvent that is uniformly miscible with water (specifically, alcohol, etc.) and water may be used.
- the basic compound is added to adjust the pH of the reaction solution, and may be added in an amount such that the pH of the metal solution is 9 to 11.
- the co-precipitation reaction may be performed at a temperature of 40° C. to 70° C. under an inert atmosphere such as nitrogen or argon.
- particles of nickel-cobalt-manganese hydroxide are generated and precipitated in the reaction solution.
- concentrations of the nickel-containing raw material, the cobalt-containing raw material, and the manganese-containing raw material By controlling the concentrations of the nickel-containing raw material, the cobalt-containing raw material, and the manganese-containing raw material, a precursor having a nickel (Ni) content of 60 mol% or more among the total metal content can be prepared.
- the precipitated nickel-cobalt-manganese hydroxide particles may be separated according to a conventional method and dried to obtain a nickel-cobalt-manganese precursor.
- the precursor may be secondary particles formed by agglomeration of primary particles.
- the lithium raw material may include lithium-containing sulfate, nitrate, acetate, carbonate, oxalate, citrate, halide, hydroxide or oxyhydroxide, and is not particularly limited as long as it can be dissolved in water.
- the lithium raw material is Li 2 CO 3 , LiNO 3 , LiNO 2 , LiOH, LiOH ⁇ H 2 O, LiH, LiF, LiCl, LiBr, LiI, CH 3 COOLi, Li 2 O, Li 2 SO 4 , CH 3 COOLi, or Li 3 C 6 H 5 O 7 and the like, and any one or a mixture of two or more thereof may be used.
- the primary sintering may be sintered at 700 to 1,000° C., and more preferably 780 to 1,000° C. in the case of a high-Ni NCM-based lithium composite transition metal oxide having a nickel (Ni) content of 80 mol% or more. It can be sintered at 980 °C, more preferably 780 to 900 °C.
- the primary firing may be carried out in an air or oxygen atmosphere, and may be performed for 10 to 35 hours.
- an additional secondary firing may be performed after the first firing.
- the secondary calcination may be calcined at 650 to 800° C. in the case of a high-Ni NCM-based lithium composite transition metal oxide having a nickel (Ni) content of 80 mol% or more, and more preferably from 700 to 800° C. It may be calcined at 800 °C, more preferably 700 to 750 °C.
- the secondary sintering may be performed under an air or oxygen atmosphere, and may be performed by adding 0-20,000 ppm of cobalt oxide or cobalt hydroxide during the secondary sintering.
- a separate washing process may not be included between the step (S11) and the step (S12).
- a positive electrode active material composed of secondary particles having a predetermined average particle diameter in which large primary particles having a predetermined average particle diameter are aggregated.
- the cobalt source is mixed with the secondary particles and calcined to form a spinel structure (Fd-3m) or disordered rock salt formed by the reaction of the lithium impurity contained on the surface of the secondary particles and the cobalt source.
- a coating layer made of Li x CoO 2 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1) of a low-temperature phase having at least one structure of salt) structure (Fm-em) is formed on the surface of the secondary particles (S2 step).
- the secondary particles used in step S2 are those that do not include a water washing process. That is, the water washing process is not included between the steps (S1) and (S2).
- the cobalt source to be mixed with the secondary particles may be at least one selected from the group consisting of cobalt oxide and cobalt hydroxide, but is not limited thereto, and more specifically, the cobalt source is CoO, Co 3 O 4 and Co(OH). ) 2 or more selected from the group consisting of 2 may be used.
- the lithium impurity content of the cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery formed by the above-described method may be 0.7 wt% or less.
- a positive electrode for a lithium secondary battery and a lithium secondary battery including the positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode active material layer formed on the positive electrode current collector and including the positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode current collector is not particularly limited as long as it has conductivity without causing a chemical change in the battery, for example, stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, titanium, calcined carbon, or carbon on the surface of aluminum or stainless steel. , nickel, titanium, silver, etc. may be used.
- the positive electrode current collector may typically have a thickness of 3 to 500 ⁇ m, and may increase the adhesion of the positive electrode active material by forming fine irregularities on the surface of the positive electrode current collector.
- it may be used in various forms, such as a film, a sheet, a foil, a net, a porous body, a foam, a non-woven body.
- the positive active material layer may include a conductive material and a binder together with the above-described positive active material.
- the conductive material is used to impart conductivity to the electrode, and in the configured battery, it can be used without any particular limitation as long as it does not cause chemical change and has electronic conductivity.
- Specific examples include graphite such as natural graphite and artificial graphite; carbon-based materials such as carbon black, acetylene black, ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, summer black, and carbon fiber; metal powders or metal fibers such as copper, nickel, aluminum, and silver; conductive whiskers such as zinc oxide and potassium titanate; conductive metal oxides such as titanium oxide; or a conductive polymer such as a polyphenylene derivative, and the like, and any one of them or a mixture of two or more thereof may be used.
- the conductive material may be included in an amount of 1 to 30 wt % based on the total weight of the positive active material layer.
- the binder serves to improve adhesion between the positive active material particles and the adhesion between the positive active material and the positive electrode current collector.
- specific examples include polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (PVDF-co-HFP), polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylonitrile, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) ), starch, hydroxypropyl cellulose, regenerated cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, tetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-propylene-diene polymer (EPDM), sulfonated-EPDM, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), fluororubber, or various copolymers thereof, and any one of them or a mixture of two or more thereof may be used.
- the binder may be included in an amount of 1 to 30% by weight based on the total weight of the positive active material layer.
- the positive electrode may be manufactured according to a conventional positive electrode manufacturing method except for using the above positive electrode active material. Specifically, it may be prepared by applying the above-described positive active material and, optionally, a composition for forming a positive active material layer including a binder and a conductive material on a positive electrode current collector, followed by drying and rolling. In this case, the types and contents of the positive electrode active material, binder, and conductive material are as described above.
- the solvent may be a solvent generally used in the art, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), isopropyl alcohol (isopropyl alcohol), N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), acetone (acetone) or water, and the like, and any one of them or a mixture of two or more thereof may be used.
- the amount of the solvent used is enough to dissolve or disperse the positive electrode active material, the conductive material and the binder in consideration of the application thickness of the slurry and the production yield, and to have a viscosity capable of exhibiting excellent thickness uniformity when applied for the production of the positive electrode thereafter. do.
- the positive electrode may be prepared by casting the composition for forming the positive electrode active material layer on a separate support, and then laminating a film obtained by peeling it off the support on the positive electrode current collector.
- an electrochemical device including the positive electrode is provided.
- the electrochemical device may specifically be a battery or a capacitor, and more specifically, may be a lithium secondary battery.
- the lithium secondary battery specifically includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode positioned to face the positive electrode, a separator and an electrolyte interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and the positive electrode is as described above.
- the lithium secondary battery may optionally further include a battery container for accommodating the electrode assembly of the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the separator, and a sealing member for sealing the battery container.
- the negative electrode includes a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode active material layer positioned on the negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode current collector is not particularly limited as long as it has high conductivity without causing chemical change in the battery, and for example, copper, stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, titanium, calcined carbon, copper or stainless steel surface. Carbon, nickel, titanium, one surface-treated with silver, an aluminum-cadmium alloy, etc. may be used.
- the negative electrode current collector may have a thickness of typically 3 to 500 ⁇ m, and similarly to the positive electrode current collector, fine irregularities may be formed on the surface of the current collector to strengthen the bonding force of the negative electrode active material.
- it may be used in various forms such as a film, a sheet, a foil, a net, a porous body, a foam body, a nonwoven body, and the like.
- the anode active material layer optionally includes a binder and a conductive material together with the anode active material.
- the anode active material layer may be formed by applying a composition for forming an anode including an anode active material, and optionally a binder and a conductive material on an anode current collector and drying, or casting the composition for forming the anode on a separate support, and then , may also be produced by laminating a film obtained by peeling from this support onto a negative electrode current collector.
- a compound capable of reversible intercalation and deintercalation of lithium may be used.
- Specific examples include carbonaceous materials such as artificial graphite, natural graphite, graphitized carbon fiber, and amorphous carbon; metal compounds capable of alloying with lithium, such as Si, Al, Sn, Pb, Zn, Bi, In, Mg, Ga, Cd, Si alloy, Sn alloy, or Al alloy; metal oxides capable of doping and dedoping lithium, such as SiO ⁇ (0 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 2), SnO 2 , vanadium oxide, and lithium vanadium oxide; or a composite including the above-mentioned metallic compound and a carbonaceous material such as a Si-C composite or a Sn-C composite, and any one or a mixture of two or more thereof may be used.
- a metal lithium thin film may be used as the negative electrode active material.
- both low crystalline carbon and high crystalline carbon may be used.
- low crystalline carbon soft carbon and hard carbon are representative, and as high crystalline carbon, natural or artificial graphite of amorphous, plate-like, scale-like, spherical or fibrous shape, and Kish graphite (Kish) graphite), pyrolytic carbon, mesophase pitch based carbon fiber, meso-carbon microbeads, liquid crystal pitches (Mesophase pitches), and petroleum and coal tar pitch (petroleum or coal tar pitch) High-temperature calcined carbon such as derived cokes) is a representative example.
- binder and the conductive material may be the same as those described above for the positive electrode.
- the separator separates the negative electrode and the positive electrode and provides a passage for lithium ions to move, and it can be used without particular limitation as long as it is usually used as a separator in a lithium secondary battery, especially for the movement of ions in the electrolyte It is preferable to have a low resistance to and excellent electrolyte moisture content.
- a porous polymer film for example, a porous polymer film made of a polyolefin-based polymer such as ethylene homopolymer, propylene homopolymer, ethylene/butene copolymer, ethylene/hexene copolymer, and ethylene/methacrylate copolymer, or these
- a laminate structure of two or more layers of may be used.
- a conventional porous nonwoven fabric for example, a nonwoven fabric made of high melting point glass fiber, polyethylene terephthalate fiber, etc. may be used.
- a coated separator containing a ceramic component or a polymer material may be used, and may optionally be used in a single-layer or multi-layer structure.
- examples of the electrolyte used in the present invention include organic liquid electrolytes, inorganic liquid electrolytes, solid polymer electrolytes, gel polymer electrolytes, solid inorganic electrolytes, and molten inorganic electrolytes that can be used in the manufacture of lithium secondary batteries, and are limited to these. it's not going to be
- the electrolyte may include an organic solvent and a lithium salt.
- the organic solvent may be used without particular limitation as long as it can serve as a medium through which ions involved in the electrochemical reaction of the battery can move.
- ester solvents such as methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, ⁇ -caprolactone
- ether-based solvents such as dibutyl ether or tetrahydrofuran
- ketone solvents such as cyclohexanone
- aromatic hydrocarbon solvents such as benzene and fluorobenzene
- alcohol solvents such as ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol
- nitriles such as R-CN (R is a C2-C20 linear, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbon
- a carbonate-based solvent is preferable, and a cyclic carbonate (eg, ethylene carbonate or propylene carbonate, etc.) having high ionic conductivity and high dielectric constant capable of increasing the charge/discharge performance of the battery, and a low-viscosity linear carbonate-based compound (for example, a mixture of ethyl methyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate or diethyl carbonate) is more preferable.
- the cyclic carbonate and the chain carbonate are mixed in a volume ratio of about 1:1 to about 1:9, the electrolyte may exhibit excellent performance.
- the lithium salt may be used without particular limitation as long as it is a compound capable of providing lithium ions used in a lithium secondary battery.
- the lithium salt is LiPF 6 , LiClO 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiSbF 6 , LiAl0 4 , LiAlCl 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiC 4 F 9 SO 3 , LiN(C 2 F 5 SO 3 ) 2 , LiN(C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 , LiN(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 .
- LiCl, LiI, or LiB(C 2 O 4 ) 2 and the like may be used.
- the concentration of the lithium salt is preferably used within the range of 0.1 to 2.0M. When the concentration of the lithium salt is included in the above range, since the electrolyte has appropriate conductivity and viscosity, excellent electrolyte performance may be exhibited, and lithium ions may move effectively.
- the electrolyte includes, for example, haloalkylene carbonate-based compounds such as difluoroethylene carbonate, pyridine, tri Ethyl phosphite, triethanolamine, cyclic ether, ethylene diamine, n-glyme, hexaphosphoric acid triamide, nitrobenzene derivative, sulfur, quinone imine dye, N-substituted oxazolidinone, N,N-substituted imida
- One or more additives such as taxdine, ethylene glycol dialkyl ether, ammonium salt, pyrrole, 2-methoxyethanol or aluminum trichloride may be further included. In this case, the additive may be included in an amount of 0.1 to 5% by weight based on the total weight of the electrolyte.
- the lithium secondary battery including the positive active material according to the present invention is useful in the field of portable devices such as mobile phones, notebook computers, digital cameras, and electric vehicles such as hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs).
- portable devices such as mobile phones, notebook computers, digital cameras, and electric vehicles such as hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs).
- HEVs hybrid electric vehicles
- a battery module including the lithium secondary battery as a unit cell and a battery pack including the same are provided.
- the battery module or battery pack is a power tool (Power Tool); electric vehicles, including electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs); Alternatively, it may be used as a power source for any one or more medium and large-sized devices in a system for power storage.
- Power Tool Power Tool
- electric vehicles including electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs);
- PHEVs plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
- the cathode active material precursor and lithium raw material LiOH were mixed with a final Li/M(Ni,Co,Mn) molar ratio of 1.1 It was put into a Henschel mixer (700L) so as to become this, and mixed for 20 minutes at 300 rpm in the center.
- the mixed powder was placed in an alumina crucible having a size of 330mmx330mm, and calcined at 880° C. under an oxygen (O 2 ) atmosphere for 10 hours to form a calcined product.
- the calcined product was pulverized using a jet mill at 80 psi for feeding and 60 psi for grid to prepare secondary particles.
- the secondary particles (the amount of lithium remaining on the surface before coating is about 1.2 wt%) were put into an alumina crucible having a size of 330mmx330mm, and Co(OH) 2 was added in an equivalent ratio with residual lithium (1:1), and then oxygen (O 2 )
- a cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery was prepared by sintering at 400° C. for 20 hours in an atmosphere to form a coating layer on the secondary particles.
- a positive electrode active material having secondary particles was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a coating layer was not formed.
- the properties of the positive active material for a lithium secondary battery of Examples and Comparative Examples are as follows.
- 1 is an SEM image of conventional secondary particles having an average particle diameter (D50) of 5 ⁇ m, in which fine primary particles are aggregated.
- Example 2 shows an enlarged photograph of the positive active material of Example 1 with a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
- D50 can be defined as a particle size based on 50% of the particle size distribution, and was measured using a laser diffraction method.
- Example 3 shows an EPMA image showing the Co distribution of the positive active material particles for a lithium secondary battery prepared according to Example 1.
- the TEM SAED pattern of the coating layer of the cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery prepared according to Example 1 is shown in FIG. 4 .
- lithium secondary battery half-cell prepared as follows using each positive active material prepared in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1, charge at 45 ° C. in CC-CV mode at 1 C until 4.25 V, 0.5 The lifespan characteristics were evaluated by measuring the capacity retention rate when the charging and discharging experiments were performed 50 times by discharging to 2.5V with a constant current of C.
- the lithium secondary battery half cell was prepared as follows.
- Each of the positive electrode active material, carbon black conductive material, and PVdF binder prepared in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 was mixed in an N-methylpyrrolidone solvent in a weight ratio of 96:2:2 to prepare a positive electrode mixture, and the aluminum After coating on one side of the current collector, drying at 100 °C, and rolling to prepare a positive electrode.
- lithium metal As the negative electrode, lithium metal was used.
- An electrode assembly was prepared by interposing a separator of porous polyethylene between the positive electrode and the negative electrode prepared as described above, the electrode assembly was placed inside the case, and an electrolyte solution was injected into the case to prepare a lithium secondary battery.
- each SOC state was set at 0.2C, a current was applied at 2.5C for 10 seconds, and resistance was measured through a voltage change for applying a current at 2.5C.
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Abstract
Description
| 샘플 | 단위 | 실시예 1 | 비교예 1 | |
| 2차 입자 | 평균 입경 (D50) | μm | 3.8 | 3.8 |
| 1차 입자 평균 입경 (D50) | μm | 0.8 | 0.8 | |
| 1차 입자의 평균 결정 크기 | nm | 250 | 250 | |
| 리튬 불순물 잔류량 | 중량% | 0.3 | 1.2 | |
| 코팅층 | 함량(2차 입자 100 중량부 기준) | 중량부 | 1 | 0 |
| 리튬 이차전지용 양극 활물질 | 리튬 불순물 잔류량 | 중량% | 0.3 | 1.2 |
Claims (14)
- 평균 입경(D50)이 0.1 내지 3 ㎛인 거대 1차 입자가 2 개 이상 응집되어 형성된 평균 입경(D50)이 1 내지 15 ㎛인 2차 입자; 및상기 2차 입자의 표면에 형성되며, 리튬-금속 산화물로 된 코팅층을 포함하고,상기 1차 입자는 LiaNi1-x-yCoxM1yM2wO2 (1.0≤a≤1.5, 0≤x≤0.2, 0≤y≤0.2, 0≤w≤0.1, 0≤x+y≤0.2, M1은 Mn 또는 Al 중 적어도 1종 이상의 금속이고, M2은 Ba, Ca, Zr, Ti, Mg, Ta, Nb 및 Mo으로 이루어진 군에서 선택된 1종 이상의 금속 원소임)로 표시되고,상기 리튬-금속 산화물은 스피넬(spinel) 구조 (Fd-3m) 또는 무질서한 암염(disordered rock-sal) 구조 (Fm-em) 중 어느 하나 이상의 구조를 갖는 저온 상(Low-temperature phase)의 LixCoO2 (0<x≤1)인, 리튬 이차전지용 양극 활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 리튬-금속 산화물은 스피넬(spinel) 구조 (Fd-3m)를 갖는 것을 특징으로 하는 리튬 이차전지용 양극 활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 거대 1차 입자의 평균 입경(D50)이 1 내지 3 ㎛이고, 상기 2차 입자의 평균 입경(D50)이 3 내지 10 ㎛인 것을 특징으로 하는 리튬 이차전지용 양극 활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 코팅층의 함량은 상기 이차 입자 100 중량부를 기준으로 0.05 내지 3 중량부인 것을 특징으로 하는 리튬 이차전지용 양극 활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 거대 1차 입자의 평균 결정 크기(crystallite size)는 130 nm 이상인 것을 특징으로 하는 리튬 이차전지용 양극 활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 리튬 이차전지용 양극 활물질의 리튬 불순물 함량은 0.7 중량% 이하인 것을 특징으로 하는 리튬 이차전지용 양극 활물질.
- (S1) LiaNi1-x-yCoxM1yM2wO2 (1.0≤a≤1.5, 0≤x≤0.2, 0≤y≤0.2, 0≤w≤0.1, 0≤x+y≤0.2, M1은 Mn 또는 Al 중 적어도 1종 이상의 금속이고, M2은 Ba, Ca, Zr, Ti, Mg, Ta, Nb 및 Mo으로 이루어진 군에서 선택된 1종 이상의 금속 원소임)로 표시되고 평균 입경(D50)이 0.1 내지 3 ㎛인 거대 1차 입자가, 2 개 이상 응집되어 형성된 평균 입경(D50)이 1 내지 15 ㎛인 2차 입자를 준비하는 단계; 및(S2) 코발트 소스를 상기 2차 입자와 혼합하고 소성하여 상기 2차 입자의 표면에 함유된 리튬 불순물과 코발트 소스의 반응으로 형성된, 스피넬(spinel) 구조 (Fd-3m) 또는 무질서한 암염(disordered rock-salt) 구조 (Fm-em) 중 어느 하나 이상의 구조를 갖는 저온 상(Low-temperature phase)의 LixCoO2 (0<x≤1)로 된 코팅층을 상기 2차 입자의 표면에 형성하는 단계를 포함하고,상기 (S1) 단계와 (S2) 단계 사이에 수세 공정을 포함하지 않는 리튬 이차전지용 양극 활물질의 제조방법.
- 제7항에 있어서,상기 거대 1차 입자의 평균 입경(D50)이 1 내지 3 ㎛이고, 상기 2차 입자의 평균 입경(D50)이 3 내지 10 ㎛인 것을 특징으로 하는 리튬 이차전지용 양극 활물질의 제조방법.
- 제7항에 있어서,상기 코발트 소스는 코발트 산화물 및 코발트 수산화물로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택된 1종 이상인 특징으로 하는 리튬 이차전지용 양극 활물질의 제조방법.
- 제7항에 있어서,상기 코발트 소스는 CoO, Co3O4 및 Co(OH)2로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택된 1종 이상인 것을 특징으로 하는 리튬 이차전지용 양극 활물질의 제조방법.
- 제7항에 있어서,상기 코발트 소스의 혼합량은 상기 리튬 불순물에 함유된 리튬 함량 대비 Li:Co의 당량비가 0.6 내지 1인 것을 특징으로 하는 리튬 이차전지용 양극 활물질의 제조방법.
- 제7항에 있어서,상기 리튬 이차전지용 양극 활물질의 리튬 불순물 함량은 0.7 중량% 이하인 것을 특징으로 하는 리튬 이차전지용 양극 활물질의 제조방법.
- 제1항 내지 제6항 중 어느 한 항에 따른 양극 활물질을 포함하는 리튬 이차 전지용 양극.
- 제13항에 따른 양극을 포함하는 리튬 이차 전지.
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| JP2023537376A JP7707301B2 (ja) | 2021-02-05 | 2022-02-07 | リチウム二次電池用正極活物質、その製造方法、及びそれを含むリチウム二次電池 |
| EP22750080.8A EP4270539A4 (en) | 2021-02-05 | 2022-02-07 | POSITIVE ELECTRODE ACTIVE MATERIAL FOR LITHIUM SECONDARY BATTERY, METHOD FOR PRODUCING SAME AND LITHIUM SECONDARY BATTERY COMPRISING THE SAME |
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| JP2026512045A (ja) * | 2023-04-28 | 2026-04-14 | エルジー・ケム・リミテッド | 正極活物質、正極、およびリチウム二次電池 |
| WO2024225853A1 (ko) * | 2023-04-28 | 2024-10-31 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 양극 활물질, 양극 및 리튬이차전지 |
| WO2024225860A1 (ko) * | 2023-04-28 | 2024-10-31 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 양극 활물질, 양극 및 리튬이차전지 |
| CN118572105A (zh) * | 2024-06-24 | 2024-08-30 | 宁波容百新能源科技股份有限公司 | 一种正极材料及其制备方法、正极极片 |
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| EP4270539A1 (en) | 2023-11-01 |
| KR20220113196A (ko) | 2022-08-12 |
| KR102667604B1 (ko) | 2024-05-20 |
| EP4270539A4 (en) | 2024-08-14 |
| JP2023554657A (ja) | 2023-12-28 |
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| US20240079584A1 (en) | 2024-03-07 |
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